[Yaws, Carl L.] Yaws' Handbook of Properties of Th(BookZZ.org)

YAWS HANDBOOK OF PROPERTIES OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS _________________________________________________________________ Physical, thermodynamic, vapor pressure, critical constants, environmental, exposure limits, and other important properties for the chemical elements. Coverage for Ac to Zr elements.

CARL L. YAWS PROFESSOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAMAR UNIVERSITY BEAUMONT, TEXAS

2011

Table of Contents Front Matter Table of Contents Contributors Acknowledgments Disclaimer Actinium (Ac) to Gold (Au) Actinium (Ac) Silver (Ag) Aluminum (Al) Americium (Am) Argon (Ar) Arsenic (As) Astatine (At) Gold (Au) Boron (B) to Bromine (Br2) Boron (B) Barium (Ba) Beryllium (Be) Bohrium (Bh) Bismuth (Bi) Berkelium (Bk) Bromine (Br2) Carbon (C) to Copper (Cu) Carbon (C) Calcium (Ca) Cadium (Cd) Cerium (Ce) Californium (Cf) Chlorine (Cl2) Curium (Cm) Cobalt (Co) Chromium (Cr) Cesium (Cs) Copper (Cu) Deuterium (D2) to Dysprosium (Dy) Deuterium (D2) Dubnium (Db) Darmstadtium (Ds) Dysprosium (Dy) Erbium (Er) to Europium (Eu) Erbium (Er)

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ii iii v v v 1 1 5 10 15 18 23 28 32 36 36 40 45 50 52 57 59 64 64 69 74 79 84 86 91 93 98 102 107 112 112 117 119 121 125 125

Einsteinium (Es) Europium (Eu) Fluorine (F2) to Francium (Fr) Fluorine (F2) Iron (Fe) Fermium (Fm) Francium (Fr) Gallium (Ga) to Germanium (Ge) Gallium (Ga) Gadolinium (Gd) Germanium (Ge) Hydrogen (H2) to Hassium (Hs) Hydrogen (H2) Helium (He) Hafnium (Hf) Mercury (Hg) Holmium (Ho) Hassium (Hs) Iodine (I2) to Iridium (Ir) Iodine (I2) Indium (In) Iridium (Ir) Potassium (K) to Krypton (Kr) Potassium (K) Krypton (Kr) Lanthanum (La) to Lutetium (Lu) Lanthanum (La) Lithium (Li) Lawrencium (Lr) Lutetium (Lu) Mendelevium (Md) to Meitnerium (Mt) Mendelevium (Md) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Meitnerium (Mt) Nitrogen (N2) to Neptunium (Np) Nitrogen (N2) Sodium (Na) Niobium (Nb) Neodymium (Nd) Neon (Ne) Nickel (Ni) Nobelium (No)

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129 131 135 135 140 145 147 151 151 156 160 165 165 170 175 179 184 188 190 190 195 200 204 204 209 214 214 219 224 226 230 230 232 237 241 245 247 247 252 257 261 265 270 275

Neptunium (Np) Oxygen (O2) to Osmium (Os) Oxygen (O2) Osmium (Os) Phoshporous (P) to Plutonium (Pu) Phoshporous (P) Protactinium (Pa) Lead (Pb) Palladium (Pd) Promethium (Pm) Polonium (Po) Praseodymium (Pr) Platinum (Pt) Plutonium (Pu) Radium (Ra) to Ruthenium (Ru) Radium (Ra) Rubidium (Rb) Rhenium (Re) Rutherfordium (Rf) Roentgenium (Rg) Rhodium (Rh) Radon (Rn) Ruthenium (Ru) Sulfur (S) to Strontium (Sr) Sulfur (S) Antimony (Sb) Scandium (Sc) Selenium (Se) Seaborgium (Sg) Silicon (Si) Samarium (Sm) Tin (Sn) Strontium (Sr) Tritium (T2) to Thulium (Tm) Tritium (T2) Tantalum (Ta) Terbium (Tb) Technetium (Tc) Tellurium (Te) Thorium (Th) Titanium (Ti) Thallium (Tl) Thulium (Tm) Uranium (U) to Ununtrium (Uut)

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277 281 281 286 290 290 295 297 302 306 310 314 319 323 328 328 332 337 341 343 345 349 354 358 358 363 368 372 377 379 384 388 393 397 397 401 405 409 411 416 420 425 430 434

Uranium (U) Ununbium (Uub) Ununhexium (Uuh) Ununoctium (Uuo) Ununpentium (Uup) Ununquadium (Uuq) Ununtrium (Uut) Vanadium (V) Tungsten (W) Xenon (Xe) Yttrium (Y) to Ytterium (Yb) Yttrium (Y) Ytterium (Yb) Zinc (Zn) to Zirconium (Zr) Zinc (Zn) Zirconium (Zr) References Appendices Appendix 1: Conversion Table Appendix 2: Physical Properties Appendix 3: Critical Properties and Acentric Factor Appendix 4: Vapor Pressure Appendix 5: Density of Liquid Appendix 6: Density of Solid Appendix 7: Enthalpy of Vaporization Appendix 8: Enthalpy of Fusion at Freezing Point Appendix 9: Surface Tension Appendix 10: Solubility Parameter, Liquid Volume, and Dipole Moment Appendix 11: Hardness and Modulus Properties Appendix 12: Atom Size Properties Appendix 13: Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters Appendix 14: Electrical Resistivity of Solid Appendix 15: Heat Capacity of Gas Appendix 16: Heat Capacity of Liquid Appendix 17: Heat Capacity of Solid Appendix 18: Entropy of Gas Appendix 19: Entropy of Solid Appendix 20: Enthalpy of Formation of Gas Appendix 21: Gibbs Energy of Formation of Gas Appendix 22: Solubility in Water Appendix 23: Henry's Law Constant for Compound in Water Appendix 24: Threshhold Limit Value and Permissible Exposure Limit Appendix 25: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid Appendix 26: Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid

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434 439 441 443 445 447 449 451 456 461 466 466 470 475 475 480 485 489 489 490 494 497 501 504 507 510 512 515 518 521 524 527 529 533 537 541 545 549 553 557 559 561 563 566

Appendix 27: Viscosity of Gas Appendix 28: Viscosity of Liquid Appendix 29: Thermal Conductivity of Gas Appendix 30: Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Appendix 31: Thermal Conductivity of Solid Appendix 32: Diffusion Coefficient in Air Appendix 33: Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water Compound Index Subject Index About the Author

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569 572 575 577 579 582 584 586 587 588

Chapter 1 Ac - Actinium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3471.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1324.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

1

Data Ac actinium 7440-34-8 silvery metal 227.000 1324.15 3471.15 11010.67 --------------10.0000 ----400.000 14.000 ----1.950 ------cubic close-packed 5.670, 5.670, 5.670 ------20.800 12.486 1.666 --27.200 190.66 56.50 406.00 366.00 ------------12.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 --------------1 ----1,2 1 ----1 ------1 1 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 --1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------2 ---------

Chapter 1 Ac - Actinium Characteristics Actinium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1324.15 K and a boiling point of about 3471.15 K. It is highly radioactive and glows in the dark with a pale blue color. Actinium was discovered in France by Andre Debierne in 1899. It is about 150 times as radioactive as radium. It is present in trace amounts in uranium ore. It is used in thermoelectric power and as a source of neutrons.

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – AcCl3, AcF3, AcI3, AcH2, Ac2O3, and Ac2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 227.00 g/mol freezing point = 1324.15 K boiling point = 3471.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

2

Chapter 1 Ac - Actinium

10

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Vapor Pressure, bar

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Temperature, K

Figure 1-1 Vapor Pressure

3

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Chapter 1 Ac - Actinium

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

500

Data are not available.

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Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

30

Data are not available.

25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 1-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

4

Chapter 2 Ag - Silver Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1234 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1234 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2485 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1234.93 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1233 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1235.08 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1273.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 1235.08 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

5

Data Ag silver 7440-22-4 silvery metal 107.868 1234.00 2435.00 6410.00 4810.00 339.00 0.3182 3.060 0.1499 9.2955 6.1507E-05 10.4895 1.8941E-05 1.62 258.000 11.280 926.00 155.190 1.600 1.720 1.260 1 cubic close-packed 4.085, 4.085, 4.085 24.500 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 33.400 20.100 173.02 42.55 284.90 246.00 ------3.800 --175.0000 432.000 ----0.1 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 --2 1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter 2 Ag - Silver Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Silver is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1234.00 K and a boiling point of about 2435.00 K. Silver has been known since ancient times. It has been used in coins and jewelry since ancient times. In current times, it has a variety of uses – jewelry, silverware, photography, dental alloys, solder alloys, electrical contacts, batteries, paints, coins, and catalysis. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – AgBr, AgCl, AgF, AgF2, Ag2F, AgI, AgO, Ag2O, Ag2S, and Ag2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 107.868 g/mol freezing point = 1234.00 K boiling point = 2435.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

6

Chapter 2 Ag - Silver

10

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Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

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0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 2-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 2 Ag - Silver

350

10 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Figure 2-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

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Chapter 2 Ag - Silver

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

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Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

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Data are not available.

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infinite dilution

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 2-3 Transport Properties

9

2500

Chapter 3 Al - Aluminum Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1173.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1173.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2790.81 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 933.45 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 933 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 933.61 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 933 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 933.52 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 223.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

10

Data Al aluminum 7429-90-5 silvery-white metal 26.982 933.45 2790.81 9300.00 5700.00 39.00 0.6918 0.288 -0.3054 2.3250 7.4561E-05 2.7054 2.3156E-05 2.71 294.023 10.711 1050.00 166.403 1.250 --0.500 3 cubic close-packed 4.050, 4.050, 4.050 245.000 ----21.390 13.076 1.636 31.750 12.996 164.58 28.30 329.70 289.07 ------1.386 --90.7000 232.000 ----10 15*/5**

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 3 Al - Aluminum Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Aluminum is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 933.45 K and a boiling point of about 2790.81 K. Aluminum was discovered in Denmark by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. It is the third most abundant element (oxygen and silicon being first and second) in the crust of the earth. Bauxite ore is the chief source of aluminum. It has a variety of uses – cans, foils, kitchen utensils, building decorations, structural material, electrical transmission lines, alloys, and coatings. It is also used as a catalyst and additive for conducting chemical reactions. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – Al2Br6, AlCl3, AlF3, AlH3, Al2I6, Al2O3, Al2S3, and Al2Se3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 26.982 g/mol freezing point = 933.45 K boiling point = 2790.81 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

11

Chapter 3 Al - Aluminun

10

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Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 3-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 3 Al - Aluminun

350 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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Figure 3-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

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Chapter 3 Al - Aluminun

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

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140 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

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Data are not available.

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infinite dilution

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 3-3 Transport Properties

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3000

Chapter 4 Am - Americium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1449.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

15

Data Am americium 7440-35-9 silvery metal 243.000 1449.15 2880.00 6514.79 --------------12.0000 ------14.390 ----1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.468, 3.468, 11.241 --------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 --------------1 ------1 ----1 ------1 1 --------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 4 Am – Americium Characteristics Example

Americium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1449.15 K and a boiling point of about 2880.00 K. Americium was discovered in the USA by Glenn Seaborg, Ralph James, L. Morgan, and Albert Ghiorso in 1944. It is used as an ionization source for smoke detectors and a portable source of gamma rays.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 243.00 g/mol freezing point = 1449.15 K boiling point = 2880.00 K

Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – AmBr3, AmCl2, AmCl3, AmF3, AmF4, AmI2, AmI3, AmO, AmO2, and Am2O3.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. Data are not available for the graphs showing physical, thermodynamic, and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

16

Chapter 4 Am - Americium

0.001

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 4 Vapor Pressure

17

1200

1400

1600

Chapter 5 Ar - Argon Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Ar argon 7440-37-1 colorless gas 39.948 83.80 87.28 150.86 48.98 74.59 0.5356 0.291 0.0000 1.4194 4.3722E-03 1.6230 9.4000E-06 --6.440 1.182 13.41 14.138 0.710 1.880 1.540 1 cubic close-packed 5.256, 5.256, 5.256 --1.6544 1.380 20.786 12.472 1.667 42.610 3.284 154.85 --0.00 0.00 54.13 39696.14 220.89 0.293 0.01736 0.1270 6.000 0.1788 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 2.500E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 83.78 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 83.78 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 83.78 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 4 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 87.28 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 83.8 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 83.8 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 83.804 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 10 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 83.8 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 84 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 8 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

18

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 -----

Chapter 5 Ar - Argon Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Argon is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 83.80 K and a boiling point of about 87.28 K. Argon was discovered in Scotland by L. Ramsey and W. Ramsey in 1894. It has a variety of uses – electric light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, inert gas shield for welding, inert gas blanket in production of titanium, and protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 150.86 K critical pressure = 48.98 bar critical volume = 74.59 cm3/mol critical density = 0.5356 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.291 acentric factor = 0

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

19

Chapter 5 Ar - Argon

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature, K

Figure 5-1 Vapor Pressure

20

120

140

160

Chapter 5 Ar - Argon

7

1.6 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

5 4 3 2 1 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

0

200

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25

16 14

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

6

12 10 8 6 4

20 15 10 5

2 0

0 0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

0

200

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

50 100 Temperature, K

0

150

20

40 60 Temperature, K

Figure 5-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

21

80

100

Chapter 5 Ar - Argon

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

0.10

0.01 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

100 150 Temperature, K

200

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0.14

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

2500

0

3.5

50

2.0E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

50

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1.8E-04 1.4E-04 1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

1500

infinite dilution

1.6E-04

250 300 350 Temperature, K

Figure 5-3 Transport Properties

22

400

Chapter 6 As - Arsenic Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1090.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1090.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 287.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 888 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1090 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

23

Data As arsenic 7440-38-3 gray metal 74.922 1090.00 888.00 1673.00 223.00 35.00 2.1406 0.056 -0.3680 5.2861 1.0455E-03 5.7487 1.4255E-05 --31.915 24.440 --37.040 1.150 1.850 0.470 5 trigonal 3.760, 3.760, 10.548 1440.000 ----19.332 11.018 1.755 29.280 16.610 174.19 35.00 302.50 261.00 ------------69.000 ----0.01 0.01

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 --1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 6 As - Arsenic Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Arsenic is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1090.00 K and a boiling point of about 888.00 K. Arsenic has been known since ancient times. Some believe that A. Mangus obtained the element in 1250 A.D. It has a variety of uses – bronzing, pyrotechnics, hardening shot, doping agent, and laser material for conversion of electricity Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – AsBr3, AsCl3, AsCl5, AsF3, AsF5, AsH3, As2H4, AsI3, As2I4, As2O3, As2O5, As2,S3, As2S5, As4S4, As2Se3, and As2Se5.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 74.922 g/mol freezing point = 1090.00 K boiling point = 888.00 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

24

Chapter 6 As - Arsenic

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

200

400

600

Temperature, K

Figure 6-1 Vapor Pressure

25

800

1000

Chapter 6 As - Arsenic

30 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

25

Data are not available.

20 15 10 5 0

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 6-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

26

1500

Chapter 6 As - Arsenic

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

300 250 200 Data are not available.

150 100 50 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 6-3 Transport Properties

27

Chapter 7 At - Astatine Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 607 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 575.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

28

Data At astatine 7440-68-8 crystals 210.000 575.15 610.00 1096.37 1236.30 22.12 9.4937 0.300 0.6410 ----------89.422 23.800 ----1.270 ------------------------26.630 --------------------1.700 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ----------1,2 1 ----1 ------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 7 At – Astatine Characteristics

formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Astatine is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 575.15 K and a boiling point of about 610.00 K. Astatine was discovered in the USA at the University of California by Dale Corson and others in 1940. The longest-lived isotope has a half-live of about 8.3 hours. All 20 isotopes are radioactive.

Example

Compounds

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation

molecular weight = 210.00 g/mol freezing point = 575.15 K boiling point = 610.00 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of

29

Chapter 7 At - Astatine

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

100

200

300

Temperature, K

Figure 7-1 Vapor Pressure

30

400

500

600

Chapter 7 At - Astatine

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

100

Data are not available.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 7-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

31

1500

Chapter 8 Au - Gold Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1337.33 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1337.33 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3129.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1337.33 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1338 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1336.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1373.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 1373.2 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

32

Data Au gold 7440-57-5 soft yellow metal 196.967 1337.33 3129.15 4398.00 6354.40 50.30 3.9158 0.874 --17.2817 6.7838E-05 19.3000 1.4222E-05 2.26 324.000 12.550 1150.00 196.846 1.350 1.660 1.370 1 cubic close-packed 4.078, 4.078, 4.078 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 33.359 21.493 180.89 47.40 366.10 326.30 ------5.130 --106.0000 332.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 --2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 8 Au - Gold Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Gold is a solid (soft yellow metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1337.33 K and a boiling point of about 3129.15 K. Gold has been known since ancient times. Inscriptions in Egypt date back to 2600 B.C. It is a precious metal and has been used as the basis of many currencies for centuries. It has a variety of uses – jewellery, decorations, gold leaf, coinage, catalyst, photography, electrical contacts, solder alloy, brazing material, dental alloys, medical implants, and nano applications. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – AuBr, Au2Br6, AuCl, Au2Cl6, Au4Cl8, AuI, AuI3, Au2O3, Au2S, Au2S3, AuSe, Au2Se3, and AuTe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 196.967 g/mol freezing point = 1337.33 K boiling point = 3129.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

33

Chapter 8 Au - Gold

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

100

200

300

Temperature, K

Figure 8-1 Vapor Pressure

34

400

500

600

Chapter 8 Au - Gold

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

100

Data are not available.

