Zapata Excent

 

 

FEÆK Q Q \ N QMÖC NM RFTF^F F QKFNF MZAÌE^X AF  E^M@XFE^MQ22  E^M@XFE^MQ @FXAÏF KMÑE HM^QQ\ FKHMX^C JFXC BCMK \FEFA ^CKMNC KLENF AFQ^LKKC TLEMNC BCQ]Ì

8460

PLENCPQ YLQF WQmkmaalcem kf imajf_

 

L.

LE^XCN]AALÑE Kfs zfpftfs pumnme smr nm jcrol`ñe me ofsf c frofnc ace pkfetf aufnrfnf c rmatfe`ukfr acoc alometfalñe nm scpcrtms vmrafkms pmrtmemalmetms f mstruaturfs nm mnlafalñe, schrm sumkcs jcoc`ìemcs nm mstrf`rff smeslhkmometm jcrlzcetfk.

Kfs zfpftfs flskfnfs pfrf kf alometfalñe nm afnf scpcrtm me `memrfk smræe ametrfnfs ace mk olsoc, sfkvc kfs sltufnfs me klenmrcs y omnlfemrïfs, smræe nm jcrol`ñe frofnc pfrf roms supmralfkms c me ofsf pfrf roms fk`c oæs prciuencs. Nm pkfetf aufnrfnf acoc cpalñe `memrfk. Nm pkfetf rmatfe`ukfr, aufenc kfs aufnrfnfs mqulvfkmetms qumnme ouy prñxlofs, c pfrf rm`ukfrlzfr kcs vumkcs me kcs afscs nm scpcrtms ouy fkfr`fncs c nm pfetfkkfs. Acoc ectf lopcrtfetm jfy qum nmalr qum sm lenmpmenlzfrfe kfs alometfalcems y kfs mstruaturfs qum mstìe sltufncs me tmrrmecs qum prmsmetme nlsaceeuln nlsaceeulnfnms fnms c afohlcs sustfealfkms nm su efturfkmzf, nm icrof qum kfs nlsetfs pfrtms nm mnlalc qumnme alometfnfs me tmrrmecs jcoc`ìemcs. Tcr kc qum mk pkfec nm fpcyc nm kf alometfalñe smræ jcrlzcetfk c kl`mrfometm msafkcefnc sufvlzfenc kcs nmselvmkms hrusacs nm kf mnlafalñe. Kf prciuenlnfn nmk pkfec nm fpcyc c mkmaalñe nmk rom, sm bfrf me iuealñe nm kfs nmtmrolefalcems nmk leicrom `mctìaelac, tmelmenc me aumetf qum mk tmrrmec qum qumnf pcr nmhfbc nm kf alometfalñe ec qumnm fktmrfnc, acoc yf jm nlajc fetms, pfrf kf alometfalñe, c ombcr nlajc, pfrf sfhmr quì pc nm amometfalñe jmocs nm uklzfr, tmemocs qum sfhmr mk pc nm tmrrmec ace mk qum ecs vfocs f meacetrfr (leicrom `mctìaelac). Me mstm leicrom nfrmocs f acecamr kf nmelalñe fsï acoc tfohlìe mk nlsmöc y feæklsls nm uef zfpftf flskfnf mxaìetrlaf.

 

LL.

CHBM^CQ2 CHBM^LYC @MEMXFK 

Aceca cecamr mr kfs kfs aces acesln lnmr mrfa falc lcem emss qu qumm sm nm nmhm hm nm tm tmem emrr pf pfrf rf mk prca prcams msc c acestruavc pfrf mk nlsmöc nm zfpftfs flskfnfs mxaìetrlafs.

CHBM^LYCQ MQTMAÏILACQ.   

Acecamr kf nlspcslalñe nm feakfbm nm kfs frofnurfs me nlsmöc nm zfpftf flskfnf mxaìetrlaf Lnmeafr y acecamr auækms sce kfs afrfatmrïsafs nm kf zfpftfs Xmacecamr aufkms sce kcs pcs nm zfpftfs

 

LLL.

ACEAMT^CQ @MEMXFKMQ LL.6. RFTF^FQ ]ef zfpf ]ef zfpftf tf (f vm vmam amss kkfo kkfofn fnff fp fpcy cyc) c) ms ue p pc c nm al alom omet etfa falñ lñe e su supm pmr ral alfk fk (ecrof (ec rofkom kometm etm flskfn flskfnf), f), qum pumnm pumnm smr mopkm mopkmfnf fnf me tmrrme tmrrmecs cs rfzcef rfzcefhkm hkmome ometm tm jcoc`ìemcs y nm rmslstmealfs f acoprmslñe omnlfs c fktfs. Aceslstme me ue feajc prlsof nm jcrol`ñe (acearmtc) sltufnc hfbc kcs plkfrms nm kf mstruaturf. Iuealñ Iue alñe2 e2 Ms trfesolr fk tmrrmec kfs tmeslcems f qum mstæ scomnf mk rmstc nm kf mstrua mst ruatur turff y feakfr feakfrkf. kf. Aufenc Aufenc ec ms pcslhk pcslhkmm mopkmf mopkmfrr zfpftf zfpftfss nmhm nmhm rmaurr rmaurrlrs lrsmm f alometfalñe pcr plkctfbm c kcsfs nm alometfalñe.

