Isaac Pitman

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES

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ISAAC PITMAN'S

COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTOR.

ISAAC PITMAN'S

P HONOG IUPH1C

COiAf PLET E

INSTRUCTOR. DESIGNED FOR CLASS

ISAAC! (Till:

oil

SELF-INSTRUCTION.

PITMAN,

INVENTOR OF PHONOGRAPHY.)

AUTHOR OP "THE PHONOGRAPHIC DICTIONARY," "REPORTER'S ASSISTANT," "PHONOGRAPHIC PHRASE BOOK," ETC.; AND EDITOR OP "THE PHONETIC JOURNAL."

REVISED EDITION.

x

i:

\v

fork

:

ISAAC PITMAN & SONS. Tm: Phonographic 33 Union Square.

Boston

Canada

:

:

W.

E.

Hickox, Pierce Building. Co., Limited, Toronto.

Tub Copp, Clare

1894.

Depot,

Copyright,

1894,

By ISAAC PITMAN.

Entered according to Act op Congress, By ISAAC PITMAN,

in

the year

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at

All tights reserved.

Copyright

Press of

Astor

.T.

in

England.

J. Little

Pll it,

& Co

New Sorb

1893,

Washington

i " •>•'!

" Phonography

is

so exceedingly simple as to be easily learned by :iny-

one of ordinary capacity; and

if it

be learned by a very large

tr»

the people, the public benefits to be derived from

Z3

culable.

This art appears to

me

it

it

of

likely to tend to increase the love of

reading and writing and of education generally; and

sprung up at a time when

number

are entirely incal-

it

seems

to

have

wasmost needed."— Bight Hon. John Bright.

iil

449486

KEY TO ISAAC PITMAN'S COMPLETE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTOR. This work, contains a Key to all the Exercises, and Answers to the Review Questions. Uniform with the " Instructor.'' 68 pp.. cloth. Price, 50 cents.

INTRODUCTION. system THEwork, was

of shorthand writing presented in this first

published by the Inventor on

t

lie

November, ISoT, under the title of "Stenographic Sound-hand." The second edition appeared on the 10th January, 1840, in the form of an engraved plate with the title of "Phonography, or Writing by Sound, being also A New and Natural System of Shorthand, invented and drawn by Isaac Pitman." In the succeeding half15th

century,

the Inventor

lias

published a large

number

of

works containing presentations of Phonography, from leaflets and primers to comprehensive treatises dealing with the entire system. This work belongs to the latter category, and is designed to furnish, within the compass of a volume of handy size, a complete presentation of Phonography, including all those principles of abbreviation which have caused Pitman's Shorthand to be universally adopted wherever tin- English language prevails, on account of its extreme brevity and legibility. There are also embodied in this volume all those valuable improvements in the system, the results of practical experience in the use of the art. and of careful experiments conducted by the

The general past fifty-five years. "Instructor " makes it equally serviceable for self-tuition and for use under a teacher. Every part of the system is explained in the simplest and clearest Inventor during the

plan of the

INTRODUCTION.

Vlll

manner possible; each principle is and the student's knowledge

cises,

illustrated is

by exer-

tested at succeed-

ing stages by questions. In addition to leading the learner by easy steps to the briefest style of Phonography, a large amount of information is included which will

him with a wide range of shorthand work. Phonography, as its name implies, is a method of writing by sound, as distinguished from the established orthography of the English language. The accepted mode of spelling is so far removed from any apparent attempt to represent the sounds of speech, that this, its familiarize

original purpose, has almost ceased to be evident.

common orthography

is

defective in

means

The

for represent-

ing several sounds, and the symbols it does employ are used in many contradictory senses. It must be obvious, therefore, that a system of shorthand based on the Eng-

must exhibit these imperfections in a Phonography (from cpoov?}, phone, voice, and ypaq)?}, gnqihe, writing) is, however, founded on a scientific analysis of vocal sounds, and with its "alphalish

alphabet

marked degree.

bet of nature," the writer is able to record on paper an accurate representation of spoken language. While Isaac

