Your Chess Questions Answered (Gnv64)

NM gnv64

Contents Introduction

5

1

Getting StaTted

7

2

Advanced Rules

16

3

Mating

26

4

Jargon

32

5

Children

43

6

Tournaments and matches

49

7

Chess Clock

60

8

Improvement

64

9

Grading

76

10 Openings

79

11 Computers

98

12 Puzzles

109

13 General I nformation

116

Solutions

125

Introduction J\'1an y

remember

step 3: within weeks or months

IL: " rning chess at a bou t the age of 10 �llItt spending hours moving pieces

the penny usually drops and the games speed up as the player is

�Iround

years

the

ago,

board

I

without really

kl1 owing what I was doing.

more able to spot che ckmates and see captures in a shorter space of

Now I am teaching all levels from

time. The quality of games will still

IH;ginners up to secondary school

be low at this stage as much is

pupils and it is relatively easy to

overlooked.

spot what each person needs to do 10

improve their game. Once

a player

step 4: games lengthen as the best moves are searched for and some

has

learnt

the

l110ves the key to improvement is

strategy and openings come into play. Finally a player is ready for

quick, friendly games, while trying

serious chess...

10

imptement basic principles. One

Ilceds

gradually

from step

1, right through as a

rccogn ition of the possibilities on

beginner

to

thl: board.

tournament level.

to

obtain

This book is designed t o help you

Practice and repetition, like most Ihings,

being

pattern

of

fundamental,

progress

is

beyond

I�minor"

I have also pu t together man y of

the

the questions I have been asked over

normally

the years to guide player or parent

something like this:

alike through the different aspects

step 1: learning the rules. step 2� long un certain games while carefully checking what each

the

perhaps whet the appetite of many

piece can do.

chess poten tial.

of chess. I hope it will help to make chess

scene

enjoyable

and

to start on the road to realising their

1

Getting Started

Is it difficult to learn how to

be

captured

While

play chess?

all

and

other

cannot pieces

escape. can

be

captured, it is tradition for the kings Chess is recognised as one of the

to remain on the board.

lIIost complex, yet popular games i:Vl!r in vented. I will not pretend that

How are the pieces set up?

you can master the game in a few hours, but certainly it should be possible

to

begin

challenging

relatives and friends after a few

8 7

days of going over this open ing

6

chapter.

5

Why play chess? Good question. I think that only a certain amount of people will be drawn even to learn the rules, but (here can be all sOrts of social occasions when it is useful to be irble to play. For example, visiting in hospital, playing in a chess team at work or school and teaching your children if they ask!

4 3 2

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

On many sets, you will find that the files and ranks are lettered "a to " h and numbered "1 to 8" respectively on the edge of the board. It is a good idea to get into the

What is the object o f the game of chess?

habit of setting up the white rooks on a I and hi and the black pieces On the eighth rank as this will be

Everybody will have seen people

important for recording games later.

playing a game of chess even if it was just on an advert Or film. It is for two people, one has the white side and the other black. Both sides begin with 16 men and they are set up on a board opposite each other. The players take it in turns to

I have seen many chess sets in the shops-can I learn on any? Yes, but practically it is wise to stick with one set that is used in

move and the game is decisive when

99% of tournaments which is the " standard plastic "Staunton set that

one of the players' kings is going to

any chess supplier would sell.

2

Advanced Rules

What are the special rules of castling?

the black king and rook would end

You can castle ei ther side of the board using one rook and your king.

beginners is to move the king three

up On c8 and d8 respectively. A

You must clear a path between the two and must not have moved either bef ore. You may not castle out of check and you must n ot castle

COmmOn

mistake

made

by

squares (instead of 2) when castling queenside. Assuming White's king and rooks have not moved bef ore, is it

through a square that is attacked, or

possible for him to castle in the following two positions? (Q6 and

in other words "through check". The

Q7) Answers on p.124.

king

always

towards

the

moves rook

two

and

squares

the

rook

COmes over the top of the king and to the side. For example:

In this case White is able to castle kingside and Black may castle q ueenside if nei ther the rook Or king has

moved

before.

I doubt

this

position has ever come close to happening in a real game but serves to illustrate the method of castling as the white king would finish up on gl and the white rook on f1 while

3

Mating

Which minimum amount of pieces is it possible to checkmate with?