LL.8. RFTF^FQ FLQKFNFQ Ms fqumkkf zfpftf me fk qum nmsafesf c rmafm ue sckc plkfr. Meafr`fnf nm trfesolr f trfvìs nm su supmralm nm alometfalñe kfs afr`fs fk tmrrmec. ]ef vfrlfetm nm zfpftf flskfnf fpfrmam me mnlalcs ace buetf nm nlkftfalñe y me mstm afsc sm nmecolef " zfpftf fbc plkfr me buetf nm nlfpfsñe‟. Kf zfpftf ec emamsltf buetf pums fk mstfr mopctrfnf me mk tmrrmec ec sm vm fimatfnf pcr kcs afohlcs tìrolacs, fuequm me kfs mstruaturfs sï qum ms ecrofk fnmoæs nm facesmbfhkm pcemr uef buetf afnf 14 ots fprcxlofnfometm, me mstcs afscs kf zfpftf sm afkaukf acoc sl schrm mkkf sckc rmafymsm ue òelac plkfr. Lopcrtfetm ms sfhmr qum fnmoæs nmk pmsc nmk mnlalc y kfs schrm afr`fs, jfy qum tmemr tfohlìe meaumetrf mk pmsc nm kfs mrrfs qum nmsafesfe schrm sus vumkcs.

 

LY.

RFTF^FQ FL FLQKFN FNF FQ MZ MZAÌE^XLAFQ Qce ue pc nm Alometfalcems pcr Rfpftfs. Qce kfs tfohlìe kkfofnfs Rfpftfs nm Omnlfemrïf. Ms mk afsc me mk aufk mk plkfr c kf pfrmn nm afr`f (omnlfemrf) qum fpcyf schrm uef zfpftf flskfnf c aceeòf, mstæ tcafenc mk kïoltm nmk prmnlc, y kf afr`f ec pumnm qumnfr ametrfnf me mk alolmetc. Nm jmajc, ìstf qumnfrïf iumrf nm kcs kïoltms nmk sckfr7 metceams, ms emamsfrlc qum mk plkfr c kf pfrmn afr`ume me ue mxtrmoc nm kf zfpftf. Tcr mkkc, f mstm pc nm zfpftf sm kf nmecolef mxaìetrlaf. NLQTCQLALÑE NM FEAKFBM NM KFQ FXOFN]XFQ 6. Nmpmen Nmpmenlme lmenc nc nmk nmk pc nm vumkc vumkc 2 Yumkc omecr nm kf fkturf Qmrf feakfnf f pfrr nm kf zcef qum nmbm nm mstfr, c nm smr kf frofnurf me kce`ltun rmatf. Qm feakfrf pcr pfkkf. 8. Yu Yumk mkc c ofy ofycr cr qum qum kf fktu fkturf rf Qm feakfrf f pfrr nm kf kce`ltun j pcr prckce`falñe y aufenc ec qumpf pcr pfkkf.

AFE^CQ OÏELOCQ \ FXOFN]XFQ OÏELOFQ2

 

Mk afetc oïeloc me mk hcrnm nm kfs zfpftfs nm jcrol`ñe me ofsf ec smræ leimrlcr f 1= aos. Me zfpftfs nm jcrol`ñe frofnc ec smræ leimrlcr f 8= aos. Me meampfncs nm plkctms (qum sm aceslnmrfe zfpftfs) ec smræ leimrlcr nm >4 aos c ec leimrlcr nm 6.= vmams mk nlæomtrc nmk plkctm.   Kf frofnurf trfesvmrsfk oïelof ms c smræ afpfz nm fhscrhmr msiumrzcs acrtfetms y nm puezcefolmetc, c kc qum ms kc olsoc, loplnme qum mk plkfr letmetm pmemtrfr me mk tmrrmec. - Me zfpft zfpftfs fs y me meamp ampfnc fncss pc 6 ec ec ms emam emamsfr sfrlf lf frofn frofnurf urf trfe trfesvm svmrsf rsfkk - Me zfpftf zfpftfss y meampfncs meampfncs pc 8 sï qum ms emams emamsfrlf frlf kf frofnu frofnurf rf trfesvm trfesvmrsfk. rsfk. - Me zfpft zfpftfs fs y me meam ampf pfnc ncss pc 1 sc sckc kc sm nlspc nlspcen enræ ræ frofn frofnur urff trfe trfesv svmr mrsf sfkk sl pc pcrr kf acoprchfalñe f puezcefolmetc c f acrtfetm sce emamsfrlfs, me afsc acetrfrlc mk jcrol`ñe fhscrhm mk msiumrzc. Kf frofnurf kce`ltunlefk oïelof ms slmoprm emamsfrlf, fnmoæs jfy qum tmemr me aumetf aum etf qum qum mstfs mstfs ec pcnræe pcnræe nlstfeal nlstfealfrs frsmm oæs nm 14 aos, aos, el sm pcnræe pcnræe ackcafr ackcafr rmncencs omecrms nmk 68.

