ZOKAM LE ZOLAI ZOLAI SIMBU KUM 100 (1913-2013) CIN CIAPTEHNA

ZOKAM LE ZOLAI

ZOKAM LE ZOLAI

ZOLAI SIMBU KUM 100 (1913-2013) CIN CIAPTEHNA Agelh: Khoi Lam Thang General Secretary The Bible Society of Myanmar

A gelh: Khoi Lam Thang

A hawmkhia: Zomi Christian Literature Society Kawlpi: October 2013

Khatvei bawlna A hawmkhia: Zomi Christian Literature Society Hawmkhiat kum: October 2013 Hawmkhiatna: Kawlpi Laibu bawlzah: 500 Zolai simbu kum 100 cin ciaptehna

THU MASA

ZON-OLNA Thulu

Laimai

Thumasa ... ... Thupatna ... ... Khen 1 Zomi le Zokam ... 1.1 Zomi ... ... 1.2 Zokam ... ... 1.3 Zokam Khanggui sutna ... 1.4 Tedim pau hong piankhiatna Khenpi 2 Zokam kilamzia ... 2.1 Awmal gawm ... ... 2.2 Laimal gawm... ... Khenpi 3 LAI neihna thu ... 3.1 Zotual lai ... ... 3.2 Mangtual lai ... ... 3.3 Zomite lai neihdan ... Khenpi 4 Cope topa le i Zolai ... 4.1 Cope topa i cihcih ... 4.2 Zolai Simbu ... ... Khenpi 5 Cope topa khit i Zolai Khenpi 6 Laigelhzia ... 6.1 Laigelhzia thu tawphah... 6.2 Laimal gawm ... ... 6.3 Kammal gawm ... ... Khenpi 7 ZCLS ... Asipna ... Laibu etkakte ... Kikuphuai thute ...

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Cope topa’ hong patsak Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum 100 (1913-2013) cin lungdamkohna Centennial Jubilee pi (ZCLS -D- 15/2011) a bawl thei ihih manin Pasian min i phat hi. Amun dingin Tahan Tuiphum Pawlpi kingen-a Pawlpi-in biakinn lam maban manlahna, sumbeina le thabeina tampi kawmkal pan minam a it manin phalna hong pia hi. Thubulphuh hong teelsak dingin ZCLS thudotpi le GZA makaipi ahi Prof. Rev. Dr. Simon Pau Khan En tungah huhna kingen-a, amah’n Jer. 1:10; 29:11 siksan thulu ahi, “Puah kawm, Zun kawm-in Mainawt khawm ni” hong teel hi. Kum za cin pawi ahih hangin, pawi dangte bangin zang loin, thusinna (Seminar) tawh zat dingin kivaihawm a, thu sung dingin a nuaia bangin kiteel hi. Rev. Khoi Lam Thang Zolai hong piankhiatna le a khantohzia Rev. Dr. JM Ngul Khan Pau A kikhenthang Zomite dinmun le mailam Dr. Hau Za Cin Tuhun Nate (Science) pilna le khangno Tu-in Rev. Khoi Lam Thang (General Secretary, Bible Society of Myanmar) in Zolai a itna le a mipihte hong

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khualna in ama thulu khuttawi theih ding laibu hong suah ahih manin siapa tungah lungdamna i pulak hi. Dr. Hau Za Cin le a zi Cingpi te nupa in Zolai kum 100 cin lungdamkohna in Ks. 536500/- hong khak a, tua sum tawh hih laibu a kibawl ahih manin amau nupa tungah lungdamna i ko hi. Hih laibu in Zomite minam khat ihihna hong kipsak semsem, a kikhenthang Zomite hong gawmkhawm le khua hun tawh kizui-in minam khangto hong suaksak laibu ahi dingin Zomite minam khatin hong siam a, Zolai hong pia tung Pasian tungah a thak-in i ap hi.

THUPATNA Zomi a i pian, Zokam i pau, ei deihtel hi lo a, Pasian hong piak ahi hi. Leitung ah kampau 6912 om kici hi. Kampau pawlkhat nisim-in kiamkiam-a, mangthang hi. Pawl khatte nungtain khangkhang hi. Tua kampau i cihte a kipuahpuah a kizunzun ahi hi. Kampau pen LAI tawh kiciamteh hi. Tua LAI pen minamte kituktehna ahi hi. Pasian in tuma kum 100 lai-in Zolai Simbu hong pia hi. Tua Zolai Simbu in Zomite mit hong keuhsak hi. Pasian min i phat hi. Hih laibu sungah, Zokam thu, Zokam kilamzia le Zolai Simbu i neihziate tomkimcing takin kiguang hi. Manlahna tuamtuam kawmkal pan kaihkhop ahih manin behlap le zop lai ding tampi om hi.

Rev. Lian Khen Pau Executive Secretary Zomi Christian Literature Society Kalaymyo Sept. 29, 2013

Hih laibu sungah kicin lohna, khialhna a om leh keima lukhuk ding hi-a, a hoih malkhat peuh a om leh Pasian minthanna ding ahi hi. Kumzacin pawi a vaihawm makaite Pasian in thupha tampi hong pia ta hen. Hih laibu a sim kha mimal khat ciat Pasian in Zokam le Zolai itna lungtang a thakin hong guan tahen.

Rev Khoi Lam Thang General Secretary Bible Society of Myanmar Yangon: Octobet 2013. - iii -

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Khen 1 ZOMI LE ZOKAM Thukong hong Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum za cin hunpi ah ‘Zolai hong piankhiatna le a khantohzia’ thusung dingin hunpha ka ngah manin ka lungdam mahmah hi. Zomite in lai i neihzia le tua i neih Zolai a khantohzia a sutnuam ka hi hi. Khen 1 thulu nuai-ah: ZOMI, ZOKAM le ZOKAM KHANGGUI SUTNA cih thulu thum siksan in thukong hong ding hi hang.

1.1 Zomi Zomi cih kammal pen Pasian hong piak ahi hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh eile-ei Zomi i kici a, bang hun-in Zomi kici i hiam cih a mong a genthei kuamah om lo ding hi. Tua ahih manin ‘Pasian in ZOMI kici min tawh hong bawlkhop minamte ihi hi’. Eile-ei i kisapna min ZOMI hi a, tua sangin a khumzaw om lo hi. Tua sangin Zo lungsim a sukha zo zaw min dang om lo hi. Tua ahih manin: ZOMI IN KA PIANG HI. ZOMI IN KA NUNGTA DING A, ZOMI IN KA SI DING HI. i ci ngam hi. Tua bang hi napi i Zomi pih dangte le leitung in hong sap nading min kician a nei nai lo tawh kibang hi hang. Min kiphuak nai lo naungek bang hi hang. - 1 -

Kum zalom 21 sung ei minam citawmte’ phutkhak thu lian khat in: Hihna kantelna (Insearch of Indentity) ahi hi. “Kei kua ka hiam, ka ngeina bang hiam, ka kampau bang hiam, ka mun ka gam koilai hiam, ka min taktak bang a hiam …” cih thute kithupi ngaihsut semsem hi. David Bradlay kici kampau kansut siampa (linguist) in Tibetto Burma namte minhaute hi a, min thu-ah buai mahmah uh hi, ci hi. Hong cih mah bangin min i hau a, i deihdeuh om in, i deih loh zong om hi. Mipilte in min kivawhdan nam tuamtuamin na khen uh hi. Tuate in (1) Ethnonyms: Nammin kitap min (2) Glossonyms: Kampau kitap min (3) Allonyms: Nam khat min kilawhna a tuamtuam (4) Allograms: Min khat laimal gawmzia tuamtuam (5) Autonyms: Tualsuak min (6) Exonyms: Minamte’ hong sapna min (7) Loconyms: Om na mun le mual kitap min (8) Paleonyms: Min kikhel (9) Neonyms: Nam tuamtuam kigawm min cih te ahi hi. I minam min ‘Zo’ maw, ‘Chin’ maw, ‘Tedim’ maw, ‘Ciimnuai’ maw? Khangthakte in thukhualtak a ngaihsuthuai thu ahi hi. Hih laibu sungah ‘Zo’, ‘Zolai’, ‘Zokam’ cih ka zang a, mun tuamtuam a om Zomi dangte tawh kikhen teltheih ding a kisapna ah ‘Tedim pau’, ‘Tedim kampau Zomite’ cih bangin ka zang hi. - 2 -

1.2. ZOKAM Tedim Kampau Zomi innkuan sungah kamphen kul lo, min kitap Zomite sungah Zokam i cihna thu tawm kikum ni. Mangkang hun lai a, Tedim sub-division sunga om minam teng kigawmin ukna khat, kampau nam khat i zang hi. Tua kampau pen Kamhau Dialect na kici ngei hi. Tua ban-ah Kampau lam a kan mipil masate in Sukte cih zong na zang ngei hi. Hun hong sawt tohtoh ciangin kamphen a kullo pau tuamtuamte kigawm khawmin taangkam khat kizanga tua in TEDIM KAM i cihcih pen ahi hi. Eile-ei ‘ZOMI’ a kicite in Tedim kampau pen taangkam dinga i zatna thu a nuaia bangin kiciamteh hi. Tua hunlai a Tedim gam a kici pen, tuhun Tedim, Tonzang le Cikha gamkhen (Myone) teng huam hi. Hih gam sung tengah Sihzang, Thado (Kuki) Vaiphei, Guite, Khuano, Losau, Phaileng, Saizang, Teizang, Val le Vangteh paute kihel hi. Tua hunlai ukpite in amau bangkua sung kampau pen gambup pau dingin na vaihawm hileh, tu in ‘Teizang’ kam i pau ding hi. Sangmangte in a mau theih masak kampau mah na bulphuh tentan hi leh ‘Sihzang’ kam i pau ding hi. Ahi zongin makai masate in thupi khual-in vaihawm siam uh a, Tedim gamsung a mite in a zattaang theih ding kampau na vaihawm uh hi.

Zam Khaw Thang, Zo Kampau Phaitu khua hausa Pu Khan Thawng, Salzang khua hausa Pu Zaang Khaw Lian, Paite kampau Tuimui khua hausa Pu Mang Za Thang, Haiciin khua hausa Pu Tual Pum-te in Sihzang kam a teltheih loh lam uh pulak hi. Ahi zongin Tedim, Ngennung, Haupi, Gawngmual, Leilum, Lezang, Tongsial, Lamzang, Laitui, Mawngken, Kahgen, Taklam, Tonzang, Tungtuang, Anlang, Gamlai, Khuaimual le Seitual khua hausate kuamah a pau a ham om lo uh hi. Tua hun a kipan hong uk kumpite le sangmangte kopin Zolai sinna, sang pilna sinna khempeuh ah ‘Tedim kam’ kizang a, a nung ciangin ‘taangkam’ hong suak hi. Tuin kampau tuamtuam i zat hangin i tutkhop ciang, i kimuh ciang Tedim kam tawh i kiho ta hi. I khua pau i bangkua pau mah a ci tentante in minam bup huam khin zo nawn lo hi. ‘Zomi’ taktakte in ‘Tedim pau’ pau hi. Tua pen i minam pau hong suak hi. I khua pau, i bangkua paute sim-mawhna hi lo hi. Tuate a kisapna mun-ah i zang dinga, ahih hangin ZOMI khempeuh a huamkim vai khempeuh ah ‘TEDIM KAM’ kizang hi.

1919 kum Tedim vuandok zum ah Tedim gam a phualphual a hausa teng kikaikhawm in, gambup ah Zolai tawh a kigelh masa pen ahi Sihzang lai zat dingin thu kisung hi. Tua laitakin Thado kampau Hiangzang khua hausa Pu -3 -

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1.3 Zokam khangguisutna Leitung ah mihing awn 7000 val om a, kampau nam 6,912 om hi, ci-in kiciamteh hi. Kawlgam sungah mihing awn 60 val in paunam (minam) 135 val bang kinei a, Zomite in paunam (minam) 53 bang nei hi, ci in Kawlgam kumpi in hong ciaptehsak hi. I Zokam kantel suksuk leng nam 100 val om dingin ka lamen hi. Ethnologue (Languages of the World 1996) in Tedim kampau a zang mihing 344,100 pha ding hi, ci in ciamteh hi. Leitung kampau tuamtuamte a guigui a behbeh in kikhil diimdiam hi. Kampau lam kansut siam pa (linguist) David Bradley thukanna siksan leeng Tedim kampau khanggui a nuaia bang ahi hi. Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman North Eastern India group Kuki Chin Naga Kuki Chin Chin Northern Chin Tedim - 5 -

Sino Tibetan cih pen Sen le Tibet kigawmkhawm hi a, leitung kampau nampi kikhenna ah nam pi khat ahi hi. Hih Kampau nampi pen a tuamtuam in kikhen suk leuleu a, eite Tibet le Kawl (Burma) bawng Tibeto-Burman sungah hong kiguang hi. Tibeto-Burman kam pau zong a tuamtuam in kikhen thuaplai hi. India gam in North East India ci-in State 7 kigawm gamkhen lianpi khat nei a, tua gam khen sunga om Tibeto-Burman kampau namte North East India Group kici hi. India gam lam pan kampau kansiamte hong khang masa ahih man zong hi kha ding hi. Tua bangin India nisuahna saklam kampau namte sungah hong kihel hi. Tua kampau namte a kikhen suk leuleu ciangin Kuki Chin Naga nam, tuate sung pan Naga namte tuam khen in Kuki Chin kampau ci in hong kiguisut suksuk a, tua ban-ah Kuki le Chin khen-in Chin hong kici leuleu hi. Chin namte lak-ah Tedim kampau pen Northern Chin sungah hong kihelsak hi. Chin State gamlim lupzia zui a hong kisam bek zong hi loin, Zokam khempeuh Northern Chin Central Chin le Southern Chin ci-in kampau lam kansiamte in khen uh hi. 1.4 Tedim pau hong piankhiatna: Tedim mite pen Zo minam sung pan nam khat ihi hi. Pulepate Sen (China) le Tibet gam lam pan Kawlgam sung a kilut khit ciang Kawlzang-ah kum za tampi na teng uh hi. Tua pan in A.D. 1200 pawlin Khamtung gam (Zogam) Ciimnuai mun na tung uh hi. 1550 kum pawl-in Tedim khua kisat hi, ci-in tangthu kante in gen uh hi. Tua hun lai-in Tedim khua pen sak gal khang gal in sim tawntung hi. Tua ahih manin Tedim khua a kip nadingin thu vaihawm siam, gal hang, sa hang makai kisam hi. 1810 in - 6 -

Tedim khua-ah Mualbem khua mi Khan Thuam’ tapa Kam Hau in ukpi sem hi. Mang Gin, Khoi Lam, Kim Thuam, Tel Khaat, Pau Am, Cin Kim le Pau Vum te tawh vaihawm khawm hi. Hih banga beh tuamtuam, phung tuamtuam pan uliante kithutuaka vai a hawm manun a langpang ngam ding kuamah om nawn lo hi. Tua bang hun ciangin kampau tuamtuam a zang mi tampi in hong belin hong teng khawm uh a, inn zathum val bang hong pha hi. Tua bangin Teizang, Saizang, Sihzang, Khuano, Zo (India-ah Zou ciin kigelh), Khuangnung (India-ah Simte ci-in kiciamteh), Guite (India lamah Paite ci-in kigelh), Thahdo (India-ah Kuki kici), Vaiphei, Gangte kampau zang mite khua khat tuikhat suak in tual khat sungah a tenkhop uh ciangin nungak tangvalte hong ki-it uh hi. Hong kingai-in kampau le beh tuam cih banga kideidanna om loin zileta-in kilain na kiteng uh hi. Tua bangin tawlkhat hong ten khawm ciangun kampau tuamtuamte hong kihel zauin hong kigawm ciangin Tedim pau kici pau thak khat hong piangkhia hi, ci-in khanglui thu theite le thu kante in gen uh hi. Tu hun khangthakte in zong hih thu bekmah siksan ding om hi.

‘Tedim’ kitamsak ‘Tedim Kam’ hong piang hi. A neituam om lo a, Teizang, Saizang, Thahdo, Vaiphei, Guite le Zo te neihsa zong hi tuan lo hi. Sangmang hun lai-in ukpi pa min tamsak in ‘Kam Hau dialect’ na kici ngei a, ukpipa’ behmin tamsak in ‘Sukte’ a kicihna zong om hi. Tu hun ciangin, ‘Ei pau’ hi ci khawm loin ‘Koh pau’ i cihnop khak leh lalkuan a manawh hi ding hi hang. Bang hanghiam cih leh Tedim kam in i neihkhop kampau ahi hi. TEDIM pau taangkam a suahna thu (laimai 3-5) gen khin hi hang.

‘Tedim’ kam cih pen mun le gam kitamsak (loconymn) hi-a, eile-ei i kipiak (egonymn) tualsuak min ahi hi. Midangte hong sapna hi lo hi. Tedim khua ah a teng ngei kilkel lo-te nangawn in zong “T = Tedim pau eima pau” ci in a angtan ngam hi hang. ‘Tual’ khat zangin a tengkhawm awsuah tuamtuam a neite unaute in lungsim kituak in a tenkhopna uh pan munmin - 7 -

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KHENPI 2 ZOKAM KILAMZIA I kikup ngeingei, i zat ngeingei thute mah kaikhawm-in ZOKAM KILAMZIA cih thulupi tawh a nuaia thulu neu 2 kikum khawm ni. Tuate in: 1. Awmal gawm 2. Paumal gawm

nadingin “Ka pu, ar ti rawh” hong cisak hi, kici hi. Tua bangin G group le R group ci-in awmal siksan kibat lohna kiciamteh hi. Khuano kampaute in ‘Ng’ le ‘G’ khen se lo uh hi. Amau adingin ‘Ngasa’ lah ‘Nga’, ‘Gatam’ lah ‘Nga’ hi lel hi. Tedim kampau Zomite in ‘Nem’ a cih kammal pen Sihzang aw in ‘Neam’ ahi hi. Ei bangkua khat sungah hi bangin awmal tuamtuam a kikhentheih mah bangin, Zopau ahi lo pau nam dangte tawh tehkak leng gen ding tampi om hi. Hih banga awmal kilamdanna pen kampau khatlekhat a kilamdanna bulpi ahi hi. L ai Si an gt h o su n gah Gi lead m i t e i n Sh aw neih uh a,

Zokam kilamzia tel thei leeng, Zolai gelhzia zong haksa nawn lo ding hi. Hih thukikupna tungtawnin Zokam le Zolai i lunglut semsem ding ka lamen hi. Khatvei kikupna tawh tawntung a kip ding thu kivaihawm thei lo ding hi. Kinial zel ding, kizui zel ding, lemtuah zel ding, puahpha zel ding hi hang. Kampau a nuntak leh kipuahpuah lai ding hi. Minam a nuntak leh laigelhzia kilem thuahthuah ding hi. Tua bangin damdamin a picing ding ihi hi.

Efraim mite in Sh aw nei loin, S aw suaksak uh hi. Gal kidona ah a mel a sa uh kikhen thei lo ahih manin tuallegal kikhen theih nadingin awmal na zang ngei uh-a: Thukhente 12:6 amaute in ama kiangah, “Tua ahihleh Shibboleth ci in,” ci uh a, tua ciangin amah in, “Sibboleth,” ci hi; bang hang hiam cihleh a manin ci thei lo hi. Tua ciangin amaute in amah manin Jordan ngahmunte-ah that uh hi. Tua tungin Efraim mi tul sawmli le tulnih tuk hi.

2.1 AWMAL GAWM “AWMAL” cih ciangin kampau (language) khat in a neih awmalte genna ahi hi. “Phoneme” kici hi. Tua awmalte kigawmgawmin kampau a piang ahi hi. Gentehna: Tedim kampau Zomite in “G” aw nei a, Falam, Khalkha, Mizote in nei lo uh hi. Tua ahih manin, “G” aw suaksak thei lo uh-a, Sia Hau Go a cih uh ciangin, Sia Hau Ko ci uh hi. Tedim kampau Zomite in “R” aw nei lo ahih manin Mizo gam singtang vakte tungah Zomi ahih lam a theihtheih

Hih a lungluthuai mahmah awmalte (phoneme) tuamtuamte kigawm-in paumal (morpheme) piang hi. Tua paumalte tawh kammal (word) a kilam ahi hi. Tua kammalte laimal (alphabet) tawh a kigelh ciangin “LAI” (orthography) cih hong piang hi.

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Tua ahih manin “Awmal” pen “LAI” i a zung le a bul ahi hi. Lai a kigelh ciangin awmal zui-in a kigelh ding ahi hi. Tawm genbeh lai leeng:

= Awmal \p\ le awmal \a\ a kigawm ciangin Paumal (morpheme) [Pa] piang hi. = [Pa] zong khiatna nei Paumal (morpheme) khat ahih banin Kammal (word) zong ahi hi. = Awmal \s\, awmal \i\, awmal \a\ le awmal \n\ a kigawm ciangin Paumal [Sian] piang hi. = [Sian] zong khiatna nei Paumal (morpheme) khat ahih banin Kammal (word) zong ahi hi. = Tua ban-ah Paumal [Pa] le Paumal [sian) a kigawm ciangin [Pasian] cih Kammal (word) piang hi. Tedim Kampau Zomite’ awmal laimung le Awphei neihzia Roman alphabet ABC zangin a nuaia bangin kimu thei hi.