The technique is relat ively simple but should be mastered bef ore moving on as it a common failing for beginners to allow stalemate

The basic answer is two, but it is

with queen and king v king. Take the following position with White to move.

worth discussing which pieces and which combination of pieces are able to do the business. Novices often enquire wheth«r it is possible to checkmate with two knight s and king versus king, or two bishops or a bishop and knight duo. It is cer tainly worth knowing these off by heart as it can influence your decision of which pieces to exchange as you ente r the final stages 0 f the game. Queen and king against king, and rook and king against trivial in comparison.

king

are

How do [ checkmate with king and queen against a lone king? First let us look at one of the fmal checkmate positions we must aim for.

The first job is f or the queen to trap the black king and f orm a "cage" from which he cannot escape. This is done by 1 'i'c4.

Now the king IS In a rest ricted area forming 15 squares since it

4

Jargon

Can I ask about all the jargon

late

as around move

30

in well

known lines.

because it can be orr putting?

However, As with most fields, there are a lot

the move itself

can

have been played by a club player

mean

for years. This club player can be

nothing to the general public, but

upset that he gets no credit for the

are often spouted in chess circles. I

idea, but that's life!

of

chess

terms

that

will

remember being confused by the

I accidentally hit on

a novelty

word "birdie" in golf and thinking it

many years ago just before a famous

meant that a ball hit a poor low

grandmaster

flying bird, so it is important not to

tournament.

assume that everyone knows exactly

rightly went un noticed as the follow

what you are talking about.

up was totally unconvincing and it

I guess we will never achieve total

used

it

However,

in

a

my

top game

took place against a weak opponent.

I

The relevance of a TN is that it is

know at least two pupils who have

likely to change the course of an

their own little jargon which they

opening in favour of one side.

uniformity

however,

because

cannot be shaken from and for all I

The world's top players have to

know their whole school talks in the

keep up with all the latest TN's in

same way. For example, one young

their

boy always says "castle-up" for the

caught out.

openings

so

they

are

not

act of castling and another will not budge from referring to "taking" or "capturing" as "cutting" the piece.

What is a "plus" or "minus" score? I didn't come across this phrase

What is a TN?

until I embarked on international This

stands

for

"Theoretical

Novelty". More recently, a single

tournaments, but you may well read it in a chess article or magazine. If a player has 50%, their score is

"N" is more commonly used. been

"evens" while anything above or

published before can be claimed to

below will be a plus or minus score

be a "TN". The more successful and

respectively.

A

move

tha t has

never

notable it is, the more important the novelty. A novelty can come as early as move 3 in obscure openings or as

That is straightforward enough, but it is not so obvious to work out what is "plus one", "plus two" or "minus three" for example.

5

Children

Should I want my child to learn rhess? Evidence suggest s that heneficial for every child IlilIght

the

rules

l:ncourages

of

it IS to be

ches s

concentration

as

it

and

tl iscipline skills. For example, it is important for a child to learn how t o III ke it in turns to move and how to cope with adversities such as being checkmated or losing their queen tluring a game. I actually teach all the year t wos (aged 6-7) in a school ,lIld it is interesting to watch their

I have found nearly every child to of entering a chess tournament and, while I would not dream of forcing someone to play against their will, I would never deprive the children of a �hance to excel at something they enJoy. \Ve m ust not forget that every child is different and a taste of chess might be just the right medicine for endless hours of constr uctive fun.

relish the prospect

What age should my child start playing chess?

t I i fferent approach es. Even at that early age, some children are more than happy to n�sign their game in favour of a peaceful, contented and unambitious life while others fight on to the

This

is

a difficult question t o

answer because i t is different for every child. For example, you will hear s t ories abou t Fischer (eccentric former World Champion) and

death or even try a spot of cheating

Kasparov (the current \Vorld no. 1)

secure the point. It is clear that

IIbout one third will never want to

picking up the moves and playing from the early age of 4, but I know

play a game of chess again but more

at least one grand master who learnt

Ihan half pick it

the rules at the ripe old age of 15 �

10

up quickly and

L:nj oy the endless complexities. Another school in the area does not believe in competition for the children

and,

although

chess

is

laught, matches are not played and a

Of course the sooner the better is a logical rule to apply, but not all children will take t o it until their powers

of

concent ration

develop

and premat ure press ure could have

school champion is not sought. Ad­

an adverse effect. I was intrigued to

mittedly I have not heard the rel­

hear from the renowned ju nior coach Richard James that starting at

evant arguments for the other side but I cannot understand the concept

of protecting children in this way as we live in such a competitive world.