 ACEQLNMXFALCEM ACEQLNMXFALCEMQQ TFXF MK  MK TXCAMQC ACEQ^X]A^LYC - Nmshrcam nmk sckfr - Xmpkfe Xmpkfetm tmc c pcr pcr omnlc omnlc nm afol afolkkf kkfss prmvl prmvlff mxpkf mxpkfefa efalñe lñe - Qmöfkfol Qmöfkfolmetc metc c smöfklzf smöfklzfalñe alñe nm kf kf supmralm supmralm c pmrïomtr pmrïomtrc c nm kfs zfpftf zfpftfss y vl`fs vl`fs - Ilbfr Ilbfr c ofraf ofrafrr pmrima pmrimatfo tfome metm tm kcs kcs mbms mbms omnlfe omnlfetm tm kfs kfs afolk afolkkfs kfs - Mxaf Mxafvf vfal alñe ñe sl`ul sl`ulme menc nc c `u `ulf lfnc ncss pc pcrr mk pkfec pkfec nm rmpkf rmpkfet etmc mc jfstf jfstf kf actf qum qum sm aceslnmrm acoc rom sm`òe mk mstunlc `mctìaelac, ec sm mxafvfrfe kcs òkocs 6= c 84 aos nmk afetc nm kf zfpftf sl ec sm vf letrcnualr leomnlftfometm mk jcrol`ñe nm rm`ukfalñe c nm kloplmzf. - Xmefn Xmefnc c nm pfrmnm pfrmnmss y nmk nmk icen icenc c jfstf jfstf kf actf actf nmk nmk rom rom -

Ymrt Ymrtmr mr mk jcr crol ol`ñ `ñe e nm rm`u rm`ukf kfrrlzfa lzfallñe. ñe. Fe Fetm tmss nmk nmk vmr vmrnc nc nm jcrol crol`ñ `ñe e ms acevmelmetm mspckvcrmfr mspckvcrmfr kfs pfrmnms nm kf mxafvfalñe pfrf mehfrkfs. Nlspcs Nlspcsla lalñe lñe nm kfs kfs frofnur frofnurfs fs schrm schrm afkzcs afkzcs qum qum fsm`urm fsm`urme e mk rmauhrl rmauhrlolm olmetc etc y qum smræe tfetcs acoc sm emamsltme pfrf ofetmemr kf jcrlzcetfklnfn nm kfs frofnurfs.

Kf afpf nm jcrol`ñe nm rm`ukfrlzfalñe smræ nm uecs 6= aos, mk rmauhrlolmetc smræ tfk qum kf frofnurf nlestm oæs nm 64 aos nmk jcrol`ñe nm kloplmzf. -

Ilbfr Ilbfr f kf pfrr pfrrlkk lkkff kcs kcs me mefec fecss nm frrfeq frrfequm um nmk nmk plk plkfr. fr. Ackcafal Ackcafalñe ñe y bfnc bfnc nm kfs kfs fro frofnurf fnurfss nm kfs vl`fs vl`fs nm ftfnc ftfnc , rlcstrfs rlcstrfs c ametrfncr ametrfncrfs fs Ymrnc Ymrnc nmk jcrol`ñe jcrol`ñe pcr pcr tce`fnfs tce`fnfs,, me mk afsc afsc nm nm prcvmmr prcvmmrsm sm buetf buetf nm nm jcrol`ce jcrol`cefnc fnc me kf vl`f nm rlcstrf c nm ftfnc smræ vmrafk y mstfræ nlspumstf me mk ametrc nm mstf, sm vmrtmræ mk jcrol`ñe me mk ametrc nm kfs vl`fs. Ql pcr emamslnfn nmhm nm

 

-

jfhmr uef buetf me kf zfpftf pcr ifktf nm jcrol`ñe sm rmfklzfrf hfbc mk elvmk nm afetc nm kfs vl`fs y smræ pmrpmenlaukfr f kf nlrmaalñe nm msiumrzcs jcrlzcetfkms. Aurfn Au rfnc c f hfsm hfsm nm rlm` rlm`cs, cs, 1 vvmam mamss nlfrlf nlfrlfss nurfet nurfetmm kf pr prlom lomrf rf smofe smofef. f.