2.1.1. Laimung (Consonant) Laimung pen Mangte in “Consonant,” Kawlte in (Asnf;) ci uh hi. Tedim awmal-ah laimung ‘phonemic consonant’ 17 om hi. Tuate a nuaia bang ahi hi. Gindan le a ginna munte Muk

Voiceless stops p Voiceless aspirated stops ph Voiced stops b Voiced nasals m Voiceless Fricative Voiced fricatives v Voiced lateral approximant-

habul

dangkhum

t/c th d n s z -

k kh g ng l

dangtawng

h -

Tedim laimung 17

Hih laimungte khatciat a kizatzia etsakna a nuai a bang ahi hi. - 11 -

B= C= D= G= H= K= L= M= N= P= S= T= Z= Ph = Th = Kh = Ng =

(b ) Baibek (us)Cialciak () Doldeng (*) Gam le gho ([ ) Haihut (u ) Kawl le Zo (v ) Lawm le gual (r) Muitung muiphei (e) Nehno (y) Pi le pu (p) Sesum (w ) Tedim pau (Z) Zozam (z) Phikphek (x ) Thuam mual (c) Khuado (i) Ngaingaw

Laimung 17 lak pan a tuamkai phadiak awmal pawl khat ban gen ni. 2.1.1.a C le T kinupa C le T kinupa cih ciangin, awmal nih hi loin khat ahi, a ci nuam ihi hi. Tedimte in lai i gelh ciangin /c/ laimal nei napi /t/ tawh kikop a ngaihsut ding ahi hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh /t/ tawh a kiciamteh Zo awmal pen awphei (vowel) /i/ tawh a kigawm ciangin Zo awmal /c/ in kikhel hi. Tua ahih manin t -> c/___i ci-in kiciamteh thei hi. Tedim awmal in /c/ nei lo-a, ahih hangin /t/ peuhmah / i/ tawh a kizop ciangin /c/ aw suak hi. /t/ le /c/ a kigawm ciangin kopkhat suak pan a, a mau khat ciatciat a - 12 -

tuamtuak hi lo hi. /c/ khit ciangin /i/ bek kizang thei a, ahih hangin /t/ khit ciangin /i/ kizang ngei lo hi. D K M C T

a Da Ka Ma Ta

e De Ke Me Te

i Di Ki Mi Ci -

o Do Ko Mo To

u Du Ku Mu Tu

aw Daw Kaw Maw Taw

C le T kinupa lahna

Tua ahih manin mi masate’ gelh laite sim leeng, tu laitak a /c/ i zatna mun-ah /t/ na zang ngei uh hi. Gentehna in: Lam Za Tin, Tua tiangin, Tingpikot. 2.1.1.b. Laimung bul le Laimung khak Laimung bul (Initial Consonant) Paumal khat peuhpeuh a kigelh cianga laimal masa dinga a kizang laimungte Laimung bul (Initial consonant) kici hi. Tedim kam-ah laimung khempeuh laimung bul (initial consonant) dingin kizang khin thei hi. Gentehna: Baibek Dial, GalHiam, Kuang, Khua, Lawm, Mawng, Nu, Ngen, Pa, Phialphiah, Sansim, Tuang, Ci, Thang, Vial, Zu, Laimung khak (final consonant) Laigelh cianga a tawpna a kizang laimungte ahi hi. Laimung khempeuh laimung khak (final consonant) dingin kizang khin thei lo hi. Laimung mal 17 lak-ah laimung khak mal 7 bek om hi. Tuate in p, t, k, m, n, ng le l ahi uh hi. Hih mal 7 teng lo buang a dang laimalte laimung khak dingin ding thei lo uh hi. - 13 -

Muk

habul

dangkhum

Voiceless stops p Voiced nasals m Voiced lateral approximantTedim Laimung khak

t/c n 7

dangtawng

k ng l

Gentehna: Tuap, Khut, Khuk, Sam, Tan, Kawng, tal 2.1.1.c. /h/ pen Laimung khak hi lo /h/ pen laimung khak ah a om hangin laimung khak hi lo hi. Awniam- awtawng lahsakna ahi hi. ‘h’ laimal (/[/ banga kizang, Hai, Ha, Hahkat, Hangsai cih bang a kizang /h/) hihna tawh laimung khak piang thei lo hi. 2.1.1.d.Laimung kop (Consonant Cluster) om lo Laimung kop pen Mangkangte in “consonant cluster” ci uh hi. Consonant nih a kikopte genna ahi hi. Gentehna: Falam kam thlang, Mizo kam-a Tluang cihte pawl ahi hi. Tedim kam-ah tua bang om lo hi. /ph/, /kh/, /th/ le /ng/ te laimal nihta a kigawm hangin laimung kop (consonant cluster) hi lo hi. Amaute aw nih kigawm hi lo, aw khat ciat ahi hi. Theih baih deuh nadingin: /ph/=/z/, /kh/=/c/, /th/=/x/, le /ng/=/i/. 2.1.2 Awphei (Vowel) Tedim Kam-ah awphei 6 om kici-a, limtakin kancian leeng 6 hi loin 5 hi zaw hi. Tua awphei 5 te a nuaia bang ahi hi. Close le Open pen kamcip le kamka cihna hi-a, Front le Back pen mukdawn le dangtawng cihna hi. Gentehna: /i/ i cih ciang mailam (mukdawn lam) pan aw suak-a, kikamcip hi. - 14 -

Front

Close i Close mid e Open

A thuakzo zawzaw a zo Tha lawhsa tawh leiba a loh hi.

Back

u o/ (aw) a

Tedim awphei 5

2.1.2 (a) ‘O’ hi lo ‘ou’ Tedim awmal ah /o/ taktak (phonetic value of /o/ according to IPA) om lo hi. [o] ci a, i gelh pen awphei kop diphthong (or vowel glide) hi-a, /ou/ hi zaw hi. Siapi Vul Za Thang in “[o] is pronounced as /ou/ in November” (1953:10) ci a, Rev. S.T. Hau Go in “[o] pen consonant khit ah a nunung pen a i zat ciang leh amah guak a, a din ciangin phonetic zui in /ou/ aw nei hi” (1983:v) ci hi. Falam-Zaniatte’ makaipi ahi Siapi Van Kyi in [o] pen phonetic alphabet tawh transcript a bawl ciang /ou/ suaksak hi. Zolai simbu sungah “Lo no po zo lo hi” ci-a, i gelh pen “Lou nou pou zou lou hi” ci leeng awsuah tawh kinai zaw hi. India i sanggamte in Gou Gin, Zoumi a cih uh pen a dikzaw ahi hi.

(2) Laimung khak tawh a tawp paumal (closed syllable) ah [o] pen awtom ading hi-a, [aw] pen awsau adingin kizang hi. Gentehna in: Mong, bok, tot, Tom, Ton, cihte-ah = awtom Mawng, bawk, tawt, Tawm, Tawn cihte-ah = awsau op, om. ot, ok, on, ol, cihte-ah = awtom awp, awm. awt, awk, awn, awl, cihte-ah = awsau 2.1.2 (c) Awphei kop Awphei kop cih ciangin Mangkangte in dipthong ahih kei leh glide (o&wGJ) a cihte ahi hi. Awphei mal nih kikopkhawm awsuah khat a kisuaksak awmalte ahi hi. Tedim awmal ah awphei kop 10 kinei hi. Tuate a nuaia bang ahi hi. Close Close mid Open

2.1.2 (b) ‘O’ le ‘aw’ Tedim awmal ah [aw] ci a i gelh awphei om hi. A taktakin [o] nei loin [aw] nei ihih hangin lai i gelh ciangin [o] tawh kizang khawm a, awtom teng [o] tawh, awsau teng [aw] tawh kigelh hi, ci in kiciamteh hi. Tua zong hi khin lo hi. [ou] aw le [aw] aw i zatzia thu guipi nihin kikhen thei hi. (1) /o/ tawh kikhak paumal (open syllable) te ah [o] le [aw] a tuam tuak ahi hi. Gentehna: Khuataw pan lut to leng, - 15 -

Gentehna:

Front iu ia ei eu

Back ui ua ou oi/awi

ai au Tedim awphei kop 10

Kiu, Bia, ui, Khua, ei, eu, ai, Pau, Koi/Kawi ou = awmal om napi lai gelh ciangin [o] tawh kigelh hi.

2.1.2 (d) Awphei thumthuap Mangkangte in tripthong ci hi. Tedim awmal ah awphei thumthuap 4 kinei a, tuate a nuaia bang ahi hi. - 16 -

Front Back Close iai uai uau Close mid iau Open Tedim awphei thumkop 4

Gentehna:

Ahih theih Liai leh, Phiau tawi-in, Khuai la ni, ci-in a kihuau uh hi.

2.1.3 Awsang-awniam (Tone) Tedim pau pen awsang-awniam nei kampau nam (tonal language) ahi hi. Ahih hangin aw-ciaptehna (tone mark) nei loin kum 100 a cing hita hi. Awsang-awniam a kibulh loh hangin a tung a nuai enkak peuh leng kitel thei hi. Kammal khempeuh ah awsang-awniam bulhkim leeng, mipi in kisangkim zo lo ding hi. Ciaptehna a om loh mana, a kitelkhial ding kammal pawlkhat om hi. Tam lo hi. Tua ahih manin neih loh phamawh (heavy functional load) hi lo, cih na ahi hi. Guansawm teitei ni cileng kiguang thei hi. Ahih hangin i neih loh man-a buaihuaina sangin, i neih man-a buaina lianzaw ding hi. Tedim kampau awsang-awniam pen a beisa hunin Henderson (1965), Vul Za Thang and J. Gin Za Tuang (1975), Hau Go (1983), Weidert (1987), Paul Thuam Thang (1984), Luce (1985). Namkung (1996) le Ostapirat (1998) te in na gen na kan ngei khin uh hi. Tedim kampau awsang-awniam neihzah tawh kisai-in ngaihsutna nam li bang om hi. Tuate in:

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(1)Vul Za Thang le J. Gin Za Tuang (1975: vii) in awlai-awsau le awtom kigawmin, kua phasak uh hi. (2) S. T. Hau Go (1983:vi) in Kei ka pai hi cih kammal li bulphuh in Tedim kam ah aw bul li om hi ci in Xristian La (Tedim Kam) thu patna ah gelh hi Kei = kahto ka = kiasuk pai = pheipai hi. = sawikah (3) ZCLS Linguistic Conference (1984) in aw-thum na phasak uh hi. Zomite in kibik (kilong) tawh thu gen thei ihih manin kilong bukhat zah, a bul a lai a eu Tedim kampau ah awsang awniam le awlai namthum om hi, na ci uh hi. Henderson (1965:19), Ostapirat (1998:235) le Luce (1959) te in zong aw thum mah hi, ci uh hi. (4) “Huan ah zulei a tai hi” cih kammal tungtawnin Tedim kam ah awsang-awniam nam nga om hi. Tuate in, awniam, awlai, awsang, awkah, awkia cihte ahi hi. Huan = aw kia = falling = 1 ah = aw niam = low = 2 zu = aw sang = high = 3 lei = aw kah = high rising = 4 a = aw niam = low tai = aw lai = mid = 5 hi = aw kia = falling (high falling) - 18 -

2.1.4 Awtom-awsau (Vowel length) Kammal pawlkhat a kipaukhiat ciangin kitawngsak a, tuate awtom kici hi. Pawlkhatte aw kikai a, tuate awsau kici hi. Gentehna in, “Zu kham khamte …” ci leeng kham pen “phallo” cihna lah hi thei a, “tampi dawn a kham” cih zong hi thei hi. Naylor (1925:1) le Henderson (1963:1113) te in vowel tom le sau i neihzia na gelh ngei khin uh hi. S.T. Hau Go in (1983:iv) “Ei Tedim pau a mantakin gelh ni ci leng, double vowels zat nading tamlua ahih ciangin a kitel khialh kei ding nak leh vowel khat bek mah i zang hi”, ci hi. Awsaute a kigelh ciangin awphei nih kithuapsak (double vowel) hi. Tua awtom-awsaute awsang-awniam-te bulhkhawm leng tel baih deuh hi. Gentehna: Tang Awsang aw tom aw sau Awlai aw tom aw sau Awniam aw tom aw sau

A khiatna/ a kizatna Thau tang, ankam tang Tang = aiawh, sa tang hawl, Antang=an ne lo, tang= kawi lo Nitang, tang le vaimim tang natna, za tangkhat, leitang Tang = kiplo, kiling, buh tang khat

Awtom-awsau Awsang-awniam (tone) mah bangin awtom-awsau (vowel length) zong laigelh ciangin ciaptehna kician i nei kei hi. A kitelkhial taktak dingte lo buang awphei nihkop (double vowel) gelh loh ding hoih pen hi. Gentehna: Mangkangte pen Maangkaangtee cih kul se lo hi.

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A lungdam kei (lo) uh hi, cih leh A lungdam keei (mahmah) uh hi, cih kitelkhial thei ding ahih manin awphei thuap kisam hi. Ahih hangin cih lel ding hi a, Ahih haangin cih kul lo hi. Khuaminte telkhial ding om lo ahih manin Laitui ci-in gelh ding hi a, Laaituui cih kulse lo hi. Saizang ci-in gelh lel i a, Saaizaang cih kulse lo hi. A tung a nuai enkakin, laimal gawmzia tawh khen laileng, awsau-awtom mun khempeuh ah kisam se lo hi. A nuaia, tangthu en ni. Tanglai-in zong tang kivei-a, tu hun tang vei bang hi lo-in, bangmah kitang sese lo hi. Satang hawl ciangin tangluang nuaiah tang a kimuh leh a hing tangin kiman hi. A manpa in tangpah thei lo-in, a lawmte khatpeuh in ama tangin, zeh kitang masa hamtang hi. Tua tang pen a manpa in tang loin zeh tangpa in tangzaw hi. Zehtang cih ciangin nitang sungah tangtang tang khat ding khawng ni thum tang bang kidiah masa phot hi. Zehtan taktak ni: Siampipa hong tangsuak ciangin, tang taka kigual tangpi tangta in tang het loin a kiim pan ki-en tengtang a, zehtangpa in thautang tang sawm tang lawh sung pan hong suahkhia hi. Tua thautangte tang mai-ah tangtak-in gual-a, nai lang tang bang gualgualin a mittang tawh tang hiam tang lo hiam cih enen mai hi. Siampipa in ‘tang ei’ a cih ciang bekin, zehtang zopa in kiciamteh hi. Tua khit ciangin ni thum tang bang a kidiah tangman zu kidawnsak hi. Tangtak-a kigual mipite a tang om khaleh zehphi kici-a, tang sa kine nuam - 20 -

lo hi. Pawlkhatte in zehphikha napi tang sa tang zo lo-in, ne sim tangtang uh hi. Tua banga tangsa a tang lote in tangvei phadiaka, a tang tentante in tang vei khol lo phadiak hi, ci in tang ciangin thuciin-in kinei hi.

2.2 . PAUMAL GAWM (Morphology) Paumal cih ciangin Mangkangte in Morphology ahih kei leh syllable ci uh hi. Kam a kipau ciangin khiatna kician nei-in nei takei leh lai a kigelh thei awmal kigawm khat peuhpeuh gen nopna ahi hi. Tedim kampau paumal kilamzia bulsut leng nam 8 pha thei hi. Hih nam 8 lobuang a dang paumal gawm om thuah nawn lo hi. Kammal bangbang a om zongin hih nam 8 in huam khin zo hi. Tua paumal gawm 8 te a nuaia bang ahi hi. (1) U = V (2) Ui= VV (3) Ak=VC (4) Ni= CV (5) Mei = CVV (6) Thak = CVC (7) Khuak = CVVC (8) Uang = VVC Tedim paumal gawm nam 8

Hih 8 teng gawmtuah-in tomlak leeng (C 1)V1(V2)(C2)T ci-in kibulh thei hi. C pen laimung (consonant) cihna, V pen awphei (vowel) cihna hi a, T pen awsang-awniam cihna ahi hi. Kual sunga ki-um pen kisam napi amah lo tawh paumal piang veve (optional) cihna ahi hi. Hih nam 8 te a banbanin en dih ni. - 21 -

(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = T pen awsang-awniam lahsakna hi a, paumal khempeuh ah om hi. Lai gelh ciangin awsang-awniam lahna i nei kei hi. (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1 pen awphei (vowel) mal khat bek nangawn paumal khat hi thei cihna ahi hi. Gen t eh n a: U aw, i pa a ci dam ta e. (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(V2) pen awphei nih kigawm ciangin paumal khat piang thei cihna hi. Gentehna: ui, ai, ei, au, eu (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1 pen laimung le awphei kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Lo no po zo lo hi. (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1(V2) pen laimung le awphei kop kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Laitaipa hong pai nai lo hi. (C1)V 1(V 2)(C 2)T = (C1)V 1(C2) pen laimung, awphei le laimung khak kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Hahkattakin lai a sim hi. (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1(V2)(C2) pen laimung, awphei kop le Laimung khak kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Lian Nuam nau suak ta hi. (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(C2) pen awphei le Laimung kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: It, im, al, et, om, (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(V2)(C2) pen awphei kop le laimung khak kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Uang,

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2.2.1. Pau aw le lai aw Zokam paumal gawm thu ah, gen thuah ding tawm om lai hi. Tuate in kam i pau ciangin a kikhelkhel paumalte ahi hi. Mangkam in Morphophonemic change kici hi. Nam 3 i nei hi. Tuate in: (1) Awphei lamban (2) Kammal kikhel (3) Presyllable om dan 2.2.1. a. Awphei lamban (Vowel Assimilation) Tedim kam-ah Pia cih paumal bul om napi pia ve ci loin pe ve i ci hi. A kikhel lam zong a phawk kha loin ama thu-in kikhel ziauziau lel hi. Tuate Awphei lamban kici a, Mangkam-in vowel assimilation kici hi. Awphei lamban cih ciangin awphei a kop ginte i pau khiat ciangin a suk a to zuih kul loin lamban tawn a, a gingte ahi hi. Tedim kam ah a kituaci khel awphei kop ‘ia’ le ‘ua’ om hi. Hihte a kipau ciangin Zo lei in lamban tawn hi. Tua bangin lamban a tot ciangin, a aw hong kikhela, ia pen e, ua pen aw suak hi. A nuaia kammalte en dih ni. ‘ia’ pan ‘e’ Bia = Gia = Kia = Khia = Pia = Phia = Sia = Zia =

Eite in dawi i be (bia) kei hi. Ak ge (gia) nel tawh sawnkai kibawl hi. Na laikung ke (kia) sak ke’n. Na vangikte Topa’ kiangah khe (khia) in. Pasian in a tapa hong pe (pia) lo hi leh, Khawphe (phia) lep mei i kisam hi. Zu in na nuntakna hong se (sia) sak hi. Ze (zia)-etna pan, Zekai, - 23 -

‘ua’ pan ‘aw’ Bua= Si kibaw (bua) loin mawh kimaisak lo hi. Gua = Gaw (gua) dawnah vaphual tuang hi. Hua = A ki-itte kihaw (hua) lo hi. Kua = Zusa kaw (kua) sungah gullut hi. Khua = Khaw (khua) Cin’ innpi kua’n luah hiam? Lua = Nasia law (lua) mahmah uh ciai. Pua = Na mawhna Jesuh kipaw (pua) khin hi. Vua = ‘Hong vaw (vua) kha ning’ peuh cikha ken. Tua ciangin [ziaetna] ding hinapi [ze-etna] kici a, tuni dong mah zang suaksuak hi hang. Tua bangte lo buang a dangdangte a huampi in aw-suak bangin gelh loin, paumalbul bangin a gelh ihi hi. Awphei lamban pen: (a) CVV aw kilamzia bek ah om thei hi. (b) Awphei kop CVV dingin V nunung pen /a/ hi hamtang ding a, V masa pen /i/ ahih keileh /u/ hi ding hi. (c) /ua/ ci ding kimlai /aw/ aw suak hi. (d) /ia/ ci ding kimlai /e/ aw suak hi. Paumal kikhel napi laigelh ciangin khel sese kul lo hi. Ahih hangin sim ciangin a kikhel awmal bangin kisim hi. Mukcip Lai Kamka

Mai i e

Nung u aw a

Zo kam awphei lamban lahna

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Sanggam Khalkha le Falam lamte bangin hih awphei lamban thu kilimkup mahmah ngei khin uh hi. Gentehna: [Khuapi] ci-in gelh ding maw [Khawpi] ci-in gelh zaw ding: Ei Zo kam ah zong buaipih khop dingin thulian ahih loh hangin gelhdan kilamdang pawl khat om hi. Gentehna: Nidang-in mingelhna ah [Khua] pen awsuak bulphuhin lai malgawm a tuamtuam tawh kigelh hi. Khua = Khaw: Khua = Kho: Khua = Ko:

Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang Rev Cin Kho Gin Dr Vum Ko Hau

Tu nainai ciangin mingelhna ah Khua kideih pianpian leh kilawm hi.