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 8-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

35

1500

Chapter 9 B - Boron Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2348.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2348.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4273.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2348.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2348.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2350 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

36

Data Code 1 B 1 boron 1 7440-42-8 black rhombohedral crysta 1 1 10.811 1 2348.15 1 4273.15 2 7934.59 2 8417.50 2 23.51 2 0.4598 2 0.300 2 0.8260 1,2 2.1598 1,2 5.5702E-05 1,2 2.3400 1,2 4.7175E-06 ----1,2 480.000 1 50.200 1,2 1065.84 1,2 329.687 1 0.850 ----1 0.200 1 3 1 rhombohedral 1 5.060, 5.060, 5.060 ------------1 20.795 1 12.481 1 1.666 1 31.750 1 1.076 1,2 153.50 1,2 6.28 1,2 560.00 1,2 515.99 ------------------------1,2 55.100 -----------------

Chapter 9 B - Boron Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Boron is a solid (black crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2348.15 K and a boiling point of about 4273.15 K. Boron was discovered in 1808 in England and France by Sir Humphrey Davy, Joseph-Louis GayLussac, and Louis Jaques Thenard. It has a variety of uses – pyrotechnics, rockets, mild antiseptic (boric acid), cleansing flux (borax), enamels, borosilicate glasses, arthritis treatment, boron nitride, filaments for aerospace structures, and insect control (boric acid). Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BBr3, BCl3, B2Cl4, BF3, B2F4, B2H6, B4H10, B5H9, B5H11, B6H10, B10H14, BI3, B2O3, and B2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 10.811 g/mol freezing point = 2348.15 K boiling point = 4273.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

37

Chapter 9 B- Boron

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 9-1 Vapor Pressure

38

3500

4000

4500

Chapter 9 B- Boron

600 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

500 400 300 200 100

0.0

0 0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

3000

0

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

4000 6000 8000 Temperature, K

10000

25

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

3000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

2000

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

Figure 9-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

39

Chapter 10 Ba - Barium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1000.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1000.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2170.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1000.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1000 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1000 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

40

Data Ba barium 7440-39-3 silvery-yellow metal 137.327 1000.15 2170.15 3572.13 381.40 233.62 0.5878 0.300 0.2640 3.3250 1.2176E-04 3.6200 2.0668E-05 34.02 140.000 7.120 273.00 63.777 2.150 --1.350 2 body-centered cubic 5.028, 5.028, 5.028 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 40.000 24.280 170.77 63.00 179.08 146.94 ------------20.500 ----0.5 0.5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------2 ----1 1

Chapter 10 Ba - Barium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Barium is a solid (silvery-yellow metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1000.15 K and a boiling point of about 2170.15 K. Barium was discovered in England by Sir Hummphrey Davy in 1808. It has a variety of uses – paint (barium sulfate), glassmaking, oil well drilling fluids, rubber manufacture,and rat poison (barium carbonate). Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BaBr2.2H2O, BaCl2, BaCl2.2H20, BaF2, BaH2, BaI2, BaI2.2H2O, BaO, BaO2, BaS, and BaSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 137.327 g/mol freezing point = 1000.15 K boiling point = 2170.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

41

Chapter 10 Ba - Barium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

Temperature, K

Figure 10-1 Vapor Pressure

42

2000

2500

Chapter 10 Ba - Barium

3.5 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

200

Density of Liquid, g/ml

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

0.0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0

2000

45

45

40

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

1000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

500

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 10-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

43

1500

Chapter 10 Ba - Barium

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

250 200 150 Data are not available. 100 50 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 10-3 Transport Properties

44

Chapter 11 Be - Beryllium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1556 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1556 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2757 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1556 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1773 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1563 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1568 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

45

Data Be beryllium 7440-41-7 hexagonal solid 9.012 1556.00 2757.00 5205.00 392.00 311.50 0.0289 0.282 0.2274 1.6900 3.1848E-04 1.8480 1.1399E-05 3.70 295.145 7.895 1100.00 235.733 1.050 --0.310 2 hexagonal close-packed 2.286, 2.286, 3.584 600.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 29.480 1.738 136.34 9.50 324.00 286.18 ------0.602 ----301.000 ----0.002 0.002

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 11 Be - Beryllium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Beryllium is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1556.00 K and a boiling point of about 2757.00 K. Beryllium was discovered in France by Nicholas Louis Vauquelin in 1797. It has a variety of uses – x-ray windows, alloy with nickel for electrodes, alloy with copper for computer parts, alloy for structural component in space applications, ceramics, and moderator in nuclear reactions. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BeBr2, BeCl2, BeF2, BeH2, BeI2, BeO, BeS, and BeS.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 9.012 g/mol freezing point = 1556.00 K boiling point = 2757.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

46

Chapter 11 Be - Beryllium

10

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 11-1 Vapor Pressure

47

2500

3000

Chapter 11 Be - Beryllium

350

1.8 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

300 250 200 150 100 50

0.0

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

2500

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

6000

25

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

2000 4000 Temperature, K

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 11-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

48

Chapter 11 Be - Beryllium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

1.0

Data are not available.

0.1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 11-3 Transport Properties

49

2000

Chapter 12 Bh - Bohrium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

50

Data Bh bohrium 54037-14-8 synthetic element 272.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 12 Bh - Bohrium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Bohrium is a synthetic element. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Bohrium was discovered in Germany at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Munzenber, and co-workers in 1981. It is a synthetic element and not present in the environment.

molecular weight = 272.00 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

51

Chapter 13 Bi - Bismuth Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 544.54 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 544.54 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1837.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 544.54 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 544 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 544.54 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 548.95 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 544.59 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

52

Data Bi bismuth 7440-69-9 gray-white soft metal 208.980 544.54 1837.15 4620.00 770.00 104.00 2.0094 0.208 -0.2366 10.0639 1.2180E-04 9.8160 1.3409E-05 107.00 151.000 11.300 382.00 87.487 1.600 --0.740 5 monoclinic 6.674, 6.117, 3.304 94.200 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 30.202 23.347 187.17 56.70 207.10 168.20 ------1.662 --12.4000 9.690 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 13 Bi - Bismuth Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Bismuth is a solid (gray-white soft metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 544.54 K and a boiling point of about 1837.15 Bismuth has been known since ancient times. Claude Geoffroy showed that bismuth was different from lead in 1753. It has a variety of uses – production of malleable irons, catalyst for making acrylic fibers, thermocouple material, carrier for uranium in nuclear reactors, fire detection-extinguising systems, cosmetics, and medicine. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BiCl3, BiF3, BiF5, BiH3, BiI3, Bi2O3, Bi2S3, and Bi2Se3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 208.980 g/mol freezing point = 544.54 K boiling point = 1837.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

53

Chapter 13 Bi - Bismuth

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 13-1 Vapor Pressure

54

1500

2000

Chapter 13 Bi - Bismuth

180 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

12 10 8 6 4 2

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

25

450 400

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1000

350 300 250 200 150 100

20 15 10 5

50 0

0 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

1000

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

200 400 Temperature, K

Figure 13-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

55

600

Chapter 13 Bi - Bismuth

10.0 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

1.0

0.1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 13-3 Transport Properties

56

1500

Chapter 14 Bk - Berkelium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

57

Data Bk berkelium (a form) 7440-40-6 solid 247.000 --------------------14.7800 --------------------hexagonal close-packed 3.416, 3.416, 11.069 --------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 --------------------1 --------------------1 1 --------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 14 Bk - Berkelium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Berkelium is a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Berlelium was discovered at the University of California in the USA by Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, and Albert Ghiorso in 1949. It is a radioactive rare earth metal.

molecular weight = 247.00 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BkCl3, BkF3, BkF4, BkI3, BkO, BkO2, and Bk2O3. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

58

Chapter 15 Br2 - Bromine Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Br2 bromine 7726-95-6 liquid 159.808 265.90 331.90 584.15 103.35 135.00 1.1838 0.287 0.1189 3.2136 1.0338E-03 4.1071 ----29.963 10.573 40.95 23.794 1.150 1.850 1.950 -1 orthorhombic 6.727, 4.645, 8.792 ------36.000 27.686 1.300 77.629 43.600 245.40 --30.91 3.13 ----155.23 1.471 0.00444 0.1294 --0.1186 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.712E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 0.66 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 0.7 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 265.85 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 265.85 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 79.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 331.9 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 265.9 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 298.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 265.9 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 260 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 266 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

59

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --2 2 1 1

Chapter 15 Br2 - Bromine Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Bromine is a liquid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 265.90 K and a boiling point of about 331.90 K. Bromine was discovered in France by AntoineJerome Balard in 1826. It has a variety of uses – fumigants, water purification, dyes, medicines, photography, pesticides, and flame retardant for plastics. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BrF, BrF3, BrF5, BrO2, and Br2O.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 584.15 K critical pressure = 103.35 bar critical volume = 135.00 cm3/mol critical density = 1.1838 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.287 acentric factor = 0.1189

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

60

Chapter 15 Br2 - Bromine

1000

Vapor Pressure, bar

100

10

1

0.1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.01 0

100

200

300

400

Temperature, K

Figure 15-1 Vapor Pressure

61

500

600

700

Chapter 15 Br2 - Bromine

35 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

3.5

Density of Liquid, g/ml

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 200

400 600 Temperature, K

20 15 10 5

800

50

45

45

40

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

25

0 0

40 35 30 25 20 15 10

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

5 0

0 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

70

100 90

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

30

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0

200 400 Temperature, K

600

0

100 200 Temperature, K

Figure 15-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

62

300

Chapter 15 Br2 - Bromine

10.0 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

200 400 Temperature, K

600

0.14

0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

2.0

2.0E-04

1.8

1.8E-04

Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

1.0

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

200

800

infinite dilution

1.6E-04 1.4E-04 1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 15-3 Transport Properties

63

400 600 Temperature, K

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 16 C - Carbon Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 4765 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 4765 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 4762.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

64

Data C graphite 7782-42-5 soft black hexagonal crystals

12.011 4762.15 4098.15 6810.00 2230.00 18.80 0.6389 0.074 0.3268 1.6110 1.2922E-04 2.2500 ------117.000 ----0.700 1.700 0.150 4 hexagonal close-packed 2.464, 2.464, 6.711 ------20.838 12.524 1.664 --1.688 158.10 5.74 716.67 671.24 ------------4510.000 ----2 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 --1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter 16 C - Carbon Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Carbon is a solid (graphie, soft black crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 4762.15 K and a boiling point of about 4098.15 K. Carbon has been known since ancient times. Carbon as diamond, charcoal, soot, and coal have been used by civilizations since prehistoric times. It has a variety of uses – fuel (coal), lubricant (graphite), nano applications, and organic chemicals. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CBr4, CCl4, CH4, C2H6, CI4, CO, CO2, C3O2, CS2, and CSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 12.011 g/mol freezing point = 4762.15 K boiling point = 4098.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

65

Chapter 16 C - Carbon

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 16-1 Vapor Pressure

66

3500

4000

4500

Chapter 16 C - Carbon

1.8

1.4 1.2 1.0

Data are not available.

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2000

4000 6000 Temperature, K

8000

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

0

Data are not available.

20 15 10 5 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.6

Data are not available.

25 20 15 10 5 0

Figure 16-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

67

Chapter 16 C - Carbon

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

300 250 200 Data are not available.

150 100 50 0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 16-3 Transport Properties

68

Chapter 17 Ca - Calcium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1115 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1115 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1757 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1115 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1100 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1115 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1123.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

69

Data Ca calcium 7440-70-2 silvery-white metal 40.078 1115.00 1757.00 3267.00 153.00 517.10 0.0775 0.291 0.1167 1.3679 1.5258E-04 1.5400 2.2355E-05 3.42 154.706 8.540 364.50 75.664 1.800 --0.990 2 cubic close-packed 5.588, 5.588, 5.588 167.000 ----20.790 12.476 1.666 38.000 20.319 154.89 41.70 177.80 144.02 ------1.107 ----221.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----2 ---------

Chapter 17 Ca - Calcium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Calcium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1115.00 K and a boiling point of about 1757.00 K. Calcium was discovered in England by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. It fifth most abundant element (more than 3%) in the earth’s crust . It has a variety of uses – reducing agent for producing metals (such as thorium, uranium, etc.); deoxidized, desulphurizer, and decarbonizer for various alloys; metallic alloys; lime (cheap source of base for chemical industry); and component for Portland cemet. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CaCl2, CaF2, CaH2, CaI2, CaO, CaO2,CaS, and CaSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 40.078 g/mol freezing point = 1115.00 K boiling point = 1757.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

70

Chapter 17 Ca - Calcium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 17-1 Vapor Pressure

71

1500

2000

1.6

200

1.4

180

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 17 Ca - Calcium

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

0.0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25

400 350

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1000

300 250 200 150 100

20 15 10 5

50 0

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 17-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

72

1500

Chapter 17 Ca - Calcium

10

180

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

200 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

1

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 17-3 Transport Properties

73

1500

Chapter 18 Cd - Cadium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 594.05 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 594.05 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1040.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 594.22 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 594 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 594.26 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 623 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 594.258 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

74

Data Cd cadmium 7440-43-9 silvery-white metal 112.411 594.22 1040.15 2291.00 861.70 37.90 2.9660 0.171 0.0500 8.0169 1.2900E-04 8.6900 3.0862E-05 6.80 99.870 6.210 637.00 87.435 1.550 1.580 0.970 2 hexagonal close-packed 2.979, 2.979, 5.619 203.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 29.900 25.110 --51.80 111.80 --------2.370 --36.8000 103.000 ------0.2

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 --1,2 1,2 --------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ------1

Chapter 18 Cd - Cadium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Cadium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 594.22 K and a boiling point of about 1040.15 K. Cadium was discovered in Germany by Fredrich Strohmeyer in 1817. It and its compounds are highly toxic. It has a variety of uses – coatings (usually achieved by electroplating), special alloys, solders, batteries, shields in nuclear reactors, some TV tubes, yellow pigment (cadium sulfide), some semiconductors, and stabilizers (cadium compounds) for PVC. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CdCl2, CdF2, CdH2, CdI2, CdO, CdO2, CdS, and CdSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 112.411 g/mol freezing point = 594.22 K boiling point = 1040.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

75

Chapter 18 Cd - Cadium

10

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

200

400

600

Temperature, K

Figure 18-1 Vapor Pressure

76

800

1000

1200

Chapter 18 Cd - Cadium

9

120 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

100 80 60 40 20

0

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

2500

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

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400 600 Temperature, K

800

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

29 28 27 26 25 24

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 18-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

77

Chapter 18 Cd - Cadium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

50

Data are not available.

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Data are not available.

200

Data are not available.

Figure 18-3 Transport Properties

78

Chapter 19 Ce - Cerium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1071.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1071.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3716.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1071.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1081 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1071 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1077.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

79

Data Ce cerium 7440-45-1 silvery metal 140.116 1071.15 3716.15 11993.80 ----------6.6800 2.9805E-05 6.7700 5.2299E-06 82.80 398.000 5.460 794.00 --1.850 --1.010 4 hexagonal close-packed 3.620, 3.620, 5.990 412.000 ----23.075 14.761 1.563 37.698 26.945 199.45 72.00 423.00 385.00 ------2.880 ----6.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 19 Ce - Cerium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Cerium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1071.15 K and a boiling point of about 3716.15 K. Cerium was discovered in Germany and Sweden by Wilhelm von Hisinger, Jons Jacob Berzelius and Martin Klaproth in 1803. It has a variety of uses – component in misch metal (manufacture of cigarette lighters, pryophoric alloys, etc.), the oxide as a calalysts in “self-cleaning” ovens (incorporated into oven walls), manufacture of glass, glass polishing agent, carbon-arc lighting, catalyst in petroleum reefing, and nuclear applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CeCl3, CeCl3.3H2O, CeCl3.7H2O, CeF2, CeF3, CeF4, CeH2, CeI2, CeI3, CeO2, Ce2O3, CeS, and Ce2S3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 140.116 g/mol freezing point = 1071.15 K boiling point = 3716.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

80

Chapter 19 Ce - Cerium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Temperature, K

Figure 19-1 Vapor Pressure

81

3000

3500

4000

8

500

7

450

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 19 Ce - Cerium

6 5 4 3 2 1

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

0

0 500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

900

45

800

40

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

0

700 600 500 400 300 200 100

15000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

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0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

5000 10000 Temperature, K

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

0

4000

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 19-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

82

1500

Chapter 19 Ce - Cerium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 1050

1100 1150 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 19-3 Transport Properties

83

1200

Chapter 20 Cf - Californium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

84

Data Code 1 Cf 1 californium 1 7440-71-3 1 hexagonal or cubic metal 1 251.000 1 1173.15 ------------------------------------1 15.1000 ----------------------------------------1 hexagonal close-packed 1 3.380, 3.380, 11.025 ----------------------------1,2 26.630 ----------------------------------------2 10.000 -----------------

Chapter 20 Cf - Californium Characteristics

These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Californium is a solid (hexagonal metal) ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1173.15 K. Californium was discovered at the University of California in the USA by Glenn T. Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, and Kenneth Street in 1950. It is radioactive and onl available in small quantities. It has several uses – foils for fission fragments for research, portable neutron source for detection of gold or silver, moisture gauges for determination of water and oil layers in oil wells.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 251.00 g/mol freezing point = 1173.15 K

Compounds References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CfBr3, CfCl2, CfCl3, CfF3, CfF4, CfI2, CfI3, CfO2, and Cf2O3.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water.