AFKA]KC NM RFTF^FQ

Mk aækaukc nm zfpftfs rmqulmrm acoprchfr qum ec sm schrmpfsfe nlvmrscs mstfncs kïoltm (MK]) òkocs metrm mkkcs2 • MK] nm mstfhlklnfn2 vumkac y nmsklzfolmetc. • MK] nm juenlolmetc me mk tmrrmec. • MK] nm f`ctfolmetc pcr mxlñe omaæelaf. • MK] nm puezcefolmetc. ]e Mstfnc Kïoltm Òkoc (MK]) ms ue mstfnc kïoltm, tfk qum nm smr rmhfsfnc kf mstruaturf acopkmtf c uef pfrtm nm kf olsof pumnm ackfpsfr fk supmrfr su afpfalnfn rmsl rmslst stme metm tm.. Me `mem `memrf rfkk mk qu qumm ue MK MK] ] sm smff sc schr hrmp mpfs fsfn fnc c ms uef uef sl sltu tufa falñ lñe e mxtrmofnfometm `rfvm, qum pumnm prcvcafr aufecscs nföcs oftmrlfkms y nms`rfalfs pmrsce pmr scefkm fkms. s. Tcr msf msf rfzñe rfzñe kcs acmal acmalmet metms ms nm sm`url sm`urlnfn nfn usfnc usfncss me kcs aæk aækau aukcs kcs rmkfalcefncs ace ue MK] sce suhstfealfkometm ofycrms qum me ctrc pc nm mstfncs kïoltm. AFXFA^MXÏQ^LAFQ •Qm uklzf mk acearmtc frofnc me kfs zfpftfs pmrc tfohlìe acearmtc slopkm, pmrc sm rmacolmenf jfamr ue frofnc pcr tmopmrfturf pfrf mvltfr f`rlmtfolmetcs. •Frofnc nm kf pfrtm leimrlcr2 Qm rmfklzf uef ofkkf aceicrofnf pcr vfrlkkfs aruzfnfs7 kf smpfrfalñe metrm hfrrfs ec jf nm supmrfr kcs 14 ao. • Xmauhrlolmetc pfrf mvltfr acrrcslcems2 smpfrfalñe nm kfs frofnurfs, metrm = f 64 ao. nmk hcrnm y nmk icenc nm kf zfpftf, nmpmenlmenc nmk pc nmk acearmtc uklzfnc y nm kfs afrfatmrïsafs nmk tmrrmec. • Yfrlkkfs2 sm rmacolmenf uklzfr nlæomtrcs nm hfrrfs `rfenms, oïeloc nmk 68, fetm pcslhkms acrrcslcems. • Kf prciuenlnfn nmk pkfec nm fpcyc sm bf hfsæencsm me mk leicrom `mctìaelac.

 

Y.

TXCAMQC AC ACEQ^X]A^LYC

 

6´ ^rfzc y mxafvfalñe nm kf zfpftf

8´ Ackcafalñe nm kf pkfekkf nm acearmtc 1´ Ackcafalñe nmk famrc leimrlcr nm zfpftf

>´ Ackcafalñe nmk famrc vmrafk nmk nfnc nm kf ackuoef =´ Ackcafalñe nmk famrc vmrafk nm kf ackuoef

 

 9´ Alohrfnc nm kf zfpftf 0´ Mkfhcrfalñe nmk acearmtc y vfalfnc

YL.

AFQCQ NM NM RRF FTF^FQ MZ MZAÌE^XLAFQ2 Me kfs zfpftfs afr`fnfs mxaìetrlafometm, kf rmfaalñe nmk sumkc yf ec sm aceslnmrf uelicrom y mem uef nlstrlhualñe qum pumnm smr trfpmzclnfk c trlfe`ukfr, nmpmenlmenc nm kf mxametrlalnfn nm kf afr`f. Ms rmacomenfhkm nlomeslcefr nm ofemrf qum kf afr`f mstì nmetrc nmk tmralc ametrfk, nm ofemrf nm mvltfr msiumrzcs nm trfaalñe me mk sumkc, qu qumm tmñr tmñrla lafo fome metm tm pu pumn mnmm ca caur urrl rlrr fetm fetmss nm kf rmnl rmnlst strl rlhu hual alñe ñe nm ms msiu iumr mrzc zcs. s. Kf omtcnckc`ïf nm nlsmöc nm mstm pc nm zfpftfs ms kf olsof qum sm sm`ulrïf pfrf uef aceaì ace aìetr etrlaf laf,, ace ace kf nli nlimrm mrmeal ealff nm kf vfrlfa vfrlfalñe lñe nm nls nlstrl trlhua hualñe lñe nm ms msium iumrzc rzcss me kf alometfalñe.

f.)

Afsc 62 m;F/9

 

q6? T/Fz + 9Tm/HF 8 q8? T/Fz - 9Tm/HF 9Tm/HF8

h.)

Afsc 82 m?F/9

 

q6? 8T/Fz q8?4

a.)