Pitman's Shorthand,

by

its

phonetic accuracy and its is eminently suited

practical principles of abbreviation, for the professional

shorthand writer,

it is

also especially

useful for every description of written communication. It is,

indeed, in general employment for the various pur-

poses of every-day notes and extracts,

Phonography

life,

and

for correspondence, for

for composition

of

all

making kinds.

admirably adapted for this purpose is apparent from the fact that its simple geometrical forms can, :il the lowest computation, be written with one-sixth of the trouble, and in one-third of the time,

That,

is

Longhand requires. The present "uncertain and unscientific mode of riling," to quote Professor Max Midler's designation \

INTRODUCTION. of

the

common

facility

in

spelling,

is

IX

not the only hindrance to

The characters em-

written communication.

ployed in ordinary writing arc too long and complicated In to admit of their being written with expedition. Pitman's Shorthand, the sounds of the English language

and Phonography, therefore, furnishes a system of writing by which the operations of the mind and of the hand are brought into close correspondence, and, while capable of being written with the speed of the most rapid distinct articulation, it can be read with the certainty and ease In addition, phonographic manuof common longhand. script-, are easily read by any person acquainted with the system, and hence the art is extensively employed are represented by the briefest possible signs,

for letter writing.

In the United States, where a number of publishers have issued the system with slight alterations, 97 per cent, of the shorthand writers use either Isaac Pitman's In Phonography or an American presentation of it. Great Britain, Pitman's Shorthand is every year more

extensively taught and practised; cent, of

hand

it

is

used by 93 per

newspaper reporters and 98 per cent, of shortThe percentage of phonographers in AusPhonography has been adapted to eleven 96.

clerks.

tralia is

foreign languages.

The Publishers desire to take this opportunity to tender their hearty thanks to the large number of expert writers and teachers of

Phonography, who have offered

valuable suggestions for the improvement of this work, during its passage through the press.

'

j

\

CONTENTS. Part

taoe

I.

Directions to the Student

1

The Alphabet

3

4

Table of Consonants

Joined Consonants < It and upward Long Vowels

....

R

10

12 1-1

Short Vowels

19

Diphthongs

23

Grammalogues Additional Signs for

25

Sand Z

28 34

St and St loops and Sic circle 7i' and L hooks Irregular Double Consonants hooks and - Tioti hook i'

N

38 45

F

The Aspirate Upward and Downward The Halving Principle

49 54 58

R

and

L

Table of Single and Double Consonants Series of Diphthongs and Vocalization of PI and Pr Series of Consonants.

W

02 66

72

T

Double-Length Principle

73 .

77

80

Prefixes

83

Affixes

8(5

Additional Methods of Vocalization List of

Grammalogues

Contractions

89 92 99

Phraseography Punctuat ion

104

Method

108

of Practice

Shorthand Exercises

107 110

"art

II.

page 115

Speed Practice Writing Materials Phraseography

119 1

Writing in Position Reporting Grammalognes Significant Remarks

127 132

Transcription

1

and Negative Words Omission of Con and Com Prefixes Positive

Intersected

Words

The Representation

22

124

33

134 136

138 of Figures

140

List of Reporting Contractions

142

Compounds

149

and Where Phraseograms Business Phrases and Contractions of Here, There,

List of General

150

163

Business Letters

166

Law

170

Phrases

Legal Correspondence Practical Hints in Legal

174

Work

176

Theological Phrases

193

Latin Quotations

202

French Words and Phrases

Words requiring insertion List of Similar Words

of

Reporting Exercises Applied Phonography Typewriting and Shorthand Index

206

Vowel

208 209 214 246 249 251

[saac pitman's

Complete Phonographic Instructor.

part

i.

CHAPTER

I.

DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 1.

The

art of

Phonography may be

easily acquired.

Experience has shown that its principles are mastered by most learners in a short time, and that an hour's daily practice in reading and writing, for two or three months, will enable the student to write it with some degree of Speed in writing comes only by practice. facility. 2. Phonography can be learned, and is learned by thousands, from the Instruction Books without the aid of a teacher, and the Text-Books are compiled to meet the requirements of those who cannot obtain the services of a shorthand instructor. But if the student can obtain personal instruction or attend the classes of an efficient teacher, he will acquire a

knowledge of the system more

any difficulty

is experienced in finding a teacher or school, the publishers will be pleased to put

rapidly.