2.2.1.b. Kammal kikhelte (Word alternation)

Pai – paina, (laimal kikhel lo aw kikhel) Muang – Nong muan leh (laimal le aw kikhel), Tu – tutna (laimal le aw kikhel), Mangthang – manthanna (laimal le awkikhel) Tua ban-ah (b) Pianzia kammal kikhel (adjective alternation) zong hi thei hi. Gentehna: Lim–An a lim leh (laimal kikhel lo, aw kikhel), Lian – Naupang a liat ciangin (laimal le aw kikhel), Siang – sianthona (laimal le aw kikhel). Zo kam-ah kammal a kikhel ciangin, pawlkhatte (1) awmal khakna Laimung (final consonant) kikhel hi. Pawlkhatte (2) awphei (vowel) kikhel hi.

Kammal kikhel cih pen Mangte in Word alternation ci uh hi. Kammal kikhel cih pen gentehna:

Awsang-awniam kikhelzia a sangte a lai ah, a laite a niam ah a niamte a tom ah dawlkhat ta kia hi.

Ngen un, na nget uh leh na ngah ding uh hi. Zong un, na zon uh leh na mu ding uh hi. Kiu un, na kiuh uh leh kongkhak hong kihon ding hi.

Hih kammal kikhel pen Henderson in Form I le Form II na ci hi. Ama’n bel tatna (verb) bekah om hi, ci-in na gen-a, a taktakin pianzia (adjective) ah zong kimu thei hi. Awkia (Falling tone) peuhmah laimung tawh kikhak hi. Tatna le pianziate kammal nam nih-in kikhel thei den hi. Form I pen regular Form II pen irregular a ci zong om hi.

Hih ci banga kammal kikhel bualbual a koi ci hiam? cih thu tawm kikum dih ni. Tedim kam-ah kammal khat (a) min (nominalized word) a suah ciangin, kikhel hi. mangthang pen manthanna. Tua ciangin (b) adverbial clause a, a kizat ciang leh kikhel leuleu hi. ngen un, na nget uh leh. (c) kammalzem tawh a kimat ciangin kikhel hamtang hi. Ngetbeh, lupsan, Hih banga kammal kikhel pen (a) Tatna kammal zong hi thei a, (Verb alternation) Gentehna: - 25 -

Pau aw nam Abul Kikhel CVVC Luang Luan CVC Sat Sat CVV Pai Pai CV Na Nat Paumal zui a kammal kikhelzia lahna

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A nuaia kammal pawlkhatte en suak lai ni. Sum Sup Suplebai Man Mat Galmat samat Lam Lap Salu lap Sem Sep Sep hi lo … Cim Cip Mencipna Hawm Hop Hoptak sa keng Lian Let Vangletna Sin Sit Anbel na sit khit ciang Kun Kut Kikutkut kul kilkel kei Lang Lat Jesuh hong kilat ciang Beng Bet The betkhiat bang ei Dong Dot Tong dot bu Bung But Mawtaw kibutna Hal Hal Gam kihalna Del Del Na del laitak Phul Phul Huang a phul leh Khual Khual Na kithukhualsak leh Mial Mial Khua a mial ciang Lam Lap Lapna dianna Khop Khop Van na khop leh Bak Bak Zuha na bak ciang Hek Hek Kawltu hekna Lawk lawk Nahtang a lawk leh Siak Siak Na siak khit ciang Phum phum A kiphumna hankhuk Pho Pho An ka pho ciang Pai Pai Hong pai ciangin Dik Dik Huih ka dik laitak Nuak nuak Nuakna bawl uh hi. Dei Dei Inn dei tungnungah - 27 -

Tui Gau Do Lawi Hu Hiam Nuam Zawn Ba De Ci Gik Suak Nei Kui Hau Go Kal Bel Vul Gual Sial Tang Deng Hong Nung Kap Va Ne Zo Kem

Tui Gau Do Loih Huk Hep Nop Zot Bat Det Cih Gih suah neih kuih hauh gawh kalh belh Vulh Golh Selh Tan Den Hon Nun Kah Vak Nek Zoh Kep

Ak a tui leh Vaimim a gau ciang Gal kidona In loih ding hoih lo hi. A vang huk nading Hiam mah e, hep kul ke’n teh. a nopna Kong zot laitakin leibat dang ke’n nei nawn keng Mei hong det ve Kituacih se dah ni. A gih leh khe ve. Na suah ni ciang Neihlelam Hong kuihkhak leh Hauhna-manna Gohlelup Pasian hong kalh thu Belh le muan Vok hulh kimeet kei. Kigolh laitak Kiselh nang om kei Nang na tan leh Mo den ni Na kong za hon in Huihnunna Ka kahna khitui Ka kivakna hi kei Nekna dawnna Zohthawh thutawh Keplekhoi kul lo hi. - 28 -

Phop Zan Kham Khem Gim Tom Cim Sin Tun Tuan Pi Zai Tuk Hak Nek Bawk Giak

Phoh Zan Kham Khem Gim Tom Cim Sin Tun Tuan Pi Zai Tuk Hak Neh Bawh Giah

Puan ka phoh laitak A zan dikdek ciang An na kham leh Kong khemna hi. Gimna tawlna Khan tomna thu Gencim thei keng Zolai sinna Sunsiah tunna Tuantuan ke’n Mopi pawi A zaina Thaltuk kha ing Zan hah nitak Hong nehneh ke’n. A bawhvak laitak Giahphual sat

2.2.1.c. Presyllable omdan Paumal nih tungsiah a kigawm ciangin a paumal masa pen Pre-syllable kici hi. Seven cih kammal ah se pen presyllable ahi hi. Tua Pre-syllable pen kampau ciangin a aw kikhel thei hi. Mindat-te Cho pau ah leitung a cih ciangin m’dek ci a, tua m’ pen pre-syllable ahi hi. Falam lam te’n nambat a sim ciangun pa khat, pa nih ci uh hi. [Pa] in a tuamin khiatna nei tuan lo hi. A nu hi lo cihna zong hi lo hi.

Gentehna: [Pasian] pen [P’sian] [Ka nu ka pa] pen [k’nu k’pa] [Kha siangtho] pen [Kh’ siangtho] [Sakhi sanang] pen [s’khi s’nang] Hih kammalte i et ciangin awsuahzia a bulkhat nei napiin, a mai-ah kammal dang khat tawh a kizop ciangin a aw tawng (tom) in sang hi. Gentehna: [Sakhi] i cih ciangin, [Sa] (awsau-awkah) pen [sa] (awtom-awsang) in kilaih hi. [Sa] (awsau-awkah) tawh Sakhi va ci leng hong kinuihsan ding hi. Ama thu a om [Sa] leh [sakhi] cih kammal a om [sa] kibang lo hi. Tua pen presyllable pianzia i cih ahi hi. Hih bang presyllable zia pen (C)V paumal kigawmzia (syllable structure) te bek ah kimu thei hi. (C)V i cih ciangin Pasian cih kammal a (PA) bang ahi hi. (V) i cih ciangin [Awle] cih kammal a [AW] bang ahi hi. [Aw] amah kia om leh a awsuah a tuam hi a, [ Awle] ciangin a awsuah a tuam ahi hi. Kibang lo hi. A kibangin pau leng hong kinuihsan ding hi. A nuaia kammalte a banban-in lo dih in. Cikha Sakhi Lutang tagah Beli Khalau Upa Tupa Tunu

Thukhupna

Sangmangte in Zolai hong gelhsak cil lai un, Laimung le awphei gawm loin apostrophe tawh na gelh uh hi.

Awmal gawm le laimal gawm pen Zokam gulhikcilgehna hi a, kikup ding tampi om lai hi. Hih ciang tawh dinkhawl phot ding hi hang.

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Khenpi 3 LAI NEIHNA THU Zomite in nidang sawtpi lai-in “LAI” nei ngei khin napi, savun tungah kigelh-a, Go Cin in nisa ah a pho leh ui-in na neksak ahih manin, lai a nei nawn lo ihi hi, cih tangthu i nei hi. Lai nei lo ngei lo hi hang. Nei ngei in a nei lokik ihi hi. Savun tungah kigelh ahih manin ui in hong neksak ahi hi. Tu in Zomite in Lai i neihna thu (1) Zotual lai, (2) Mangtual lai le (3) Lai neihdante a banban-in sut dih ni.

3.1 Zotual lai Zogam tualsuak LAI hi a, Pau Cin Hau lai zong kici hi. A huampi thu-in Pu Pau Cin Hau lai nam nih om hi. Thuzuite in Pasian’ lai le minam lai ci-in minvawh uh hi. Tua namnihte’ thu tomkimcing in a nuaia bang ahi hi.

3.1.a. Pasian’ lai Pu Pau Cin Hau in Lailui khua pan 1888-1902 kikal a dam loh hun sungin Pasian kiang pan mangmuhna tawh a ngah lai ahi hi. Tua manin “Laipianpa” min ngah lawh hi. Sen (Chinese) lai bangin laimal khat kammal khat a suak laimal 1051 pha a, tan guk ciang dong na om sak hi. (1) Tan khatna Ii bu laimal 168 (2)Tan nihna Min bu laimal 171 (3)Tan thumna Dongleng bu laimal 156 (4)Tan lina Lunsia bu laimal 246 (5)Tan ngana Thaluk bu laimal 146 (6)Tan gukna Thuamzungbu laimal 164 Laimal buppi 1051 - 31 -

I bu pen ii om na ne ziing nu sim sii siik ci-in dawng kua kisuaha, a masa pen ii a kisin ciangin laila mal 20 pha leuleu hi. Tuate in Ii bang khem tua in hong ci kawh tawh hawh ding ciah tah pil tom duai hak sau kawi pau cih ahi hi. Tedim gam, meitei gam, Lushai gam, Hakha, Falam gam le Matu gam dongin biakna le lai na kizelh man hi.

Pau Cin Hau’ lai

3.1.b. Minam lai 1930 kumin Pau Cin Hau’ lai tawh Lai siangtho sunga ‘Mualtung thuhilhna’ kikhen khia hi, kici hi. Tua ‘LAI’ pen Pasian Lai hi lo hi. Pu Thang Cin Kham, Pu Cin Khaw Gin, Pu Sian Khaw Cin le Pu pau Za Dong te in a puah a zun uh LAI hi kici a, Pau Cin Hau’ lai mah kici veve hi. Thuzuite in ‘MINAM LAI’ ci uh hi. Lai namnih kilamdanna a nuaia bang ahi hi. A gual masa pen Pasian Lai hi a, a gual nihna pen Minam Lai ahi hi.

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3.2 Mangtual lai

3.3.2. Mara (Lakhers): 1852

Laikawi khat zong a thei lo Zomite in Roman alphabet zang a, i neih LAI pen MANGTUAL LAI a ci ihi hi. Lai nei lo Zomite kiangah Lai hong tun masakna pen Lusei gam pan ahi hi. Zomi lai sin masate in A Aw Bi Chaw ci in na sim masa uh hi. Tua hun lai-in Lusei gam ah Khristian Lungdamna thu na tung khin hi. Pu Buanga le Sap Upate hanciam in ABC tawh lai na gelh thei ta uh hi.

Khamtung gam laizang pawl, Kawlgam le India gam kikal ah teng uh hi. Tangthu sungah mi masate in Lakher mi na ci uh a, “Khaukhekte” cihna ahi hi. 1852 kumin galkap mang Capt. S. R. Tickell in Roman laimal zangin Mara lai bawlsak hi. 1865 kum ciangin Captain H. Lewin in behlapsak hi. 1908 kum ciangin Lunglei pan sangmang Rev. F.W. Savidge in Grammar le Dictionary laibu khat bawlsak hi. Sangmang R.A. Lorrain in zong Lai Siangtho teikhiatsak in sang laibute bawlsak hi.

Mizo gam Aizawl lam pan hong letsuk LAI pen Aizawl lai zong kici hi. A sinte a dingin theih ol mahmah siam ol mahmah hi. Nitak khuazin zawh a, a sin uh nangawn nitak 7 sungin thei thei siam thei uh ahihmanin Ni sagih lai zong kici hi. Aizawl gam pen Tedim gam sangin leilupzia niamzaw ahih manin Khuakhang lai zong kici hi.

3.3.3. Kuki (Thadou): 1857 1857 kumin galkap mang Lt. R. Stewart in Roman laimal zangin lai bawlsak hi. 3.3.4. Asho 1865-68

Lusei gamgi khuate, Lusei gam dong a zin sumbawlte le lai thei masate in a hilh khua pawlkhat ah hih lai kisin hi. .

3.3 Zomite lai neihdan Hih a nuai a Zomite Lai neih kumte pen Kangkang nu (Siama Don Ngaih Lian) kanna siksan a, kong kaih khop thuap ahi hi. Zomite lak-ah Lai nei masa ihi kei hi.

1865 khit ciangin Pwo Karen minam Mahn Company in Asho Zomite omna Prome khua-ah Pasian’ na sem hi. Tua hun sungin Kawl laimal le Pwo Karen laimal gawmtuahin Asho lai bawlsak hi. Rev. E.O Stevens in puahphatsak hi. 3.3.5. Mizo (Lushai): 1874

3.3.1. Khumi: 1841 Khamtung gam khanglam pen ahi Paletwa gamkhen a om i sanggam Khumite in American Baptist Missionary Rev. Lyman Stillbon hanciamsakna tawh 1841 kumin lai na nei uh hi. Pwo Karen laimalte zang uh hi. Ahih hangin 1949 kum ciangin Anglican sangmangte in Roman laimal zangin Lai na bawlsak leuleu uh a, 1959 kum in “LEU MAIKAWH HANGTHA” kici Lai Siangtho thak khen uh hi. Thuciam lui tei san laitak uh ahi hi.

1874 kumin Shittagong a om Mangkang galkap Lt. Col. Thomas Herbert Lewin in Roman laimal tawh Mizo lai na bawlsak a, “Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the Lushai Dialect” kici laibu gelh hi. 1884 kumin Surgeon Brojo Nath Shaha in “Grammar of Lushai Language” kici laibu gelh hi. 1892 kum leuleu ciangin Arthington Aborigines Mission pan Rev. F.W. Savidge (Sap Upa) le Rev. James Herbert Lorrain (Pu Buanga) te Kassalong hong tung uh hi. A omsa laibute puah uh hi. 1897 kum August 31 ni-in Presbyterian Church of Wales pan

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Sangmang Rev. David Jones Aizawl hong tung hi. A omsa laibu teng puah-in Mizo lai simbu a kipan Lai Siangtho le Labu bawlsak hi. 3.3.6. Siyin (Sihzang): 1891 1891 kumin Mangkang galkap Capt. Rundall in Roman lai tawh Sihzang kammal kaikhawmin laibu khat na bawl hi. 1925 kum ciangin L.B. Naylor in “A Practical Handbook of the Chin Language (Siyin Dialect)” laibu khat bawl leuleu hi. 3.3.7. Lai (Hakha): 1894 1890 kum February 14 ni-in General Symons makaihna tawh Mangkangte in Hakha khua la uh hi. Tua galkapte sungpan siavuan A.G.E. Newland (IMS) zong kihel a, Hakha zi nei in Hakha pau sin hi. 1894 kum ciangin “A Practical Handbook of the Language of the Lais as spoken by the Hakhas and other tribes of the Chin Hills” (Commonly the Baungshe Dialect” kici laibu bawl khia hi. 1899 kum in Rev. A. E. Carson Hakha khua hong tung a, Newland’ bawl lai puahkik uh hi. Amah bek in puah loin a lawmpa Rev. Dr. Harry Tilbe (Ph.D: D.D; L.L.D) kihuh sak hi. 1903 kumin Tilbe in a bawl Hakha Grammar le Dictionary bu hong suak hi. 1908 kumin Carson topa si a, Cope topa hong tung hi. Cope topa hanciamna tawh Carson tonu tawh kop-in a omsa Hakha lai khempeuh puahpha uh hi. 3.3.8. Tedim (Kam Hau’ lai): 1913 Tedim gamah hong tung masa galkap mangte in Tedim gambup ai tangin Sihzang lai na bawl masa uh hi. Tedim - 35 -

pau tawh na tuam bawl pah lo uh hi. I pu i pate in lai deih in pilna a zongzong minamte ahi uh hi. Sumbawl, khualzinte in Lushai gam panin Zolai hong siam uh a, “Khua khang lai” ahih kei leh “Aizawl lai” ahih kei leh “ni sagih lai” na ci uh hi. Sangmangte hong bawlsak Tedim lai i neihma-in, Lushai gam pan Zolai na sin khin uh hi. 1910 kum ciangin Joseph Herbert Cope te innkuan Tedim khua-ah sangmang phual thak sat dingin hong tung uh hi. Tua hun a kipan in Lai hong hanciamsak a, 1913 kum ciangin a masa pen Zolai Simbu khat hong bawlsak hi. Tua panin Cope topa mah in Roman laimal zang a, Tedim lai gelhdan puahpuah in i minamte LAI kip hong neisak ahi hi. 1925 kum Honarary Inspector of Schools a ngah ciangin, khamtung gam kampau nam li tawh tanli ciang pilna sin theih na’ng laisin bu hong gelh sak hi. 1913 kum in laisim bu a nei ihi a, tua hun main i Zolai neih bang hun pawl na hi khin ding hiam cih kisianggen thei lo hi. 3.3.9. Laizo (Falam): 1924 1925 kumin Cope topa in Laizo kam tawh Zolai tanli ciang pilna sin theih na’ng laisinbu na bawl hi. Tua ahih manin tua hun lai-in, Laizo laigelhdan kician om khin cih ki theithei hi. Ahi zongin Falam gam sungah Mangkang sangmangte phual ngak in a om ngei loh man le Hakha lai, Tedim laite tawh pau kibang lo bek hi a, laigelhna a tuam dang ahih loh manin Cope topa hun lai a kipanin Hakha le Tedim laite mah tawh a khang khawm ahih ding upmawh huai hi.

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3.3.10. Chinbok (Cho): 1929 1929-1930 sung Burne mangpa, Cope topa, Sia Awng Dwe le U Mang Kinte’ makaihna tawh Roman laimal kizang Chinbok lai hong piang hi. Tua lai tawh Kanpetlet gam adingin, biakna lai le tanli ciang sang laisinbute kibawl hi. Cope topa adingin Khamtung gam lai khempeuh lakah a haksa penpen hi, ci-in na kiciamteh hi. 1929 kumin Father M. Jordan in, “Chin Dictionary and Grammar” kici laibu khat na bawlsak hi. Anung ciangin hih lai pen Cho lai kici hi. Thukhupna Zomi bupin pau khat i neih theih loh hangin, Asho-te lo buang tu ciangciang LAI nam khat a nei thei suak hi hang. I sanggam Zomi pih dangte tawh Laigelhzia a kinai theithei zat ding kisam mahmah hi. Kawlgam vaigam i kigawm theihna i ZOLAI ahi hi. LAI in i theih loh kalin hong na gawmgawm hi. Pau i kitheih loh hangin LAI i kisimsak thei hi. A sawt loin eile-ei thu neihna hong khang dinga, khantohna tuamtuam tawh ninam picing, gam picingte mah bangin i nungta thei ding hi. Mi a om laiteng lai om ding a, Lai a nuntak laiteng mi om ding hi. Mi le lai, lai le mi kikhen ngei lo ding hi. Zomite in i neihsa LAI puah-in zun-in, khanpih ding kisam hi.

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Khenpi 4 COPE TOPA LE I ZOLAI THUKONGHONG Zomite in Gupkhiat lungdamna thu i theih loh ban-ah, leitung nuntakna tualniam mahmahin i om laitak, Jesuh hong gupna thu hong hilh dingin America gam tuiphum pawlpi pan sangmang kop 8 (1. Rev Arthur E Carson le a zi Laura Hardin Carson 2. Dr H E East 3. Dr H H Tilbe 4. Rev Dr Joseph Herbert Cope le a zi Elizabeth Cope 5. J G Woodin 6. Rev Chester U Strait 7. Rev Franklin O Nelson le 8. Rev Robert G Johnson) hong pai uh hi. Cope topa le tonu Khamtung gam hong tunphetin, Khalkha tunden pah hi. Kumnih sung Carson tonu tawh kop-in na sem hi. Zokam sin hi. Carson tonu a ciah le Strait topa hong tun kikal 1920-1925 sungteng Khalkha ah om uh lobuang 1910 kum November kha ni 1 ni a kipan a sih dong Tedim khua tenden-in nasem hi. Khalkha kam, Laizo kam, Sihzang kam, Tedim kam, Kanpetlet gam Chinbok (Pame Chin) kam-te siam hi. Khamtung gambup simlemal kawmin zin kawikawi-a, Pawlpi le sang khempeuh van kawikawi hi. Cope topa zahin Zogam bup a huamzo sangmang dang kuamah om lo hi. Khamtung gam-ah hunsau a om penpen sangmang ahi hi.