Afsc 12 m5F/9

 q6? 8T/ (1(F/8-m))

n.)

Afsc >2 mxametrlalnfn fkrmnmncr nm ncs mbms

 

q6? T/Fz 6+9m6/F+9m8/H

q8? T/Fz 6+9m6/F-9m8/H

q1? T/Fz 6-9m6/F-9m8/H

q>? T/Fz 6-9m6/F+9m8/H

YL YLL. L.

^L ^LTC TCQQ NM NM RRFT FTF^ F^FQ FQ NM OMNLF MNLFE EMXÏF MXÏF F) Rfpftf Rfpftf omnlfe omnlfemrf mrf mxmetf mxmetf •Ametrc nm prmslcems nmetrc nmk eòakmc ametrfk. •Ametrc nm prmslcems iumrf nmk eòakmc ametrfk. H) Rfpftf Rfpftf nm nm omnlf omnlfemr emrïf ïf ace ace rfet rfetm. m. •^lrfetm supmrlcr. •^lrfetm leimrlcr. A) Rfpftf Rfpftf nm omnlf omnlfemr emrïf ïf ace vl`f vl`f ametrf ametrfnc ncrf rf •Mqulklhrlc. •Trcamsc nm aækaukc pcr tfetmcs. •Nlf`rfofs scklaltfalcems me kf vl`f ametrfncrf. N) Rfpf Rfpftf tf nm msqu msqule leff •Mqulklhrlc •Trcamsc nm aækaukc. M) Rfpftf Rfpftf acoh acohlef lefnf nf pfrf pfrf vfrlc vfrlcss plkfrm plkfrmss •Ametrc nm prmslcems nmetrc nmk eòakmc ametrfk.

 

•Ametrc nm prmslcems iumrf nm eòakmc ametrfk. •Afscs oæs irmaumetms

F) RFTF^F RFTF^F OMNLFE OMNLFEMXF MXF MZME^F MZME^F Aufenc sm nlspceme scpcrtms me kfs klenms nm ue mnlalc ace su omnlfemrc, sur`m kf emamslnfn nm mopkmfr zfpftfs mxaìetrlafs, qum sm nmecolefe zfpftfs nm omnlfemrïf. Kf zfpftf omnlfemrf ms pums, ue afsc pfraukfr nm zfpftf flskfnf ace afr`f mxaìetrlaf. 6. Am Ametr etrc c nm prmslc prmslcems ems nmetr nmetrc c nmk eòakmc eòakmc ametrf ametrfk2 k2 Ql kf afr`f afr`f schrm schrm kf zfpftf zfpftf fatòf fatòf ace uef pmqumöf mxametrlalnfn m ≮ H/9 (qumnfenc, pums, nmetrc nmk eòakmc ametrfk) sm mopkmfe kfs iñroukfs `memrfkms nm kf mxlñe acopumstf.

8. Ametrc Ametrc nm prmslcem prmslcemss iumrf nmk nmk eòakmc eòakmc ametrfk ametrfk m5 H/9 H/9 mk aækaukc aækaukc acoc acoc zfpftf flskfn flskfnff sm rmsumkvm pcr mk prcamnlolmetc nm zfpftfs flskfnfs ace afr`f mxaìetrlaf.

 

Mk prchkm prchkmof of ms qum ecrofkom ecrofkometm etm kf tmeslñ tmeslñe e nm plac plac supmrf supmrf ace ouajc kf tmeslñ tmeslñe e fnolslhkm nmk tmrrmec. (Fnmoæs ec ms uef humef sckualñe pcr kcs pcslhkms prchkmofs nm fslmetcs y `lrcs qum sm pumnme nfr).

Tfrf ametrfr oæs kf afr`f, sm pumnm fuometfr mk pmsc nm kf zfpftf, hlme fuometfnc su tfoföc c nlspcelmenc ue nfnc nm jcrol`ñe me ofsf hfbc kf zfpftf prcplfometm nlajf ace kc aufk sm fuometf aceslnmrfhkmometm aceslnmrfhkmometm mk pmsc.

 

Me kf zfpftf ace mxametrlalnfn òelaf, acevlmem nlsoleulr mk vfkcr nm H me kf zfpftf y fuomet fuo metfr fr K. (Qm chmem chmem omecr omecr nl nlome omeslñ slñe e qum ace kf zfpftf zfpftf aufnr aufnrfnf fnf)) Yfkcrm Yfkcrmss usufkms me sustualñe nm H ? K >K ? 1H (6,11)

1K ?8H (6,=)

0K ?>H (6,0=) 8K ? H (8)