If

DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT.

2

3-4

the student in communication with one on receipt of a

stamped and addressed envelope. 3. Phonography is best written upon ruled paper, and either a pen or a pencil may be used, but in reporting- a pen will be found the most convenient. As, however, the shorthand writer is sometimes so situated that he cannot use a pen, he should accustom himself, at times, to reThe pen or pencil should be held as port with a pencil. for longhand writing, the elbow being turned out, so that can be struck with ease. The writer must the letter uot let the wrist rest upon the desk or note-book. The bearing of the arm on the edge of the desk should be at this gives the greatest freethe middle of the fore-arm dom of movement. The penholder should be held lightly, and the writer should sit in front of the desk, with the Select a good paper parallel with the edge of the table. and suitable pen, smooth paper, and be accurate in 1 lie the result length and direction of the shorthand letters The learner will be a neat and legible style of writing. should bear in mind that it is not sufficient to know a particular sign or rule, but that the knowledge must be so wrought into the mental constitution by writing the sign, or the shorthand outline, that it can be repeated at any moment. Till a word at once suggests the shorthand form, some delay must necessarily arise before its outline can be placed on the paper therefore, no opportunity should he lost of practising Phonography.

\

J>

;

:

;

4. The student should bo very careful not to write the shorthand characters rapidly at the outset. When his hand has become accustomed to trace with correctness and elegance the simple geometric forms of the letters, he will find no difficulty in writing them quickly but if ;

he lets his anxiety to write FAST overcome his resolution to write WELL, In will not only be longer in at tabling 1

speed, but will always have to lament his writ in

1

'-.

the illegibility of

THE ALPHABET.

5-7

The

5.

The

secret

success

of

exercises given in this

written until the pupil

is

shorthand

book should

is

practice.

be written and re-

familiar with the form of every

words

All the illustrative

word.

in

3

in

the text should

At

be

one hour daily must be given to practice, and this practice should one hour daily is much better than two be regular In learning the Alphabet, each hours every other day. letter as it is written should be pronounced aloud, and in subsequent rules, each example or illustrative word should written

in

addition to the exercises.

least

;

be traced, either with the pen or the finger, as it is read. is cautioned not to look ahead, or to attempt

The pupil

to read exercises in

course

is

advance of

his

knowledge, as such a

likely to retard his progress.

(i. From the commencement of his study, the student should keep before his mind the fact that be is learning The ordinary spelling, with its to write by sound.

irregularities and inconsistencies, will afford him guidance in phonographic notation. At every step he takes in the study of Phonography, the student should exercise his reasoning powers, and accustom himself to make a mental analysis of the consonant and vowel sounds which compose the words he desires to write in This will greatly facilitate his progress, and shorthand.

many little

will ensure correct writing.

THE ALPHABET. 7.

18o7,

Phonography, the invention of Isaac Pitman in is based upon an analysis of the English spoken lan-

guage. Its consonants and vowels arc so arranged as to show, as far as possible, their mutual relations. In the consonants,

/,

natural order

stands :

firsl

ceeding from the 1*

first, b

}

next the rest follow in their

the stopped or explosive letters, prolips

to

the

throat

;

then the continu-

1

8-12

THE ALPHABET.

.nits,

in

the

same

and

order";

5

lastly

the nasals,

liquids,

coalescents, and aspirate, us in the Table on the opposite

page.

The

S.

first,

straight strokes,

group of eight letters, represented by is called " cxplodents, " because the voice

exploded through organs (the

is

lips, etc.)

previously in

close contact.