85

Chapter 21 Cl2 - Chlorine Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Cl2 chlorine 7782-50-5 green-yellow gas 70.905 172.12 239.12 417.15 77.11 123.75 0.5730 0.275 0.0690 1.7229 1.3098E-03 2.0900 ----20.490 6.406 17.32 20.190 1.000 1.750 1.810 -1 orthorhombic 6.224, 4.456, 8.179 --2.9365 2.449 33.949 25.635 1.324 67.988 33.346 223.08 --0.00 0.00 6269.55 599.83 133.85 0.565 0.00900 0.1858 --0.1446 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.890E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 1.5 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 172.12 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 172.12 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 113.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 239.12 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 172.12 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 298.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 172.12 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 60 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 223.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 172 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

86

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --2 1,2 1 ---

Chapter 21 Cl2 - Chlorine Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Chlorine is a green-yellow gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 172.12 K and a boiling point of about 239.12 K. Chlorine was discovered in Sweden by Carl William Scheele in 1774. It is produced from electrolysis of salt brine. It has a variety of uses – production of safe drinking water, paper products, dye stuffs, textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, paints, cleaning products, pulp processing, PVC products, and other consumer applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ClF, ClF3, ClF5, ClO2, Cl2O, Cl2O6, and Cl2O7.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 417.15 K critical pressure = 77.11 bar critical volume = 123.75 cm3/mol critical density = 0.5730 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.275 acentric factor = .0690

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

87

Chapter 21 Cl2 - Chlorine

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

0.1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.01 0

50

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150

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Figure 21-1 Vapor Pressure

88

350

400

450

Chapter 21 Cl2 - Chlorine

25

2.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 100

200 300 Temperature, K

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Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

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120 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

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100 80 60 40 20 0

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500

Figure 21-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

89

Chapter 21 Cl2 - Chlorine

1.0 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

600 500 400 300 200 100 0

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Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

200 300 Temperature, K

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0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0

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0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

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2.5E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

2.5 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

100

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

infinite dilution 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 21-3 Transport Properties

90

Chapter 22 Cm - Curium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1618.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

91

Data Cm curium 7440-51-9 silvery metal 247.000 1618.15 3383.00 ----------------13.5100 ------15.000 ------------hexagonal close-packed 3.496, 3.496, 11.331 --------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------------1 ------2 ------------1 1 --------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 22 Cm - Curium Characteristics Example

Curium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1618.15 K and a boiling point of about 3383.00 K. Curium was discovered at the University of California in the USA by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso in 1944. It is radioactive and available only in small amounts. It was used by NASA as a thermoelectric power source and alpha paricle source in the Mars Rover.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 247.00 g/mol freezing point = 1618.15 K boiling point = 3383.00 K

Compounds References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CmCl3, CmF3, CmF4, CmI3, CmO, CmO2, and Cm2O3.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

92

Chapter 23 Co - Cobalt Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1873.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1873.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3200.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1768.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1768 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1768 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1723 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

93

Data Co cobalt 7440-48-4 gray metal 58.933 1768.15 3200.15 7398.48 5148.70 35.84 1.6443 0.300 --7.5400 1.5876E-04 8.8600 1.3072E-05 5.60 377.000 16.200 1900.00 230.037 1.350 ------hexagonal close-packed 2.507, 2.507, 4.070 700.000 ----23.020 14.706 1.565 40.501 13.909 179.45 29.86 426.68 382.12 ------4.464 ----194.000 ----0.02 0.1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 23 Co - Cobalt Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Cobalt is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1768.15 K and a boiling point of about 3200.15 K. Cobalt was discovered in Sweden by Georg Brandt in 1735. It has a variety of uses – metal alloy (jet engines and gas turbine engines), magnetic steels, stainless steels, electroplating, cobalt salts for blue colors (porcelain, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels), gamma ray source, tracer, and radio-thererapeutic agent. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CoBr2, CoCl2, CoCl2.2H2O, CoCl3, CoF2, CoF3, CoF4, CoI2, CoO, Co2O3, Co3O4, CoS, CoS2, Co2S3, and CoSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 58.933 g/mol freezing point = 1768.15 K boiling point = 3200.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

94

Chapter 23 Co - Cobalt

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1 bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 22-1 Vapor Pressure

95

2500

3000

3500

9

450

8

400

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 23 Co - Cobalt

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

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2000 3000 Temperature, K

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5000

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500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 22-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

96

1500

Chapter 23 Co - Cobalt

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.00

Data are not available.

1.00 1700

1800

1900 2000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 22-3 Transport Properties

97

2100

Chapter 24 Cr - Chromium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2180.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2180.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 293 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2944.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2180.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1920 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2130 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

98

Data Cr chromium 7440-47-3 blue-white metal 51.996 2180.15 2944.15 8560.93 5784.10 36.92 1.4083 0.300 --6.4600 4.9568E-05 7.1500 4.9000E-06 12.61 339.500 21.000 1848.24 204.993 1.400 --0.520 6 body-centered cubic 2.910, 2.910, 2.910 1120.000 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 39.330 9.963 174.49 23.91 397.48 352.55 ------------111.000 ----0.5 1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 24 Cr - Chromium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Chromium is a solid (blue-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2180.15 K boiling point of about 2944.15 K. Chromium was discovered in France by LouisNicholas Vauquelin in 1797. It has a variety of uses – alloys, hardening of steel, stainless steel, plating, emerald green color (emeralds and glasses), catalyst, chromates (oxidizing agents, quantitative analysis, and tanning leather), lead chromate (chrome yellow in paint pigment), anodizing aluminum, and chromites (special bricks). Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CrBr2, CrBr3, CrBr4, CrCl2, CrCl3, CrCl4, CrF2, CrF3, CrF4, CrF5, CrF6, CrI2, CrI3, CrI4, CrO2, CrO3, Cr2O3, Cr3O4, CrS, Cr2S3, and CrSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 51.996 g/mol freezing point = 2180.15 K boiling point = 2944.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

99

Chapter 24 Cr - Chromium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

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Temperature, K

Figure 24-1 Vapor Pressure

100

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Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 24 Cr - Chromium

5 4 3 2 1

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25

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Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2000

2000

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

20 15 10 5

200 0

0 500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

45

45

40

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

Figure 24-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

101

Chapter 25 Cs - Cesium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 301.65 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 301.65 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 944.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 301.65 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 301 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 301.59 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 323.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 301.9 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 30 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

102

Data Cs cesium 7440-46-2 silvery-white metal 132.905 301.65 944.15 1938.00 94.00 341.00 0.3898 0.199 --1.8530 3.0706E-04 1.9300 9.7000E-05 20.82 63.900 2.090 690.00 32.025 2.600 --1.690 1 body-centered cubic 6.141, 6.141, 6.141 0.140 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 32.635 25.820 175.68 85.24 76.50 49.53 ------0.598 --19.7000 50.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 25 Cs - Cesium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Cesium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 301.65 K and a boiling point of about 944.15 K. Cesium was discovered in Germany by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in 1860. It has a variety of uses – catalyst for hydrogenation, ion propulsion systems, atomic clocks, “getter” in electron tubes, photoelectric cells, vacuum tubes, and IR lamps. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CsCl, CsF, CsH, CsI, CsO2, Cs2O, Cs2O2, Cs2S, Cs2S2, Cs2S3, CsS4, CsS5, Cs2S6, Cs2S7, and Cs2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 132.905 g/mol freezing point = 301.65 K boiling point = 944.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

103

Chapter 25 Cs - Cesium

10

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

200

400

600

Temperature, K

Figure 25-1 Vapor Pressure

104

800

1000

2.0

80

1.8

70

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 25 Cs - Cesium

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

50 40 30 20 10 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0

2000

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25

800 700

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

60

600 500 400 300 200

20 15 10 5

100 0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

70 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

Figure 25-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

105

Chapter 25 Cs - Cesium

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0.01 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.012 Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

0.10

0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

20 15 10 5 0 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 25-3 Transport Properties

106

800

Chapter 26 Cu - Copper Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1673.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1673.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2835.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1357.77 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1358 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1358 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1357 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 1357.6 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

107

Data Cu copper 7440-50-8 red metal 63.546 1357.77 2835.15 5123.00 6415.50 61.00 1.0417 0.919 --7.6900 8.8663E-05 8.9600 1.6538E-05 1.71 300.400 12.930 1320.00 209.123 1.350 1.400 0.960 1 cubic close-packed 3.615, 3.615, 3.615 ------20.790 12.476 1.666 32.800 16.010 166.38 32.87 337.60 297.88 ------3.397 --166.0000 429.000 ----0.2 0.1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 26 Cu - Copper Characteristics

properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Copper is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1357.77 K and a boiling point of about 2835.15 K. Copper has been known since prehistoric times. Reports of copper beads date back to 9000 BC. It has a variety of uses – wire, electromagnets, printed circuit boards, solder, generators, transformers, electrical relays, busbars, switshes, integrated circuits, wave guides for microwave radiation, coinage metal, Fehling’s solution (analytical chemistry in testing for sugar), electrical applications, computer heat sinks, water-proof roofing material (many old buildings with greenish roofs and domes), alloy with nickel, plumbing piping and fittings, doorknobs, other home fixtures, guttering, cookware, cooking range hoods, bath tubs, counters, and sinks. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – CuBr2, CuCl, CuCl2, CuCl2.2H2O, CuF, CuF2, CuI, CuO, Cu2O, CuS, Cu2S, CuSe, and Cu2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 63.546 g/mol freezing point = 1357.77 K boiling point = 2835.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical

108

Chapter 26 Cu - Copper

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 26-1 Vapor Pressure

109

2500

3000

9

400

8

350

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 26 Cu - Copper

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

300 250 200 150 100 50

0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

5000

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

6000

25

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0

2000

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

2000 4000 Temperature, K

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 26-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

110

1500

Chapter 26 Cu - Copper

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

Data are not available.

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 26-3 Transport Properties

111

2000

2500

Chapter 27 D2 - Deuterium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data D2 deuterium 7782-39-0 gas 4.028 18.73 23.65 38.35 16.64 60.26 0.0668 0.314 -0.1449 0.1730 1.3890E-02 0.1722 ----1.182 0.199 4.24 6.282 --------------0.1668 0.139 29.914 21.600 1.385 27.790 --144.96 --0.00 0.00 3.16 68580.54 123.46 0.01348 0.13462 0.1240 --0.5245 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 5.543E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 18.73 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 18.73 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 18.73 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 23.65 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 18.73 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 18.73 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 20.5 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 20.35 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 19 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

112

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 ----------1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --2 2 -----

Capater 27 D2 - Deuterium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Deuterium is a gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 18.73 K and a boiling point of about 23.65 K. Deuterium was detected at Columbia University in the USA by Harold Urey in 1931. It has a variety of uses – nuclear fusion reactions, nonradioactive isotopic tracer in molecules, neutron scattering techniques, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – DBr, DCl, DF, DI, D2O.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 38.35 K critical pressure = 16.64 bar critical volume = 60.26 cm3/mol critical density = 0.0668 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.314 acentric factor = -0.1449

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

113

Chapter 27 D2 - Deuterium

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Temperature, K

Figure 27-1 Vapor Pressure

114

35

40

45

Chapter 27 D2 - Deuterium

1.4

0.20 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

0

50

5

40

4

35

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1.2

4 3 3 2 2 1

10

20 30 Temperature, K

50

30 25 20 15 10 5

1 0

0 0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

50

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

50 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

40

45 40 35 30 Data are not available.

25 20 15 10 5 0 0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

Figure 27-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

115

2000

Chapter 27 D2 - Deuterium

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

450 400 350 300 250

Data are not available.

200 150 100 50 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.16 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

2000

30

3.0E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

8.0 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

10 20 Temperature, K

7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

1500

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

Figure 27-3 Transport Properties

116

400

Chapter 28 Db - Dubnium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

117

Data Db dubnium 53850-35-4 presumably a solid 268.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 28 Db - Dubnium Characteristics Example

Dubnium is probably solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Dubnium was discovered workers at the University of California (USA) and Nuclear Institute at Dubna (Russia) in 1967. The apparent synthesis of dubnium by American and Russian workers independently was accomplished by bombardment technologies. The isolation of dubnium has not been accomplished.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 268.00 g/mol References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

118

Chapter 29 Ds - Darmstadtium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

119

Data Ds darmstadtium 54083-77-1 presumably a solid 282.000 ----------------------------------------------------------------0.00 ------------------0.0000 -------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------0 ------------------0 -------

Capater 29 Ds - Darmstadtium Characteristics

Example

Darmstadtium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Darmstadtium was discovered at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Germany by S. Hoffman, V. Ninov, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, H. J. Scott and others in 1994. It decays after a small fraction of a thousandth of a second into lighter elements by emitting alpha-particles.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

molecular weight = 282.00 g/mol References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

120

Chapter 30 Dy - Dysprosium Carl L. Yaws and Jewel A. Gomes Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1685.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1685.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 293 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1685.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1773 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1682 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 200 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 173.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

121

Data Dy dysprosium 7429-91-6 silvery metal 162.500 1685.15 2840.15 8561.50 ----------8.2000 4.7343E-05 8.5500 9.8172E-06 92.60 --11.060 648.00 --1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.593, 3.593, 5.654 500.000 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 49.915 29.162 195.74 75.00 290.40 254.40 ------------8.870 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 30 Dy - Dysprosium Characteristics Dysprosium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1685.15 K and a boiling point of about 2840.15 K. Dysprosium was discovered in France by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. It is relatively stable in air at ambient temperature. It is soft and can be cut with a knife. It is present in minerals such as xenotime, monazite, and bastnaesite.

capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – DyBr3, DyCl2, DyCl3, DyI2, DyI3, Dy2O3, Dy2S3, and Dy2Se3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 162.500 g/mol freezing point = 1685.15 K boiling point = 2840.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat

122

Chapter 30 Dy - Dysprosium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 30-1 Vapor Pressure

123

2500

3000

Chapter 30 Dy - Dysprosium

9.0

Density of Liquid, g/ml

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0

Data are not available.

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

50 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

60 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

20

50 40 30 20 10 0

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 30-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

124

Chapter 31 Er - Erbium Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1802.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1802.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1802.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1803 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1795 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 298 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

125

Data Er erbium 7440-52-0 silvery metal 167.260 1802.15 3141.15 9714.25 ----------8.6000 4.1146E-05 9.0700 9.4125E-06 86.00 --19.900 637.00 --1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.559, 3.559, 5.587 814.000 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 38.702 24.602 195.29 73.20 317.10 280.70 ------------14.500 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 31 Er - Erbium Characteristics

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Erbium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1802.15 K and a boiling point of about 3141.15 K. Erbium was discovered in Sweden by Carl G. Mosander in 1842. It has a variety of uses – nuclear industry, metallurgical applications, colorant (erbium oxide) in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes, and photographic filter. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ErCl3, ErCl3.6H2O, ErF3, ErH3, ErH3, Er2O3, ErS, Er2S3, and Er2Se3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 167.260 g/mol freezing point = 1802.15 K boiling point = 3141.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

126

Chapter 31 Er - Erbium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 31-1 Vapor Pressure

127

2500

3000

3500

Chapter 31 Er - Erbium

10

Density of Liquid, g/ml

9 8 7 6

Data are not available.