H) RFTF^F RFTF^F OMNLFE OMNLFEMXF MXF ACE ^LXFE^ ^LXFE^MM Aceslstm me rmaurrlr f kf ackfhcrfalñe nm kf vl`f nmk icrbfnc supmrlcr (aufenc mxlstm) qum fpcyf schrm mk plkfr nm omnlfemrïf. Ql sm acopcem kf afr`f vmrafk E6 ? E + T ace kf jcrlzcetfk ^, sm pumnm jfamr qum kf rmsuktfetm pfsm pcr mk amtrc nm kf zfpftf (nlstrlhualñe uelicrom nm tmeslcems),

 

Kf acop acopce ceme metm tm jc jcrl rlzc zcet etfk fk ^ me kf hf hfsm sm nm kf zf zfpf pftf tf m mem em qum qum sm smrr fhsc fhscrh rhln lnff pc pcrr rczfolmetc. Qlmenc ξ¾ mk vfkcr olecrfnc nmk æe`ukc nm rczfolmetc letmrec nmk tmrrmec Ú hfbc kf zfpftf. (A^M. ξΎ? 1/> ú) Kf vl`f nm icrbfnc nmhmræ nlomeslcefrsm ace sus vfkcrms prcplcs ofs kf trfaalñe ^n Mk scpcrtm nmhm nlomeslcefrsm (smaalñe 6-6) pfrf scpcrtfr fnmoæs nm sus prcplfs faalcems ue ocometc fnlalcefk nm vfkcr2 Ξ O ? ^ * (J‑j) Ace chbmtc nm nlsoleulr mk learmometc nm ocometc qum suirm mk plkfr2 ΞO ? ^ * (J-j) Qñkc pcnmocs fatufr nlsoleuymenc ^, yf qum J-j nmpmenm nm kf `mcomtrïf. ^ ? (E ‑ T) * m/ J Acevlmem fncptfr2 6´ Yfkcrms pmqumöcs pfrf mk feajc ‛H‟ nm kf zfpftf (nlsoleulr m). Tfrf acopmesfr usfocs vfkcrms l`ufkms c ofycrms pfrf mk feajc h nm kf zfpftf. Tcr mbmopkc2 K ? H (6) >K ? 1H (6, 11) 1K ?8H (6, =) 0K ?>H (6, 0=) 8K ? H (8) (Yfkcrms rmacomenfncs pcr mk prc`rfof ^rlafka) 8´ Yfkcrms `rfenms pfrf su afetc j, (cpalcefkometm tfohlìe fuometfr mk afetc hc nmk scpcrtm).

 

Aufenc ec mxlstm icrbfnc supmrlcr, mk rfetm pumnm nlspcemrsm me kf afrf supmrlcr nm kf zfpftf. Kkfofenc jt fk mspmscr nmk rfetm, mk vfkcr nm ^ smræ me mstm afsc2

A) QC QCK]A K]ALÑE LÑE ACE YL@F YL@F AME^ AME^XFN XFNCXF CXF Aceslstm me uelr kf zfpftf nmk scpcrtm nm ifajfnf ace kf acrrmspcenlmetm fk scpcrtm leomnlftc letmrlcr, omnlfetm uef vl`f nm `rfe rl`lnmz qum rmfklzf kf uelñe.

Acoc kf rl`lnmz nm mstf alometfalñe ms ouy `rfenm rmspmatc f kfs acrrmspcenlmetms f kcs scpcrtms, pumnm fnolrsm qum mstæ fpcyfnf me kcs olsocs. E6 y E8 sce kfs afr`fs nm smrvlalc trfesolnfs pcr kcs scpcrtms. T6 y T8 kcs pmscs prcplcs nm kf alometfalñe.

 

K ? kuz metrm plkfrms. Kfs rmfaalcems nmk tmrrmec X6 y X8, sm nmtmrolefe omnlfetm kfs maufalcems nm mqulklhrlc2

Trcamsc nm aækaukc Mk mopkmc nm uef vl`f ametrfncrf mem kf vmetfbf, schrm mk mopkmc nm ue rfetm, me qum ec prcn prcnua uamm ocom ocomet etcs cs fnla fnlalc lcef efkm kmss me kc kcss sc scpc pcrt rtms ms,, el `l `lrc rcss prmv prmvlc lcss nm kf zf zfpf pftf tf omnlfemrf. Tcr mkkc, mstf sckualñe ms oæs fnmaufnf, schrm tcnc, me mk afsc nm afr`fs lopcrtfetms. 6´ Trmnlomeslcefr kfs zfpftfs 6 y 8 acoc sl kfs afr`fs E6 y E8 iumsme ametrfnfs. Ofycrfenc metrm ue 14 y ue >4% E6, pfrf tmemr me aumetf mk pmsc nm su zfpftf. Ofycrfenc metrm ue = y ue 64% E8, pfrf tmemr me aumetf mk pmsc nm su zfpftf.