The next group of eight is called "continuants," be!). cause the breath or voice continues to How through the partially closed organs. 10. The " nasals" are produced by closing the lips and sending the sound through the nose. The " liquids" flow into union with other letters, and thus make double letters or consonantal diphthongs. The "coalescents" precede vowels and coalesce with them. The "aspirate" is a breathing upon the following vowel. Sixteen only out of he wenty-four consonants are I

1

in,

n,

1

t

.

essentially

in/:

They

different. i,

r

and

;

ir,

>/

;

h.

are p, /, ch, /; j\ //>, g, *// ; The articulations in the pairs

hi' same, hut the sound and heavy in the second letter of each pair. The letters of each pair are represented by similar strokes, but that chosen for the second 1

1

is,

is

and

l>,

/

il,

/'and

V,

rir., are

so to speak, light in the

t

first,

written thick, instead of thin

;

;is

\

]i,

\

h,

|

t,

\

\ etc.; and thus, not only is the memory burdened with fewer signs, but the mind perceives that a thin stroke corresponds with a light articulation^ and a thick stroke with a limn/ articulation. Ch and /are double consonants, formed by the union of ,, sh, and

p,

S.

1'

p,

in

I'

n t

1,

t,

d

I'

s

///,

p sh, b th, p

///,

k, cli

m,

f

n

in

f

I',

in

,i,

;

n sh, n

m;

1

p,

ch ch, k

k,

f

f,

///,

m

n d,

f

1

f 1;

sh

p,

in n,

///,

1;

eh n

in,

s in, s

th, 1,

ch

1,

1

///

p, p,

n k,

r

k,

t

th,

t

t,

k

th,

k sh, k m.

ch, th k, th

in 1;

1

1

1,

]), 1

n f,

///

1,

f,

sh

f,

in in,

k, in n

m.

I

k

sh k, sh

ch,

s s,

ng, y

t

k

;

n ch, n k.

t, 1

in;

n n, r

th m.

in.

v

1,

w

p.

w

1.

r r. t

1

in, j

k b.

—

—

28-29

AND TPWARIl

12

CH

r

and

is

ch

r is distinguished from eh as folWhen written upwards, and eh downwards. stand alone, r slopes a little from the hori-

and

zontal,

"

11.

The upward

28.

lows: r

UPWARD

and

ch

a

from the perpendicular; thus,

little

The stroke naturally takes these slopes when struck by the hand upward and downward re-

/

r,

eh.

spectively.

When

29.

r

and

joined to other

ch are

they arc

letters,

distinguished by the direction of the stroke, and the

amount

of slope

L A

1 m

ch,

ch n,

/•//,

Exercise

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

of no consequence; thus,

is

/•/.

x.

/

A

n^

^ 1 -/

/I

^ 4

t,

>

^ S

v ^

p

mr.

ch,

j

/

V

1

L

N^

f

S^ Vs

^ ^ r^ "V

pr,

R and CM Combinations.

5.

\ peh, \ypr,

A

ch

>

. ill, iiir, a Write the characters for p and /, and show the vowel places before and after them. What are Hie respective positions of first, second, and vowels between the following conthird place .'

•

7.

S.

there.'

By what signs are they represented? Name them in their order.

sonants:

1

L

N

I

V

\

S

— siiokt VOWELS.

:;s

;;

19

ClIAI'TKlt IV.

SHORT 37. :ire

V

(>

W

E LS.

Besides the six long vowels already explained, there vowel sounds in the English

six corresponding short

There are the vowel sounds heard iapat, pet, In producing these sounds, the positions of the vocal organs are nearly the same us in uttering the long vowels in palm, pate, peat; nought, note, food; the chief difference being that the short vowels are more rapidly pronounced. language.

/nt; not, nut, foot.

The The The The The The

short sound of ah in palm is a (say (ih quickly) in pal. short sound of eh in pate is e (say eh quickly) in pet. short sound of ee iii peat is i (say ,, quickly) in pit. short sound of aw in nought is o (say aw quickly) in not. short sound of oh in note is nearly u (wA) in nut.

short sound of 00 in /ood (say ooquickly)

is o">

in foot.

By drawling a word containing a short vowel, the corresponding long vowel

08.

will be heard.