5 4 3 2 1 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

45

45

40

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

20

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 31-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

128

Chapter 32 Es - Einsteinium Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

129

Data Es einsteinium 7429-92-7 metal 252.000 1133.15 ------------------8.8400 --------------------------------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------------------1 --------------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 32 Es - Einsteinium Characteristics

Example

Einsteinium is a solid metal at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1133.15 K. Einsteinium was discovered in 1952 by workers at Argonne Laboratory (Loa Alamos) and University of California (Berkley) in the USA. It is a radioactive rare earth metal which was named after Albert Einstein.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 252.00 g/mol freezing point = 1133.15 K

Compounds References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – EsBr3, EsCl2, EsCl3, EsF3, EsI2, EsI3, and Es2O3.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

130

Chapter 33 Eu - Europium Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1095.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1095.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1802.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1095.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1099 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1090 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

131

Data Eu europium 7440-53-1 soft silvery metal 151.964 1095.15 1802.15 5150.00 3547.90 36.21 4.1967 0.300 --4.8700 7.9232E-05 5.2400 3.5000E-05 90.00 176.000 9.210 264.00 75.750 1.850 ------body-centered cubic 4.581, 4.581, 4.581 ------20.794 12.480 1.666 38.116 27.112 188.82 77.80 175.30 142.20 ------------18.200 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 ------1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------2 ---------

Chapter 33 Eu - Europium Characteristics

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Europium is a solid (soft silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1095.15 K and a boiling point of about 1802.15 K. Europium was discovered in France by Eugene Demarcay in 1901. It has a variety of uses – neutron absorbers, nuclear control applications, laser materials, TV tubes (europium oxide as activator), and metal alloys. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – EuBr3, EuCl2, EuCl2.2H2O, EuCl2.6H2O, EuF2, EuF3, EuI2, EuI3, Eu2O3, Eu3O4, EuS, and EuSe.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 151.964 g/mol freezing point = 1095.15 K boiling point = 1802.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

132

Chapter 33 Eu - Europium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 33-1 Vapor Pressure

133

1500

2000

Chapter 33 Eu - Europium

200 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

6000

25

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0

2000

45

45

40

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

2000 4000 Temperature, K

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 33-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

134

1500

Chapter 34 F2 - Fluorine Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data F2 fluorine 7782-41-4 pale yellow gas 37.997 53.54 84.95 144.12 51.72 66.54 0.5710 0.287 0.0530 1.7056 3.4788E-03 1.9300 ----6.553 0.510 22.68 15.208 0.500 1.470 1.360 -1 monoclinic 5.500, 3.280, 7.280 --1.5736 1.312 31.302 22.988 1.362 57.510 13.180 202.79 --0.00 0.00 ----227.61 0.880 0.02700 0.2012 --0.2276 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 2.685E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 1.6 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 0.2 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 53.48 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 53.48 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 39 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 84.9499 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 53.54 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 53.48 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 53.48 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 20 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 53.48 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 53.5 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

135

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --2 2 1 1

Chapter 34 F2 - Fluorine Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Fluorine is a pale yellow gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 53.54 K and a boiling point of about 84.95 K. Fluorine was discovered in France by Henri Moissan in 1886. It has a variety of uses – production of uranium (from uranium hexafluoride), hydrofluoric acid for etching, monomers for high-temperature plastics, refrigerants for air conditioning, water purification, and specialty dental applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – FBr, F3Br, F5Br, FCl, F3Cl, F5Cl, F2O, FH, FI, F2O3, F2S, F4S, F6S, F2Se, F4Se, and F6Se.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 144.12 K critical pressure = 51.72 bar critical volume = 66.54 cm3/mol critical density = 0.5710 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.287 acentric factor = 0.0530

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

136

Chapter 34 F2 - Fluorine

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

0.1

0.01

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.001 0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature, K

Figure 34-1 Vapor Pressure

137

120

140

160

1.8

8

1.6

7

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 34 F2 - Fluorine

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

5 4 3 2 1 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

0

200

25

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

45 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

6

20 15 10 5

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0

0 0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

70

90

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0

50 100 Temperature, K

150

0

20 40 Temperature, K

Figure 34-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

138

60

Chapter 34 F2 - Fluorine

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.10

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

150

50 100 Temperature, K

150

0.25

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 0

3.0E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

3.5 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

50 100 Temperature, K

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 34-3 Transport Properties

139

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 35 Fe - Iron Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1923.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1923.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3133.35 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1811 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1811 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1809 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1812 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 1810 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

140

Data Code 1 Fe 1 iron 1 7439-89-6 1 silvery-white or gray metal 1 55.845 1 1811.00 1 3133.35 2 9340.00 2 10150.00 2 28.00 2 1.9945 2 0.366 2 -0.0106 1,2 7.1090 1,2 1.1996E-04 1,2 7.8700 1,2 1.1869E-05 1 9.88 1,2 340.000 1 13.810 1,2 1880.00 1,2 212.755 1 1.400 ------------1 body-centered cubic 1 2.867, 2.867, 2.867 1 490.000 --------1 25.680 1 17.366 1 1.479 1 46.024 1 12.101 1,2 180.47 1,2 27.30 1,2 415.47 1,2 369.80 ------------1,2 6.566 ----1,2 40.3000 1,2 115.000 -----------------

Chapter 35 Fe - Iron Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Iron is a solid (silvery-white or gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1811.00 K and a boiling point of about 3133.35 K. Iron has been known since prehistoric times. Smelted iron artifacts date from 3000 BC. It is present in plant and animal life. It has a variety of uses in the metals industry – pig iron (alloy which contains about 3 % carbon and varying amounts of S, Si, Mn, and P), wrought iron (contains few tenths of a percent of carbon), carbon steel, and many other alloy steels. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – FeBr2, FeBr3, FeCl2, FeCl3, FeF2, FeF3, FeI2, FeI3, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeS, FeS2, and FeSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 55.845 g/mol freezing point = 1811.00 K boiling point = 3133.35 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the transport properties, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

141

Chapter 35 Fe - Iron

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 35-1 Vapor Pressure

142

2500

3000

3500

8.0

400

7.0

350

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 35 Fe - Iron

6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

300 250 200 150 100 50

0.0

0 0

2000

4000 6000 Temperature, K

8000

0

10000

4000 6000 8000 Temperature, K

10000

30

1800

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

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2000

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

25 20 15 10 5

200 0

0 0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

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50 45

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

50 40 30 20 10 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 35-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

143

1500

Chapter 35 Fe - Iron

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

50

Data are not available.

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Data are not available.

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 35-3 Transport Properties

144

4000

Chapter 36 Fm - Fermium Carl L. Yaws and Prashant Bahadur Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

145

Data Fm fermium 7440-72-4 metal 257.000 1800.15 ----------------------------------------------------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 36 Fm - Fermium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Fermium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1800.15 K. Fermium was discovered in 1952 by workers at Argonne Laboratory (Loa Alamos) and University of California (Berkley) in the USA. It is a radioactive rare earth metal. Its longest living isotope has a half-life of eighty days.

molecular weight = 257.00 g/mol freezing point = 1800.15 K References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

146

Chapter 37 Fr - Francium Carl L. Yaws and Prashant Bahadur Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 946.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 300.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

147

Data Fr francium 7440-73-5 short-lived alkali metal 223.000 300.15 946.15 1606.46 1790.20 22.38 9.9643 0.300 0.6820 ----1.8700 ----130.139 2.000 ------------------------------26.630 --------------------15.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 ----2 ----1,2 2 ------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 37 Fr - Francium Characteristics

formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Francium is a solid (alkali metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 300.15 K and a boiling point of about 946.15 K. Francium was discovered in France by Marquerite Perey in 1939. It occurs from the disintegration of actinium. Its longest living isotope has a half-life of twenty-two minutes.

Example

Compounds

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation

molecular weight = 223.00 g/mol freezing point = 300.15 K boiling point = 946.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of

148

Chapter 37 Fr - Francium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

200

400

600

Temperature, K

Figure 37-1 Vapor Pressure

149

800

1000

Chapter 37 Fr - Francium

Data are not available.

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 37-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

150

2000

Chapter 38 Ga - Gallium Carl L. Yaws and Prashant Bahadur Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 302.91 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 302.91 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2477.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 302.91 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 303 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 302.9 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 326 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 302.93 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 50 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

151

Data Ga gallium 7440-55-3 gray orthorhombic crystals

69.723 302.91 2518.00 7620.00 5126.30 75.30 0.9259 0.609 --6.0780 9.9339E-05 5.9100 1.8000E-05 13.60 254.000 5.590 724.00 158.422 1.300 1.870 0.620 3 orthorhombic 4.520, 7.663, 4.526 60.000 ----25.400 17.086 1.487 28.493 18.451 169.36 40.90 272.00 233.70 ------1.911 --28.1000 63.400 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 38 Ga - Gallium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Gallium is a solid (gray crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 302.91 K and a boiling point of about 2518.00 K. Gallium was discovered in France by PaulEmile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. It has a variety of uses – doping semiconductors, solid-state devices, brilliant mirrors upon painting glass, solar cells (gallium arsenide) for converting sunlight to electricity, alloys, and detection of solar neutrinos. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – GaBr3, GaCl2, GaCl3, GaF3, GaH3, GaO, Ga2O, Ga2O3, GaS, Ga2S3, GaSe, and Ga2Se3.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 69.723 g/mol freezing point = 302.91 K boiling point = 2518.00 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

152

Chapter 38 Ga - Gallium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 38-1 Vapor Pressure

153

2500

3000

Chapter 38 Ga - Gallium

350 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

7.0

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800

Figure 38-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

154

Chapter 38 Ga - Gallium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.0

Data are not available.

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1500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

60

Data are not available.

50 40 30 20 10 0 0

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400 600 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 38-3 Transport Properties

155

800

Chapter 39 Gd - Gadolinium Carl L. Yaws and Aisha S. Y. Leh Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1586.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1587.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 293 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1586.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1623 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1585 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

156

Data Gd gadolinium 7440-54-2 silvery metal 157.250 1586.15 3546.15 11309.81 ----------7.4000 1.6588E-04 7.9000 5.5797E-06 131.00 --10.050 664.00 --1.800 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.636, 3.636, 5.783 ------27.531 19.217 1.433 37.154 37.070 194.55 68.10 397.50 359.80 ------------12.900 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 ------1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 39 Gd - Gadolinium Characteristics Gadolinium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1586.15 K and a boiling point of about 3546.15 K. Gadolinium was discovered in Switzerland by Jean de Marignac in 1880. It has a variety of uses – microwave applications (gadolinium yttrium garnets), color TV tubes, CD disks, alloys, and medical applications (gadolinium compounds enhace images in patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging).

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – GdBr3, GdCl3, GdF3, GdI2, GdI3, Gd2O3, Gd2S3, and GdSe.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 157.250 g/mol freezing point = 1586.15 K boiling point = 3546.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

157

Chapter 39 Gd - Gadolinium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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2000

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Temperature, K

Figure 39-1 Vapor Pressure

158

3000

3500

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Chapter 39 Gd - Gadolinium

8

Density of Liquid, g/ml

7 6 5 Data are not available.

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Figure 39-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

159

Chapter 40 Ge - Germanium Carl L. Yaws and Aisha S. Y. Leh Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1210.4 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1210.4 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3100 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1210.4 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1211 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1211.4 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1207.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

160

Data Ge germanium 7440-56-4 gray-white cubic crystals 72.610 1210.40 3106.00 9803.00 6511.00 45.00 1.6136 0.359 -0.0715 5.5849 8.6188E-05 5.3212 5.7199E-06 --334.082 36.940 607.00 163.332 1.250 --0.530 4 cubic close-packed 5.658, 5.658, 5.658 ------30.733 22.419 1.371 27.600 13.820 167.93 31.09 372.00 331.20 ------0.730 ----232.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 40 Ge - Germanium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Germanium is a solid (gray-white crystalsl) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1210.40a boiling point of about 3106.00 Germanium was discovered in Germany by Clemens Winkler in 1886. It has a variety of uses – transistors, alloying agent, fluorescent lamps, catalyst, infrared spectroscopes, wide-angle camera lens, and gamma-radiation detectors. Its largest use is in semiconductors. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – GeBr4, GeCl2, GeCl4, GeF2, GeF4, GeH4, Ge2H6, GeI2, GeI4, GeO, GeO2, GeS, GeS2, GeSe, and GeSe2.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 72.610 g/mol freezing point = 1210.40 K boiling point = 3106.00 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

161

Chapter 40 Ge - Germanium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 40-1 Vapor Pressure

162

2500

3000

3500

Chapter 40 Ge - Germanium

400 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

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700

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Figure 40-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

163

1500

Chapter 40 Ge - Germanium

1.0

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Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

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Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 40-3 Transport Properties

164

1350

Chapter 41 H2 - Hydrogen Carl L. Yaws and Aisha S. Y. Leh Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data H2 hydrogen 1333-74-0 colorless gas 2.016 13.95 20.39 33.18 13.13 64.15 0.0314 0.305 -0.2150 0.0776 1.3041E-02 0.0865 ----0.904 0.117 2.99 5.067 0.250 1.200 ----hexagonal close-packed 4.700, 4.700, 3.400 --0.0835 0.070 28.771 20.457 1.406 14.069 0.031 130.68 --0.00 0.00 1.53 70832.10 88.65 0.02546 0.18100 0.0779 55.000 0.6553 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 5.110E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 13.95 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 13.95 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 13.8 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 20.39 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 13.95 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 13.95 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 14.26 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 4 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 14 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 13 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 5 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

165

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ----1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 -----

Chapter 41 H2 - Hydrogen Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Hydrogen is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 13.95 K and a boiling point of about 20.39 K. Hydrogen was discovered in England by Henry Cavendish in 1766. It has a variety of uses – production of ammonia, hydrogenation of petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel,lbes, etc.), hydrogenation of cooking oils, rocket fuel, welding, production of hydrochloric acid, production of silicon for semiconductors, reduction of metallic ores, cyrogenics, and superconductivity applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – HBr, HCl, HF, HI, H2O, H2O2, H2S, H2S2, and H2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 33.18 K critical pressure = 13.13 bar critical volume = 64.15 cm3/mol critical density = 0.0314 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.305 acentric factor = -0.2150

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

166

Chapter 41 H2 - Hydrogen

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

0.1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.01 0

5

10

15

20

Temperature, K

Figure 41-1 Vapor Pressure

167

25

30

35

Chapter 41 H2 - Hydrogen

0.09

1.2 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 10

20 30 Temperature, K

0.6 0.4 0.2

0

40

10

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40

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35 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

4 Surface Tension, dyne/cm

0.8

0.0 0

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0

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20 30 Temperature, K

40

0

6 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

1.0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

5 4 3 2 1 0

0

10 20 Temperature, K

30

0

5 10 Temperature, K

Figure 41-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

168

15

Chapter 41 H2 - Hydrogen

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0.10

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

30

0.12

0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

2000

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

3.0E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

14.0 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

10 20 Temperature, K

12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 41-3 Transport Properties

169

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 42 He - Helium Carl L. Yaws and Manish Rahate Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data He helium-4 7440-59-7 gas 4.003 1.76 4.22 5.20 2.28 57.30 0.0699 0.302 -0.3900 0.1524 5.5227E-02 ------0.083 0.014 0.14 1.223 0.310 1.400 0.930 1 cubic close-packed 4.242, 4.242, 4.242 --0.1658 0.138 20.786 12.472 1.667 9.083 --126.15 --0.00 0.00 1.51 142950.41 193.06 0.003259 0.14788 0.0137 65.000 0.6057 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 7.280E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1.76 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1.76 K, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4.22 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1.76 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1.01 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2.5 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 2.5 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 2 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 0.9 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

170

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 --1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 -----

Chapter 42 He - Helium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Helium is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1.76 K and a boiling point of about 4.22 K. Helium was discovered in 1895 by Sir William Ramsey in England and by N. A. Langley and P. T. Cleve in Sweden in 1895. It has a variety of uses – filling balloons, inert gas shield for arc welding, protective gas for growing crystals (silicon and germanium), cooling medium for nuclear reactors, artificial atmosphere ( 80 % helium and 20 % oxygen) for divers , cryogenic applications, gas for supersonic wind tunnels, and pressuring liquid fuel rockets. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 5.20 K critical pressure = 2.28 bar critical volume = 57.30 cm3/mol critical density = 0.0699 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.302 acentric factor = -0.390

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

171

Chapter 42 He - Helium

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.01 0

1

2

3

Temperature, K

Figure 42-1 Vapor Pressure

172

4

5

6

Chapter 42 He - Helium

0.18

0.12 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00

0

2 4 Temperature, K

0

6

2 4 Temperature, K

6

25

0.16 0.14

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

0.10

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04

20 15 10 5

0.02 0.00

0 0

1

2 3 Temperature, K

4

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

25 20 15 Data are not available. 10 5 0 0

1

2 3 Temperature, K

4

5

Figure 42-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

173

2000

Chapter 42 He - Helium

0.010 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.001 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

1

2 3 Temperature, K

4

5

0

1

2 3 Temperature, K

4

5

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

0.03

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

12

0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

2.5E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

0

10 8 6 4 2 0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

infinite dilution 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 42-3 Transport Properties

174

Chapter 43 Hf - Hafnium Carl L. Yaws and Manish Rahate Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2506.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2506.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4876.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2506.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2504 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2500 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

175

Data Hf hafnium 7440-58-6 gray metal 178.490 2506.15 4876.15 16861.98 ----------12.0000 1.7315E-05 13.3000 5.9110E-06 33.72 571.000 27.200 1614.00 197.385 1.550 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.196, 3.196, 5.051 1700.000 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 37.656 20.580 186.94 42.55 618.40 575.66 ------------26.200 ----0.5 0.5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 43 Hf - Hafnium Characteristics Hafnium is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2506.15 K and a boiling point of about 4876.15 K. Hafnium was discovered in Denmark by Dirk Coster and George Charles von Hevesy in 1923. It has a variety of uses – alloys (iron, titanium, niobium and other metals), nuclear control rods, “getter” for scavenging oxygen, gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and other specialized metallic applications.

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – HfBr4, HfCl4, HfF4, HfH2, HfI3, HfI4, HfO2, HfS2, and HfSe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 178.490 g/mol freezing point = 2506.16 K boiling point = 4876.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

176

Chapter 43 Hf - Hafnium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 43-1 Vapor Pressure

177

5000

6000

Chapter 43 Hf - Hafnium

700 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

14

Density of Liquid, g/ml

12 10 8 6 4 2

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

3000

0

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

25000

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

3000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

10000 15000 20000 Temperature, K

35 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1800

5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

2000 4000 Temperature, K

6000

Figure 43-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

178

Chapter 44 Hg - Mercury Carl L. Yaws and Manish Rahate Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 234.29 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 234.29 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 234.29 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 234 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 629.84 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 234.29 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 298.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 234.29 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 253.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 234.288 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 15 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

179

Data Hg mercury 7439-97-6 heavy silvery liquid 200.590 234.29 629.84 1735.00 1608.00 35.00 5.7311 0.390 -0.1644 13.6299 1.4993E-04 14.1931 5.2000E-05 --59.200 2.295 474.40 65.074 1.500 1.550 1.100 2 rhombohedral 3.005, 3.005, 3.005 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 28.476 24.255 174.84 --61.38 31.88 ------1.850 0.00498 6.9700 42.200 0.1558 --0.025 0.05 - skin

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 --1 1

Chapter 44 Hg - Mercury Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Mercury is a liquids (heavy silvery) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 234.29 K and a boiling point of about 629.84 K. Mercury has been known since ancient times. Chinese and Hindus were aware of mercury prior to 2000 BC. It has a variety of uses – thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, other instruments, electrodes, batteries, lamps, advertising signs, caustic soda and chlorine production, pesticides, antifouling paints, and dental applications. Due to its health hazardous characteristics, its use in sof of these applications is diminishing. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – HgBr, HgBr2, Hg2Br2, HgCl2, HgF2, Hg2F2, Hg2Cl2, HgH2, HgI2, Hg2I2, HgO, Hg2O, HgS, and HgSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 1735.00 K critical pressure = 1608.00 bar critical volume = 35.00 cm3/mol critical density = 5.7311 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.390 acentric factor = -0.1644

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

180

Chapter 44 Hg - Mercury

10000

1000

100

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 44-1 Vapor Pressure

181

1500

2000

Chapter 44 Hg - Mercury

70

16 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

40 30 20 10

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

600 Surface Tension, dyne/cm

50

0 0

500 400 300 200 100 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

500

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

30 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

60

25 20 15 10 5 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

Figure 44-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

182

200

250

Chapter 44 Hg - Mercury

10.0 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

0.1 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

500

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

14 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.030 Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

1.0

0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

3.0 2.5 2.0 Data are not available.