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Cope topa nuntakna, a hanciamna hangin Zolai kip i neihna, tua Zolai zanga Zolai tanli ciang sangpilna (Vernacular Education) a kipatna thute a kikhen thei lo ahih manin a nuaia bangin a tomin kong pulak hi.

Kawlgam zuanin hong ding khia-a, 1908 kum December 21 ni-in Khamtung gam Khalkha khua hong tung hi. 1910 kum November 1 ni-in mission phual thak sat dingin, Tedim khua hong tung uh hi.

4.1 COPE TOPA I CIHCIH: 4.1.a. A pianna le a sangkahna

High School a kah lai-a, a lawm ngaih nu Elizabeth Caldwell Smith (a kinophuahna min Bess) tawh 1908 kum September 3 ni-in kiteng uh hi. Cope topa-te nupa in tapa thum nei uh hi.

4.1.c. Azi le a tate

1882 kum November 21, ni-in, Pennsylvania State, Philadelphia khua German town-ah a pa Joseph B. Cope le a nu Elizabeth Danforth Cope sung pan piang hi. A minpi Joseph Herbert Cope hi-a, unau nga sung panin a lina ahi hi. A neulai a kipan Pasian it mahmah hi. Pawlhuai in, kimawlna tuamtuam uk-in kiva hi. It huai, pahtak huai mahmah hi. A pian zawh kum 17 a phak hun, 1899 kumin piangthak-a, tui kiphum pah hi. North East High School pan tan 10 a zawh khit ciangin, 1904 kumin, Philadelphia khua a om University of Pennsylvania, panin Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree ngah hi.

4.1.b. Pasian nasem dingin kipia B. Sc Degree a ngah khit ciangin, kum khat sung UTAH gamkhen a om Mormon mite’ kiangah Pasian’ thuhilh (Missionary) hi. Kumkhat a kipiak khit ciangin New York a om Rochester Theological Seminary ah Lai Siangtho sang kah-a, 1908 kumin Bachelor of Divinity (B.D) degree ngah hi.

A tapa u pen Joseph Howard Cope hi-a, 1910 kum January 1 ni-in Khalkha ah suak hi. 1980-in America-ah si hi. A tapa nihna Harry Cope hi-a, 1911 kum November 26 ni-in suak hi. 1915 kum October 20 ni 4:30 pm in Khalkha-ah si hi. (HABCM 390) A hanmual Khalkha sangmang han ah tu ni dong kimuthei lai hi. A tapa thumna Appleton Danforth Cope hi-a, 1917 kum January 30 ni-in America gam ah piang a, 1999 kum October 31 ni-in America ah si hi. Cope tonu pen Cope topa a sih khit 1938 kum July 23 ni in, America gamah ciahkik hi. 1941 kum February ni 1 niin Taunggyi khua a om Sangmangte tate sangkahna ah a makaipi dingin hong kuankik napi, leitung galpi nihna tawh kituak ahih manin kilehkik hi. Tua hun a kipan Kawlgam ah khat vei zong hong paikik nawn lo a, 1968 kum December ni 10 ni in Philadelphia ah si hi.

4.1.d. A ngah minphatnate

1908 kum Februtary 17, ni-in American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society in Kawlgam- khamtung gam-ah Missionary dingin khensat uh hi. 1908 kum July 7, ni-in, tuiphumsia (ordination) kipia hi. 1908 kum September 30 ni-in, America gam New York khuapi pan tembaw tawh

Khamtung gam Missionary a sep sung Cope topa in a hanciamna tungtawn a, a ngah minphatnate a nuaia bang ahi hi.

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4.1.d. 1. Kaiser I Hind 1927 kum November kha-in England kumpi (British Government) in Yangon khua-ah Kaiser I Hind minphatna sumngo medal pi khat pia hi. Khamtung gam bup pilna sang khantohna dinga, a cihtakna le a hanciamnate’ hangin Mangkang kumpi in a pahtawina hi-a, a min nungah K.I.H a tuan ciangin mi khempeuh maiah vang nei mahmah a, angtan huai mahmah hi. (HABCM p. 495)

4.1.d. 2. D.D Minphatna:

Falam khua nuai meitei gun a tun laitak Cope tonu in Cope topa a sih thu a theih ciangin thum ning mau ning ci loin, “Mi thum nasep a sem, a gim theilo tawh a kibang mikhat’ nuntakna abei taktak hi ta ei.” ci hiat bek hi. “Mi thum nasep a sempa” cih kammal pen, a angtan huai mahmah pahtawina minphatna kammal ahi hi.

4.1.c. A SIHNA

1935 kum June kha ni 10 ni-in, New York khua a Colgate University in Honarary Degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D) pia hi. Sang makaipipa (Dean) in a nuai-a bangin pahtawina thu gen hi.

1938 May kha 24 ni in Mara (Lakher) gam Parko khuaah, Strait topa le Naylor mangpa tawh va pai uh hi. India gam lam pan hong letsuk Lakher mission (Mr. Lorraine) le khamtung gam Baptist mission-te gamgi bawl dinga pai ahi hi.

Kuhkal taka nasepna leh lungkia ngeilo a hanciamna tawh khamtung mite’ kam nam 40 val pen nam 4 in gawmtuah sak hi. Laigelhzia ngeina kip bawlsak a, Kam namkhat in Lai Siangtho thak letkhiat hi. Pau namtuamtuam tampi tawh Lai Siangtho thak sung muntampi letkhia hi.

Hong ciahkikna uh lampi ah, Cope topa in nattun, gilsan le bukkhuh thuahin nikhat khit nikhat gim semsem hi. Khalkha khua a tun uh ciangin paisuak zo nawn lo a, Siavuante tawh kibawl hi. 1938 kum July kha 11 ni zingsang nai 5:00 A.M hunin Khalkha khua ah si hi.

4.1.d. 3. Mithum Nasep A Sempa 1931 kum November kha ni 2 ni-in, American Baptist Mission Society pan Secretary a sem Dr. J.C. Robbins in, Cope topa laikhak a, “Nangin lai hilhpa lai gelhpa le lungdamna thu gen khiapa na hi-a, mithum nasep thuahkhawmpa na hi hi. I gamthak nasepna phualte ah, nangmah bang tektek mi tampi, deihhuai ka sa mahmah hi.” ci-in a gelh hi. - 41 -

Cope topa a kivui ni-in Naylor mangpa in Hakha khua kumpi zum khempeuh khaksak a, kumpi lan khuamkim ciang (Half mast) khaisakin supna dahna lianpi kilanghsak hi. Cope topa American gam pan kipan hong dinkhiat panin a sih dong kum 29 le kha 7 sawt hi. Khamtung gam sung a om hun khempeuh kum 25 leh kha 7 (ni 9419) sawt hi. Thangnuai khua pan Rev. Mang Kam in Cope topa’ sih a zak ciangin, kuli cial in, Zangzawl khua pan suangsan peek khat a mualsuang dingin vapuak hi. Gal hun sungin tua - 42 -

mualsuang kisia a, America pan hong kipuakkik sumngo mualsuang (a innkuante’n a vil nai loh) tungah a nuai a bangin kigelh hi. JOSEPH HERBERT COPE BORN IN PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NOVEMBER 21, 1882 DIED IN HAKA, CHIN HILLS, BURMA JUNE 11, 1938

4.2 Zolai Simbu A taktak in Cope topa pen Zolai bawl ding le Sangukmang sem dinga Khamtung hong pai hi lo hi. Kha mangthang veina tawh lungdamna thu gen dinga hong pai ahi hi. Lai le sang vai tuamtuam hangin lungdamna thu gen man lo lianga, a manlah ciangin lungnuam loin om thei zel hi. (1931 February 1, ni laikhak HABCM-p.501). Tua bang kawmkal ah, a hun om ta leh om ta kei leh ahih theih zahzahin lungdamna thu tangko den hi. Tua ahih manin, Cope topa Khamtung gam hong tun hunin Khalkha le Khuasak bek-ah pawlpi om pan-a, thu um mi 100 zong pha nai lo hi. Ahih hangin Cope topa a sih kum 1938 ciangin Khamtung gam-ah Khristian 4647, pawlpi (Siakhawk) 22 om ta hi. Kumcin sumpi Rs 3000 bang ngah ta uh hi. Sangmang Johnson in a genna ah:

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“Cope topa pen khamtung mite in Khristian upna kip a zungkhak theih nadinga na lian a sem penpen pa ahi hi” ci hi. Judge Miriam (Carson tonu a ciahkik khit-a a tenpih pasal) in Khamtung gamah cidamna lam nakpitakin hanciam ding Mission phualpi ah a gen lai-in, Cope topa in “Pilna (Education) le Khristian suahna (Conversion) in a khel mateng Zomite nuntakzia bangmah kikhel lo ding hi- … nothing much would change until education and conversion changed the Chins’ attitude toward, life, death and illness HABCM-p.493.” ci in na nial ngei hi. Zomite in Zolai kip nei-a, pilna i ngah nading hong hanciam pihnate a tomin a nuaia bang ahi hi.

4.2.a. Zolai hong bawlsak hi. Cope topa Khamtung hong tunma 1891 kumin Captain Rundall in Sihzang (Siyin) pau siksanin Sihzang lai, 1894 kumin Indian Medical Service a, a sem A.G.E. Newland in Khalkha pau siksan in Khalkha lai na bawl ngei khin uh hi. Carsonte nupa Khamtung hong tun ciangin, a omsa Khalkha lai puah uh-a, a lawmpa laisiam (linguist) Tilbe zong na kihuhsak ngei hi. Ahi zongin Cope topa hong tun 1908 kum hun ciangciang Khamtung gam-ah Zolai gelhdan ngeina kip kinei cian nai lo hi. Tua hunin Tedim gam-ah Pau Cin Hau Lai a om khit hangin mipi zat theih dingin kizel lo hi. Tua bang hun sungin Lusei gamah Lusei lai kilimzat mahmah khin-a, Tedim gam-ah zong hong kizelsuk ngei hi. Mi masate-in na sin uh hi. Tua Lusei lai theihbaih ahih manin nisagih lai a ci om hi. Mualleguam lupzia zui-in Mizo gam pan - 44 -

hong khang ahih manin Khuakhang lai a ci zong om-a, Aizawl lai a ci zong om hi. a, aw, bi caw zong kici hi. Cope topa in Khalkha panin a theihsa Khalkha lai le Zolai gelhdan tuamtuamte enkak-in, Khamtung gambup in a zattang theih ding, laigelhdan kip hong bawlsak hi. Cope topa’ bawl Zolai pen ama mai-a kibawl Zolaite bang hi loin, theih ol hi. Awsang awniam ciaptehna a tuamtuamte (Diacretical marks) om lo hi. A kipuahpuah a kizunzun ahih hangin a paizia pi pen Cope topa hong bawlsak Zolai mah Khamtung mi bupin kizang hi.

4.2.b. A bawlsa lai puahin zun hi Cope topa’ bawl Zolai pen thakhat thu-in a hoihpah a kippah hi lo hi. Khamtung gam a, a om hun (1908-1938) kum 30 sung bang a puahpuah a zunzun hi-a, a hoihzaw a kipzaw dingin a laih tohtoh ahi hi. Tua banga a puah tohtohzia, 1919 pan 1938 sung THE CHIN HILLS NEWS (Tunung ciangin CHN ci-in tomlak ding) sungah laimal gawmzia le laigelhzia kikhel dan a nuaia kammal 7 te siksan in kimu thei hi. Khrih = 1919 kumin Kaji, 1921 kumin Khaji, 1921 kumin Khazhi, 1927 kumin Khazih Jesuh = 1919 kumin Jeshu, 1920 kumin Jesu, 1923 kumin Zheishu, 1925 kumin Zeishu, 1927 kumin Zisu, 1929 kumin Zeisu - 45 -

Pasian

= 1919 kumin 1924 kumin Leitung = 1919 kumin 1923 kumin Tapidaw = 1919 kumin 1921 kumin 1922 kumin Inn = 1919 kumin 1920 kumin Yangon = 1919 kumin 1923 kumin

Pashian, Pasian Letung, leitung Tawpido, Tapidaw, Tapidaw in inn Zangvung Zangun

A tunga a kumkum a laimal gawm kilaihzia i et ciangin Cope topa in laigelhzia kip i neih nadingin, hun saupi a na hanciamzia kimu thei hi. Tua bangin a puah a zun ciangin a ma utthuthu in a puah hi lo hi. Lailam ah Zomite sangin a khangto masa zaw Luseite laigelhzia tungtawnin Zolai gelhzia tampi na puah hi. Khalkhate Sayaci Bawi Hu in “ Cope topa in Luseite Haudala kiang pan Zolai gelhdan sin hi” ci hi. Haudala a cih pen R. Dala hizaw hi. R. Dala minpi pen Ral Za Dala hi a, Kawlgam EFCM pawlpi pankhia pa Pu Lal Than Lian’ pianna pa ahi hi. Pu Ral Za Dala pen 1911 kum a kipan tuni dong a kizomsuak-a Mizo gam Presbyterian pawlpite’ laihawm KHRISTIAN TLANGAU editor masa pen ahi hi. Tua ban-ah “Lunglei lam pan Tahan hong lal suk Pu Tuah Hrang kiang panin zong Cope topa in Lusei lai tampi theihbeh hi” kici hi. Bek tham loin Lusei laigelhzia bulphuh in a Zolai a puahzia “Tedim kam thu kizakna lai” sungah tampi kimu thei hi. - 46 -

1921, November kha a kihawmkhia CHN kici “Tedim kam thu kizakna lai” sungah; “Tunun ciangin Khamtung lai a ki-at ciangin, Lusei ngeina a kizui ding hi. A tawp lam a awsau ahih leh, tuma lam a, a ki-at mah bangin, a ki-at lai ding hi.” na kici hi. Tua hun a kipanin Zolai malgawm ah, ingh, langh, cingh, cihte kizang pah hi. Tuni dong mah a zangzang om lai hi. CHN- 1928, April sungah, laigelhdan puahna om leuleu a, “Mi kimkhat in s, sh, z, zh a kizangna ding a theikei uh hi. Hi bangin a kizang hi. a, e, o, aw a mai lamah s, leh z, a ki-at hi. Ahih hangin, ei, i, u, mailam ah, sh, zh, a ki-at ding hi. A masa in J a ki-at hi. Ahih hangin a nung ciangin J a ki-at nawn kei hi. Zh a kiat ding hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Lusei ngeina tawh a kituak zaw hi” kici hi. Tua bang laigelhdan puahna hangin 1923 kum in Jesuh kammal pen Zheishu na kici ngei hi. Tua ci kei leh Zisu hi dinga, sim nuam het lo ding hi.

4.2.c. A bawlsa lai a kip nang hanciam hi. 1922 kum Zolai tanli sang neih ding a kivaihawm lai in Mangkang kumpi in Laisiampa (Linguist) khat tungtawn laigelhzia thak khat zat dingin vaihawm hi. Hih thu-ah Cope topa lungkim zo lo hi. Tua bangin ngaihsutna kituak lo ahih manin, Maymyo thukikupna ah a zat ding lailung - 47 -

khensat zo lo uh hi. Laisiampa’ (Linguist) lai lungkim loin ama bawl Laigelhzia a deih tentanna thu in: “Hih laigelhzia thak tawh Khamtung gamah lai kisin leh Kawlgam a om Zomite pen Mizo gam le Meitei gam a om a sanggamte uh tawh kigamla semsem ding hi,” cih a ngaihsutna hang ahi hi. Tua hangin 1925 kum ciangin Cope topa lai bawl Zolai tanli sangah kizang a, tu-in simlemal, Kawlgam Vaigam a om Zomi kici khempeuh in lai kibang a zang ihi hi. Cope topa in 1913 kumin a masa pen Zolai sinna bu hong bawlsak hi. Kipuah toto a, tu dong mah a kipuah lai ahi hi. Kampau nungta khat ahih le a kampau le a lai kipuah toto a ngeina ahi hi. Hih Cope topa hong patsak laigelhzia paipi zui in kum 100 a kalsuan ta i hi hi. Lai Siangtho bu i nei hi. Labu i nei hi. Hih lai mah zangin Magazine a tuamtuam, Khua tangthu, Beh tangthu, Pawlpi tangthu, Jubilee laibu, thukizakna lai a tuamtuam i nei ta hi. Leitung tawh liangko kikimin Email, SMS, cihte i zang ziahziah hi. Hihte khempeuh Cope hong bawlsak, hong puahsak Zolai i kep i zun hang ahi hi.

4.3. Zolai tawh Pilsinna Khamtung gamah sangmangte hong tun ciangin pilna thupisak mahmah uh hi. Kayin siate tawh kopin sang iin hong kawikawi uh hi. 1921 kum ciangciang Khamtung gamah tanli sang guk bang omta a, Sangmangte pat, sangmangte makaih vive ahi hi. Sangnaupang 280 bang pha uh a, Kawllai tawh pilna kisin hi.

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4.3.a. Falam thuvaihawmna 1921 kumin Burne mangpa (Lt. Col. I. E. Burne; Deputy Commissioner and Battalion Commander) in Falam khuaah, sangvai thuvaihawmna thupi mahmah khat sam hi. Khamtung gam sang khempeuh-ah Zolai tawh pilna sin theih nading vai hi-a, hih thu a zak ciangin Cope topa nuam mahmah in, 1921 kum June 30 ni a laikhakna ah, “Kumpi in sang laisinna ah, Zolai zat ding deih uh ahih manin, lungdam mahmah ing.” ci hi. Cope topa in tua thuvaihawmna a theih phet-in “Tedim kam thukizakna lai” (CHN 1921 Jun kha) sungah a nuaia bangin suaksak pah hi. 1. In sawmnga val a om khua khempeuh a Sangin a om ding hi. 2. Tua Sangin sunga om sangnaupangte in kum li dongin Jolai a shin ding hi. 3. Laihilhsiate in kha sim 15 a ngah dinguh hi. Amau khasum kumpinu in pia ding hi. 4. Khalkha khua, Phalam khua leh Tedim khua Sangin a om lai ding hi. Tua sangin sunga tan sagi a sin ding uh hi. 5. Khalkha uksung a khalkha lai, Phalam uk sunga Laijo lai Tedim uksungah Tedim lai a zang ding hi. 6. Vuandokte in Sangin a uk ding uh hi.

4.3.b. Maymyo thuvaihawmna 1921 kum Falam khua thuvaihawmna khit ciangin 1922 kum October kha in Maymyo khua ah Khamtunggam sang - 49 -

vai thukikupna om leuleu-a, a CHN Jan 1923 sungah a nuaia bangin na ciamteh hi. October kha sangmangpa in Kumpi nu sangin Menzi pa tawh vaihawm dingin Meimiu khua a pai hi. Tu dongin khamtung ah sangnaupangte in Kawllai bek a sin uh hi. Ahih hangin Menzi pa in Zo lai shin na dingin a lungngai hi. Tua ahih ciangin Zolai shin na ding thu a vaihawm hi. A vaihawmte in sawm bang a pha uh hi. Amaute in Menzi pa thu bang a kihkim uh hi. Kawl lai sangin Zolai leh Mangkang lai shin ding a kituakzaw hi, a ci uh hi. Kua in sangin a uk ding hiam a vaihawm kei uh hi. Laimal thu a vaihawm ngam kei uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh a mau thu kihkim kei hi. Mi kimkhat in sangmangpa a piangsak lai a deih hi. Kim khat in a thak a piangsak nuam hi. Tua ahih ciangin Zangun Menzi pa in bangthu a pia ding hiam ih thei kei hi. Sagain Menzi pa in Phalam khua ah a vaihawm kik nuam hi. A hih hang in laimal thu ih thei lo laitak in laishin ih ki pan zo kei hi. kici hi. Maymyo thukikupna ah (1) Laizo kam pen Zo gam ah kizang tang dingin ki sin ding, (2) A deihthuahte in Kawllai leh Manglai sin thei ding, laigelhzia pen laisiampa (Linguist) bawl bang zuih ding , cih thute kilimkup mahmah uh hi. Laisiampa (Linguist) a cih kua taktak hi ding hiam cih kithei lo hi. Hih thu kikupnate tungtangah Cope topa lungkim zo lo hi. Tua bangin ngaihsutna kituak lo ahih manin, Maymyo thukikupna ah a zat ding lailung khensat zo lo uh hi. Khamtung gam sangte ah Tedim kam le Laizo kam zat ding, Cope topa - 50 -

bawl laigelhzia zat ding thu, kumpi tungah ngen hi. Hih bang teng hangin, hun sau veipi a thu kidiah hi. Laisiampa’ (Linguist) lai lungkim loin ama bawl laigelhzia a deih tentanna thu in: “Hih laigelhzia thak tawh Khamtung gamah lai kisin leh Kawlgam a om Zomite pen Mizo gam le Meitei gam a om a sanggamte uh tawh kigamla semsem ding hi,” cih a ngaihsutna hang ahi hi. Tua hangin 1925 kum ciangin Cope topa lai bawl Zolai tanli sangah kizang a, tu-in simlemal, Kawlgam Vaigam a om Zomi kici khempeuh in lai kibang a zang ihi hi.