The

(

'ompare pick, peek

strokes, similar to those

hut

made

COt,

;

Caught.

short vowels are represented by dots

employed

for the

and short

long vowels,

light to indicate their short sound, thus: Son/id

Sign

Sound t

thai

e

pen

ii"t

u

1

The order of the

short vowels

Tln/t

p<

Sign

11

may is

be

10

m/M-ii

-i

gooil

remembered by saying:

not ni'/eh good.

30-41

SHORT VOWELS.

20

[nstead of calling these short vowel sounds short "//. ee, etc., it is better to give them nanus by

39.

short eh, short

adding the consonant / to them; thus, at, et, it, ot, ut, dot, in the same manner as the; consonant sounds are named by placing a vowel either before or after them; thus, ''f,' li \t"pee; "v,"«ee. if; "m," em; 1

40. In order to gain familiarity with the short vowels and their powers, the student should pronounce them in connection with other letters of the alphabet: thus,

U

(i

,//

ut

af

ad

oSt

.

4. 5. G. 7.

How man; diphthongs :iru there? Give their sounds. How may ?, ow, and wi be written as to place ? State the position for oi and ?7. What is a grammalogue ? Give some examples. How arc logograms generally written In what directions are the logograms «

88,

it

^~f ms, s_p .

n8,

i

s?ns,

^-p-s

dish),

man,

>—

nam,

ADDITIONAL SIGN FOR

53-54

Between two straight

53.

circles

20

forming an angle, the

lines

written on the outside of the angle; thus,

is

8

54.

made double-sized

is

\o

thus,

"s" AM) " Z."

xD pss,

ps,

^S^

for

and named

s*,

~ [

hst,

.sr.sor scs ;

nssr.

EXEBCISE 15.

i.

\\

r

r

r

r

JJ ^ cS S

2.



exercises on " st," "str," and " sw."



x

ii

*\_^

,0 v

.

* ).

^^

L' r

i\ Lt, ^.^ r *

/•

.

\

v

u.

^

V J

nh "

.

.

'

t^^

»r

)

i-

2

^ ^~ v^

°

r~

f

w r V"

o

swoop, switch.

swell, swelling, swathe, swig,

Exercise 21.

s.

most, must.

lost,

boaster, jester, muster.

;

I"

.

i_*

^°. ^

.

I"

r

*

.

37

Review. 1

2.

I

low

W'lu'ii

the loop

is

may

word :;.

How

str

initially 4. 5. (i.

written st

l>e

?

written

in

the middle of a

Give some examples.

?

is

st

the loop

represented?

Is

the

loop

str

used

?

How may a final 8 be added to these loops How is initial 8W represented? How is xtr written when not joined to another ?

sonant

con-

?

7.

Write some words illustrating the rule that a vowel cannot be read before an initial, or after a final

8.

Give several words

circle, or loop.

in

which the sw

449486

circle

is

employed.

INITIAL " R "

38

AM> " L

CHAPTER A AND The Liquids

08.

r

and

" HOOKS.

VIII.

L HOOKS.

consonantal diphthong

:

and forming a

arc often found following

/

united or blended with other

closely

G8-71

letters,

words

as in the

//row. y//ough,

In pronouncing fry,Jly, douWe, maker, etc. these words, the combination of the /• or I with the pre-

drink,

T

—

ri-drr-less,

\^

pa-per,

\

bea-dle.

"R" AND

INITIAL HOOK ADDING

40

78-7!)

In writing the following exercise, call the combina-

78.

and the words

tions by their single names,

recognized;

easily

[eagh

" L."

°\

thus,

per-eh

will

(pray),

then be

^_

^_y

'^ S \

three,

)

c

")

^

V

'V_

offer-

^^

^^ ^ v

v. ^"

*S_

Exercise 25. Flap,

trifle,

either, other, through, fry,

Same, Friday.

Finger, banker, hopeful, dinner, Sock, funnel, banner. .;

I.

Manner, thrust,

oilier,

frame,

favor, leather,

Anthur.

Mother, father, brother, evil, freak, fluency, Irian. Fisher, adverse, eternity, burglan, bugle k, winner. Ai;i;i\al,

rather, rightful, Loafer, owners.

EXERCISES ON INITIAL

IK

><

43

>Ks.