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Figure 44-3 Transport Properties

183

Chapter 45 Ho - Holmium Carl L. Yaws and Manish Rahate Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1747.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1747.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1747.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1745 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1743 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 200 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 132 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

184

Data Ho holmium 7440-60-0 silvery metal 164.930 1747.15 2973.15 9067.21 ----------8.3400 4.4473E-05 8.8000 9.8008E-06 81.40 --17.000 654.00 --1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.577, 3.577, 5.616 746.000 ----20.800 12.486 1.666 43.932 26.485 195.74 75.00 300.80 264.80 ------------12.800 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 --2 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 45 Ho - Holmium Characteristics

capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Holmium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1747.15 K and a boiling point of about 2973.15 K. Holmium was discovered in Switzerland by Jacques-Louis Soret and Marc Delafontaine in 1878. It is a rare earth metal found in minerals such as monazite and gadolinite. It has unusual magnetic properties. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – HoBr3, HoCl3, HoF3, HoH3, HoI3, Ho2O3, Ho2S3, and Ho2Se3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 164.930 g/mol freezing point = 1747.15 K boiling point = 2973.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat

185

Chapter 45 - Ho - Holmium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 45-1 Vapor Pressure

186

2500

3000

3500

Chapter 45 - Ho - Holmium

9

Density of Liquid, g/ml

8 7 6 5

Data are not available.

4 3 2 1 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

50

50

45

45

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

20

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

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2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 45-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

187

Chapter 46 Hs - Hassium Carl L. Yaws and Manish Rahate Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

188

Data Hs hassium 54037-57-9 presumably a solid 278.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 46 Hs - Hassium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Hassium is probably a solid ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Hassium was discovered in Germany by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Munzenber, and co-workers in 1984. It is a synthetic element that is not present in the environment.

molecular weight = 278.00 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

189

Chapter 47 I2 - Iodine Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data I2 iodine 7553-56-2 blue-black plates 253.809 386.75 457.56 819.15 116.54 155.00 1.6375 0.265 0.1115 3.9760 6.8833E-04 4.8203 ----41.878 15.517 54.23 25.533 1.400 1.980 2.160 -1 orthorhombic 7.180, 4.710, 9.810 ------36.887 28.573 1.291 79.550 45.650 260.68 116.12 62.42 19.33 ----140.63 2.294 0.00326 0.1160 0.512 0.1000 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.493E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 0.7 ceiling Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 386.75 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 386.75 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 386.75 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 457.56 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 386.75 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 386.75 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 386.75 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 386.75 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 386.8 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 250 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

190

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 2 2 2 2 --1

Chapter 47 I2 - Iodine Characteristics

coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Iodine is a solid (blue-black) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 386.75 K and a boiling point of about 457.56 K. Iodine was discovered in France by Bernard Courtois in 1811. It has important uses in organic chemistry, medicine, and photography. Lack of iodine is the cause of goitre (Derbyshire neck). Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ICl, ICl3, IH, I2O4, I2O5, and I4O9.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 819.15 K critical pressure = 116.54 bar critical volume = 155.00 cm3/mol critical density = 1.6375 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.265 acentric factor = 0.1115

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid,

191

Chapter 47 I2 - Iodine

1000

100

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001

0.000001 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Temperature, K

Figure 47-1 Vapor Pressure

192

700

800

900

4.5

50

4.0

45

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 47 I2 - Iodine

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

60

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

45 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

40

50 40 30 20 10

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0

0 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

0

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

70

90 80

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

Figure 47-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

193

400

500

Chapter 47 I2 - Iodine

10 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

1 380

2000

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

420 440 Temperature, K

460

480

800

1000

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

0.14

0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

1.8E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

1.8 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

400

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

1.6E-04

1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 47-3 Transport Properties

194

infinite dilution

1.4E-04

Chapter 48 In - Indium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 429.75 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 429.75 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2345.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 429.75 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 429 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 429.76 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 523.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 429.784 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

195

Data In indium 7440-74-6 soft white metal 114.818 429.75 2345.15 6730.00 2432.00 82.60 1.3900 0.359 --7.0314 1.1491E-04 7.3100 3.2495E-05 8.00 231.800 3.281 560.00 126.778 1.550 1.930 0.810 3 tetragonal 3.252, 3.252, 4.946 8.830 ----20.832 12.518 1.664 29.497 23.309 173.85 57.80 243.30 208.70 ------1.350 --38.2000 97.600 ----0.1 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter 48 In - Indium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Indium is a solid (soft white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 429.75 K and a boiling point of about 2345.15 K. Indium was discovered in Germany by Ferdinard Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. It has a variety of uses – bearing alloys, transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, photoconductors, solders, low-melting alloys, and photocells. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – InBr, InBr2, InBr3, InCl, InCl2, InCl3, InF, InF3, InF3.3H2O, InF3.9H2O, InH, InI, InI3, In2I4, InO, In2O3, InS, In2S3, InSe, and In2Se3.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 114.818 g/mol freezing point = 429.75 K boiling point = 2345.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

196

Chapter 48 In - Indium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

Temperature, K

Figure 48-1 Vapor Pressure

197

2000

2500

Chapter 48 In - Indium

8

300 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

250 200 150 100 50

0

0 0

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400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

500 400 300 200 100 0

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

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25 20 15 10 5 0

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0

500

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

4000 6000 Temperature, K

30 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

600

2000

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

Figure 48-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

198

400

500

Chapter 48 In - Indium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.0

Data are not available.

1.0

0.1 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

60

Data are not available.

50 40 30 20 10 0 0

Data are not available.

200

400 600 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 48-3 Transport Properties

199

800

1000

Chapter 49 Ir - Iridium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2719.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2719.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4701.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2719.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2716 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2716 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 150 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

200

Data Ir iridium 7439-88-5 silvery-white metal 192.217 2719.15 4701.15 15035.00 72356.00 5.18 37.1075 0.300 --20.0000 2.6383E-05 22.5000 6.4249E-06 4.70 563.000 41.120 2250.00 245.492 1.350 ------cubic close-packed 3.839, 3.839, 3.839 1670.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 41.840 21.556 194.48 35.50 665.30 617.90 ------------172.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 49 Ir - Iridium Characteristics

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Iridium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2719.15 K and a boiling point of about 2719.15 K. Iridium was discovered in England by Smithson Tennant in 1803. It has a variety of uses – crucibles, high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, hardening agent, tipping pens, compass bearing, and sparkplugs. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – IrBr3, IrBr4, IrCl2, IrCl3, IrCl4, IrF3, IrF4, IrF5, IrI2,IrI3, IrI4, IrO2, Ir2.2H2O, Ir2O3, IrS2, Ir2S3, and IrSe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 192.217 g/mol freezing point = 2719.15 K boiling point = 4701.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

201

Chapter 49 Ir - Iridium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

1000

2000

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 49-1 Vapor Pressure

202

4000

5000

Chapter 49 Ir - Iridium

700 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

25 20 15 10 5

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

0

4000

2000 1500 1000 500 0

20000

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

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25 20 15 10 5 0

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0

35

45 40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

10000 15000 Temperature, K

30 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2500

5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

2000 4000 Temperature, K

6000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 49-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

203

1500

Chapter 50 K - Potassium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 336.35 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 336.35 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1031 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 336.35 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 337 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 336.86 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 340 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 336.8 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

204

Data K potassium 2023695 soft silvery-white metal 39.098 336.35 1031.00 2223.00 160.00 209.00 0.1871 0.181 -0.2028 0.8283 2.8363E-04 0.8590 8.3300E-05 7.40 76.900 2.321 110.00 43.362 2.200 2.750 1.330 1 body-centered cubic 5.328, 5.328, 5.328 0.363 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 32.129 24.650 160.35 64.70 89.00 60.48 ------0.524 --54.8000 107.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 50 K Potassium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Potassium is a solid (soft silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 336.35 K and a boiling point of about 1031.00 K. Potassium was discovered in England by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. It has a variety of uses – breathing apparatus (potassium dioxide converts moisture in breath to oxygen), alloy for use as heat –transfer medium in nuclear reactors, fertilizers, fireworks, oxidizing agent, and potassium hydroxide for use in preparing phosphates in liquid detergents. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – KBr, KCl, KF, KH, KI, K2O, KO2, K2O2, K2S, K2S2, K2S3, K2S4, K2S5, K2S6, and K2Se.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 2223.00 K critical pressure = 160.00 bar critical volume = 209.00 cm3/mol critical density = 0.1871 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.181 acentric factor = -0.2028

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

205

Chapter 50 K - Potassium

1000

100

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

500

1000

1500

Temperature, K

Figure 50-1 Vapor Pressure

206

2000

2500

0.9

100

0.8

90

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 50 K - Potassium

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

0.0

0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

0

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

25

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

60 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

50 40 30 20 10 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

Figure 50-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

207

Chapter 50 K - Potassium

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

60 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.030 Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

0.10

0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

Data are not available.

50 40 30 20 10 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 50-3 Transport Properties

208

2000

Chapter 51 Kr - Krypton Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Kr krypton 7439-90-9 colorless gas 83.800 115.78 119.80 209.35 55.02 91.20 0.9189 0.288 0.0000 2.4493 3.0824E-03 3.0780 5.0000E-06 --9.140 1.640 16.41 15.331 0.880 2.020 1.690 1 cubic close-packed 5.706, 5.706, 5.706 --3.4705 2.895 20.786 12.472 1.667 44.990 5.650 164.09 --0.00 0.00 202.97 22161.28 253.69 0.372 0.00942 0.0927 1.200 0.1725 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.840E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 115.78 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 115.78 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 20 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 4 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 119.8 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 115.78 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 115.78 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 116 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 10 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 120 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 116 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 20 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

209

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 -----

Chapter 51 Kr - Krypton Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Krypton is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 115.78 K and a boiling point of about 119.80 K. Krypton was discovered in England by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898. It has a variety of uses – filling gas for fluorscent lights, photographic flash lamps, UV-laser spectral line for international measurement of meter, and other lamp applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 209.35 K critical pressure = 55.02 bar critical volume = 91.20 cm3/mol critical density = 0.9189 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.288 acentric factor = 0

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

210

Chapter 51 Kr - Krypton

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

50

100

150

Temperature, K

Figure 51-1 Vapor Pressure

211

200

250

Chapter 51 Kr - Krypton

10 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

250

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

250

25

18 16

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

9

14 12 10 8 6 4

20 15 10 5

2 0

0 0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

250

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

80 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

50 100 Temperature, K

Figure 51-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

212

150

Chapter 51 Kr - Krypton

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.10

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

100 150 Temperature, K

200

250

100 150 Temperature, K

200

250

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

0.10

0.040 0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0

3.0

50

1.4E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

50

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 51-3 Transport Properties

213

infinite dilution

Chapter 52 La - Lanthanum Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1191.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1193.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3737.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1191.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1193 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1193 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1203.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

214

Data La lanthanum 7439-91-0 silvery metal 138.906 1191.15 3737.15 9511.00 5460.00 36.50 3.8056 0.252 --5.9600 4.5560E-05 6.1500 5.2325E-06 61.50 402.100 6.200 728.00 135.870 1.950 --1.150 3 hexagonal close-packed 3.772, 3.772, 12.144 363.000 ----22.761 14.447 1.575 34.309 27.112 182.44 57.00 431.00 393.60 ------2.450 ----9.410 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 52 La - Lanthanum Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Lanthanum is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1191.15 K and a boiling point of about 3737.15 K. Lanthanum was discovered in Sweden by Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839. It has a variety of uses – carbon lighting applications, alkali resistance of glass, special optical glasses, nodular cast iron, hydrogen sponge alloys, lighter flints, and special alloys. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – LaBr3, LaCl3, LaCl3.3H2O, LaF3, LaH2, LaH3, LaI3, La2O3, LaS, La2S3, and LaSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 138.906 g/mol freezing point = 1191.15 K boiling point = 3737.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

215

Chapter 52 La - Lanthanum

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Temperature, K

Figure 52-1 Vapor Pressure

216

3000

3500

4000

Chapter 52 La - Lanthanum

7 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

500

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

10000

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

4000 6000 8000 Temperature, K

35 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

800

2000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 52-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

217

1500

Chapter 52 La - Lanthanum

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 1150

1200

1250 1300 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 52-3 Transport Properties

218

1350

Chapter 53 Li - Lithium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 453.69 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 453.69 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1615 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 453.69 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 459 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 453.69 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 460 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 453.7 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

219

Data Li lithium 7439-93-2 soft silvery-white metal 6.941 453.69 1615.00 2966.00 217.87 329.70 0.0211 0.291 -0.0556 0.5124 1.7686E-04 0.5322 4.6355E-05 9.48 147.100 3.000 399.00 116.047 1.450 1.820 0.600 1 body-centered cubic 3.510, 3.510, 3.510 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 30.375 12.970 138.82 29.18 159.30 126.59 ------0.566 --42.8000 104.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 53 Li - Lithium Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Lithium is a solid (soft silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 453.69 K and a boiling point of about 1615.00 K. Lithium was discovered in Sweden by Johan August Arfvedson in 1817. It has a variety of uses – lithium stearate in high-temperature lubricants, lithium hydroxide to absorb carbon dioxide in space vehicles, alloys for aircraft, alloys for railroad car bearings, reagents in organic chemistry, heat transfer applications, nuclear applications, battery anode material, storage batteries, high strength ceramics, and lithium- compounds in medical applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – LiBr, LiCl, LiCl.H2O, LiF, LiH, LiI, LiO2, Li2O, Li2O2, Li2S, and Li2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 6.941 g/mol freezing point = 453.69 K boiling point = 1615.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

220

Chapter 53 Li - Lithium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

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0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 53-1 Vapor Pressure

221

1400

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1800

Chapter 53 Li - Lithium

200 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

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Figure 53-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

222

400

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Chapter 53 Li - Lithium

1.00

180

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Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

200 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

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0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1600

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Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 53-3 Transport Properties

223

Chapter 54 Lr - Lawrencium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

224

Data Lr lawrencium 22537-19-5 presumably a solid 262.000 1900.15 ----------------------------------------------------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 54 Lr - Lawrencium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Lawrencium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Lawrencium was discovered in the USA by Albet Ghiorso, Torbjorn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, and Robert M. Lawson in 1961. It is a synthetic rare earth metal. It does not occur in nature.

molecular weight = 262.00 g/mol freezing point = 1900.15 K References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

225

Chapter 55 Lu - Lutetium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1936.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1936.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3675.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1936.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1973 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1936 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 20 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

226

Data Lu lutetium 7439-94-3 silvery metal 174.967 1936.15 3675.15 4128.66 5162.90 19.95 8.7703 0.300 --9.3000 1.3094E-04 9.8400 8.2766E-06 58.20 414.000 22.000 940.00 195.641 1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.503, 3.503, 5.551 893.000 ----20.878 12.564 1.662 47.907 22.594 184.49 51.00 427.60 387.80 ------------24.500 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 55 Lu - Lutetium `Characteristics Lutetium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1936.15 K and a boiling point of about 3675.15 K. Lutetium was discovered in 1097 by Georges Urbain in France and Carl Auer von Welsbach in Germany. It is a rare earth metal and relatively stable in air. It is difficult to prepare.

solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – LuBr3, LuCl3, LuF3, LuH3, LuI3, Lu2O3, and Lu2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 174.967 g/mol freezing point = 1936.15 K boiling point = 3675.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of

227

Chapter 55 Lu - Lutetium

10

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0.01

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Figure 55-1 Vapor Pressure

228

3000

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Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 55 Lu - Lutetium

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Figure 55-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

229

Chapter 56 Md - Mendelevium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

230

Data Md mendelevium 2023750 solid metal 258.000 1100.15 ----------------------------------------------------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 56 Md - Mendelevium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Mendelevium is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1100.15 K. Mendelevium was discovered in the USA by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, Bernard Choppin, and Stanley G. Thompson in 1955. It is a radioactive rare earth metal. It is named after Dmitri Mendeleev (father of the Periodic Table).

molecular weight = 258.00 g/mol freezing point = 1100.15 K References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

231

Chapter 57 Mg - Magnesium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 923.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 923.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1363.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 923.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 923 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 923 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 973.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 923.2 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

232

Data Mg magnesium 7439-95-4 silvery-white metal 24.305 923.15 1363.15 2241.04 2802.40 19.95 1.2183 0.300 --1.5786 6.5259E-04 1.7400 2.4896E-05 4.48 128.000 8.480 577.00 95.933 1.500 1.730 0.650 2 hexagonal close-packed 3.209, 3.209, 5.211 260.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 34.300 15.671 148.65 32.66 147.10 112.52 ------1.100 --79.0000 163.000 ----10 15*/5**

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 57 Mg - Magnesium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Magnesium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 923.15 K and a boiling point of about 1363.15 K. Magnesium was discovered in England by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1755. It has a variety of uses – flares, pyrotechnics, incendiary bombs, flash photography, alloys, reducing agent for production of uranium, magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), magnesium oxide in refractory bricks and furnace liners, radio-frequency shielding in computers, and organic synthesis. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – MgBr2, MgCl2, MgF2, MgH2, MgI2, MgO, MgO2, MgS, and MgSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 24.305 g/mol freezing point = 923.15 K boiling point = 1363.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

233

Chapter 57 Mg - Magnesium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

200

400

600

800

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 57-1 Vapor Pressure

234

1200

1400

1600

1.8

160

1.6

140

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 57 Mg - Magnesium

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

120 100 80 60 40 20

0.0

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40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

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2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

200

Figure 57-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

235

800

Chapter 57 Mg - Magnesium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.0

Data are not available.