4.3.c. Burne le Cope kimu 1924 kum April kha ciangin, Cope topa omna Khalkha khua ah Burne mangpa pai-in Cope topa tawh kimu uh-a, “Sang ah Zo kam namnih: Tedim gam ah Kamhau kam, Phalam gam le Khalkha gam ah Laizo kam kizang ding, Sang laisin bu kampau nam nihin bawl ding, Yagon pilna phungpi pan thukimpihna ngah nadingin Cope bawl lailung kikhaksuk zo, tu laitakin sangte sangmangte khut nuaiah kikoih lai ding, lai sinbu a kingah ciangin laihilh ding siate Falamah kisam dinga, laihilh dan kisinsak ding, cih thute kuppih hi. 1924 kum May kha ciangin Cope topa kiangah, Burne mangpa hong paikik leuleu a, a nuai a thuliante kipsak uh hi. (1) “Kumpi in sangvai a thak in hawm leh sangmangte in, mission sang a tuamin na nei lai ding - 51 -

uh hiam?” a cih ciangin, Cope topa in, “Tuam neih lo-in kumpi tawh ka vaihawm khawm ding uh hi.” ci-in na dawng kik hi. (2) “Sang uk mangpa (Honarary Inspector of Schools) dingin, hong kikoih leh nong mangzo ding hiam?” a cih ciangin, Cope topa in, “ Nong seh uh leh ka lungdam ding hi,” ci kik hi. (3) A tawpna ah Mangpa in “Sang 12 bang pha ding ahih manin, sum beizah ding le lai sindingte na geel khol in. Kampau namnih-in, sang laisinbu na gelh in” ci-in kiho uh hi. Hih bang thute tawh vai a kihawm toto hi a, a sawt loin Yangon pan Cope bawl lai zat theih nading phalna thukip kikhensat hi. Hih thu CHN Nov 1924 sungah: “Zangvun Menzi pa in eite lailung a thukim manin Tedim Labu thak leh Sizang Labu thak kih bawl thei hi. Tedim Lai Siangtho zong kih bawl thei hi”

4.3.d. Zolai tanli sang kipan tatak 1925 kum ciangin mission sang khempeuh (Taungphila a kihel sang thum lo buang), kumpi sang kisuaksak-a, Zolai tawh tanli ciang kisin taktak ta hi. Cope topa in sangukmang sem hi. Cope topa in 1925 kum January 27 ni a laikhakna ah; “1924 kum bei kuanin, thu thak khat ka za uh a, 1925 kum kipat a kipanin, sang lai sin zia vaihawmna thak kipan ta ding hi. Mangpipa in a genna ah, sangmangpa in khasum sang loin, kumpi - 52 -

sangukmang hi dinga, sang khempeuh van khin ding hi.” ci-in kigelh hi. Ninih kihal a laikhak (1925 kum January 29 ni) na ah: “1925 kum a kipan sang laisinzia a thak in vaihawm ding cih 1924 bei ciangin thu hong tung hi. Mangpipa in ‘sangmangpa in khasumsanglo sangsitpa panmun sem ding a, sang khempeuh uk ding hi’ ci hi” kici hi.

4.3.c. Cope topa le Sangmangpa Cope topa in Sangukmang a sep sungin, khasum a ngah loh hangin, khualzin man (TA) ngah hi. Sangmangte sum haksat hun tawh kituak ahih manin nuamtuam mahmah banah “Tedim kam thu kizakna lai” zong tawlkhat sung ama TA ngah tawh hawmkhia hi, kici hi. Mi tampi in SANGMANG cih kammal pen, Cope topa in sangukmang (H.I.S.) a ngah ciang a kipan hi, ci uh hi. SANGMANG cih kammal hong kipatna i theih loh hangin, Cope topa in 1919 kum “The Chin Hills News” a hawmkhiat issue masa pen-ah amah le amah, SANGMANGPA na kici khin hi. Tua hi-a, Cope topa in Sangukmang a sep ma kum 6 lai-in SANGMANG cih kammal a kizat khitna thu teltakin kimu thei hi. SANGMANG cih le Sangukmang panmun kimemat kha lo hi. Zolai tanli sang a kipat taktak theih nadingin sangsia sinna om a, hih thu CHN Mat le Epi 1925 sungah: “Tu kum Zolai sin dingin Menzi pa in thu a pia hi. Pibuaizi kha le Mat kha in Tedim sia 10, Falam sia 7 le Khalkha sia 9 in sangmangpa in ngeina thak a sin - 53 -

uh hi. Zolai bek a sin kei hi. Thuhilhna ding zong a sin uh hi.” ci in kiciamteh hi. Zolai tanli laisimbu Tua hun lai a kisin laibu te in; 1. Nasimna bu (readers) 2. Geography of Chin Hills and Burma 3. Arithmatics 4. Habits of Health 5. Nature Study cihte ahi hi.

4.4 Laibu bawlpa Cope Cope topa’ in Tedim kam, Sihzang kam, Falam kam, Khalkha kam le Chinbok kamte tawh Lai Siangtho, Labu, Sang laibu, Khristian biakna laibu le Chin Hills News (Tedim kam le Falam kam) te tatsat loin bawl hi. Cope topa kihel ngeina le a mah tektek in a bawl laibute a nuai a bang ahi hi. Laibu minte 1. Chin Primer No.I 2. Chin Primer 3. Gospel of Matthew 4. Gospel of Mathew 5. Gospel of John 6. Chin Primer (Large) 7. Chin Primer (Small) 8. Readers (Nasimna bu) 9. Readers (Nasimna bu) 10. Readers (Nasimna bu) 11. Readers (Nasimna bu)

Kampau Tedim Siyin Tedim Siyin Kamhau Kamhow Kamhow I II III IV

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Kum 1913 1914 1915 1916

1927 1927 ff 1927 ff 1927 ff

12. Readers (Nasimna bu) V 1927 ff 13. Readers (Nasimna bu) VI 1927 ff 14. Geography of Chin Hills and Burma 1926 15. Arithmatic I 1927 16. Arithmatic II 1927 ff 17. Arithmatic III 1927 ff 18. Arithmati IV 1927 ff 19. Arithmati V 1927 ff 20. Arithmatic VI 1927 ff 21. Readers I Chinbok 1932 22. Readers II Chinbok ---23. Habits Health (Cidamna thu) 1931 24. Nature Study (Nate’ thu) I 1933 25. Nature Study (Nate’ thu) II 1933 26. Many School Text books Laizo* ---27. Many School Text books Hakha* ---28. Geography Chinbok ---29. Hymn book (300) Tedim 1927 30. Hymn book Siyin 1927 31. Hymn book Laizo 1931 32. Hymn book Zaniat 1937 33. Lai Siangtho thak Tedim 1932 34. The Pilgrims Progress Tedim 1933 35. Matthew, Acts and Corinthians(Laizo) 1933 36. Chin Hills News (monthly) Tedim 1919- 1938 37. Chin Hills News Laizo 1928---38. Revelation and part of Hebrew Manuscript 39. Gospel of Matthew Laizo Manuscript 40. O.T. Pentateuch Laizo Manuscript 41. N.T. Books Laizo Manuscript

Cope topa in laibu nam 36 gelh hi, ci’n kiciaptehna tampi om-a, kei ngaihsutna ah nam 36 sangin tamzaw hamtang ding hi, ci-in ka um hi. Laizo kam le Khalkha kamin laisinbu bangzah kigelh cih kitheician lo hi.

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4.5 Menzipa in sang hong vil 1925 kum a kipan in Cope topa’ gelh Laisinbu zangin Zolai tanli pilna kisin pah ngekngek hi. Cope topa in sangukmang sem a, Magwe Menzi pa in zong vaithak khat ahih manin na kinbawl mahmah hi. CHN-1926 Mei kha sungah“Piphuazi kha ah sanginn uk Menzipa leh a zi khamtungah hong kah hi. Sangnau pangte laigelh a muh ciangin tumdang a sa hi. ‘Khamtung sangnaupangte mengmeng in lai a siam thei hi. Manglai a sinte zong a siam a sa hi, Kawlgam ah kumthum a sin tawh a kih bang a siam hi.’ a ci hi” CHN-1926 Augu kha sungah“Nikum ciangin khamtung laisin naupang leh numeino 1000 val pha hi. Kawllai a sin laitakin 400 bang a sin hi. Khuasak khua ah numeino zong lai a sin hi.” Zolai tawh pilsinna lawhcing mahmah hi. Ahih hangin tua hun lai Zogam makaite in ‘Zomite in Zolai bek tawh pilna ngah leh kicing lo ding’ cih na mu khol uh hi. Tua ahih manin tua hun lai-a Ukpi le hausate thusau muhna zong CHN-1930 Epi, Mei, Jun kha sungah a nuai-a bangin kiciamteh hi.

Zannuaizi leh Pipuaizi kha laitak in sanginn uk Menzipa a ukpa in Khamtung sanginn en ding a zin kwai hi. Tedim khua ah Nawmal a sinte ahuh dingin tua khua ah a sawt veipi a tam hi. Tonzang innpipa, Mualbem hausapa leh Thuklai hausapate in Kawllai a mau khua ah sin ding a ngen hi. Tuate in Zolai a phiat nuam kei uh hi. Zolai tawh Kawllai a sin khawm nuam uh hi. A maute in, ‘Kawlkam siam lo hi leh Kawlgam ah nasep ka ngah zo kei ding uh hi. Khalkha mite Phalam mite kiangah lai ka khak thei kei ding uh hi. Ka khual zin thei kei ding uh hi.’ a ci hi”

4.6 Sang tawh kipan sang a tawp Cope topa in Pilna le Khristian suakna bek in Zomite khangtosak ding hi, cih um hi. Khamtung gam a om hunsung hun khempeuh sangvai tawh manlah den a, a sih madiak 1938 kum May 31 ni (ni 11 bek nungta lai) tonu a laikhakna ah, dam loh thu gen loin, sang thu mah gen hi. “Strait in tukum sangnaupang kiam mahmah ci ahih manin, sangte vil kawikawi manleng cih thu lunghihmawh belin nei ing. Hong it Herbert.” ci ziau zen hi. Zomite pilna ding hong deihsak luat manin, sang tawh ma a pan, sang tawh hun tamzaw a bei, sang tawh mazial a, sangthu lung hihmawhna tawh a nunung pen hu a sang sangmangpa ahi hi.

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THUKHUPNA Tua hi-a, Zomite tangthu a kisut sialsial-in Cope topa’ thu kimangngilh ngeilo ding hi. Laikawi khat zong a nei nai lo Zomite laikip i neih nang hong bawlsakin hong pantah hi. Zolai simbu le Zolai tawh tanli ciang pilna (Vernacular education) sin theih nading Mangkang kumpi tawh kopin laisinbu hong bawlsak hi. Zomite kha thu-ah khuavak muin, hun khat lai-a, kenkawm mualkawm-a, gamzawngte abang Zomite tu-in leitung mipil mikhangto pente tawh hong kikhawlsak hi. Khristian upna laigil hong muama, tawntung nuntakna lampi hong tawnsak hi. Tua ahih manin, Cope topa pen Pasian in Zomite a dingin a tuam vilvel a sathau a nilh, mi lamdang pasal pha khat ahi hi. A neu pau a lian pau in ‘Cope topa Cope topa’ i cih buangin a kimu thei kum 100 cin mualsuang ban ah, minam i itna le Cope topa i zahtakna in: (1) Zokam, Zolai thupisak semsem ni. (2) Lai gelh-in, laibu bawl ni. (3) “Lailam tungtuang Cope pahtawina ” Cope Literature Award” cih vaihawm in a siamte pahtawina le khang thakte thapiakna nei ni. (4) Zo khua cin-ah ‘Cope Laibusaal’ Cope memorial Library neih huai hi.

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simbute a khen kik ding tavuan la om lo ahih manin 1964 le 1976 kikal kum 12 sung teng tan nih pan tan li dong Zolai Simbu zat ding om lo hi.

Khenpi 5

5.2 Zogam bup ading Zolai Simbu

COPE TOPA KHIT I ZOLAI Cope topa khit Zolai simbu thu pen Siapi Suan Khan Mang in a kaihkhop Zolai simbu kum 85 cin laibu siksan in kong suahsak kik ahi hi. I Zolai simbu tan khat pan tan li ciang i neih i puah, i kepzia tangthu ahi hi.

5.1 1925 ZOLAI TANLI 1925 kum Tedim kam tawh lai sinbu gelh ding khensatna a om khit ciangin Rev. J. H. Cope in hih a nuai-a sang lai sinbu teng hong bawl khiatsak hi. (a) Nate thubu (General Science) (b)Cidamna thubu (Hygiene) (c) Ganan bu (Arithmetics) (d)Zolai Simbu (Reader)

bu 4 Tan 1-4 bu 3 Tan 2-4 bu 4 Tan 1-4 bu 4 Tan 1-4

Cope topa in lai sinbu nam 15 hong bawlsak a, hih lai sinbute Tedim gambup ah 1924 June sang hon panin kizang hi. 1952-53 kum dong Rev. J. H. Cope gelhsa lai sinbute khelna, puahna om loin kum 28 sung a bukimin kizang suak hi. 1953 kum June kha sang hon a kipanin Zolai Simbu (Reader) teng losiah a bu dangteng kizang nawn loin, Kawllai a kigelh kumpite’ geel lai sinbute (Prescribed Text books) kizang ta hi. Cope topa bawlsa Zolai Simbu teng 1970-71 dong kizang ahih manin kum 47 sung (1924 – 1971) puahpha lo, khiam lo, behbap loin kizang to suak hi. 1971 kiim in tan langte zat ding lai simbu a thak kibawla, a dangteng kizang suak lailai hi. Lai - 59 -

Taw-lan-ye (awmfvSefa&;) kawngcil (Revolutionary Council) kah zawh ciangin Zogam buppi ah Pautaang deihna tawh Zolai Simbu a kithu khat (Uniform) ding deihna om ngei hi. Tua tawh kizomin 1964 kum a kipan Zolai Simbu puahphat ding vaihawmna kinei hi. Siapi Pu P. Gin Khaw Thang (B.A., B.Ed., B.E.S,) le Pu Mang Khaw Nang (B.A., B.Ed.,) te sang lam pan mawhpua zaw deuhin hong semkhia masa uh hi. Tua ban zomin 1967 kum ciangin Siapi Pu Pau Do Nang (B.A., B.Ed.,) in hong zomto leuleu in Chin Affairs Council zum Hakha ah puak dingin tan lang pan tan li dong na khen khia uh hi. 1970 kum ciangin Siapi Pa Vungh Cin Thang (B.A., (Ed), B.Ed., B.E.S) in tavuan hong la hi. 1964 pan 1970 kum ciang kum 7 sung puahna le kikupna le Zogam bup lai sinbu kithukhat nading deihna tawh mainawt theihna om loin hunte pammaih takin hong beito hi. Hih hun sungin Kawllai mal tawh Zolai gelh ding deihna peuh hong om nenuk se lai hi.

5.3 Zolai Simbu khatvei puahna (1971) 1970 kum December kha ciangin anuaia makaite aihawmna tawh tan lang Zolai Simbu puahkik khatveina kinei-a, 1971 kum June kha ciangin kizang pah hi. (1) (2) (3)

Pa Vungh Cin Thang (B.A., B.Ed., B.E.S) Pa Mang Khaw Nang (B.A., B.Ed.) Pa Dam Khaw Hau (B.A.) - 60 -

(4) (5) (6)

Pa Gin Za Kam (B.Ag.) Pa Theu Za Kap (B.A (Ed), B.Ed.) Pa Dal Za Khup (Member of Chin State Peoplle Inspectorate, Haka) (7) Pa Khai Za Kham (8) Pa Thawng Khaw Thang (Sangsia pension) (9) Pa Kam Than Thang - 3, Ngennung khua (10) Pa L.M. Peter Khup Lam Thang (11) Pa H. Gin En Cin (gec) (12) Pa Kham Go Pau B.Sc (Zoology) (13) Pa Ngul Khaw Pau (14) Pa Cin Za Thawn (Limsuai) (15) Pa Cin Khan Vungh (Limsuai) (16) Pa Let Khan Hang te ahi uh hi. Tan lang bu ah Sinna (lesson) 21 dong kikoih in sinna khat sungah laigual giat pan sawm le nih ciang kikoih hi.

5.4 Zolai Simbu nihvei puahna (1975) 1975 kum ciangin a nuaia makaite vaihawmna tawh Zolai tan lang bu nihvei puahphatna kinei leuleu hi. (1) Pa Lam Za Tinh (B.A. (Ed), B.Ed.) (2) Pa Vum Za Dal (B.A. Dip, Ed.) (3) Pa Suan Khan Mang (B.Sc. (Physics), Dip, Ed.) (4) Pa L.M. Peter Khup Lam Mang (5) Pa Thawng Khaw Thang (6) Pa H. Gin En Cin te ahi uh hi. Tan lang bu bawl nangin Sia Khup Lam Thang tavuan kipia hi. Sia Khup Lam Thang in a limteng Block a bawl dingin, (1) Tg. Thang Khan Suan (Sakollam), (2) Tg. Sian Za Thawng (Sakollam), (3) Tg. Cin Lian Thang (Myoma) te lim na suaisak hi. Lim suaihsateng pen Mandalay - 61 -

University a sia sem Pa J. Hang Khan Pau (Tonzang) B.Sc (Geol), Geology Department in block bawl tavuan la hi. A limte block a bawlna le laidal haksatna, thu kizakna a gamlatnate hangin 1976 kum sang hon cianga zat dingin kibawl khia zo pan hi. Laibu pen Kalaymyo Cathollic Press Manager, Pa Tuang Khan Thang’ hanciampihna tawh bu 4,000 kibawl hi. 1976 kum sungin tan khat pan tan li laibu bawlna sungah kawmiti-te’ kikupna sawmvei kinei hi. Kikup ciangin thu taktak ahih manin ni thapai mah kikupin om den hi. Thulu, laigualhzia le a thu mahmah kigeel hi. Hih bang hun ciang a kihel dente in, Pa Lam Za Tinh, Pa Thawng Khaw Thang, Pa Kam Khan Thang, Pa H. Gin En Cin le Pa Suan Khan Mang-te ahi uh hi. 1976 kum a liveina kikupna ah Pa Vum Za Dal hong kihel in, a nga veina kikupna-a kipan Pa H. L. Neng Khen Thang hong kihel den thei hi. Hih Zolai Simbu bawlna-ah Rev. J. H. Cope bawlna sungate, tuhun tawh kituaklo teng puahphatna le a om kha lo teng hih a nuai-a min om tengin hong geel masa uh hi. (1) Pa Kam Khan Thang

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(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

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Pa Vul Za Thang Dr. Sian Za Kam Pa J. Gin Za Tuang Rev. Hau Lian Kham Pa T. Suan Khan Mang

- 62 -

Kihutcilna le i la nam tuamtuamte Ka sang inn thu Ka bil thu le ka ha thu Singkung thu Ka nu thu Aksi thu, kha de, kiam, kha khan le kha likna thusa kikhat

(7) Rev. S. T. Hau Go

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Bang i ci gamtat ding hiam? (8) Pa H. Gin En Cin - Nai khau thu, laikhak, Na khempeuh in hun nei, cikhum thu, limlangh thu, nute pate’ mawhna le Cope gelhsa kikhat puah kikna. -Munei Thang Dal le Cing Khup le Ngam Bawm tang thu, Pi Zing Khaw Hau (lokho zum a Pa Dai Khan Pau’ nu) dongin, a omsa sangin a kicing zaw-in hong puahpha hi. Kawmiti in thupi ngaihsut mahmah Tulai khua hun tawh kituak ta kei leh i tangthu i tuanthute a manthan loh nading ngimna tawh tan thum le tan li ah kiguang hi. I sang lai sinbu sungah guang kei leng a tuamin lah kuamah in bawl zo lo ding banah, kikhawng lo lai ding hi. Zolai ah kigelh leh kilei veve ding a, bu 1000 lakah bu nih le thum bang kikem leh zong nidang teh i tangthu manphate kan nop hun a om ciang kan zawh nading cih deihna bulpi ahi hi.