EXERCISE 26.

GUAMMALOGOES

—

=

caU,

COTS,

?

(Z«W,

|

.

for,

<

^\J'n>'n,

v

)

//// //•

t_^ near,

///"/•',

///'/-.

i

or ///m,

^

^

//"/',

eery.

S,

1

v

"^

^

v

i

/f

o

v

''""" '

-(

^

V

^-.

^

(

v V

N

^

V

"'*

3

s

r

.

V

V "

•

o

;

,

^~

)

o

'

Exercise 27.

2.

The calmer Honor thy

3.

neighbor. The Holy Hible should he youi: teacher; apply to

1.

;i

river appeals, the deeper it is sm id to How.

father and

mother

;

love thy brother and

it

for

true wisdom. •1.

r .

t.

Try

to

spe^k the truth

After the labor of the

I

pray you. and do no evil.

(lay.

gather pleasure from

leisure.

44

Review. 1.

Give examples of words containing a double consonant formed by the combination of r or 2 with the preceding

letter.

2.

How

3.

By what means

are these combinations represented

these hooks

is

the pupil assisted in

In

5.

What

are the^r, pi series used ? does a small hook prefixed to a curved

represent

letter

?

G.

Write the two forms of

7.

When

9.

remembering

I

what cases

4.

8.

?

should

/'/•,

n:

thr, thr.

right-hand curves be used, and when the left-hand curves? What does a large hook prefixed to a curve represent ? How are the double consonants pi, •.

EXERCISES ON

47

tRCLES AND LOOPS.

I

Exercise 29.

%

L

agent, /^~- ransom, hie.

cf shl, J) shn, when

{,

i

u

\

French,

David,

s

profit,

chiefly,

divine.

written upward and ( //,-when downward, must never stand ALONE, for it might be supposed that^., had been written downward, and !i?.

written

4

;

}

(

^ "n"

*~'

56

C

upward.

others; as,

A



^

4.^

ks

^4,

3.

5.

\

,

v

\*«

^

r

j,

V V ^

/'

i"

l

j.

cf

.

Zjf

-"

—

"P

—

.- -v.

->

^v

n.

%

LjS

J.

**>

j-

j

«/

-i

Exercise 33.

2.

Pain, plain, pun, blown, brain, deign, train. Tone, chin, bean, crown, cone, join, cam', grain, glean.

:!.

Fine, vine, even, thine, nine, ocean, lane.

1.

I. .").

(i.

7. 8. 9.

in.

Puff, proof, beef, brief, Mull', ('hale, chaff, calf,

cough, cave,

rough, trough, deaf. cliff, grief,

grave, reef.

Hoof, huff, waif, turf, tariff, drive, derive, roof. Bone, bony; spoon, sj ay; puff, puffy; Jane, Jenny. Cone, coney; gun, agony; fan, Fanny; vain, avenue.

Man, many, manna, money; rave, review rain, rainy. bevy; nine, ninny; pansy, iitouy, renew. ;

Buff,

"s" AND

CIRCLE

99 108

Circle S added to

S or

99.

added

z is

the

to

"n"

AND

••!•''

HOOKS.

51

and F Hooks.

.V

hook of a straight

final

let-

ter thus,

\

_

J

J

y°



pns, ins, chns, kns, rns, wne, 1ms: pfs,

\

as in

X

puffs,

LOO.

101.

The

S

torn*,

!

'''//*x,

102.

.',-,

to the n

mines,

hook

after

Thest,

/>»*-, ,,

*

.

')

x .

^>

^^

)

/* °

4

(

s

'

N

->

•

i^

^

IP*

8.

r \-

•

r ,

2

s

J*

.

-"

"

A k^ ^



'^

^

N •

y r-^

v "^^

v>

.

x

'U>

•

'

^; r-



^

.

'V?

.

^

.

)

N s

/sy*'

^

J

1789

^ %M-

^\ r\ '

'

.

_ w>

N

^ ^V

'

x '

fc

^'

EXERCISE ON THE "-TION" HOOK.