1.0

0.1 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

120

Data are not available.

100 80 60 40 20 0 0

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 57-3 Transport Properties

236

Chapter 58 Mn - Manganese Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1519.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1519.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2334.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1519.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1518 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1519 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 40 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

237

Data Mn manganese 7439-96-5 hard gray metal 54.938 1519.15 2334.15 6902.82 4871.70 35.34 1.5546 0.300 --6.4300 5.9514E-05 7.3000 2.1786E-05 144.01 221.000 12.910 1152.00 161.408 1.400 --0.750 1 cubic 8.913, 8.913, 8.913 196.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 46.024 14.723 173.71 31.62 283.26 241.01 ------------3.580 ----0.2 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter 58 Mn - Manganese Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Manganese is a solid (hard gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1519.15 K and a boiling point of about 2334.15 K. Manganese was discovered in Sweden by Johann Gahn in 1774. It has a variety of important alloys. In steel, it improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, and hardness. The dioxide is used in the preparation of oxygen, chlorine, and drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medical analysis. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – MnBr2, MnCl2, MnCl2.2H2O, MnCl3, MnF2, MnF3, MnF4, MnO, MnO2, Mn2O3, Mn2O7, Mn3O4, MnS, MnS2, and MnSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 54.938 g/mol freezing point = 1519.15 K boiling point = 2334.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

238

Chapter 58 Mn - Manganese

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

Temperature, K

Figure 58-1 Vapor Pressure

239

2000

2500

Chapter 58 Mn - Manganese

7 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

250

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

200 150 100 50

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1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

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50

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45

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

Figure 58-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

240

Chapter 59 Mo - Molybdenum Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2895.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2895.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4912.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2896.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2890 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2896 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

241

Data Mo molybdenum 7439-98-7 gray-black metal 95.940 2896.15 4912.15 9620.00 10349.00 38.30 2.5050 0.496 0.9240 9.3300 4.6178E-05 10.2000 4.8071E-06 5.47 617.000 37.480 2080.00 257.605 1.450 --0.620 6 body-centered cubic 3.147, 3.147, 3.147 1500.000 ----20.794 12.480 1.666 37.656 13.495 181.64 28.42 658.10 612.50 ------------149.000 ----5 5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 59 Mo - Molybdenum Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Molybdenum is a solid (gray-black metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2896.15 K and a boiling point of about 4912.15 K. Molybdenum was discovered in Sweden by Carl William Scheele in 1781. It has a variety of uses – alloying agent in steels, electrodes for electrically heated glass furnaces, nuclear energy applications, missile and aircraft parts, catalyst in petroleum refining, filament material in electrical applications, and trace element in plant nutrition. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – MoBr3, MoBr4, MoCl2, MoCl3, MoCl4, MoCl5, MoCl6, MoF3, MoF4, MoF5, MoF6, MoO, MoO2, MoO3, MoS2, Mo2S3, and MoSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 95.940 g/mol freezing point = 2896.15 K boiling point = 4912.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

242

Chapter 59 Mo - Molybdenum

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 59-1 Vapor Pressure

243

5000

6000

10

800

9

700

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 59 Mo - Molybdenum

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

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0

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

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35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

15000

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2500

5000 10000 Temperature, K

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

2000 4000 Temperature, K

6000

Figure 59-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

244

Chapter 60 Mt - Meitnerium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

245

Data Mt meitnerium 54038-01-6 presumably a solid 278.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 60 Mt - Meitnerium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Meitnerium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Meitnerium was discovered in Germany by Peter Armbruster, Gottfries Munzenber, and co-workers in 1982. It a synthetic element and is not present in the environment.

molecular weight = 278.00 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

246

Chapter 61 N2 - Nitrogen Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data N2 nitrogen 7727-37-9 colorless gas 28.013 63.15 77.34 126.20 34.60 89.21 0.3140 0.294 0.0377 0.8702 4.7918E-03 0.9543 ----5.566 0.720 12.20 11.915 0.650 1.550 0.250 1 hexagonal close-packed 3.861, 3.861, 6.265 --1.1602 0.968 29.113 20.799 1.400 56.560 19.079 191.61 --0.00 0.00 17.28 87143.12 172.52 0.306 0.02565 0.1640 5.600 0.2215 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 2.000E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 63.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 63.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 63.149 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 77.344 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 63.149 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 63.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 63.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 20 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 63.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 63 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 4 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

247

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 -----

Chapter 61 N2 - Nitrogen Characteristics

properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Nitrogen is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 63.15 K and a boiling point of about 77.34 K. Nitrogen was discovered in Scotland by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. It is the most abundant element (oxygen being the second most abundant) in the atmosphere of the earth. It has a variety of uses – ammonia production for fertilizers; blanketing medium in production of transistors, diodes, and other components in electronics industry; annealingof stainless steel and other steel mill products; refrigerant for immersion freezing and transportation of foods; build up pressure in oil wells; and inert atmosphere in storage tanks for petroleum liquids. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NBr3, NCVl3, NF3, N2F2, N2F4, NH3, N2H4, NI3, NO, N2O2, N2O3, N2O4, and N2O5.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 126.20 K critical pressure = 34.60 bar critical volume = 89.21 cm3/mol critical density = 0.3140 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.294 acentric factor = 0.0377

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical

248

Chapter 61 N2 - Nitrogen

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

20

40

60

80

Temperature, K

Figure 61-1 Vapor Pressure

249

100

120

140

Chapter 61 N2 - Nitrogen

7

1.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 50 100 Temperature, K

4 3 2 1

0

150

14

40

12

35

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

5

0 0

10 8 6 4 2

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150

30 25 20 15 10 5

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50 100 Temperature, K

150

80

50

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45

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

6

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

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20

40 60 Temperature, K

80

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

50 100 Temperature, K

150

Figure 61-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

250

Chapter 61 N2 - Nitrogen

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.10

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

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2500

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Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

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Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

50 100 Temperature, K

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

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1.4E-04 1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 61-3 Transport Properties

251

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 62 Na - Sodium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 370.95 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 370.95 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1156 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 370.95 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 371.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 371.01 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 380 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 371 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

252

Data Na sodium 7440-23-5 soft silvery metal 22.990 370.95 1156.00 2573.00 354.64 116.00 0.1982 0.192 -0.1055 0.9276 2.6019E-04 0.9692 7.1292E-05 4.89 97.420 2.602 200.00 66.717 1.800 2.270 0.950 1 body-centered cubic 4.291, 4.291, 4.291 0.690 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 31.799 22.460 153.51 51.30 107.30 76.83 ------0.661 --88.3000 138.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 62 Na - Sodium Characteristics

fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Sodium is a solid (soft silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 370.95 K and a boiling point of about 1156.00 K. Sodium was discovered in England by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. It has a variety of uses – preparation of titanium from titanium tetrachloride, sundry sodium compounds (sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium hydride), heat transfer agent, lamps, and many other important sodium derivatives (sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide) used in the paper glass, soap, textile, petroleum, chemical, and metal industries. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NaBr, NaCl, Naf, NaH, NaI, Na2S, Na2S.5H2O, Na2S.9H2O, Na2S2, Na2S3, Na2S4, Na2S5, Na2S6, and Na2Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 2573.00 K critical pressure = 354.64 bar critical volume = 116.00 cm3/mol critical density = 0.1982 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.192 acentric factor = -0.1055

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of

253

Chapter 62 Na - Sodium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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400

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800

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Figure 62-1 Vapor Pressure

254

1000

1200

1400

Chapter 62 Na - Sodium

120

1.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

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35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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Figure 62-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

255

Chapter 62 Na - Sodium

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

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100 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.06 Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

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2000

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

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Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 62-3 Transport Properties

256

1500

Chapter 63 Nb - Niobium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2750.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2750.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5017.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2750.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2742 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2750 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

257

Data Nb niobium 2023505 gray metal 92.906 2750.15 5017.15 17904.10 10418.00 42.87 2.1672 0.300 --7.8300 2.1643E-05 8.5700 7.3110E-06 15.20 689.900 30.000 1937.00 244.764 1.450 --0.700 5 body-centered cubic 3.300, 3.300, 3.300 736.000 ----30.159 21.845 1.381 33.472 17.439 186.20 35.69 733.04 688.38 ------------52.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 63 Nb - Niobium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Niobium is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2750.15 K and a boiling point of about 5017.15 K. Niobium was discovered in England by Charles Hatchett in 1801. It takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air for a long time. It has a variety of uses – some stainless steels, alloys with nonferrous metals, nuclear industry application (capture of thermal neutrons), arc-welding rods, component of advanced engineering systems (such as Gemini space program), magnets, alloy wire for superconductive magnets, and “body art” products such as navel rings. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NbBr3, NbBr4, NbBr5, NbCl3, NbCl4, NbCl5, NbF3, NbF4, NbF5, NbI3, NbI4, NbI5, NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5, NbS2, and NbSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 92.906 g/mol freezing point = 2750.15 K boiling point = 5017.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

258

Chapter 63 Nb - Niobium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 63-1 Vapor Pressure

259

5000

6000

9

800

8

700

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 63 Nb - Niobium

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

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4000

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6000

Figure 63-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

260

Chapter 64 Nd - Neodymium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1294.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1289.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3347.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1294.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1297 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1289 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

261

Data Nd neodymium 7440-00-8 silvery metal 144.240 1294.15 3347.15 10665.10 6892.10 38.60 3.7368 0.300 --6.7200 3.5362E-05 7.0100 6.9192E-06 64.30 289.000 7.140 687.00 117.261 1.850 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.658, 3.658, 11.799 265.000 ----22.092 13.778 1.603 48.785 26.234 190.06 72.00 327.60 292.40 ------------16.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------2 ---------

Chapter 64 Nd - Neodymium Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Neodymium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1294.15 K and a boiling point of about 3347.15 K. Neodymium was discovered in Austria by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in 1885. It has a variety of uses – coloring glass agent to make welder’s goggles, component in glass used in astronomical work to produce sharp bads for calibrating spectral lines, laser material to produce coherent light, salts used in coloring enamels, special alloys, and very powerful permanent magnets. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NdBr2, NdBr3, NdCl2, NdCl3, NdF3, NdH3, NdI2, NdI3, Nd2O3, NdS, Nd2S3, and NdSe.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 144.240 g/mol freezing point = 1294.15 K boiling point = 3347.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

262

Chapter 64 Nd - Neodymium

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

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Temperature, K

Figure 64-1 Vapor Pressure

263

3000

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Chapter 64 Nd - Neodymium

350

8 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Surface Tension, dyne/cm

800

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Figure 64-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

264

1500

Chapter 65 Ne - Neon Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Ne neon 2023453 colorless gas 20.180 24.55 27.09 44.40 26.53 41.70 0.4839 0.300 -0.0395 1.2470 1.3260E-02 1.4440 1.9000E-05 --1.719 0.335 5.66 9.440 0.380 1.540 1.120 1 cubic close-packed 4.429, 4.429, 4.429 --0.8357 0.697 20.786 12.472 1.667 36.066 0.039 146.33 --0.00 0.00 8.85 122626.78 301.23 0.157 0.04829 0.1170 4.400 0.3404 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 4.030E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 24.56 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 24.56 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 24.55 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 4 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 27.09 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 24.55 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 24.56 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 24.55 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 2 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 24.6 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 24 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 4 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

265

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 -----

Chapter 65 Ne - Neon Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Neon is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 24.55 K and a boiling point of about 27.09 K. Neon was discovered in England by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898. It is present in the atmosphere at about 1 part in 65000. It has a variety of uses – neon advertising signs, high-voltage indicators, lighting arrestors, wave meter tubes, TV tubes, gas lasers, and cyrogenic refrigerant. Liquid neon has more than 40 times the refrigeration capacity of liquid helium. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 44.40 K critical pressure = 26.53 bar critical volume = 41.70 cm3/mol critical density = 0.4839 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.300 acentric factor = -0.0395

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

266

Chapter 65 Ne - Neon

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

10

20

30

Temperature, K

Figure 65-1 Vapor Pressure

267

40

50

Chapter 65 Ne - Neon

1.4 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

2.0

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

50

0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

50

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

6 Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1.6

0.0 0

5 4 3 2 1 0

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0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

0

50

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

80 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

1.8

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

40

50

0

10 20 Temperature, K

Figure 65-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

268

30

Chapter 65 Ne - Neon

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

0.10

0.01 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

20 30 Temperature, K

40

50

20 30 Temperature, K

40

50

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

0.14

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

500

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2000

0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

2500

6.0

10

2.0E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

10

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

1.8E-04 1.4E-04 1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 65-3 Transport Properties

269

infinite dilution

1.6E-04

Chapter 66 Ni - Nickel Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1873.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1873.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3186.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1728.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1728 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1728 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1773.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

270

Data Ni nickel 7440-02-0 white metal 58.693 1728.15 3186.15 6986.15 4918.50 35.43 1.6566 0.300 --7.5950 1.4868E-04 8.9000 1.3450E-05 7.13 377.500 17.480 1795.00 233.591 1.350 1.630 ----cubic close-packed 3.524, 3.524, 3.524 700.000 ----23.360 15.046 1.553 38.911 13.631 182.22 29.74 430.12 384.70 ------4.350 ----210.000 ----1 1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ----1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 66 Ni - Nickel Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Nickel is a solid (white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1728.15 K and a boiling point of about 3186.15 K. Nickel was discovered in Sweden by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. It is found in most meteorites. The USA nickel (5-cent coin) contains about 25 % nickel. It has a variety of uses – stainless steel alloys, other corrosion-resistant alloys, alloy for tubing used in desalination plants, coinage, armour plate, burglar-proof vaults, nickel plate for protective coating of other metals, catalyst for hydrogenation, batteries, and electroplating. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NiBr2, NiCl2, NiF2, NiI2, NiO, Ni2O3, NiS, NiS2, Ni3S3, and NiSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 58.693 g/mol freezing point = 1728.15 K boiling point = 3186.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

271

Chapter 66 Ni - Nickel

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 66-1 Vapor Pressure

272

2500

3000

3500

9.0

450

8.0

400

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 66 Ni - Nickel

7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

0.0

0 0

2000

4000 6000 Temperature, K

8000

0

4000 6000 Temperature, K

8000

30

1800

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2000

2000

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

25 20 15 10 5

200 0

0 500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

45

45

40

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

Figure 66-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

273

Chapter 66 Ni - Nickel

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 66-3 Transport Properties

274

2000

2500

Chapter 67 No - Nobelium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

275

Data No nobelium 10028-14-5 metal 259.000 1100.15 ----------------------------------------------------------26.630 --------------------10.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 67 No - Nobelium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight and freezing point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Nobelium is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1100.15 K. Nobelium was discovered at the Nobel Institute for Physics (Sweden) in 1957 and University of California (Berkley, California, USA) in 1958. It is a radioactive rare earth metal. It is names after Alfred Nobel who discovered dynamite.

molecular weight = 259.000 g/mol freezing point = 1100.15 K References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

276

Chapter 68 Np - Neptunium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 917.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

277

Data Np neptunium 7439-99-8 silvery metal 237.000 917.15 4273.00 ----------------20.2000 ------3.200 ----1.750 ------orthorhombic 6.663, 4.723, 4.887 --------------29.455 --------------------6.300 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----------------1 ------1 ----1 ------1 1 --------------1 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 68 Np - Neptunium Characteristics

capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Neptunium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 917.15 K and a boiling point of about 4273.00 K. Neptunium was discovered in the USA by Edwin M. McMillan and P. H. Abelson in 1940. It is a radioactive rare earth metal. It is named for the planet Neptune and is a by-product from nuclear reactors. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – NpBr4, NpCl3, NpCl4, NpF3, NpF4, NpF5, NpF6, NpH3, NpI3, NpO, NpO2, Np2O5, and Np2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 237.000 g/mol freezing point = 917.15 K boiling point = 4273.00 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat

278

Chapter 68 Np - Neptunium

0.001

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

Temperature, K

Figure 68-1 Vapor Pressure

279

2500

3000

Chapter 68 Np - Neptunium

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

200 400 Temperature, K

Figure 68-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

280

600

Chapter 69 O2 - Oxygen Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data O2 oxygen 7782-44-7 colorless gas 31.999 54.36 90.19 154.58 50.43 73.40 0.4360 0.288 0.0222 1.1351 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 90.1464285714285 K, 1/C 4.3420E-03 Density of Solid @ 20.65 K, g/cm3 1.4256 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K --Resistivity of Solid, ohm m --Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 90.188 K, kJ/mol 6.789 Enthalpy of Fusion @ 54.361 K, kJ/mol 0.444 Surface Tension @ 54.35 K, dynes/cm 22.50 Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 14.635 Atomic Radius, A 0.600 Van Der Waals Radius, A 1.520 Ionic Radius, A 1.400 Valence for Ionic Radius -2 Crystal Structure monoclinic Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A 5.403, 3.429, 5.086 Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) --Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 1.3252 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) 1.105 Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) 29.410 Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) 21.096 Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV 1.394 Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 54.361 K, CP, j/(mol K) 53.540 Heat Capacity of Solid @ 17.5 K, CP, j/(mol K) 10.452 Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) 205.15 Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) --Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol 0.00 Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol 0.00 Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) 39.45 Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction 43630.86 Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise 202.34 Viscosity of Liquid @ 54.36 K, centipoise 0.717 Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) 0.02592 Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 55 K, W/(m K) 0.1900 Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) --Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 0.2260 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 2.420E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 90.1464285714285 K, g/cm3

281

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 2 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --2 1,2 -----

Chapter 69 O2 - Oxygen Characteristics

properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Oxygen is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 54.36 K and a boiling point of about 90.19 K. Oxygen was discovered in England and Sweden by Joseph Priestly and Carl Scheele in 1774. It is the most abundant element in the crust of the earth. It is the second most abundant element (nitrogen being the most abundant) in the atmosphere. It has a variety of uses – acetylene welding, respiration of patients in hospitals, breathing material in diving apparatus, production of many important organic chemicals (alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, etc.), rocket fuel oxidant, steel manufacture, ozone in the atmosphere (protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays), and breathing. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – BrO2, Br2O, OCl2, O2Cl, O3Cl2, O4Cl2, OF2, O2F2, OH2, O2H2, O2F, O4I2, O5I2, O9I4, O2S, O3S, O2Se, and O3Se.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 154.58 K critical pressure = 50.43 bar critical volume = 73.40 cm3/mol critical density = 0.4360 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.288 acentric factor = 0.0222

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical

282

Chapter 69 O2 - Oxygen

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

0.1

0.01

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.001 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature, K

Figure 69-1 Vapor Pressure

283

140

160

180

Chapter 69 O2 - Oxygen

1.4 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

9

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

25

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

8

20 15 10 5

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

0

0 50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

100

45

90

40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

0

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

50

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0

10

20 30 Temperature, K

Figure 69-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

284

40

50

Chapter 69 O2 - Oxygen

1.00 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

0.10

0.01 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

100 150 Temperature, K

200

100 150 Temperature, K

200

0.20

0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

50

3.5E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

3.5 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

50

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

3.0E-04 2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 69-3 Transport Properties

285

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 70 Os - Osmium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 3306.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 3306.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5285.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 3306.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 3300 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 3300 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

286

Data Os osmium 2023537 blue-white metal 190.230 3306.15 5285.15 16878.70 9938.90 42.36 4.4908 0.300 --20.1000 2.3814E-05 22.5900 5.1098E-06 8.10 738.000 57.850 2400.00 282.642 1.300 ------hexagonal close-packed 2.734, 2.734, 4.317 3920.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 35.982 24.707 187.28 33.00 791.00 745.00 ------------90.800 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 70 Os - Osmium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Osmium is a solid (blue-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 3306.15 K and a boiling point of about 5285.15 K. Osmium was discovered in England by Smithson Tennant in 1803. It is brittle and very difficult to fabricate. It has a variety of uses – production of very hard alloys, fountain pen tips, instrument pivots, electrical contacts, osmium tetraoxide for detection of fingerprints, and alloys for use in implants (such as pacemakers and replacement valves). Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – OsBr3, OsBr4, OsCl3, OsCl4, OsCl5, OsF4, OsF5, OsF6, OsF7, OsI, OsI2, OsI3, OsO2, OsO4, OsS2, and OsSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 190.230 g/mol freezing point = 3306.15 K boiling point = 5285.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

287

Chapter 70 Os - Osmium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001

0.0000001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 70-1 Vapor Pressure

288

5000

6000

Chapter 70 Os - Osmium

900 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

25 20 15 10 5

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

20000

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000 2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

40 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

10000 15000 Temperature, K

30 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

3000

5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

2000 4000 Temperature, K

6000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 70-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

289

1500

Chapter 71 P - Phoshporous Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data P phosphorus (white) 7723-14-0 cubic crystals 30.974 317.30 553.65 994.00 83.29 297.62 0.1041 0.300 0.0320 1.7453 5.2599E-04 1.8230 ----12.400 0.660 69.15 25.964 1.000 1.800 0.340 5 triclinic 11.450, 5.503, 11.261 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 26.120 13.728 163.21 41.09 316.39 279.98 ------1.775 --0.1870 0.308 0.1894 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 3.066E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 0.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 0.1 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 317.55 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 317.55 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 553.65 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 317.3 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 317.25 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 317.3 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 317 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 317.3 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

290

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Chapter 71 P - Phosphorous Characteristics

properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Phosphorous is a solid at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 317.30 K and a boiling point of about 553.65 K. Phosphorous was discovered in Germany by Hennig Brand in 1669. It is a vital component of living systems and is found in nerve tissue, bones, and cell protoplasm. It has a variety of uses – safety matches, pyrotechnics, incendiary shells, smoke bombs, tracer bullets, production of fertilizers, manufacture of special glasses, preparation of fine chinaware, monocalcium phosphate in baking powder, production of steels, cleanig agent, water softener, prevention of boiler scale, and pesticides. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PBr3, PBr5, P2Br4, PCl3, PCl5, P2Cl4, PF3, PF5, P2F4, PH3, P2H4, PI3, P2I5, P4O6, P4O10, P4S3, P4S4, P4S5, P4S6, P4S7, P4S10, and P4Se3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 994.00 K critical pressure = 83.29 bar critical volume = 297.62 cm3/mol critical density = 0.1041 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.300 acentric factor = 0.0320

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical

291

Chapter 71 P - Phosphorous

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.001 0

100

200

300

400

Temperature, K

Figure 71-1 Vapor Pressure

292

500

600

700

2.0

16

1.8

14

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 71 P - Phosphorous

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0

10 8 6 4 2 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

1000

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

25

80 70

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

12

60 50 40 30 20

20 15 10 5

10 0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

30 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

30 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

0

25 20 15 10 5 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 71-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

293

Chapter 71 P - Phosphorous

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.00

Data are not available.

1.00

0.10

0.01 0

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

400 600 Temperature, K

800

1000

0.20

0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

3.5E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

3.5 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

200

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

3.0E-04 2.5E-04 2.0E-04 1.5E-04 1.0E-04 5.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 71-3 Transport Properties

294

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 72 Pa - Protactinium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1845.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

295

Data Pa protactinium 7440-13-3 shiny metal 231.036 1845.15 4300.00 ----------------15.4000 --17.70 --12.340 ----1.800 ------tetragonal 3.925, 3.925, 3.238 ------22.900 14.586 1.570 --26.630 199.48 51.90 607.00 563.00 ------------47.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------------1,2 --1 --1 ----1 ------1 1 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------2 ---------

Chapter 72 Pa - Protactinium Characteristics

Example

Protactinium is a solid (shiny metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1845.15 K and a boiling point of about 4300.00 K. Protactinium was discovered in Germany and England by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Frederick Soddy, and John Cranston in 1913. It is a radioactive rare earth metal and is highly toxic. It is found in ores from Zaire.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 231.036 g/mol freezing point = 1845.15 K boiling point = 4300.00 K

Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PaBr4, PaBr5, PaCl4, PaCl5, PaF4, PaF5, PaH3, PaI3, PaI4, PaI5, PaO, PaO2, and Pa2O5.

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

296

Chapter 73 Pb - Lead Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 923.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 923.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2022.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 600.61 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 600 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 600.65 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 611.85 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 600.652 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 30 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

297

Data Pb lead 7439-92-1 soft silvery-gray metal 207.200 600.61 2022.15 5400.00 861.30 93.20 2.2232 0.179 --10.2650 1.1363E-04 11.3000 2.8966E-05 21.11 179.216 4.770 457.00 101.283 1.800 2.020 0.840 4 cubic close-packed 4.951, 4.951, 4.951 38.300 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 30.627 21.430 175.39 64.80 195.20 162.23 ------2.555 --15.5000 47.700 ----0.05 0.05

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 73 Pb - Lead Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Lead is a solid (soft silvery-gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 600.61 K and a boiling point of about 2022.15 K. Lead has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in the book of Exodus. It very resistant to corrosion and a relatively poor conductor of electricity. Lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors are still in use today for drains. It has a variety of uses – storage batteries, cable covering, plumbing, ammunition, sound absorber, radiation shield (X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors), production of fine crystal and flint glasses, solder, alloys, and insecticides. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PbBr4, PbCl2, PbCl4, PbF2, PbF4, PbH4, PbI2, PbO, PbO2, Pb2O3, Pb3O4, PbS, and PbSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 207.200 g/mol freezing point = 600.61 K boiling point = 2022.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

298

Chapter 73 Pb - Lead

10

1

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

0.000001

0.0000001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00000001

0.000000001 0

500

1000

1500

Temperature, K

Figure 73-1 Vapor Pressure

299

2000

2500

Chapter 73 Pb - Lead

250 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

12 10 8 6 4 2

200 150 100 50

0

0 0

2000 4000 Temperature, K

0

6000

6000

25

450

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

500

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Figure 73-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

300

Chapter 73 Pb - Lead

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950

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Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

140

Data are not available.

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Figure 73-3 Transport Properties

301

1500

Chapter 74 Pd - Palladium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1973.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1973.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3236.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1828.05 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1825 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1825 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

302

Data Pd palladium 2023568 silvery-white metal 106.420 1828.05 3236.15 10669.10 6894.10 38.60 2.7570 0.300 --10.3100 9.7835E-05 12.0000 1.1831E-05 10.74 362.000 16.740 1482.00 191.054 1.400 1.630 ----cubic close-packed 3.891, 3.891, 3.891 37.300 ----20.794 12.480 1.666 34.727 17.866 166.73 37.60 378.20 339.70 ------------71.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ----1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 74 Pd - Palladium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Palladium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1828.05 K and a boiling point of about 3236.15 K. Palladium was discovered in England by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803. It does not tarnish in air. Annealing makes it soft and ductile. Cold working increases its strength and hardness. It has a variety of uses – catalyst for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of organic compounds, alloy for jewelry, production of white gold, dentistry (crowns), watshes, surgical instruments, electrical contacts, and purification of hydrogen. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PdBr2, PdCl2, PdF2, PdF4. PdI2, PdO, PdO2, PdS, PdS2, PdSe, and PdSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 106.420 g/mol freezing point = 1828.05 K boiling point = 3236.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

303

Chapter 74 Pd - Palladium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001

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Figure 74-1 Vapor Pressure

304

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Chapter 74 Pd - Palladium

450 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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4000

Figure 74-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

305

Chapter 75 Pm - Promethium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1315.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1315.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1315.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1315.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 1353 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

306

Data Pm promethium 2023781 silvery metal 145.000 1315.15 3273.15 10228.86 ----------6.9000 3.6522E-05 7.2600 1.1000E-05 75.00 --7.130 680.00 --1.850 ------tetragonal 3.925, 3.925, 3.238 ------24.250 15.936 1.522 --26.630 ------------------17.5000 18.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------2 2 1 2 2 --2 1,2 --1 ------1 1 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 ------------------2 2 ---------

Chapter 75 Pm - Promethium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Promethium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1315.15 K and a boiling point of about 3273.15 K. Promethium was discovered in the USA by J. A. Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin, and Charles D. Coryell in 1945. It named after Prometheus who stole fire from gods in Greek mythology. It has a variety of uses – conversion of light into electricity, thickness gauges, potentaial as a portable X-ray unit, and possible heat source for auxiliary power in space probes and satellites. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PmB3, PmCl3, and Pm2O3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 145.000 g/mol freezing point = 1315.15 K boiling point = 3273.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

307

Chapter 75 Pm - Promethium

8

Density of Liquid, g/ml

7 6 5 Data are not available.

4 3 2 1 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

800 700 600 500 Data are not available.

400 300 200 100 0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 75-1 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

308

Chapter 75 Pm - Promethium

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

25 20 15 10 5 0 0

Data are not available.

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 75-2 Transport Properties

309

2000

2500

Chapter 76 Po - Polonium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 527.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 527.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1235.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 527.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 300 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

310

Data Po polonium 2023663 silvery metal 208.982 527.15 1235.15 3013.08 2515.30 29.88 6.9941 0.300 0.0110 8.6301 1.3098E-04 9.2000 2.3500E-05 40.00 102.910 13.000 --68.162 1.900 ------cubic 3.359, 3.359, 3.359 --------------26.630 --------------------20.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 2 --1,2 1 ------1 1 --------------1,2 --------------------2 ---------

Chapter 76 Po - Polonium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Polonium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 527.15 K and a boiling point of about 1235.15 K. Polonium was discovered in France by Marie Curie in 1898. It was produced from pitchblende from Bohemia. It has a variety of uses – alloys to provide a source of neutrons, eliminating static charges in textile mills (betta-sources are more common and less dangerous), brushes for removing dust from photographic films, and thermoelectric power in space satellites. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PoBr2, PoBr4, PoCl2, PoCl4, PoH2, PoI2, PoI4, and PoO2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 208.982 g/mol freezing point = 527.15 K boiling point = 1235.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

311

Chapter 76 Po - Polonium

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.001 0

200

400

600

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Temperature, K

Figure 76-1 Vapor Pressure

312

1000

1200

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Chapter 76 Po - Polonium

140

10 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

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Data are not available.

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Figure 76-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

313

4000

Chapter 77 Pr - Praseodymium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1204.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1204.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1204.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1205 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1204 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1208.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

314

Data Pr praseodymium 7440-10-0 silvery metal 140.908 1204.15 3793.15 12306.26 ----------6.5900 2.9323E-05 6.7700 5.4088E-06 70.00 --6.890 716.00 --1.850 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.673, 3.673, 11.835 481.000 ----21.359 13.045 1.637 42.970 26.024 189.38 73.00 355.60 320.90 ------2.800 ----6.920 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 77 Pr - Praseodymium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Praseodymium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1204.15 K and a boiling point of about 3793.15 K. Praseodymium was discovered in Austria by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in 1885. It was nemed from the Greek words “prasios didymos” which means green twin. It has a variety of uses – core material for carbon arc lights in the motion picture industry, salts for coloring glasses and enamels, component of colorant for welder’s goggles, misch material used in making cigarette lighters, and other specialty alloys. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PrBr3, Pr2Br5, PrCl3, PrF2, PrF3, PrF4, PrI2, PrI3, Pr2I3, PrO2, Pr2O3, PrS, Pr2S3, and PrSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 140.908 g/mol freezing point = 1204.15 K boiling point = 3793.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

315

Chapter 77 Pr - Praseodymium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Temperature, K

Figure 77-1 Vapor Pressure

316

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Chapter 77 Pr - Praseodymium

7

Density of Liquid, g/ml

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Figure 77-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

317

Chapter 77 Pr - Praseodymium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 1200

1250 1300 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 77-3 Transport Properties

318

1350

Chapter 78 Pt - Platinum Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2073.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2073.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4098.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2041.55 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2042 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2042 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

319

Data Pt platinum 2023600 silvery-gray metal 195.078 2041.55 4098.15 6983.00 8105.90 759.10 0.2570 10.599 --18.7450 1.4771E-04 21.5000 8.8190E-06 10.71 469.000 22.170 1746.00 232.191 1.350 1.750 ----cubic close-packed 3.924, 3.924, 3.924 392.000 ----25.531 17.217 1.483 34.727 19.539 191.86 41.60 565.30 520.50 ------------74.000 ------0.002

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ----1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ------1

Chapter 78 Pt - Platinum Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Platinum is a solid (silvery-gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2041.55 K and a boiling point of about 4098.15 K. Platinum was discovered in South America by Antonino de Ulloa in 1735. Its name comes from the Spanish word “platina” which means silver. It has a variety of uses – jewelry, wire and vessels for laboratory usage; thermocouples; electrical contacts; corrosion-resistant apparatus; dentical applications; alloys having magnetic properties; coating missile nose cones; catalyst for producing sulfuric acid and petroleum products; catalytic converter for cars; anodes for cathodic protection; electrodes in glass systems; drugs for treating cancer; and alloys in implants such as pacemakers and replacement valves. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PtBr2, PtBr3, PtBr4, PtCl3, PtCl4, PtF2, PtF3, PtF4, PtI2, PtI3, PtI4, PtO, PtO2, PtO2.H2O, PtO3, PtS, PtS2, and PtSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 195.078 g/mol freezing point = 2041.55 K boiling point = 4098.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

320

Chapter 78 Pt - Platinum

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Figure 78-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 78 Pt - Platinum

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Figure 78-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

322

Chapter 79 Pu - Plutonium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 913.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 550 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 913 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 200 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 913.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

323

Data Pu plutonium 2023631 silvery-white metal 244.000 913.15 3501.15 11130.13 --------------19.7000 4.6969E-05 ----2.820 913.00 --1.750 ------monoclinic 6.183, 4.822, 10.963 ------20.853 12.539 1.663 41.840 26.527 --------------6.000 ----3.060 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 --------------1,2 1,2 ----1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 ------1 1 1 1,2 1 --------------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 79 Pu - Plutonium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Plutonium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 913.15 K and a boiling point of about 3501.15 K. Plutonium was discovered in the USA by Glenn T. Seaborg, J. W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and A. C. Wahl in 1940. Its isotope of greatest importance has a half–life of 20000 years. One kilogram is equivalent to about 22 million kilowatt hours of energy. It has a variety of uses – nuclear weapons, power generation, pacemakers, and other nuclear applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – PuBr3, PuCl3, PuCl4, PuF3, PuF4, PuF6, PuH2, PuH3, PuI3, PuO, PuO2, Pu2O3, PuS, PuS2, Pu2S3, and PuSe.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 244.000 g/mol freezing point = 913.15 K boiling point = 3501.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

324

Chapter 79 Pu - Plutonium

10

1

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0.1

0.01

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

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Figure 79-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 79 Pu - Plutonium

Data are not available.