11 can bear equal fruit s to someone who learns m uch earlier. He explained that it is easier for most

6

Tournaments and matches

What is the shortest game of chess? Two moves is the quickest way to give checkmate, although one's opponent must be pretty o bliging. It has been named "Fool's Mate" and it comes about when White plays a couple of crazy moves on the kingside and allows

Black to

deliver mate on his second move. At

1 g4 e5 2 f3 'i'h4 mate

this

point

someone

might

touch their king by mistake (if it is intentional, the situation is extreme­ ly sad!) and be obliged to move it. There is only one square: 2".�e7 and there follows 3 'i'xe5 mate

Which

quick

methods

of

checkmate do I need to be aware of? The above is most unlikely to happen but there is an unusual mate in three that occasionally happens in school chess.

1 e4 e5 2 'i'h5

Far more common is the "Four Move Checkmate" or "Scholar's Mate".

While

supervising

junior

school matches, I have often wit­ nessed one or two games invariably

7

Chess Clock

\Vhat is a chess clock?

In case you have not come across one, chess clocks are designed to make sure the game is over in an allotted time. This may be a 1 hour game in which the players have Ih-hour each On the dock Or up to B in an international hours competition. The longer games will normally be divided up into separate tlme limits such as 40 moves in the first 2 hours (each), then 20 moves for the next hour and then perhaps V�-hour to complete the remaining mOves. However, the vast majority of matches are finished by 60 moves. If any of the time controls are not reached the player will lose On time, although there are special cases in the final time control where a win cannot be awarded to the defender who has nO mating material left. The clocks consist of two faces and a button that you must press after each move in order to stop your OWn clock and start your opponent's. Naturally enough, digital clocks are replacing the traditional ones, which has the bonus of eliminating the possibility of faulty flags falling early and any disputes of which flag fell first. Remember that the clocks are not particularly robust and need careful

handling. I remember visiting a school club and was impressed to notice that they possessed four chess clocks. However, they were totally lifeless as they had been stored at the bottom of a large box that housed all the chess sets. So be es­ pecially alert when you are playing blitz (a rather wild time limit of be� tween 1 and 5 minutes each on the clock) and avoid both buttons being pressed simultaneously by force. Also, get used to making your move and pressing the clock button with the same hand as it is illegal to do otherwise. How can I make best use of the clock?

It is important to use your allotted time effectively. At first the clock will be a major worry and beginners tend to play too fast to avoid any danger of losing On time. It is also common for beginners to forget to press the clock at all as they become wrapped up in the game, so if your opponent is spending an excessive amount of time thinking, check that you pressed your clock and he is not just watching your time ticking away! Remembering to press the clock will g radually become second nature. You will be less aware of the

8

Improvement Karpov prefers technical positions

What is the best way to improve early on?

with few tactics, although that is not

You must play and play and play.

to say that he cannot calculate accu­

the

piano

or

rately. He has a fantastic feel for

is

nigh

to

where the pieces belong and is quite

impossible as you must concentrate

happy to grind down a position in

on every little aspect, but gradually

the endgame where he is able to

It

is

like

,driving.

learning

At

first

it

it becomes easier and easier until it

convert the smallest of advantages.

becomes natural (perhaps aHer one

A weak pawn of his opponent's or a

year) and then the time is ripe to

superior placed king is all that Kar­

learn

more

advanced

tunes,

manoeuvres and ideas.

pov needs to smell victory. Let me

give you an example.

Bill Hartston used to relate that the Polgar sisters had learnt chess as their "mother tongue" and it was

Anatoly Karpov White R, Debarnot Black

second nature to them. That really is

French Defence

the key at the beginning because until someone can spot the squares that the pieces are attacking with a degree

of

speed

and

confidence,

there is certainly no point trying to understand deeper concepts.

makes

What player?

a

1 e4 e6 2 d4 dS 3 ttJd2

Karpov, who was World Cham­ pion at the time of this encounter in 1977 chooses the most solid option against the French Defence. Note that 3 Qjc3 is not at all the same as it

successful

allows

3 ...i.b4

and

the

exciting

Winawer variation.

3 ...cS Of all the criteria, I think the

Now we have entered the Tar­

far

rasch variation as Black is happy to

ahead, is the most important. If you

be saddled with an isolated d-pawn

ability

to

analyse,

or to

see

cannot calculate what will happen in

in return for some activity. How­

a complex variation, you will not be

ever, this is playing into Karpov's

able to assess whether it is correct to

hands as h e will already be planning

enter the complications.

for his opponent's pawn weaknesses

There are of course different types of

players

and

Karpov

(the

ex-World Champion) and Kasparov (the

present

World

Champion)

illustrate the point perfectly.

to prove fatal in the ending.