5.5 Lai sinbu khetna le thu tuamtuam Tan khat le tan nih lai simbu pen bawlkhatin kibawl khawm nuam ahih hang, sum om lo ahih manin, vai khempeuh hong sumit cip pahpah hi. Ahi taktak thu a tel lo le a kan lote in lai sinbu bawlte’ met nading na gal tuatsak thei uh hi. Hih nasep pen a sum met ngahna hi lo banah, a uuk ding, a sem thei ding kisam hi. - 63 -

Lai i cih pen utut-a khet theih, gelh theih hi loin a kinai, a kihal, husanna (comma) ngaklang (semi-colon), ngakna (colon), tawpna (fullstop), dotna (interrogative), phawnna (exclamation), kam-umna (quotation), thekna (dash), gitphei (hyphen), kualte (brackets) le taanglak (apostrophe) te in thupi mahmah hi. Hi ci bangte mikimin thei lo a, a diakdiak-in 1964 pan tuhun ciang dong a sangnaupangte in tam theih loh zaw hi. A hilh sia in lah thei lo, a sin sangnaupang in lah thei lo ihih manin lai-at dan i siam kei pah hi. Laibu bawl cil 1970 a kipan tuni dong Zolai Simbu tatsat lo a hong suak na dingin a mapang den, Pa H. Gin En Cin pen ei mite in minphatna le pahtawina a piakhuai mahmah ahi hi. Hih a tungah i gen thute tawh kizomin laibu bawl kawmiti in zong a kingaih sutsut ciangin, a kilawmpen (The right men at the right place, in the right time) ding ci-in Pa H. Gin En Cin (gec – tu in Dr H. Gin En Cin) pen 22.3.76 ni thu kikupna (3/76) ah tavuan kipia hi. A ki-ap laitakin tan khat pan tan li dong laipeina tawh pei ding, laitui, laidal mante tuatsakin, laibu man ding kawmiti in sehsak hi. Tan khat lai sinbu sunga, lim omte pen Tedim Baptist Association (TBA – tu in TBC) in khangham laisinna a zat ding, a bawl sung pan a kila ahih manin TBA zong lai simbu bawlna-ah Rev. J. H. Cope hun a kipan tu dong peng cih om nai tuan mahmah lo hi.

5.6 Namkim Bu Thu 1971 kum in DIS a sem Pa Vum Za Dal in Tedim gam sung sangnaupangte’ omzia a muhnate Tan lai sang siapi (Middle Head) teng tawh kikumin a min vawh nai loh in - 64 -

thu tuamtuam kholkhopna (paunak, lakam) laibu khat hong bawlkhia hi. Pa H. Gin En Cin in “Kammalte” kici kammal thuk nono 350 zong kaihkhop sak hi. Pa Vum Za Dal in a patkhiatsa lai kaihkhop pen puah toto in Pa H. Gin En Cin in tavuan hong la hi. Laibu hong bawl a laibu min dingin NAMKIM BU ci-in a min vawh hi. Ka zak tungin hoihsa pha lo napi-in tu’n ka zakzak leh hoihsa in zaknop ka sa semsem a, kituak zong ka sa mahmah hi. Ciangtan nei lo puah tohtoh, behlap tohtoh ding laibu hi ngeitah-a, eimi adingin a kituak pen laibu min hi takpi khong ka cici hi. Zomite’ Almanac Zomite’ Encyclopaedia peuh hong hi dektak hi.

5.7 Zolai Simbu thumvei puahna (1981) Hih anuai-a min kihel tengin tan lang pan tan nih dong nihvei etna (nih vei puahkikna) hong nei kikleuleu uh a, 1981 kumin a hampi hong zo uh hi. Kawmiti teng: (1) Pa Kam Do Thang, Chairman (B.Sc.) (2) Pa Salai Htun Hlaing (3) Pa Kum Za Hau (4) Pa Kham Khan Thang (5) Pa H. Gin En Cin (6) Pa Ngin Suan (7) Rev. Cin Kam (8) Rev. Kai Sawm Sing

5.8 Zolai Simbu Livei Puahna (1984) 1986 kum July ni 7 ni Tedim Township People’s Council Executive Committee in thukhensatna 4/33 (12) tawh Zolai Simbu bawl Kawmiti a nuai a bangin phuan hi. - 65 -

(1) Pa Hau Za Dal Chairman (EC Member) (2) Pa Salai Htun HlaingVice Chairman (TEO) (3) Pa Lian Khan Mang Member (No. (1) BEHS) (4) Pa Bawi Hu Member (No. (2) BEHS) (5) Pa Suan Khan Mang Member (BEMS Mualbem) (6) Pa Sian Khaw Pau Member (BEPS Myoma. 2) (7) Pa. H. Gin En Cin Member (Laibu bawl) (8) Pa J. Gin Za TwangMember (H/A Retired) (9) Pa Kim Za Hau Member (ATEO) Hih Kawmiti tengin meeting 7 vei nei a, tan li Zolai Simbu puah ding tan thum Zolai Simbu a lui banga kipsak dingin vaihawm uh hi. Tan li Zolai Simbu sung pan a nuai-a thulu 6 teng kipsak uh hi. (1) Lengtong hoih tangthu (2) Neino Tangthu (3) Galngam Tangthu (4) Thang Ho le Lian Do Tangthu (5) Kumpipa’ Ze-etna Thu (6) Cidamna ding Thu- te ahi hi. A dang zon beh ding thulu le a zong ding tavuan a kipiate a nuai-a bang ahi hi. 1. Pa J. Gin Za Tuang - Zomite’ piankhiatna thu - Zomite’ taang inn thu - Zomite le Galpi a khatna - Zomite le Galpi a nihna 2. Pa Hau Za Dal - Khuado pawi thu

- 66 -

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Pupa Ngeina: (1) Kingaihna (2) Zuthawl piakna (3) Taang hawmna (4) Taang aihna (5) Kitenna (6) Minphuahna (7) Man piakna (8) Inntuanna (9) Zununna (10) Galaihna (11) Sa-aihna (12) Tonna (13) Si vuina

3. Pa Lian Khan Mang - Vok Khawina - Ak Khawina - Khuai Khawina 4. Pa Kim Za Hau - Sial Khawina - Coffee Ciinna - Niangteh Ciinna - Siallum kulh galdona - Khuado khuailakna - Tulak thu - Sun le zan thu - Nate’ thu laibu pan pawlkhat 5. Township Agricultural Department - Nailung Khawina - Apple Ciinna 6. Pa T. Suan Khan Mang - Zalui khuaphelep meithu Tavuan nei upate in amau thulu ciat a zon khit ciangin October 1, 1986 ni zing nai 10 in Tedim sangpi zumah Tedim Myone sung a om sangsia khempeuh tawh thukikupna kinei hi. Hih thu kikupna panin, Khuado thu pen khua tuamtuam a i zatdan kibang lo ahih manin a kigelhsa teng sang khempeuh ah hawmin siate ki-en - 67 -

phasak kik a, sang 22 pan amau muhna ciat hong puakkik uh hi. Tua teng gawm tuah in Khuado pawi thu ki-at phain, kikipsak hi. Tua banah a tunga kigelhsa thulu 14 sung pan a nuai-a thulu 8 teng tan li Zolai Simbu thak sungah guan dingin kikipsak hi. 1. Zomite piankhiatna thu 2. Khuado pawi thu 3. Pupa ngeina 4. Khuaikhawi na 5. Coffee ciinna 6. Siallumkuh thu 7. Zalui khuaphelep mei thu 8. Sun le zan thu Tan 4 Zo lai simbu thak sungah a khiatna a kitel mengmeng lo a nuai-a, kammalte zong gen cianna (footnote) gelh dingin kithukim hi. 1. Zaangdawh 2. Mankaang 3. Manpi 4. Tamsipa’ gatang kaihna nam 10 5. Pu 6. Sanggam (bangkua, thalloh) 7. Thusa (sabal) 8. Sasem (beh sabawl, sung sabawl) 9. Tanu (haitawi, tuitaak, sawlla) 10. Nuphal 11. Zawl 12. Taanghawmna (tulpi/siampi) 13. Sialsawm (lawm annek) 14. Sawng thu - 68 -

Tan lang pan tan nih ciang Zolai Simbu le tan 4 Zolai Simbu thak sungah thu dotna nam nga ta koih ding le tan nih laibu sungah (Objective test) nam 5 ta koih dingin zong kivaihawm hi. Tan lang Zolai Simbu sunga alphabette zong CHART a bawl dingin kikhensat hi. 1988 pan 1989 kum sungin Zolai Simbu a tan zui-in a nuai a zah bawl dingin kivaihawm hi. 1. Tan lang bu bu 3000 2. Tan khat bu bu 2000 3. Tan nih bu bu 2000 4. Tan thum bu bu 1500 5. Tan li bu bu 1000. Hih vaihawmnate sung panin Zolai Simbu tan li a thak kivaihawm pen kizo suak a kizang pah hi. A dangdang vaihawmnate 1988 kum gam sung buaina hangin Kawmiti in thu nei nawn lo ahih manin kizom thei nawn loin kidin khawl hi.

5.9 Education Department in maban zom 1988 pan in Township Education Department in hong makai leuleu a Committe a thak phuan in maban hong zom uh hi. Tua Kawmiti a nuai-a bang ahi hi. 1. Pa Thang Khaw Pau Chairman (TEO) 2. Pa Thang Za Suan Secretary (ATEO) 3. Pa Lian Do Kham Member (ATEO) 4. Pa Thang Khawm LianMember (No. 1 BEHS) 5. Pa Gin Za Pian Member ( No. 2 BEHS) 6. Pa Tuang Do Kham Member (BEMS Saizang) 7. Pa Vungh Cin KhamMember(BEPS Sakollam) 8. Pa Lian Khan Mang Member (PTA Delegate)

- 69 -

Hih bangin Kawmiti in hanciamin hong sem zom uh a, 1994 kum in Zolai Simbu tan li sungah thulu nih: Gambup ni le laikhak thu, guanbeh in thulu 16 tawh Computer in khen in hong ha.wmkhia uh hi. 1996 kum Siapi Thang Khaw Pau pension a lak ciangin TEO thak ahi, Siapi Gin Khen Thang in Chairman tavuan la hi. 1998 kum Siapi Gin Khen Thang a zakhan ciangin TEO thak a hi, Siapi Paul Thang Thai in Chairman tavuan la hi. 1998 le tu kikal thu kanbeh in aban zom lai ni. Thukhupna Tu in Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum 100 a cing hi ta a, Zolai tawh tan li pilna i sintheih zawh kum 83 bang a cing hita hi. Hih hun saupi sung tangthu hi a, tangthu dang bang loin, tat dekdek zel ki-awh zel, mit dekdek zel kuangkikzel ahih manin, kikan kikkik kei leh a mangthang thei ding tangthu ahi hi. Tu in Kumpi sangte bek ah hi loin, biakna pawlpite in khuakhal hun sung Zolai sinnate ah i Zolai Simbute mah a kizang gige ahi hi. I Zolai mit lo a, khangthakte tungah gam a kiluah suksuk theih nading a kuama ciat in thupi ngaihsut ding hoih ka sa hi. I mai-a, a paisa i pu i pa, i u te maban zom a, i Zolai Simbu tungtawn in i Zolai puah toto in gia bang i zunzun ding Zosuan momno khat ciat i mawhpuak ahi hi. Mai lamah kumpi kikhelna tawh kizui-in suahtakna hong om semsem dinga, Khamtung gam le i tuntunna gam ciat pan Zolai i sin ziahziah hun hong tung ding hi. Lai sim thei ciang maimai hi loin, Zolai mahmah BA MA dong i sin theih hun hong tung ding hi. - 70 -

6.1 Laigelhzia thu tawphah

Khenpi 6 LAIGELHZIA Thukong hong A beisa hun: Laigelhzia i kikup ciang, deihzia a kibat loh hun le a hoih pen ding i kituh ciangin, Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang in “Eite a kibang vive hilel hang, nikhat ni ciangin i Laigelhzia tawh kisai misiam PhD bang hong om-a, ‘hi cih ding hi’ hong cih mateng i gelhngei bangin gelhlel ni” a cih ciang kikhawl zel dan ahi hi. Laigelhzia tawh kisai-in, ei Tedim Kampau Zomite a buai het lozaw ihi hi. I sanggam dangte in hong eng mahmah uh hi. Falam, Khakhate’ Laigelhdan, ei a sangin bulkip lo zaw hi kici a, a dang Zolai (Zomi dangte’ lai) tuamtuamte bel genvet loh ding ahi hi. A taktak-in: Laigelhzia a kip ding haksa mahmah a, kikupkup ding, puahpuah zunzun ding hizaw hi. Kawlte bangin zong puahpuah uh a, owfykHusrf; bang a thakthak bawl lai uh hi. Tedim kampau Zomite Laigelhzia thu ah, paizia pi khat a nei tawh kibang napi hang, utut a, laigelh tampi om lai hi hang. Khat le khat tung pan a hoihzaw thute kisin ding sangin khial phial taleh ei deihdeih in lai i gelh pen a dah huai thu ahi hi. Hih thulupi siksan in (1) Laigelhzia thu tawpha, (2) Laimal gawm le (3) Kammal gawm thu kikum ni. - 71 -

Laigelhzia a dik le a hoih neih theih nadingin ngaihsut ding le zuih ding thu tawphah pawl khat om hi. Tuate ban et dih ni.

6.1.a. Laigelhzia i cih ciaptehna ahi hi. Laigelhzia i cih pen Mangkam in “orthography” cih ahi hi. Leitung-ah kampau tuamtuam a om mah bangin Lailung (Script) zong a tuamtuam - Hebia lai, Greek lai, Sen lai, Arabic lai, Japan lai, Sanskrit lai, Hindi lai - om hi. A vekpi-in amau paizia tuak tawh a tuamkai ciat ahi hi. Gentehna in: Zolai /A/ le Kawl lai /t/ a awsuah a kibang linlian ahi hi. Laimal pawlkhatte a Aw ciaptehna hi a, pawlkhatte a Thu ciaptehna ahi hi. Zolai pen a aw bek a kiciamteh laimal nam hi-a, Senlai pen a thu a kiciamteh laimal nam ahi hi. Laigelhzia i cih pen ciaptehna lim (symbolization) liuleu ahi hi. Zomite in i Zo kampau pen Roman alphabet zangin a ciamteh ihi hi. Ei ciapteh bangbang ei laigelhzia hipaha, mi’ ciapteh bangbang mite laigelh-zia hipah hi. Zomite in A tawh i ciapteh aw pen Kawlte in /t/ tawh a ciamteh uh ahi hi. Roman alphabet a zang veve lak ah Zolai in /th/ pen sanggam Kachinte in /ht/ ci uh hi. A khial kuamah om lo hi. Zatnop bang-bang zat theih ahi hi. I ci tateu zongin, ahih theihliai leh kampau kibang minam khat in Laigelhzia kibang a neih ding thupi mahmah hi. Laigelhzia namkhat bek neihna in minam hong kipumkhat saka, lai nasemte vai tampi dawn hi. Mipi lungkim a i zat khop liailai laigelhzia pen a hoihpen laigelhzia ahi hi. - 72 -

6.1.b. Laigelhzia ah Science leh Art kigawm

6.1.c. Ahoih laigelhzia

Science in theory, fomula, equition, nei hi. 2+2 = 4 hi napi, 2+2=3.9 ahih keileh 2+2=5 zong hi thei cih bang om lo hi. A result nih om thei lo hi. Tua in Science paizia ahi hi. Zolai gelhzia ah zong aw suak bang lianlian in gelh ding hi a cite in Laigelhzia pen Science bang a (Orthography as a Science) a mute ahi hi. Tuate in Gua, Gawpum cih ding hi, ci uh hi.

Lailam thukansut siam (Linguist) William Smalley in laigelhdan hoih a kicite’ pianzia ding thu nga na gen ngei hi. Tuate in: (1) Maximum acceptability, San theih kim hi ding (2) Maximum representation, Awmalkim ading laimal om ding (3) Maximum ease of learning, Sin ol ding (4) Maximum ease of transfer, Lai dang kisinbeh thei ding (5) Maximum reproduction, Kizang thei lianlian ding hi ci hi. Smalley’s Five Maximum ci-in kiciamteh hi.

Khatlam-ah Art i cih pen, a kituatthei namte hi lo a, a gen pa khat dinmun pan a maan mahmah napi, midang khat in a tuamdeuh in gen leh a kinial thei tuan lo namte ahi hi. Khial kici thei tuan lo hi. A kiphelkham lam pan a en pa’ a dingin guaphel hi a cih pen a pum lam pan a en pa in guapum hi a cih theih bang ahi hi. Gua, Guapum cih ding hi ci uh hi. Laigelhzia ah Science le Art a kisawhhel ngiingei ahi hi. Awsuah (Phonetics) zui a gelh ding hi napi, paumal (Phonemic) zui-a a kikhel thei thu ahi hi. A tawntungin tua bang lah hi kinken lo zel hi. Gentehna: Awsuah zui : Ngen  nget, Kiu  kiuh, Awsuah zuilo: Khua  khuapi, si  sisan, Manglai bang lawhmawh phadiak hi. Koici banga lawh mawh hiam cihleh gentehna in, /u/ laimal khat bekbek aw tuamtuam suaksak thei uh hi. /u/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [put] /i/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [busy] /a/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [but] /iu/aw a suak u: Gentehna [music] - 73 -

Nengkha genbeh lai leeng: Maximum acceptability: Santheih kim pen hi ding cih pen a zang ding mipite santheih laigelhzia ahih ding thupi mahmah hi. Hoih pen taleh a zang ding mipite in a zatnop kei leh a mawkna ahi hi. Maximum representation: Awmal kim ading laimal om ding Awmal kim tawh a kituak lianlian laimal a om ding thupi mahmah hi. I gensa Manglai a, /u/bang ahih loh ding thupi hi. Maximum ease of learning: Sin ol ding, Zolai pen mi masate in nisagih lai na ci liang uh a, tua manin i gam i lei ah na kizel pah hi. Pau Cin Hau lai pen sin ol hileh kilimzat mahmah ding hi. Maximum ease of transfer: Lai dang kisinbeh thei ding Leitungah lai a tuamtuam om-a, ei lai i siam manin namdangte’ lai zong a kisiam baih tuam ahih ding thupi - 74 -

hi. Lai hoih mahmah napi leitung pilna siamna sinbeh nadingin phattuamna a om kei leh a mawkna ahi hi. Maximum reproduction: Kizang thei lianlian ding Lai khet ciangin type writer, computerte ah zat theih lianlian ahih ding thupi mahmah hi. Zolai i neih manin email, internet khawng i zat theih ziauziau pen Cope topa’ thupha ahi hi. Stubbs kici mipa in zong laigelhdan hoih a pian theih nadingin nam nga mah na gen leuleu hi. Ama gen thu zong a thupi mahmah ahi hi. Tuate in: (1) Linguistic factor: Kampau kilamzia, (2) Psycholinguistic factor: Lai le lungsim kimematzia, (3) Educational factor: Pilna dinmun (4) Sociolinguistic factor: Lai le mihon-nunzia kimematzia, (5) Cultural and technological factor: pupa ngeina le leitung siamna tuamtuamte dinmun cihte kisam hi ci hi.

6.1.d. “Ka cihsa ka cihsa” ci tentan lo ding Zomite in Mitaw sialkhaulet a cih, Kawlte in Tukkhial kha tusukvet a cih bang om thei hi. I zatsa khat hunzui a kikhel a om leh kheltheih, laihtheih ding a thupi mahmah ahi hi. I Zolai gelhzia tangthu kan le hang, a hunhun a kikhelkhel ahihna kilang mahmah hi. Midangte in hong zatpih kei leh, ei zatzat laigelhzia a ngaihsuthuai ahi hi. Kei’ gelhzia a maanpen cih lungsim nei loin midangte tawh kikum khawma, vaihawm khop ding ahi hi. - 75 -

6.1.e. “Zongsatsa” khel ding haksa mahmah Hunsau pi i zatsa, i zongsatsa laigelhzia pen a khial mahmah ahih kei leh khelkhel ding hoih lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh mihingte lungsim sungah “zongsatsa” thu khat khel ziauziau ding ol lo hi. Ei’n hoih pen ci in khel napi a zang ding mipite in hong khel kei leh a mawkna teitei ahi hi. Hih a tunga thulubul 4 teng lungngai kawm-in Laimal gawm le kammal gawm thu pawl khat kikum ni.

6.2. Laimal gawm Awmal zui-in laimal a kigawm hi a, thubulpi tampi gen kul lo dingin ka lamen hi. Ahi zongin theihtheihsate kawm kal pan a nuaia thu 5 te a banbanin kikum ni. Tuate in: 1. ‘H’ zatzia 2. ‘A’ zatzia 3. ‘in’ zatzia 4. ‘ia’ le ‘ua’ vai 5. Kammal kikhelte (word alternation)

6.2.1. ‘h’ zatzia ‘H’ laimal pen Zolai gelhzia ah namthum in kizang hi. Tuate in: 1. /[/ banga kizang H Gentehna: Hai, Ha, Hahkat, 2. /Th/, /Kh/, /Ph/ munte a kizang h leh 3. Awtom-awniamsakna h te ahi hi. A tunga nam thum sungah a thumna thu gen ni.

