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Contemporary Linguistics An Introduction Editedby WILLIAM O'GRADY MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY FRANCIS KATAMBA

LONGMAN London and New York

Table of contents

Dedication Epigraph Series list Acknowledgements Preface Preface to the original edition published by Copp Clark Pitman L td, Canada List of technical abbreviations 1

xvii xix

Language: a preview WILLIAM O'CRADY, MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND FRANCIS KATAMBA

1 2 3 4

2

v vi xiii xiv xv

A creative system Grammar and linguistic competence Changeability: grammars change over time Biological specialization for language Summing up Note Sources Recommended reading Questions

1

1 4 9 13 14 15 15 15 16

Phonetics: the sounds of language MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND FRANCIS KATAMBA

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

19 20 23 25 27 35 41 41 49 57 62 64

Phonetic transcription The sound-producing system Sound classes Consonant articulation Manners of articulation Vowels Phonetic transcription of RP vowels and consonants Suprasegmentals Processes Other vowels and consonants (advanced) Summing up Notes

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sources Recommended reading Questions 3

64 64 65

Phonology: the function and patterning of sounds MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND FRANCIS KATAMBA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4

68

Segments in contrast Phonetically conditioned variation: phonemes and allophones Phonetic and phonemic transcription Above the segment: syllables Features Derivations and rule ordering Representations (advanced) Stress and metrics (advanced) Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Appendix: Hints for solving phonology problems Questions

70 72 82 83 95 102 108 113 121 122 122 123 123 125

Morphology: the analysis of word structure WILLIAM O'GRADY AND VIDEA P. DE GUZMAN

1 2 3 4 5 6

5

Words and word structure Derivation Compounding Other types of word formation Inflection Further examples of inflection Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Appendix: How to identify morphemes in unfamiliar languages Questions

1 32

v

132 144 151 156 160 164 170 171 171 172 172 173

Syntax: the analysis of sentence structure WILLIAM O'GRADY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Categories and structure Complement options . Transformations Universal grammar and parametric variation Some extensions (advanced) Other types of syntactic analysis Summing up

181

182 196 202 214 222 229 234

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Notes Sources Recommended reading Appendix: How to build tree structures Questions 6

1 Morphology and phonology 2 Phonology and syntax 3 Morphology and syntax Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions

245

245 254 260 264 264 265 265 265

Semantics: the analysis of meaning WILLIAM O'GRADY

1 2 3 4

8

234 235 236 236 239

Interfaces MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY, WILLIAM O'GRADY AND FRANCIS KATAMBA

7

IX

The nature of meaning The conceptual system Syntax and sentence interpretation Other factors in sentence interpretation Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions

268

268 276 284 295 305 305 306 307 307

Historical linguistics: the study of language change ROBERT W. MURRAY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

The nature of language change Sound change Morphological change Syntactic change Lexical and semantic change The spread of change Language reconstruction Language change and naturalness Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions

3 13

313 318 332 337 340 346 349 362 363 364 364 365 366

X

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9

The classification of languages ALEKSANDRA STEINBERGS

1 Some preliminaries 2 Typological classification 3 Genetic classification Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

The human brain Investigating the brain Aphasia Acquired dyslexia and dysgraphia Linguistic theory and aphasia Where is language? Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions

41 6

416 421 424 429 431 434 435 435 435 436 436

Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing GARY LIBBEN

1 Methods of psycholinguistic research 2 Language processing and linguistics 3 Putting it all together: psycholinguistic modelling Summing up Sources Recommended reading Questions 12

372 374 389 410 411 411 412 412

Brain and language GARY LIBBEN

11

372

438

438 448 457 460 460 461 462

Language acquisition: the emergence of a grammar SOOK WHAN CHO AND WILLIAM O'GRADY

1 2 3 4 5 6

The study of language acquisition Phonological development Morphological development Syntactic development Semantic development Determinants of language acquisition Summing up Notes

464

464 466 471 476 481 488 496 497

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sources Recommended reading Questions 13

1 2 3 4

The study of second language acquisition Interlanguage grammars Factors affecting SLA The L2 classroom Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Appendix: L2 pedagogy Questions

503

504 511 523 528 534 535 535 536 536 537

Language in social contexts RONALD H. SOUTHERLAND AND FRANCIS KATAMBA

1 2 3 4 5

15

497 499 499

Second language acquisition JOHN ARCHIBALD

14

XI

Fundamental concepts Social differentiation of language Regional differentiation of language Mixed languages Speech situations Summing up Note Sources Recommended reading Questions

540

540 542 563 571 576 585 586 586 588 588

Writing and language MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY AND WILLIAM O'GRADY

1 2 3 4 5 6

Types of writing The history of writing The evolution of writing Some other writing systems English orthography Writing and reading Summing up Notes Sources Recommended reading Questions

59 1

591 592 595 604 613 619 620 621 622 623 623

Xii

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16

Animal communication MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Non-vocal communication Communication structure: the study of signs The bees The birds Non-human primates Testing non-human primates for linguistic ability Comparing communication systems: design features Summing up Notes Picture credits Sources Recommended reading Questions

625

625 627 635 638 641 648 656 659 660 661 661 662 662

Computational linguistics JDITH KLAVANS

664

1 2 3 4 5 6

Computational phonetics and phonology Computational morphology Computational syntax Computational lexicology Computational semantics Practical applications of computational linguistics Summing up Recommended reading Questions

666 671 676 684 689 693 700 700 700

Glossary Language Index Subject Index

703 736 740