Acoc tmemocs me kf zfpftf 6 ncs vfrlfhkms2 f y h sm nmhme msac`mr kcs vfkcrms fsï2 Fuometfr h lopklaf fuometfr m y mstæ kloltfnc pcr kf nlstfealf K. Fuometfr f (prciuenlnfn) ms oæs fnmaufnc. 8´ Acecalnf kf nlomeslñe h6 y slmenc hc kf nlomeslñe nmk plkfr e² 6 sm afkaukf kf mxametrlalnfn22 m ? ¿ (h6‑hc) mxametrlalnfn 1´ Kcs vfkcrms nm kfs rmfaalcems smræe2

>´ Kfs tmeslcems nmk tmrrmec (acoprchfalñe `mctìaelaf) hfbc afnf zfpftf2

 

Me afsc nm ec smr ρ6 y ρ8 omecrms c l`ufkms qum kf ρ fno. Nmk tmrrmec, sm acrrl`me kcs aækaukcs nmsnm mk puetc 8 fuometfnc kfs nlomeslcems emamsfrlfs. =´ Aækaukc nm kf vl`f ametrfncrf. Qm afkaukfe kcs ocometcs matcrms O6n y iumrzfs acrtfetms Yn6 me kf vl`f. AFKA]KC MQ^X]A^]XFK, prmsalenlmenc nmk pmsc nm kfs zfpftfs. E6 y E8 mstfræ fjcrf ofycrfncs (vmr nmtfkkm me mk mbmopkc)

QCKLAL^FALÑE YL@F AME^XFNCXF Mk aækaukc nm kf vl`f ametrfncrf emamsltfe kcs acrtfetms Y6 ? Y8 y kcs ocometcs matcrms O6 y O8.

 

MBMOTKC E² 6 ACOTXCHFALÑE RFTF^FQ ACE YL@F AME^XFNCXF Kfs zfpftfs rï`lnfs nm kf `urf arcqulzfnf mstæe scomnfs f kcs msiumrzcs lenlafncs qum sm nfe me vfkcr afrfatmrïsac. Nmtmrolefr sus nlomeslcems y kfs nm kf vl`f ametrfncrf nm faumrnc ace kcs sl`ulmetms nftcs2 Jcrol`ñe JF-8=. Famrc H =44Q. ^meslñe fnolslhkm nmk sumkc2 4,6= E/oo8

6´ Aækaukc @mctìaelac.  @mctìaelac.  Mqulklhrlc nm iumrzfs vmrafkms2 vmrafkms2 :44 + P6 + 6844 + P8 ? X6 + X8 Mqulklhrlc nm ocometcs rmspmatc nm kf kïemf nm faalñe nm E8G2 (:44 * =,44) + P6 * (=,44 + 4,6= 4 ,6= ‑ H/8) ? X6 * (=,44 + 4,6= ‑ H/8)

 

Acoc kcs pmscs nm kfs zfpftfs (P6 y P8) nmpmenme nm sus nlom nlomes eslc lcem emss (H, (H, K y F) mk slst slstmo moff mstæ mstæ le lenm nmtm tmro role lefn fnc. c. Qm prcamnmræ f rmfklzfr ue tfetmc sle aceslnmrfr mk pmsc prcplc y fsuolmenc qum kf zfpftf mxaìetrlaf rmalhm uef afr`f ue >4% ofycr qum kf qum nmpcsltf mk plkfr schrm mkkf

Rfpftf nm omnlfemrïf. E6G + P6 / (H x K) ≮ ρfno ? 6,= nf E/ao8 6/64*(:44 * 6,>4) * 641 / (H x K) ? 6,= nf E/ao8 Ql K ? 8 x H ↘ YH ≊ YK 6/64*(:44 * 6,>4) * 641 / (H x 8H) ? 6,= Kum`c H ? 64 gE nm afr`f pmrofemetm y 694 gE nm schrmafr`f), mk ctrc plkfr nm >4 x >4 ao afr`fnc ace 944 gE (194 gE nm afr`f pmrofemetm y 8>4 gE nm schrmafr`f). Kf nlstfealf metrm mbms nm plkfrms ms >44 ao. Mk jcrol`ñe nm kcs plkfrms y nm kf zfpftf ms nm rmslstmealf ia ? 8= OTf. Famrc H >44. Kf tmeslñe fnolslhkm schrm mk tmrrmec ms ρfno ? 6nf E/ao8 y mk oñnukc nm hfkfstc me pkfaf nm 14 ao x 14 ao2 G14 ? 04 OE/o1 ? 04E/ao1. (Ymr tfhkf N.8< nm A^M). ^ñomsm M ? 84.444 E/oo8.

Ametrc nm `rfvmnfn nm kf zfpftf acohlefnf2 tcofenc ocometcs rmspmatc nm E6.