4 exdS exdS 5 IiJgl3 IiJc6 6 i.bS i.d6 7 dxcS i.xcs 8 0-0 (De7 9 Iilb3 i.d6 10 J:[el 0-0 II i.gS i.g4 12 i.e2 'll'e7 13 h3 i.d7 141ilfd4

9

Grading

What is a British grading?

following the Elo style, in order to

It is a figure that illustrates your

cater for the masses of lower rated players that do not have an

chess strength and the higher the

international rating.

number, the better you are. Typically E nglish, unlike the rest of

Elo

the world, we have adopted a three

"international

figure rather than grading system.

"FIDE rating list" as these are all

a four figure The general

standards are as follows:

It can be very confusing that the list

also

IS

rating

called list"

the

or

the

one and the same. Don't be fooled by the fact that we call our list the BCF (British

beginner: 40-80 low club player: 80-120

Chess Federation) ratings because

average club player: 120-150 strong club player: 150-190

use the Elo system to calculate their own ratings. They are not part of the

1st team county player: 170+

British Chess Federation and their

International player 220+

list

Top 100 in the world: 250+

international list.

What is an Elo rating?

(United

the Scots, Welsh and Irish in fact

is

It is

independent noticeable

of

the

on the USCF

States Chess Federation)

rating list that most players There is an International body of

are

(Federation

about 100 points higher than their FIDE rating but this does not matter

International des E checs) that takes

as you can only compare ratings in

chess care

called of

the

FIDE Elo

(named

after

Professor Arpad Elo who invented the system) rating list that covers the whole world. This however only begins at elo 2000

which is the

equivalent of 175 in E nglish terms

the

same

list.

Again,

it

is

an

interesting statistic that there are about 80,000 USCF players on their internal Elo-based rating list with only about 1% of these also on the Elo or in ternational list.

or first team county player level. To put it in perspective, there are about 30,000 players on the British

How

do

I

obtain

a

BeF

grading?

grading list with less than 2% of these having achieved an Elo rating.

You must play 12 games against

Therefore count ries all adopt their own internal list too, almost always

other officially graded players dur­ ing the period of one year in order

10

Openings

What openings should [ start with? This is not so easy to answer since there are a few ·totally different schools of thought. The famous Richmond junior chess club which

stage because he felt bored by the stagnant positions that can arise after the standard 1 e4 e5 opening:

1 e4 e5 2 lZll3 tDc6 3 i.c4 i.c5 4 lZlc3 �f6 5 Q-Q Q-Q 6 d3 d6 etc.

is well-known for its ability to chum out masses of strong juniors is strict about the children sticking to the classical opening I e4 e5 until they have mastered certain aspects of the

game. At this stage other openings are not allowed to be practiced in coaching sessions. On reaching a specific standard (BeF 501Eio 1000) they are then invited up to the next group which is enlightened with practically every opening that exists. Individually, they are then able to decide which opening they feel at home with and make a choice when they come to play their own tournament games.

The alternative approaches are to experiment at an early stage with unusual openings or to learn just one opening and stick to it for many years. The dangers here are being put off openings that are just too

subtle for a beginner to understand in the first case or to li mit your repertoire and never find the pe�fect opening that suits you in the latter.

I read an article where Steve Davis was complaining that he was put off chess at a relatively early

I know how he felt, but in fact a more advanced player could find plenty of ways to liven up the posi­ tion with, for example 4 c3. I think

it is a sensible idea for any player to experiment with new openings (especially the mainst ream ones) but

I can't deny that the Richmond policy works well for them.

Do [ need repertoire?

an

opening

You won't get far without one. There is not much point fishing in the da rk in every game when it is so easy to look up the fi rst few moves to set you on your way.