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Kammal tawpna laimung (Final consonant) dingin /h/ i zatzia kibangkimlo hi. A nuaia bangin zang khawm thei leeng: (1) Paulap khat peuh gennop (Conditional or ‘if’ clause) cianga kizang ‘leh’ gelh ciangin ‘h’ om hamtang ding hi. Gentehna in: Na ut leh ciah ta ni. Hong itlo hi leh, (2) A piangkik thute gentelna ah ‘leh’ zat ding ahi hi. Gentehna in: kilehkik, Zuthawl leh, lehkuan (3) Khiatna khat nei a, kamkop bang a zatkhop kammalte /leh/ hi loin /le/ tawh gawm ding a, kammal zong kimat ding hi. hilo-in silesa (flesh) si leh sa Nu leh pa hilo-in Nulepa (Gender or sex) Mun leh mual hilo-in Munlemual Khat leh khat hilo-in Khatlekhat (4) Min malgawm kibang awsuah kidangte i gelh ciangin a kikhen thei dingin /h/ zat ding ahi hi. A kisap keileh zathamtang ding hi lo hi. Gentehna in: Cing (kicing) le Cingh (pianuam) Vung (Tuivung) le a dang Vungh Khai Lang, Cin, Lam, Than, ing, ung, hang cihte ah telkhialh ding om lo ahih manin h kulse lo hi. Lai hong khak ing (ingh), hong lamen ing (ingh).

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(5) Ihmu cih ciangin ih zathuai-a, ahih hangin ‘ih nu ih’ pa ci nawn selo-in, ‘i nu i pa’ cih ding ahi hi. Mi tampi in hi ci in gelh khinta a, mi a tamzaw in hoihsa in kizuizui ta hi. Gentehna in: i lawmte tawh ihmut nuamdiak hi.

6.2.2. ‘A’ zatzia Tedim kampau pen ‘a’ a limzat mahmah kampau khat ahi hi. “Pasian in leitung mite hong it mahmah ahih manin ama Tapa a um mikhempeuh si nawnloin a hin’ tawntung theihna dingun a Tapa neihsun a hong piak dongin a hong itna a hong lak hi” Johan 3:16 ‘A’ kizatna a tawm pen namthum om hi. Tuate in: 1. Mintang (pronoun) dinmuna kizang ‘a’ Hih dan a kizang a peuhmah tangdin den ding hi. a lawmnu, a ballpen, a lungsim. 2. Kamzopna (conjunction) ‘a’ Kamzopna khempeuh tuamdin lo dinga, awpheikop tawh a kinai leh thekna tawh kidei ding hi. Kamzopna hi a, kamvui tumtawng ahih manin, a khit ciang coma /,/ in zui den zaw hi. dinga, hong pai-a, khituite a luang dinga, 3. Mangkangte in copula verb a cih ‘a’ Hih kammal pen pawlkhatte in mintang (pronoun) hi-a, tangdin ding hi ci uh hi. A hi, na hi, ka hi: dinmun in laleng ahi ding bang napi, ngaihsun phapha leeng hikhin lo hi. Mangte’ is, Mizote’ ani, Falam/ Hakhate’ asi tawh kibangzaw hi. Tua ban ah, asia - 78 -

apha, asuk ato cih kammalte ah a pen pronoun hi het lo hi. Tua ahih manin hih bang munte ah a tangdin kei leh hoihzaw hi. ahi hi, ahih hangin, asia apha, asuk ato,

6.2.3. ‘in’ zatzia Tedim kam ah in kizatna tam mahmah hi. (Inn (house) pen hun masa lai-in in ci-in kigelha, Mizote in tuni dong, ‘in’ ci-in gelh lai uh hi. Cope topa hun lai a kipan-in, inn, tuu cihte a tuam vilvel (exceptional) in a na zat, i zuihsuak ahi hi.) ‘in’ kizatna tuamtuamte endih ni. 1. Sawlna (Imperative particle) khat-in a din ciang, kamvuicing dawn ah om ding a, tuam din ding hi. - Hiah tu in la, pau kei in. Mei kiangah tu kei in. 2. Kamzopna (conjunction) in a din ciang, a ma-a, kammal tawh kimat dinga, coma (,) in zui ding hi. -Pasian in hong itin, hong honkhia hi. Hong pai ciangin, Japan gallai-in, Khomun a lakkhit ciangin, Tedim pai-in, 3. A semkhia pa/nu dinmun (Subject marker) genna-in, a kizat ciangin, tuam din dinga, coma tawh kidei lo ding hi. - Sai in keel mawlpih leh, keel in thuak zo lo ding hi. Pasian in ki-itna ahi hi. Jesuh in Topa hi.

6.2.4. ‘ia’ le ‘ua’ zatzia Tedim mite i pau ciangin kammal pawlkhat kikhel se hi. Pia hinapi kammal khat tawh a kinai ciangin pe ve ci-in kisim hi. Ahih hangin pia in kigelh hi. Ei Tedim mite in ngaihsutsut kul loin, ama thu-a, kikhel ziauziau ahi hi. - 79 -

Minam dangte in Tedim kam hong sinsawm leh telhaksa mahmah dinga, nawngkai zong sa mahmah ding hi. Hih bang dan-a, kammal kikhelte pen vowel assimilation Lai-aw lamban kici hi. Kammal bul khat om khin gige napi i paukhiat ciangin a kikhelte ahi hi. Tedim kam ah a kituaci khel lai-aw kop kopnih om a, tuate in ‘ia’ le ‘ua’ ahi hi. Hih lai-aw-kop (glide) te Tedim lei in asuk ato zui selo-in, lamban tawn hi. Tua bangin lamban a tot ciangin, a aw kikhela, ia pen e, ua pen aw suak hi. Gentehna: ‘ia’ pen ‘e’ in kikhel hi. Bia = Gia = Kia = Khia = Pia = Phia = Sia = Zia =

Eite in dawi i be (bia) kei hi. Ak ge (gia) nel tawh sawnkai kibawl hi. Na laikung ke (kia) sak ke’n. Na vangikte khe (khia) suk in. Pasian in a tapa hong pe (pia) lo hi leh Khawphe (phia) lep mei i kisam hi. Zu in na pumpi hong se (sia) sak thei hi. Ze (zia)-etna pan Ze (zia) kai lo-in hong kikhelkik in. ‘ua’ pen ‘aw’ in kkhel hi. Bua= Si kibaw(bua) lo in mawhna mai theilo hi. Gua = Gaw (gua) dawn ah vaphual tuang hi. Hua = A ki-itte kihaw (hua) lo hi. Kua = Zusa kaw (kua) sungah gullut hi. Khua = Khaw (khua) Cin innpi kua’n luah hiam? Lua = Luak a suak leh law (lua) khia vet in. Pua = Mawhnate Jesuh kipaw (pua) sak hi. Vua = ‘Hong vaw (vua) kha ning’ peuh cikha ken. Hih awphei lamban (vowel Assimilation) thu ah - 80 -

(1) CVV aw kilamzia bek ah om thei hi. (2) Lai-aw kop CVV dingin V nunung pen /a/ hi hamtang ding a, V masa pen /ia/ ahih keileh /ua/ hi ding hi. (3) /ua/ ci ding kimlai lei in lamban a tot ciang /aw/ suak hi. (4) /ia/ ci ding kimlai lei in lamban a tot ciang /e/ aw ‘ia’ le ‘ua’ dapphah a, Tedim kampau awmal kikhelna thu a tomin hizah ciphot ni. Awmal kikhel napi laigelh ciangin khel sese kul lo hi. Ahih hangin sim ciangin a kikhel awmal bangin kisim hi Tedim kam laigelhzia ah zatzia tuamkai namnih bang kimu thei hi. Mai

Nung

Cip i u Lai e aw Ka a Tedim kam lai-aw lamban lahna Nidang in mingelhna ah Khua pen awsuak bulphuh in kigelh a, laimalgawm tuamtuam kizang hi. Khua = Khaw: Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang Khua = Kho: Rev Cin Kho Gin Khua = Ko: Dr Vum Ko Hau

in awsuak bangin gelhlo-in, a kammalbul bang a gelh i hi hi.

6.2.5. Kammal kikhelte (word alternation)

Kammal kikhel cih pen Mangkangte in Word alternation ci uh hi. Kammal kikhel cih pen gentehna: Ngen un, na nget uh leh na ngah ding uh hi. Zong un, na zon uh leh na mu ding uh hi. Kiu un, na kiuh uh leh kongkhak hong kihon ding hi. Hih ci banga kammal kikhel bualbual a koi ci hiam? cih thu tawm kikum dih ni. Tedim kam-ah kammal khat (a) min (nominalized word) a suah ciangin, kikhel hi. mangthang pen manthanna. Tua ciangin (b) adverbial clause a, a kizat ciang leh kikhel leuleu hi. ngen un, na nget uh leh. (c) kammalzem tawh a kimat ciangin kikhel hamtang hi. Ngetbeh, lupsan, Hih banga kammal kikhel pen (a) Tatna kammal zong hi thei a, (Verb alternation) Gentehna: Pai – paina, (laimal kikhel lo aw kikhel) Muang – Nong muan leh (laimal le aw kikhel), Tu – tutna (laimal le aw kikhel), Mangthang – manthanna (laimal le aw a kop in kikhel)

Tua ciangin ‘ziaetna’ ding hinapi ‘ze-etna’ kici a, tuni dong mah zang suaksuak hi hang. Tua bangte lo buang a huampi

Tua ban-ah (b) Pianzia kammal kikhel (adjective alternation) zong hi thei hi. Gentehna: Lim–An a lim leh (laimal kikhel lo, aw kikhel), Lian – Naupang a let ciangin (laimal le aw kikhel), Siang – sianthona (laimal le aw kikhel).

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Tu nainai ciangin min gelhna ah Khua a zang om hi.

Zo kam-ah kammal a kikhel ciangin, pawlkhatte (1) Awmal khakna Laimung (final consonant) kikhel hi. Pawlkhatte (2) awphei (vowel) kikhel hi. Awsang-awniam a kikhel ciangin a sangte a lai ah, a laite a niam ah, a niamte a tom ah dawlkhat ta kia hi. Hih kammal kikhel pen Henderson in Form I le Form II na ci hi. Ama’n bel tatna (verb) bekah gen-a, pianzia genna (adjective) ah zong kimu thei hi. Awkia (Falling tone) peuhmah kammal awmung tawh kikhak hi. Tatna le pianziate kammal namnih in kikhen thei den hi. Kammal bul pen Form I regular kici a, tua form I regular a kikhel ciangin Form II irregular suak hi. Awmal luanzia thukhun (phonological rule) tawh zong kituak hi. Awphei nam Abul

Kikhel

CVVC Luang Luan CVC Sat Sat CVV Pai Pai CV Na Nat Kammal zuia kikhelte Laimung khak kikhel sum sup Suplebai man mat Galmat samat lam lap Salu lap sem sep Sep hi lo … cim cip Mencipna hom hop Hoptak sa keng sin sit Anbel na sit khit ciang kun kut Kikutkut kul kilkel kei kem kep Keplekhoi kullo hi. - 83 -

Laimung khak kikhiam lang lat Jesuh hong kilat ciang beng bet The betkhiat bang ei dong dot Tong dot bu tang tan Nang na tan leh deng den Mo den ni hong hon Na kongza hon in nung nun Huihnunna Hiam hep Hiam mah e, hep kul ke’n Nuam nop a nopna Zawn zot Kong zot laitak in Laimung khak kibelh Ba bat Bat dang kei nei Hu huk A vang huk na ding De det Mei hong det ve Ci cih Kituacih se dah ni. va vak Ka kivakna hi kei ne nek Nekna dawnna zo zoh Zohthawh thutawh Aw kikhel-in /h/ kibehlap Lawi loih In loih ding hoih lo hi. nei neih Neihlelam kui kuih Hong kuih khak leh hau hauh Hauhna-manna go gawh Gawhlelup kal kalh Pasian hong kalh thu bel belh Belh le muan vul vulh Vok hulh kimeet kei. gual golh Kigolh laitak sial selh Kiselh nang om kei - 84 -

kap phop hak nek bawk giak gik suak

kah phoh hah neh bawh giah gih suah

Aw bek kikhel Hal hal Phul phul Khual khual Mial mial Khop khop Bak bak Siak siak Phum phum Pho pho Pai pai Dik dik Nuak nuak Dei dei Tui tui Gau gau Do do zan zan kham kham khem khem gim gim tom tom

Ka kahna khitui Puan ka phoh laitak Zan hah nitak Hong nehneh ke’n A bawhvak laitak Giahphual sat A gih leh khe ve. Na suah ni ciang

Gam kihalna Huang a phul leh Na kithukhualsak leh Khua a mial ciang Van na khop leh Zuha na bak ciang Na siak khit ciang A kiphumna hankhuk An ka pho ciang Hong pai ciangin Huih ka dik laitak Nuakna bawl uh hi. Inn dei tungnung ah Ak a tui leh Vaimim a gau ciang Gal kidona A zan dikdek ciang An na kham leh Kong khemna hi. Gimna tawlna Khan tomna thu - 85 -

cim sin tun tuan pi zai tuk

cim sin tun tuan pi zai tuk

Gencim thei keng Zolai sinna Sunsiah tunna Tuantuan ke’n Mopi pawi A zaina Thaltuk kha ing

6.2.6. Awsang le awniam (Tone) Tedim Zopau pen awsang-awniam nei kampau nam (tonal language) ahi hi. Ahih hangin aw-ciaptehna (tone mark) omlo-in lai kigelh hi. Tua bangpi mahin, kum 100 phial bang kizang khin hi. Awsang awniam a kibulhloh hangin atung-anuai enkak peuh leng kitel thei hi. Kammal khempeuh in awsang-awniam nei kima, awmal (tone mark) kibulh kim thei hi. Ahih hangin bulhkim leeng buaihuai mahmah dinga, mipi in kisangkim zolo ding hi. Ciaptehna a omloh mana, a kitelkhial ding kammalte pawlkhat om hi. Tam lo hi. Neihhuai napi, neihloh phamawh (heavy functional load) hilo cih ding ahi hi. I neihloh mana, a buaihuaina sangin, i neih mana buaihuaina lianzaw hi. Tedim kampau awsang-awniam neihzah tawh kisai in ngaihsutna nam li bang om hi. Tuate in: (1) S. T. Hau Go (1983:vi) in Kei ka pai hi cih kammal li bulphuh in Tedim kam ah aw bul li om hi ci in Xristian La (Tedim Kam) thu patna ah gelh hi Kei = kahto =rising ka = kiasuk =falling - 86 -

pai hi.

= pheipai = sawikah

=mid =

(2) Vul Za Thang le J. Gin Za Tuang (1975: vii) in awlaiawsau le awtom kigawmin, kua phasak uh hi. (3) ZCLS Linguistic Conference (1984) in aw-thum na phasak uh hi. Zomite in kibik (kilong) tawh thu gen thei i hih manin kilong bukhat zah, a bul a lai a eu Tedim kampau ah aw sang aw niam le aw lai namthum om hi, na ci uh hi. Henderson (1965:19), Ostapirat (1998:235) le Luce (1959) te in zong aw thum mah hi na ci uh hi. (4) “Huan ah zulei a tai hi” cih kammal tungtawn in Tedim mite Zokam ah awsang-awniam nam nga om dingin ka um hi. Tuate in, aw niam, aw lai, aw sang, aw kah, aw kia cihte ahi hi. Huan = aw kia = falling = 1 ah = aw niam = low = 2 = 3 zu = aw sang = high lei = aw kah = high rising = 4 a = aw niam = low tai = aw lai = mid = 5 hi = aw kia = falling (high falling) Awtom, awsau le awsang awniam-te a tonkhawmkhawm ahih manin amau kizatdante a nuaia bang ahi hi.

Aw sang Aw lai

tang

A khiatna/ a kizatna

aw tom aw sau aw tom

Thau tang, ankam tang Tang = aiawh, sa tang hawl, Antang=an nelo, tang= kawi lo - 87 -

Aw niam

aw sau aw tom aw sau

Nitang, tang le vaimim tang natna, za tangkhat, leitang kiplo = kiling, vaimim tang khat

6.3. Kammal gawm Zolai gelhzia ah a kisam mahmah khat in Kammal gawmzia ahi hi. Lai a kigelh ciangin lai simte in olno tak a, a sim khiat theih ding thupi mahmah hi. Kammal gawm siam loh manin khiatna tuam dang a neih khak ding ngaihsut huai hi. A kigelh bang lianlian (encoding) a kisim khiat theih ding (decoding) kisam hi. Gentehna in: = Ka tanu mei kiangah tu kei in. = Ka ta numei kiangah tu kei in. A tanu kiangah mei kianga tu lo dinga a sawl maw, ahih kei leh a tapa kiangah numei kianga tu lo dinga a thuhilh maw cih kikhen thei lo hi. Kammal gawmzia ding ngaihsut piakna nam 7 kikum ni. 1. Khiatna khatnei awmalte gawm ding, 2. Kammal kithuapte gawm ding, 3. Pauzepna kammalte gawm ding 4. Mathuapte a zom kammal tawh kimat ding: 5. Nungthuapte a mai a kammal tawh kimat ding: 6. Nungthuap-mathuap kikopte gawmkhawm ding 7. Kammal saute thekna tawh khen ding

6.3.1. Khiatna khat nei awmalte gawm ding Khiatna nei kammalte i gelh ciangin awmal (syllable) khatval a phak leh a kopin gelh ding ahi hi. Khiatna khat nei cih ciangin Kawlgam, Mangkam zatzia khawng tawh zong kingaihsun thei hi. Gentehna in, SA cih ciangin - 88 -

Voksa, Aksa om hi. KHI cih ciangin ngawng-a ki-awh khi om hi. Ahih hangin SAKHI cih ciangin i gensa thute tawh a tuamtuak hi-a, Sa le Khi kigawm maimai hi nawn lo hi. Ganhing Sakhi cihna hi-a, khen hi lo-a, gawm ding ahi hi.

6.3.2. Kammal nih a kithuapte gawm ding Zo kampau ah kammal kithuap tam mahmah hi. Tua bang kammal kithuap peuhpeuh gawm pahpah lel leng kikhial lo hi. Tatna zem, pianzia zemte tawh kibang cih ding ahi hi. Tatna zem pianzia zemte pen awmal khat bek hi loin awmal kihualte a kopa kizang zong om hi. Gentehna in: Pai pahpah, khang toto, hoih mahmah, pai sese Pai lanlan, Tu kheukhau, Tai zaza, ding zeza

6.3.3. Pau zepna kammal (particle) te gawm ding Pau zepna kammal cih ciangin Mangte in (Particle) acihte ahi hi. Zokam ah tampi om hi. Gentehna in: zawzen, zawsop, zawlai, aive tazen, Mataw, khiamawk, tanghial, laidep, Mate,

6.3.4. Mathuapte a zom kammal tawh kimat ding: Mathuap (prefix) kammal ki-, pi-, te a kipan a om peuhpeuh a zom kammal tawh kimat ding hi. A kimat manin a khiatna a kitelkhial thei dingte thekna tawh kikhen ding hi. ki-: kideih, kiho, kilukhuh, kimawl, ki-um, ki-it pi-: pibawl, picing, pimuh, pingaihsut, pisuah,

6.3.5. Nungthuapte a mai kammal tawh kimat ding: - 89 -

Tedim kam ah nungthuap (suffix) kammal tam simsim om hi. Tuate in –bawl, dan, -huai, -kha, -khia, -khial, lam, -pi, -pih, -sa, -sak, -tan, -vai, ahi uh hi. A dang zong omlai ding hi. Hih kammalte a kizat ciangin a mai a kammal tawh kimat ding hi. A khiatna a kitelkhial thei dingte thekna tawh kikhen ding hi. Gentehna in: -bawl: cilbawl, khembawl, pawlbawl, deihbawl -dan: bawldan, itdan, muhdan, omdan, zatdan -huai: dahhuai, haihuai, ithuai, pahtak-huai -kha: genkha, khialkha, lawngkha, nekha, sukha -khia: genkhia, honkhia, lakhia, mukhia, lawnkhia -khial: enkhial, mukhial, paukhial, telkhial, -lam: deihlam, gollam, hauhlam, khanlam, teklam -pi: bulpi, huihpi, innpi, lianpi, lopi, papi, tampi -pih: hopih, lungdampih, paipih, sihpih, tonpih -sa: baihsa, neksa, luaksa, sepsa, mokhaksa -sak: damsak, deihsak, maisak, siasak -tan: kuaitan, nawktan, paltan, pektan -vai: cilvai, haivai, khantohvai, naupangvai -san: Paisan, taisan, ciahsan -sat: Kapsat, khensat

6.3. 6. Nungthuap-mathuap kikopte gawm ding Mathuap le nungthuap a kopa kithuah khawm kammalte kimat ding hi. A kitelkhial thei dingte thekna tawh kikhen ding hi. Thekna tawh a kikhen ciangin a kammal khiatna ngaihsun in khensiam ding kisam hi. ki- -bawl kihaibawl, kikhembawl, kilelhbawl ki- -dan: kideihsakdan, ki-itdan, kikep-dan ki- -kha: kipalkha, kiphukha, kisukha ki- -khia: kihawlkhia, kikhahkhia, kilawnkhia, - 90 -

ki- -khial: ki- -pih: ki- -sak:

kitelkhial, kitheikhial, kizangkhial kiciahpih, kinuampih, kithuahpih, kideihsak, kiphasak, kikhaisasak

6.3. 7. Awmal saute thekna tawh khen ding

Awmal thum val pha-a, a sauluate khen nih suahin, thekna tawh kipeh thei hi. Gentehna. sakhi-tuihup, pheituam-sungten, khuasia-meide, va-singdangtu kihehpih-huaisakna kisimmawh-bawlna Awmal sau mawkmawk hilo-a, Zomite’ i neih Kamkop mal-lite thekna tawh peh ding hi. annek-tuidawn cimawh-genthei gilkial-dangtak huansak-huankhang ankhing-tuibuk Kawlgam-vaigam innma-loma innmun-logam khualu-khuataw nungak-tangval pitek-putek singkung-lopa sungta-putu zusa-vasa hawhna-ciahna thucin-thutang cidam-mulmam khamtheih-guihtheih Thukhupna Hih thulu 7 teng banah kikup theih ding thulu tampi om lai hi. Tua ahih manin mailam ah zomzom lai-a, a hoih semsem ding le sauvei a kizang toto dingin zun lailai ding hi hang.