Acoc mk mxtrmoc F ms hcrnm nmk plkfr y FH ? HA HA? 8>4 + 6= ? 8== ao ↘ FA ? =64 ao Qlmenc H mk feajc nm kf zfpftf y j su afetc, sm jf nm auopklr (H y j me ao)

 

Trmnlomeslcefnc nm kf zfpftf acohlefnf, fprcxlofnfometm pmsc zfpftf 64% E2

Tfrf qum mk alolmetc smf rï`lnc ;5 rmpfrtc uelicrom nm tmeslcems jf nm vmrlafrsm2

Kf oæs rmstrlavf ms me mstm afsc kf acrrmspcenlmetm fk vfec Acmalmetm hfkfstc nm kf zfpftf2 =64 ao x 884 ao (A^M)

 

YL YLLL LL..

MBMX MBMXAL ALAL ALCQ CQ NM FT FTKL KLAF AFAL ALÑE ÑE FNLA FNLALC LCEF EFKM KMQQ MBMXALALC E´ 6 Meacetrfr kf fkturf oïelof nm kf zfpftf nm omnlfemrïf ec acematfnf. ia?864 iy?>844 qζ?6.6 r?=ao N? 84^E K?=^E Ackuoef2 8=x8=……… >ú69 QCK]ALÑE2 TFQC 62  62 Nlomeslcefolm Nlomeslcefolmetc etc me pkfetf Tfrf uef zfpftf nm omnlfemrïf2 F ? 8H

]sfr2 8.6 x 6.6 o8

TFQC 82 Nlomeslcefolmetc me mkmvfalñe f) Ymrla Ymrlafal falñe ñe f acrtm acrtm pcr pcr puezce puezcefol folmet metc c

 

Ace mk omecr vfkcr nm kcs trms fetmrlcrms sm afkaukf mk afetc òk oïeloc2

h) Ymrla Ymrlafal falñe ñe f acrtm acrtm pcr pcr mxl mxlñe2 ñe2 h.6) Tfrf mk mbm x

h.8) Tfrf mk mbm y

Metceams mk afetc òk oïeloc nm kf zfpftf ms kf ofycr vfkcr nm kcs trms rmsuktfncs fetmrlcrms2 nole ? 86.: ao Tcr kc tfetc kf fkturf oïelof nm kf zfpftf smræ2 jole? nole + r jole? 86.: + = jole? 89.: ao

 

LZ.

ACEAK]QLCEMQ  

Kfs aceslnmrfalcems qum sm nmhm tmemr me aumetf pfrf mk nlsmöc nm zfpftfs prlomrfometm ms mk Nmshrcam nmk sckfr, Xmpkfetmc pcr omnlc nm afolkkfs prmvlf mxpkfefalñe, Qmöfkfolmetc c smöfklzfalñe nm kf supmralm c pmrïomtrc nm kfs zfpftfs y vl`fs, Ilbfr c ofrafr pmrimatfometm kcs mbms omnlfetm kfs afolkkfs, mta.

 

Kf nlspcslalñe nm feakfbm nmpmenm nmk pc nm vumkc y mk vumkc ofycr qum kf fkturf



Kfs Kfs afr frfa fatm tmrï rïs saf afss nm kf zfpf zfpftf tf sc sce, e, frof frofnc nc nm kf pf pfrt rtmm le leim imrl rlcr cr,, Xmauhrlolmetc Xmauhrlolme tc pfrf mvltfr acrrcslcems, vfrlkkfs, mta.



Kcs pcs nm zfpftfs sce =, Rfpftf omnlfemrf mxmetf, Rfpftf nm omnlfemrïf ace rfetm, Rfpftf nm omnlfemrïf ace vl`f ametrfncrf, Rfpftf nm msqulef, Rfpftf acohlefnf pfrf vfrlcs plkfrms

 

Z.   





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XMACOMENFALCEMQ Nlspcemr nmhfbc nm afnf zfpftf uef afpf nm jcrol`ñe nm kloplmzf nm fk omecs 6= aos Aufenc smf pcslhkm sm nlspcenræe zfpftfs pc 1 qum sce kfs oæs maceñolafs Tcr macecoïf acevlmem nlspcemr zfpftfs nm afetc acestfetm 7 sl sm rmfklzfe ftfkuzfnfs ms acevmelmetm rmfklzfr rmfklzfr ue rmsfktm pfrf mk meacirfnc ofycr nm 64 aos Xmauhrlolmetcs ( acestfetms ) y qum smræe me pfrfometcs vmrafkms oæs nm = aos y rmspmatc fk jcrol`ñe nm kloplmzf oæs nm 64 aos Acevlmem mbmautfr kf supmralm nm alometfalñe ace oòkpkcs nm 64, ifalkltf mk rmpkfetmc y kf mbmaualñe nm kf imrrfkkf. Aufenc ec smf pcslhkm mk feakfbm nm kcs mefecs, nmhlnc fk lesualmetm frofnc nm mstcs, sm nlspcenræe ncs c trms hfrrfs nm mspmrf auyf suof nm nlæomtrcs smf mqulvfkmetm. Me afsc nm zfpftfs nm pcac afetc sm nlspcenræ zfpftf mxlhkm.