Computers

11

shortest time poss ib Ie and who are

Dol need a computer?

fortuna te in having the time to both Quite frankly t no. Howevert in this age of computers it is easy to

study and play chess on a daily basist a ches s playing program will

believe

be a tireless opponent being more than willing to play you for as long

that

you

can �t

keep

up

without one. answer that you

as you desire� whether it is for a half

don't need a cup to enj oy a d rink of watert but that extra expense for a

I

would

also

hou r game or f or eight hours a day! Although it is a frequently made

mug or glass does make li fe easier.

comment that there is no su bstitute

I remember being asked to try out a computer in their early days of manufacture. It was an electronic one where you had to push the square you were moving from and

f or playing human opponentst there are a number of advantages in pIa ying computers: I. Humans of greater strength rna y be reluctant to play you on a

the

regular basis as although it may be a

piece landed. The l ights and beeping

grea t chaHenge and very instructive

noises were an added irritation and I

for you to play themt they are unlikely to feel the same way.

then push the

square

where

remember that few games were finished as I al wa ys managed to spoil the game by leaning on an

2. One useful purpose that the computer can serve is to acquaint

irrelevant square and lighting up the whole board or purposely

nowada ys their repertoire is extens­

you with many different openings as

I

ive and varied". For examplet you

The main factor in playing against

can get machines and programmes where you can select their style of

computers is that the better ones

pIa y and each will react difTerently

destroying blundered.

the

game

when

don't make tactical oversights and therefore you have to use a slightly d ifTerent approach than if you are playing a h uman.

to your opening moves. This is a far cry from when I was young and there was a tendency for them to follow exactly the same game. 3. I t is possi ble to set up positions

How can a ch ess computer help you?

from bookst newspapers or your own games and either play the position out yourself

For those players who wish to reach

the

highest

levels

in

the

or get the

computer to analyse the position for you.

12

Puzzles

I like unusual puzzles to solve­ what differe nt types are there?

unnatural board.

looking

The

best

move

on

defenc�

the must

always be assumed in these type of There is in fact a whole area devoted to chess problem solving and indeed composing.

mates. The well known composer and solver,

Brian

Stephenson,

once

As we are supposed to be in a

explained to me that the real beauty

book devoted to chess playing, I

of these puzzles is that no piece is

will

immediately

an accessory, but each one is there for a special reason and contributes

"altetnative

to the beauty of the solution. It is

some

only

graze this subject,

people

are

but

fascinated

by

this

medicine".

Let

us

examine

the

time

types

of

puzzles.

For

following appeared in OM Jonathan

moves

first

different

convenience,

White

unless stated other.vise.

for

Levitt's

an most

example

and

entertaining

i) Checkmate in a certain number

All the answers to the following puzzles can be found on pages 124-5.

It will be written as "White mates in two" (or three etc.) The positions are totally unique and by tradition unlike ones that appear during a normal game. Let us take a mate in 2: the object of the exercise is to take a move, and whatever B lack replies he will be mated on the following move (no. 2). For a mate in three, he will be mated on the third move etc. It

may

and

challenging book Genius in Chess.

of moves.

composer

the

sound makes

easy sure

but

the

there

are

many red herrings and only

one

solution, which is always the most

Q26) White mates in

two

13

General Information

How is chess as a professio n?

eastern European "gangs" who used to work in "company" and arrange of

games during a tournament in order

professionals there are, it is possible

to maximise the amount of prize

Judging

by

the

amount

to assume that there is a lot of

money

money to go round, but the truth is

them. This was their "business" but

act ually far different.

one had to pity their efforts as they

About 20 years ago it was enough to be

an international

make a decent living

master to

would

win

might resort to sleeping in cars or

chess

while

waiting

for

hotel

to

provided

tournaments

orgamsers

",'inning

prizes.

However, as sponsorship dried up and

more

arrived

international

on

the

scene,

between

sharing 5 to a room to sa ve money

playing. One could receive fees in and

from

they

be

the

during

customary by

the

the next

tournament.

masters orgamzers

in

With the amount of books and the use of computers, surely all

Soon afterwards the fall of the

the games of chess have been worked out?

became

only

interested

grandmasters. Iron Curtain saw a mass exodus of grandmasters from eastern Europe

This

is

a

total

misconception

who were willing to play for smaller

which is better fired at noughts and

fees.

crosses or draughts!

Nowadays

only

GMs

consistently above 2600 can expect

As Graham Burgess states in his

to make a decent I iving at solely

Mammoth Book of Chess, "There

chess playing.

are far

However, on the plus side there are

many

average

opportuni ties

titled

player.

f or One

the can

juggle teaching both in schools and privately

with

articles.

However,

writing books and

of

known universe, and the number of possible far

chess positions,

fewer,

is

still

although

astronomica!".