Exercise 37. 1. Fashion, mission, motion, notion, nation, oRation, lotion, evasion, vision, fusion, elation, solution, delusion, donation, mention, invasion, dimension, nomination, invention, pension, relation, cremation, salvation, evolution, infusion, collision, veneration, provision, pollution, ammunition, reservation, intimation, revelation 'J Suppression, attrition, Grecian, abrasion, suction, equation, accretion, secretion, expression, selection, location, faction, fiction, vocation, vacation, approbation, illustration, addition, imitation, exhortation, deputation, emigration vegetation. ;!. Option, potion, passion, auction, caution, cushion, apparition, education, diction, duration, Egyptian, implication, aberrat ion, appor! ion, coercion. attenuation, intuition 4. Evacuation missionary, optional, visionary, illusionary, occasional, educational, sectional passions, stations, relations, occupations, explanations, gradations, divisions. 5. Possession, precision, procession, requisition, disquisition, inquisition, incision, authorization, sensation, evangelcessation, transition; ization, suppositions, accusations, pulsations; positional,, transitional. ;

:

:

Review. 1. 'i. :!.

How How How

the termination -tion expressed ? the -tion hook written when following a curve ? after a straight letter beginning with a hook.

is

is

from a curve ? hook written after t, d, or j

circle or loop, or springing t.

5. (I.

How How How

is

the

is

the hook written

8.

-tion it

'.

.•>•

or n& 9.

written

.'

other cases \ when two vowel in

signs occur Write accentuation. Give examples of the -tion hook used medially. How is -tion expressed when following the circle is

before

7.

-tion

How

.'

far can this

hook he vocalized

\

— THE ASPIRATE.

58

CHAPTEE

114-119

XII.

THE ASPIRATE.

H

is

stroke

h,

114. (a)

Phonography in four ways: downward (b) a tick (an abbreviawritten upward downward h) ('

hyperbola,

letter

Hebrew,

hither.

always read FIRST,

c_ sack; and the hook

in

like the circle s

v

wall,

C

well,

while.

123. The dot aspirate cannot be used before a vowel thus \.v is Aj/jiii (A.cts not followed by a consonant 28. 15), not Ap-hy. ;

124.

The dot

h

is

only employed in a few words of

it may afterwards be (a) where and the word treated as a grammalogue, some long words in order to give a briefer

occurrence

frequent

safely omitted

and

in

(&)

outline.

*

A/-

\^Fbhi,

^T^"r?f

.

upheave,

Tahiti,

'

Fitzhugh,

Thahnsh {GenesisSZ.

^

24),

Mohawk, enhance, Nehemiah,

i

8),

Aarbuus

(in

adhere,

/'

K

dishearten,

Jehu,

Jehovah,

:

I

y

Sihor (theNile), Soho, Sahara, Sheehy,

l'.lilin,

rehearse, racehorse,

Eehum Ezra (

Denmark), weigh house, warehouse, Yahoo, heigh-ho

!

In the example Fitzhugh, the circle and the circle of the upward h make a large circle, which cannot be mistaken torftssr,tti which the ss circle won hi be written on ihe other side of t. S and «A, preceding h. are wril ten with the circle of the A inside the cmve because ilie combinations #, »•, chi sh, s, ch ; do not occur in English. .<

EXERCISE ON T11K ASPIRATE.

60

Exercise 38.

1 v ^ - J^

fairer,

debar,

/

L

fi-3

It)

y,

wore,

c^

where.

\/°

turn,

^S mom.

as

;

^^

in

rare,

The upward m, final, generally more convenient than the downward one; yore,

S/"

thus,

born,

always written up, except preceded l>y a vowel and followed by a

132. Initial

When

(o)

horizontal

(^

letter

(S

elm,

lesson,

is

not

alone,

When

(5)

(^

7,

hooked

^v

as,

;

alike,

almoner.

f^,

preceding

sn,

In

these

-^

as

sng,

sv,

Leasing.

([_,

initially

eases

illusive,

written

is

it

down ward. Final Lis always written down

133.

After

(a)

\^

n.

after/',

V,

si; Jew,

\