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Khen 7 ZOMI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY Thumasa Tedim kampau Zomite ZCLS a thei lo kuamah ki-om lo hi. Ahih hangin ZCLS koici pian a bang sem hiam cih a bul theih kitawm mahmah kha ding hi. Tua ahih manin ZCLS hong kipat zia le a nasepte a tomin kong pulak hi. Zolai a khantoh nadingin mapang bulpi in ZCLS hi a, a ban zomin ZOLUS zong mapang pi khat ahi hi.

7.1 TBA zawhngeu upat Cope topa hun laia kipanin khamtung gambup lai le sang laibu khet khiatna dingin Tedim khua in phualpi ahi hi. 1948 kum TBA, FBA, HBA hong pian ciangin Falam saksiah Kham tunggam saklam khempeuh a kigawm tuahna phungpi in TBA ahi hi. Tua huna kipanin Lai Siangtho, Labu le Biakna laite TBA in sem hi. Ahi zongin Pawlpi khangtoto in kumpi ki-ukna in gam hong khen ciangin, 1962 kum in Zo Baptist Association, 1975 kumin Tonzang Township Baptist Association, 1977 kum in Siyin Region Baptist Association hong piang hi. Tua banah Zogam panin gamnuam a zuan Zomite in Kawl zang le Tamu zang dung suk tengah kiphalh suk in KVBA, KZBA, TVBA te hong piang hi. Hih bang teng hangin TBA pen a masa laia sangin a thahatna seh thum suah seh khat bang kiam na, zawhngeu upat bang bek hi-in biakna lai lam sang TBA bek in vai hawm khinzo nawn lo hi. - 92 -

7.2 Thuhilh siate kipawl khawm nuam: TBA pan Association tuamtuam a kikhen ciangin thuhilh siate kimuh khopna hong vang semsem hi. I mun i phual ciat pan ki-itin, kikhialahin om uh ahih manin “Khamtung gam Saklam Thuhilhsia Kipawlna” (KSTSK) na phuan uh hi. 1980 kum ciangin, “Zomi Thuhilh Sia Kipawlna” (ZTSK) na ci leuleu uh hi. Hih maban zomin TBA in tuni dong TSK min tawh kipawlna neisuak lei uh hi. Hih kipawlna in ZCLS hong pian na’ng lam a sial khol ahi hi.

7.3 ZBC kikhop (Kalaymyo) lai-in: 1980 kum in ZBC Trienial kikhop Kalaymyo ah kibawl hi. Tua hun lai-in Rev. Paul Thuam Thang pen TVBA General Secretary hi a, Falam Lai Siangtho sangah sangsia a sep hun a kipan kum 20 sung bang ZBC vaihawmna khempeuh ah kihel denpa ahi hi. Amah in ZBC gamsung Tedim kampaute kithuhual ding a deihluat manin mipi zintun nitak in meeting khat sam hi. Seikkantha a Pa Ngin Khaw Thang inn-ah a nuaia upateng na kimu uh hi. 1. Rev. Sein Twe 2. Rev. Mang Cin Thang 3. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap 4. Rev. Thang Khaw Khai 5. Rev. Thuam Khan Do 6. Rev. Cin Kam 7. Rev. Thang Kam 8. Rev. Son Khaw Kham 9. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau 10. Rev. Thawng Khaw Hau 11. Rev. Kap Luia - 93 -

KBCA KCBA KVBA KVBA KVBA TBA TBA TBA SRBA SRBA TTBA

12. Rev. Khup Khen Thang 13. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang 14. Rev. Mang Cin 15. Cin Min Thang 16. Rev. Kai Khaw Thawn 17. Rev. Pau Khaw Let 18. Rev. Vang Khaw Sei 19. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang 21. Pa Thang Khaw Tuan 22. Pa Lian Khan Dal

TTBA TTBA ZBAII ZBA II KCBA KCBA KVTBA TVBA TVBA TVBA

Hih meeting tungtangah bangmah thukhensatna om thei nai lo a, kipawlkhop ding lunggulhna le pianthak thu hanga pawlpi sung buainate kikupkhop theih nading deihna thu tampi kikum uh hi. Khalkha khua a kibawl ding ZBC Ministers’ Conference ah khat vei kimu kikin, vaihawm khawm ni, ci-in kikhen uh hi.

7.4 Hakha khua U Lian Ci’ inn-ah ZBC Ministers’ Conference Khalkha khua ah kibawl 1980 kum April kha sung kibawl takpi a, Kawlpi pan thu kivai khak na om bangin a nuaia makaiteng U Lian Ci’ (Chin State Party Unit member) innah April 24 ni nitak 6:30 hun-in thu kikupna lianpi khat na nei uh hi. 1. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang TVBA Secretary Temporary Chairman 2. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap KVBA Secretary Recording Secretary 3. Rev. Thang Za Pau TBA 4. Rev. T. Vang Khaw Sei KVTBA 5. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau SRBA - 94 -

6. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang 7. Rev. D. Kap Luia 8. Rev. Khup Khen Thang 9. Rev. Cin Kam 10. Rev. Kam Khaw Thang 11. Rev. Thang Kam 12. Rev. Cin Khan Dal 13. Rev. Son Khaw Kham 14. Rev. Khup Lian Thang 15. Rev. Cin Pau 16. Rev. P. Thian Khaw Let 17. Rev. Do Ngam 18. Rev. Mang Cin Thang 19. Rev. Gin Khaw Kam 20. Saya Hau Khan Eng 21. Saya Pum Hau 22. Saya Son Cin Pau 23. Saya Suang Cin Pau

TTBA TTBA TTBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA KCBA KCBA KBCA KBCA KBCA SRBA SRBA SRBA

Hih makaitengin Tedim Literature Society neih dingin thukim uh a, Constitution and By-law a gel ding le vaikip vaihawm dingin a nuaia upateng kiseh pah hi. 1. Rev. Simon Pau Khan En, Convenor 2. Rev. D. Kap Luia 3. Rev. Cin Kam 4. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang 5. Rev. C. Tuang Khan Kap 6. Rev. Mang Cin Thang 7. Saya Joseph Pum Hau

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7.5 Committee te’n Leipi ah vaihawm A tunga Committee-te 1980 kum August 9-11 sung Kalaymyo Leipi Tuiphum pawlpi ah kimu khawm uh a, Constitution and By-law na gel uh hi. Tua ban-ah nipi sang thusin ding laibu 23 le a dangdang bu 12 tei ding le panmun len ding gel kholhna teng na vaihawm uh hi. Gelsa teng mipi tawh kipsakna dingin KSTSK meeting ah mipi sap khop dingin na khensat uh hi.

7.6 Tedim khua-ah ZCLS piang taktak KSTSK kikhop 1980 October kha 24-26 ni-in ZCLS kipat nang meeting kisam hi. Tua tung in KSTSK pen ZTSK ciin kilaih hi. Constitution and By-law kipsak uh a, Khalkha a Tedim Christian Literature Society (TCLS) kici pen Zomi Christian Literature Society (ZCLS) dingin lungkimna nei uh hi. Laibu bawl dingte kipsak uh a, panmun len ding kitel pah hi. Tedim meeting a ZCLS a phuankhia mimalteng a nuaia bang ahi hi. 1. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang 2. Rev. Simon Pau Khan En 3. Rev. Son Khaw Kham 4. Rev. Thang Khaw Khai 5. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang 6. Rev. Khup Khen Thang 7. Rev. Thang Za Pau 8. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap 9. Rev. Thuam Khan Do 10. Rev. Tual Khan Thang 11. Rev. Do Sian Thang 12. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau - 96 -

13. Rev. Khaat Khaw Gin 14. Rev. Zam Khan Khual 15. Rev. Lian Cin Mang 16. Rev. Mang Cin Thang 17. Rev. Sein Twe 18. Rev. Thang Kam 19. Rev. Cin Kam 20. Rev. Cin Pau 21. Rev. Mang Cin 22. Saya Suang Cin Pau 23. Saya Thang Hen Pau 24. Saya Kai Sawm Siing 25. Saya Nok Sian Pau 26. Saya Gin Khaw Kam 27. Saya Twel Khan Nang 28. Siama Ngiak Za Dim 29. Siama Zen Khan Cing Observer 30. Sia Pau Cin Thang 31. Saya Cin Lian Sum 32. Saya Gin Khan Nang 33. Saya Neng Za Sawm Akiseh thak makaiteng 1980 Thu ukpi Rev. Mang Cin Thang Thu ukpi huh 1 Rev. Tuang Khan Kap Thu ukpi huh 2 Rev. Thang Za Pau Thu zeekpi Rev. Paul Thuam Thang Thu zeekpi huh 1 Rev. S. Pau Khan En Thu zeekpi huh 2 Rev. Cin Kam Sumkem Rev. Thang Khaw Khai Sumsazian kem Rev. Sein Twe - 97 -

7.7. ZCLS NASEP THUPITE (1) Nipi sang le Upa thusinna ZCLS kipat cil lamin i gam sungah sanzia upzia tuamtuam hangin pawlpi kikhenna a om banah, Lai Siangtho lamlahna kisam kisa ahih manin thusinna 1983 kum a kipan 1987 ciang kumsimin kinei ngailhngelh a, kiphat tuam pih mahmah hi. (2) Zolai khantoh na’ng kikupna Lailam kipawlna ahih mah bangin Zolai gelhna puah le zun ding lunggulhna tawh anuai a bangin kimuh tuahna kinei a, phattuam na tampi kineih lawh hi. 1982 kum February 2-5 sungin Kalaymyo ah Tedim, Linguistic Conference kibawl a, Zopau le Zokambul kanna’ laibu hong piang hi. 1982 October 15-17 sung Lai Siangtho pawipi lai-in upa thusinna le linguistic Research kibawl hi. 1986 April 7-8 sungin Tedim khua ah Editors’ Conference kinei hi. 1987 February 16-19 sung Tedim ah “Laigelhte’ thu kikupna” ki nei hi. 1994 October 20-24 sung Leipi Pawlpi ah Zolai Seminar kinei a, “Zolai malgawmzia le lai paizia” cih laibu hong piang hi. Zolai seminar le thulu tuamtuam tawh thusinna banah, Zomi concert ci-in lasa siam minthangte lasakna hunpi kibawl toto-in a 12 veina ciang kibawl khin ta hi. - 98 -

(3) Laibu tuamtuam kibawl ZCLS in a bawl laibu thupite, (a) Gambupin i zat naupang pattahna Church School Laibu (CEEFI) 15 kibawl a, khangthakte in tampi hamphat lawh uh hi. (b) William Barlcay’ gelh nisim Lai Siangtho simna laibu (Hilhcian) a banban a bawl ding kigel a, tuin hilhcian bu 11 kizo ta hi. (c) A hunhun in Magazinete le khathum sim a kibawl Zolai Zunna kibawl hi. (4) Lai Siangtho le Labu Hun khat lai-in TBA in maban thupi a a neih, ZCLS i neih ciangin ZCLS maban hong suak ta hi. TBA tungtawnin maban i zop nasep thupi i neih in, Lai Siangtho bu khetna puahna le hawmkhiatna, Laibu puahna, khetna le hawm khiat nasep ahi hi. ZCLS om kei leh zong Lai Siangtho le labu i nei veve phial zongin, ZCLS i neih manin thupha hi cileng i khial het kei ding hi. 1984 pan kipan Rev. Kam Khaw Thang in hunbit laitei nasep sem hi.

Pinlong 8 a om i leitang pen ZCLS inn mun dingin kikipsak hi. Tu in ZO SIAN MUNG kici zum innkhat le Zo innpi (Museum) khat anei ihi hi.

7.7 Hunbit Secretaryte ZCLS nasepna ah panmun bucing takin kiguang hi a, hunbit Secretary te nuaia bang ahi hi. Rev. P. Thuam Thang Secretary 1981-90 Rev. Go Khen Thang Secretary 1990-96 Rev. Thawng Khan Cin (telcing napi sem man lo) Rev. Khoi Lam Thang Secretary 1996-99 Rev. Suan Khen Mung 1999-2008 Rev. Lian Khen Pau 2008-tuni dong

7.8 Hunbit laitei ZCLS nasepna ah hunbit laitei nasep pen Lai Siangtho bu le Sunday School laibu ading a thupi mahmah hi a, Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang in 1984 pan 2003 dong sem hi.

7.9 Tulaitak ZCLS

ZCLS kipat a kipanin bulkip dingin a kigel ahi hi. 1984 kum July kha in Pa Tuang Zamte innkuan in Kyats 25,000/- hong pia a, Kawlpi khuanawl, Leipi veng tawh a kizom Sanpya munah leitang lian mahmah khat kilei hi. Kumpi in hong laksak a, a dang innmun nih hong pia kik hi. Bogyoke lam dungah innmun neih ding makai masate in a geel den ahih mah bangin, a nga veina Trienial in

ZCLS nasepna ah ikipat lai zahin innkuan kikim nawn lo hi. Ahih hangin mimal le sumlepai kikhang semsem a, nasep a lian zawzaw a sem thei dingin Pasian in thupha hong pia hi. Hong kipawl teng: 1. Tedim Baptist Association 2. Tonzang Township Baptist Association 3. Tamu Valley Baptist Association 4. Tahan Pastor Area 5. Leipi Baptist Pastor Area 6. Pyidawtha/Yaukchokwin Pastor Area 7. Zozang Pastor Area

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- 100 -

(5) Neihsa innlelo

8. Munlai Pastor Area 9. Emmanuel Baptist Church 10. Phualpi Baptist Church 11. Tedim Baptist Church - Yangon 12. Tedim Association of Baptist 13. Northern Tedim Baptist Association 14. Southern Tedim Baptist Association 15. Zanggam Zomi Baptist Association 16. PCM - Phai 17. CBCM - Tahan 18. AG Tedim Section 19. Kalaymyo Baptist Church 20. Sawbwa Baptist Church 21. FGA - Nahnuai 22. Grace Baptist Church 23. AG - Section 2, Kalaymyo 24. Kansauzang Tedim Baptist Church 25. Bethel Zomi Baptist Church 26. Heilei Baptist Association 27. Bethany Zomi Baptist Church 28. Zosuan Baptist Church (NKVBA) 29. Mingaladon Zomi Baptist Church 30. Mandalay Zomi Baptist Church 31. Cikha Township Baptist Association 32. BCJC Zozang

Asipna Hih ZOKAM LE ZOLAI laibu neu tungtawn in Zolai simbu kum 100 cin ading theihhuai pawl khat i ngah ding ka lamen hi. Deih-el-lam taktak zo lo hi. Ahi zongin hih dapphahin puah-in zun toto ding hi hang. Ei Zomite in Leitung bup ah, Kawlgam ah, i Zomi pih tuamtuamte lak-ah bang dinmun taktak cih lungngai-in ei bangkua sung bangci kipumkhat thei ding cih vaipi-in pua khawm ni. Mitkeuh zawh kum 100 a cing liailiai Zomite in i Zolai nungtasak-in phungphasak ni. Ei kam, ei lai hi a, midangte in hong lainat pih lo ding hi. Jer 1:10; 29:11 Gam khempeuh le kumpi khempeuhte’ tungah a totkhia ding le a phelkhia dingin ahi zongin, a susia ding le a lawnkhia dingin ahi zongin, a lam ding le a phut dingin ahi zongin, tuni-in za, nang kong piazo hi,” hong ci hi. Jer 29:11 Bang hang hiam cih leh Topa in kong cihin-ah, mai lamah lametna note kong piakkik ding, na siatna ding uh hi loin na phattuamna ding uh geelna ka neihte kei bek in ka thei hi.

Thukhupna

“Puah kawm, Zun kawm-in Mainawt khawm ni”

Zolai a khantoh nading le Zolai tungtawn in Khristian nuntak picing i neih theih nadingin Pasian in makai masate na zang hi. A maban khangthakte liang ko tungah hong kisuan hi. Pasian in ZCLS thupha hong pia ta hen.

Kum 100 cin pan mai lam kum tampi dong Zokam le Zolai nungta-in khangto ta hen.

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Etkak laibute Bhaskararao, Peri. 1989. The process of chimming in Tiddim Chin. LTBA 12.1: 110-33. Burquest, Donald. A. and David L. Payne. 1993. Phonological Analysis: A functional Approach. Summer Institute of Linguistics. Grierson, George A. 1904[1987]. Languages of Northeastern India, Vol I, II, III. Calcutta: Office of Superintendent of Government Printing. [Delhi: Gian Publishing House.] Henderson, Eugenie J. A. 1965. Tiddim Chin: A descriptive analysis of two texts. New York: Oxford University Press. Khoi Lam Thang. 1999. Phonology of Tedim. Chiang Mai: Payap University manuscript. Kio, Stephen Hre. 1999. Laica ngan daan. (Falam mong) [Orthography of Falam]. Falam: Falam Chin Christian Literature Society. Luce, G. H. 1959. Chin Hills Linguistic tour (Dec. 1954) University project. (Journal of the Burmese Research Society). (June 1959) xlii.1:19-31. Naylor, L.B. 1925. A practical handbook of the Chin language (Siyin Dialect). Rangoon. Supdt., Govt. Printing and stationary, Burma. Ono Toro. 1965. Kyotsu-kuchi-chin-go no sai ko sei (1) Goto shi in [The reconstruction of Proto-Kuki-Chin: - 103 -

(1) Initial consonants]. Gengo Kenkyou [Language Research] 47:8-20. [In Japanese, with English summary]. Ostapirat, Weera. 1998. Tiddim C Etkak laibute Paul Thuam Thang (ed.) 1984. Special issue on Linguistic seminar 1982. Zolai Zuunna. 4:13. Kalaymyo: Zomi Christian Literature Society. Smalley, William A. Orthography Studies. The United Bible Societies. London: The North-Holland Publishing company. 1964 S.T. Hau Go 1983. Xristian La Tedim Kam – Preface. Tedim Christian Literature Center. Rangoon. Stephen Hre Kio 1999. LAICA NGANDAAN (Falam Tong). Falam Chin Christian Literature Society. Stubbs, Michael. 1980. The sociolinguistics of reading and writing. Thanga L.B. 1992. The Mizo Identity and Mizoram. Paper presented to the seminar on “Studies on the Minorities of Northeast India – The Mizos”, Organized by Directorate of Higher and TechnicalEducation, Government of Mizoram, Aizawl, April 7-9, 1978. Vul Za Thang and J. Gin Za Twang. 1953. How to spell, pronounce and learn Tiddim Chin words. Tedim, Chin State. Vul Za Thang and J Gin Za Tuang. 1975. Chin-English dictionary (Tiddim Chin). Experimental draft. ZCLS “Zolai simbu kum 85 cin laibu, 1999. Kalaymyo - 104 -

KIKUP HUAI THUTE 1.

Zokam, Zopau i cih ciang khum ngutngut hi. Lim ngaungau hi. I Zomi pih dangdangte tawh hong kisap khop nading min bang hoih pen dingin na um hiam? = Kamphen kul lo ei Zomite sungah ‘Zokam Zopau’ i cih ciangin huaikim zo taktak na sa hiam? Hong huaikim theih nadingin koici kalsuan ding i hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________

2. ‘Zokam killamzia’ tungtawn in na phawk thak thu khat peuh a om hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 3. ‘Zolai gelhzia’ tungtawn in na phawk thak thu khat peuh a om hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ - 105 -

4. ‘Cope topa hanciamna le nuntakna’ tungtawn in na phawk thak thu khat peuh a om hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 5. ‘Kum 100 a cing Zolai Simbu’ maban puah ding, zun ding bangteng om nasa hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 6. Tu zawh kum 100 hong cin kik ciangin Zomite le i Zokam, i Zolai bangci dinmun taktak ah om dingin sunmang na nei hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 7. Zolai Simbu kum 100 cin mualsuang dingin bang hih huai na sa hiam? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ - 106 -