Since one of his friends, Dr. Nunn is one of the greatest mathematicians

consolation to the players drawn to

and chess players of all time, I feel

the

extremely

of

is

games

little

life

this

more possible

chess than there are particles in the

tournaments

and

When I international

safe

passing

on

this

quote.

travelling. first

appeared

tournament

on

the

scene,

I

was quite shocked by the amount of

I may have an immense library that would no doubt aid in beating

99%

of

the

chess

playing

14

Answers

Q1) No, the p awn cannot move as the bishop would be putting the king into check Q2) Yes, with ... 'i'xf6.·

Q14) No, 1 nxf7+ �e6 wins a piece.) 1 nb5 attacks two .bishops simultaneously. Q16) l...�b7+ picks up the rook onD.

Q3)

1 i.n.

Q4 ) L...�xtK Q5 ) checkmate. Q6) No, White cannot castle kingside due to the bishop covering the fI-sq uare (it is not possible to castle through check) and cannot castle queenside due to the rook on dS. Q7) Yes, White can castle either

Q17) I ... 'i'al+ 2 �b3 'i'bl+ wins the queen. Q18) 1 nb5+. Q19)

1 i.d4.

Q20) No, l...'i'xe4 is too greedy On account of 2 nel. Q21)

1 e5.

Q22) 1 h 4!

side. QS) 1 tiJ f7 + wins the queen.

Q9)

1 'i'xcS 'i'xcS 2 tiJe7+ nets a

Q23) 1 'i'dS+!! �xdS 2 i.g5+ 'ittf8 3 ndS mate. Q24)

1 tiJc6++ (double check)

Q25)

1 i.xf7+ �e7 2 tiJd5 mate.

Q 26)

1 'i'd5+!! and now:

rook.

Q 10) I i.d4+ Ql l) 1 i.c4. Don't forget that the black rook On d5 cannot mOve. Q 12) 1, 'i'b3+ picks up the loose rook on c2. Q 13)

1 d5 attacks two pieces.

i) l...i.xd5 2 tiJxd3 mate ii) l...lhd5 2 tiJe4 mate iii) l...�xd5 2 nb5 mate.

Q2 7) 1 nbS+! (the red herring 1 nhl allows Black to escape with 1...0-0-0) l...nxbS (the alternative

126 Your Chess Questions Answered

1 ....i. xb8 2 lIxa8 �f8 3 lIxb8 is mate) 2lIh 1 .i.d4 3 lIh8 mate.

Q28) I ...� b2 2 f4 �c3 3 f5 �d4

4 f6 �eS S f7 �f6 6 �e8 �g7 7 tbgS � h8 8 f8= lIf. A total of 7 moves each have taken p lace.

Q29) 1....i.f2 2 .i.eS �e3 .i.c3 mate or 1 ....i.b4 2lieS� c3 3 lIe2mate. Q30) 1 as 2 a4 3 a3 4 a2 Sa] B

(promote to a b ish op) 6 .i.d4 7 .i.b6 8 �b7 9 �a8 1 0 .i.a7 .i.G mate.

Q3 1) 1 1Itb7and now: i) 1. ..lIcxb72lie 1 mate ii) l . .lIbxb7 2 lIh6mate iii) 1...llJxd3 2lIfxG mate iv) 1...lIxc4 2lIfh7rnate

Q37) 1 irxg6 mate. Q38) 1 lIh1 + �g8 2 lIh8 mate. Q39) 1 irxc6+! bxc62 .i.a6 mate. Q40) 1 lIfxh7+! �xh7 2 lIh3

mate.

Q41) 1 irg8+! lIxg8 2llJt7 mate. Q42) 1 lIh6+! �xh6 2lIh 8 mate. Q43) 1 ..irxg3+! 2 hxg3 .i.xg3 .

mate.

Q44) 1 lIfxh7+! lbxh7 2 lIxh7+ �f8 3 tbg6 mate.

.

v) 1 ... lIb22 lIh6 mate

vi) 1...lIxg6 2� 1 mate. Q32) 1 W'f7 mate. Q33) 1 lIh8 mate. Q34) 1 tbg6 mate. Q35) 1 lIh7mate. Q36) 1 lIfh8 mate.

Q45) tbxh8 3.

1 lIfa8+ �h7 2 iVh8+!

Q46) l. ..lbfl + 2 � hl irh2+! 3 lbxh2tbg3 mate. Q47) 1. .. lbd3 +! 2 exd3 lIfxg3+ 3 �e2 lbd4 mate . Q48) 1 lIxh6+! 'iWxh6 2 'iWxh6+ .i.xh6 3 lIh7mate. Q49) 1 lbe7+ �h8 2 'ifxh7+! �xh73 lIh3 mate.