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Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

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Figure 79-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

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Chapter 79 Pu - Plutonium

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Data are not available.

Figure 79-3 Transport Properties

327

1500

Chapter 80 Ra - Radium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 973.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 973.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1799.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 973.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 293.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

328

Data Ra radium 7440-14-4 white metal 226.000 973.15 1799.15 4862.82 3684.30 32.92 6.8651 0.300 --4.6150 8.2970E-05 5.0000 ----116.104 8.500 --49.303 2.150 ------body-centered cubic 5.148, 5.148, 5.148 ------20.800 12.486 1.666 --26.630 168.27 71.00 159.00 130.00 ------------18.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 --1,2 1 ------1 1 ------1 1 1 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 80 Ra - Radium Characteristics Radium is a solid (white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 973.15 K and a boiling point of about 1799.15 K. Radium was discovered in France by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. It emits alpha, betta, and gamma rays when mixed with beryllium. Exposure to radium can cause cancer. It is more than a million times more radioactive than uranium. It has a variety of uses – self-luminous paints, neutron source, medical applications such as treatment of cancer.

coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – RaBr2, RaCl2, RaF2, RaI2, and RaO.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 226.000 g/mol freezing point = 973.15 K boiling point = 1799.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid,

329

Chapter 80 Ra - Radium

10

1

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0.1

0.01

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 80-1 Vapor Pressure

330

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Chapter 80 Ra - Radium

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5.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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Figure 80-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

331

6000

Chapter 81 Rb - Rubidium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 312.46 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 312.46 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 961.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 312.45 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 312 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 312.47 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 320 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 312.04 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 25 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

332

Data Rb rubidium 7440-17-7 soft silvery metal 85.468 312.45 961.15 2093.00 160.00 247.00 0.3460 0.227 --1.4815 3.0029E-04 1.5300 --13.17 75.770 2.190 90.00 38.700 2.350 2.440 1.480 1 body-centered cubic 5.585, 5.585, 5.585 0.216 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 31.801 25.510 170.02 76.80 80.90 53.10 ------0.573 --33.3000 65.700 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1 --1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 81 Rb - Rubidium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Rubidium is a solid (soft silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 312.45 K and a boiling point of about 961.15 K. Rubidium was discovered in Germany by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in 1861. It ignites spontaneously in air reacts vilently with water. It has a variety of uses – getter in vacuum tubes, component of photocells, special glasses, and possible use in ion engines. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – RbBr, RbCl, RbH, RbI, RbO2, Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2S, Rb2S2, RbS3, Rb2S5, RbS6, and Rb2Se.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 85.468 g/mol freezing point = 312.45 K boiling point = 961.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

333

Chapter 81 Rb - Rubidium

10

1

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Figure 81-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 81 Rb - Rubidium

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Figure 81-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

335

Chapter 81 Rb - Rubidium

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Figure 81-3 Transport Properties

336

Chapter 82 Re - Rhenium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 3459.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 3459.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5869.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 3459.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 3440 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 3453 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

337

Data Re rhenium 7440-15-5 silvery-gray metal 186.207 3459.15 5869.15 21482.80 12047.00 32.10 5.8008 0.217 --18.9000 1.8152E-05 20.8000 6.2021E-06 17.20 704.000 60.430 2610.00 269.338 1.350 ------hexagonal close-packed 2.761, 2.761, 4.456 1320.000 ----20.794 12.480 1.666 41.840 18.033 188.84 36.90 769.90 724.60 ------------51.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 82 Re - Rhenium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Rhenium is a solid (silver-gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 3459.15 K and a boiling point of about 5869.15 K. Rhenium was discovered in Germany by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg in 1925. It has a variety of uses –additive to tungsten and molybdenum alloys; filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges; electrical contacts with good wear resistance and low arc corrosion; thermocouples for measuring high temperatures; flash lamps for photography; and industrial catalyst for hydrogenation, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproptionation of alkenes. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ReBr4, ReBr5, ReCl3, ReCl5, ReCl5, ReCl6, ReF4, ReF5, ReF6, ReF7, ReI3, ReI4, ReeO2, ReO3, Re2O3, Re2O7, ReS2, Re2S7, and ReSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 186.207 g/mol freezing point = 3459.15 K boiling point = 5869.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

338

Chapter 82 Re - Rhenium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 82-1 Vapor Pressure

339

5000

6000

7000

20

800

18

700

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 82 Re - Rhenium

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

0

4000

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

10000 15000 20000 Temperature, K

25000

25

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

1000 2000 3000 Temperature, K

0

4000

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

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35

45 40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

2000

4000 6000 Temperature, K

8000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 82-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

340

1500

Chapter 83 Rf - Rutherfordium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

341

Data Rf rutherfordium 53850-36-5 presumably a solid 265.000 --------------------23.0000 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 --------------------2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 83 Rf - Rutherfordium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Rutherfordium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Rutherfordium was discovered at the University of California (Berkley, California, USA) and Nuclear Institute at Dubna (Russia) in 1964. It is a synthetic element and is not present in the enviroment.

molecular weight = 265.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

342

Chapter 84 Rg - Roentgenium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

343

Data Rg roentgenium 54386-24-2 presumably a solid 284.000 ------------------------------------------------------------26.630 -------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ------------------------------------------------------------1,2 -------------------------------

Chapter 84 Rg - Roentgenium Characteristics

Example

Roentgenium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Roentgenium was discovered in Germany by S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzeberg, and others at Geselllschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in 1994. It is named after Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen who discovered X-rays in 1895.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

molecular weight = 284.000 g/mol References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

344

Chapter 85 Rh - Rhodium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2237.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2237.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3968.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2237.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2237 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2233 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

345

Data Rh rhodium 7440-16-6 silvery-white metal 102.906 2237.15 3968.15 12906.60 8024.40 40.12 2.5649 0.300 --10.6500 3.0534E-05 12.4000 8.2261E-06 4.30 494.000 26.590 1940.00 229.691 1.350 ------cubic close-packed 3.803, 3.803, 3.803 1100.000 ----21.016 12.702 1.655 41.840 15.146 186.12 31.50 556.90 510.80 ------------158.000 ------0.1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ------1

Chapter 85 Rh - Rhodium Characteristics

temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Rhodium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2237.15 K and a boiling point of about 3968.15 K. Rhodium was discovered in England by William Hyde Wollaston in 1803. It has a high reflectance and is very hard. It has a variety of uses – alloying agent, furnace windings, thermocouples, bushings for producing glass fibers, laboratory crucibles, electrical contacts, optical instruments, jewelry, catalyst for industrial organic reactions, and catalytic converters for cars. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – RhBr3, RhCl3, RhF3, RhF4, RhF6, RhI3, RhO2, Rh2O3, RhS2, Rh2S3, and RhSe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 102.906 g/mol freezing point = 2237.15 K boiling point = 3968.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for

346

Chapter 85 Rh - Rhodium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 85-1 Vapor Pressure

347

3500

4000

4500

Chapter 85 Rh - Rhodium

600 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

12 10 8 6 4 2

500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

3000

0

2000 1500 1000 500 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 2000 Temperature, K

2500

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

40

45 40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

15000

30 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2500

5000 10000 Temperature, K

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 85-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

348

1500

Chapter 86 Rn - Radon Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Rn radon 10043-92-2 colorless gas 222.000 202.15 211.45 377.00 62.80 140.00 1.5857 0.281 -0.0565 4.4000 1.6617E-03 ------18.098 3.247 --17.855 1.200 ------------9.1940 7.668 20.786 12.472 1.667 45.187 30.125 176.10 --0.00 0.00 1991.01 5987.34 385.96 --0.00542 0.0604 --0.1272 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.330E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 202.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 202.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 211.45 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 202.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 202 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 211 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

349

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 1 --1,2 1 --------1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 2 2 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 2 --2 2 --2 1,2 -----

Chapter 86 Rn - Radon Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Radon is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 202.15 K and a boiling point of about 211.45 K. Radon was discovered in Germany by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In recent years, radon buildup in homes from the surrounding soil and rocks has become a safety issue. It is used in eartquake prediction and radiation theraphy in hospitals. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 377.00 K critical pressure = 62.80 bar critical volume = 140.00 cm3/mol critical density = 1.5857 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.281 acentric factor = -.0565

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

350

Chapter 86 Rn - Radon

100

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001

0.000001 0

50

100

150

200

250

Temperature, K

Figure 86-1 Vapor Pressure

351

300

350

400

5.0

20

4.5

18

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 86 Rn - Radon

4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

0

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Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

25

Data are not available.

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Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

50 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

50

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250

0

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Figure 86-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

352

200

250

Chapter 86 Rn - Radon

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

450 400 350 300 250

Data are not available.

200 150 100 50 0 0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

0.07 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.000 0

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0

2.5

100

200 300 Temperature, K

400

1.4E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

0.06

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 86-3 Transport Properties

353

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 87 Ru - Ruthenium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2607.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2607.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4423.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2607.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2607 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2523 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

354

Data Ru ruthenium 7440-18-8 silvery-white metal 101.070 2607.15 4423.15 15247.10 9165.00 41.50 2.4354 0.300 --10.9000 2.5794E-05 12.1000 6.4111E-06 7.10 591.600 38.590 2260.00 255.612 1.300 ------hexagonal close-packed 2.706, 2.706, 4.282 2160.000 ----21.506 13.192 1.630 41.840 13.502 185.80 28.50 642.70 595.80 ------------118.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 87 Ru - Ruthenium Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Ruthenium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2607.15 K and a boiling point of about 4423.15 K. Ruthenium was discovered in Russia by Karl Karlovich Klaus in 1844. It is very hard and does not tarnish at ambient temperature. It has a variety of uses – effective hardener for platinum and palladium; alloys for electrical contacts with high wear resistance; agent for improving corrosion resistance of titanium; and industrial catalyst for organic reactions. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – RuBr2, RuBr3, RuCl2, RuCl3, RuF3, RuF4, RuF5, RuF6, RuI2, RuI3, RuO2, RuO4, RuS2, and RuSe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 101.070 g/mol freezing point = 2607.15 K boiling point = 4423.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

355

Chapter 87 Ru - Ruthenium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1 bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

1000

2000

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 87-1 Vapor Pressure

356

4000

5000

Chapter 87 Ru - Ruthenium

700 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

12 10 8 6 4 2

600 500 400 300 200 100

0

0 0

1000 2000 Temperature, K

0

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2000 1500 1000 500 0

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500

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25 20 15 10 5 0

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0

35

45 40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

10000 15000 Temperature, K

30 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2500

5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

Figure 87-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

357

1500

Chapter 88 S - Sulfur Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 388.36 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 388.36 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 290.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 717.824 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 388.36 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 388.36 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 453.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 388 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

358

Data Code 1 S 1 sulfur 1 7704-34-9 1 yellow monoclinic needles 1 32.066 1 388.36 1 717.82 1 1314.00 1 117.55 2 158.00 2 0.2029 2 0.170 1 0.2463 1,2 1.7944 1,2 2.6766E-04 1 2.0526 --------1,2 44.998 1 1.727 1,2 60.56 1,2 52.998 1 1.000 1 1.800 1 1.840 1 -2 1 orthorhombic 1 10.437, 12.845, 24.369 ------------1 23.673 1 15.359 1 1.541 1 42.472 1 12.765 1,2 167.82 1,2 32.06 1,2 276.98 1,2 236.50 ------------8.12 @410 K, 106700 @460 K, 17.7 @800 K

--0.1315 0.562 0.1793 -------

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 -------

Chapter 88 S - Sulfur Characteristics

460 500 579 --600 700 800 900 980

Sulfur is a solid (yellow monoclinic crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 388.36 K and a boiling point of about 717.82 K. Sulfur has been known since ancient times. Assyrian text refer to it as early as 700 BC. It is found in meteorites, volcanoes, and gypsum. It has a variety of uses – production of sulfuric acid for fertilizers, polyamides, batteries, and other applications; component in black gunpowder; vulcanization of rubber; fungicide; fumigant; production of paper products; and bleaching of dried fruits.

For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

Compounds

Appendix – Additional Properties

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SCl2, SCl4, S2Cl2, S3Cl2, SF2, SF4, SF6, S2F2, S2F10, S2I2, SO2, SO3, and S2O.

Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. The liquid viscosity of sulfur exhibits very unusual behavior with change of temperature: T, K 391 410 430 ---438 450 459 ---

106,700 36,250 2,034 ----1,113 97.9 17.7 5.11 2.39

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: critical temperature = 1314.00 K critical pressure = 117.55 bar critical volume = 158.00 cm3/mol critical density = 0.2029 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.170 acentric factor = 0.2463

Liquid Viscosity, cp 11.84 8.12 6.54 -----12,430 72,080 90,770 ------

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

359

Chapter 88 S - Sulfur

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

100

200

300

400

500

Temperature, K

Figure 88-1 Vapor Pressure

360

600

700

800

Chapter 88 S - Sulfur

60

2.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 500 1000 Temperature, K

30 20 10

0

1500

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

25 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

70 Surface Tension, dyne/cm

40

0 0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

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0

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30

45 40

Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

50

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25 20 15 10 5 0

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

800

Figure 88-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

361

Chapter 88 S - Sulfur

1000000 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

10000

1000 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

200 400 Temperature, K

3.5 Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

800

0.18

0.020 Thermal Cond. of Gas, W/(m K)

100000

3.0 2.5 2.0

Data are not available.

1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Figure 88-3 Transport Properties

362

600

Chapter 89 Sb - Antimony Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 903.78 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 903.78 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1860.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 903.78 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 913.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 904 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 975.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 903.89 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

363

Data Sb antimony 7440-36-0 silvery metal 121.760 903.78 1860.15 5070.00 3865.60 32.72 3.7213 0.300 --6.4910 9.1909E-05 6.6800 1.0562E-05 39.00 193.430 19.790 350.00 104.811 1.450 --0.620 5 trigonal 4.307, 4.307, 11.273 294.000 ----20.794 12.480 1.666 31.380 20.585 180.53 45.70 262.30 222.10 ------1.296 --25.9000 35.600 ----0.5 0.5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 89 Sb - Antimony Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Antimony is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 903.78 K and a boiling point of about 1860.15 K. Antimony has been known since ancient times. An arifact of antimony dating to 3000 BC has been found at Tello, Chaldea. It is toxic and is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It has a variety of uses – infrared detectors, diodes, Hall-effect devices, alloys for increasing hardness and mechanical strength, batteries, antifriction alloys, bullets, cable sheathing, for flame-proofing compounds, paints, glasses, enamels, and medical applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ScBr3, SbCl3, SbCl5, SbF3, SbF5, SbH3, SbI3, SbI5, Sb2O3,Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Sb2S3, Sb2S5, and SbSe3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 121.760 g/mol freezing point = 903.78 K boiling point = 1860.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

364

Chapter 89 Sb - Antimony

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 89-1 Vapor Pressure

365

1500

2000

Chapter 89 Sb - Antimony

7 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

250

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

200 150 100 50

0

0 0

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2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

5000

0

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25

400 350

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

2000 4000 Temperature, K

300 250 200 150 100

20 15 10 5

50 0

0 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

0

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1000 1500 Temperature, K

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35 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

35 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

2500

0

200

Figure 89-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

366

800

Chapter 89 Sb - Antimony

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.0

Data are not available.

1.0

0.1 0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

0

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

30

Data are not available.

25 20 15 10 5 0

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 89-3 Transport Properties

367

Chapter 90 Sc - Scandium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1814.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1814.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3109.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1814.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1813 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1812 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 60 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

368

Data Sc scandium 7440-20-2 silvery metal 44.956 1814.15 3109.15 8035.08 5499.00 36.45 1.2334 0.300 --2.8000 5.1397E-05 2.9900 1.0016E-05 56.20 332.700 14.100 939.00 146.237 1.600 --0.810 3 hexagonal close-packed 3.309, 3.309, 5.273 750.000 ----22.092 13.778 1.603 44.225 16.401 174.80 34.60 377.80 336.00 ------------13.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 90 Sc - Scandium Characteristics Scandium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1814.15 K and a boiling point of about 3109.15 K. Scandium was discovered in Sweden by Lars Fredrik Nilson in 1879. It develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish color upon exposure to air. It has a variety of uses – isotope tracing in crude oil analysis, alloying agent for metallic baseball bats, and and scandium iodide fore preparing mercury vapor lamps producing a highly efficient light source for color TV transmission.

coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ScBr3, ScCl3, ScF3, ScH2, ScH3, ScI3, Sc2O3, and Sc2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 44.956 g/mol freezing point = 1814.15 K boiling point = 3109.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid,

369

Chapter 90 Sc - Scandium

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Figure 90-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 90 Sc - Scandium

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Figure 90-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

371

Chapter 91 Se - Selenium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 494.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 494.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 958.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 493.65 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 494.15 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 494 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 150 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 490.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

372

Data Se selenium (gray) 7782-49-2 gray metallic crystals 78.960 493.65 958.15 1766.00 272.00 62.30 1.2674 0.115 0.2270 3.9871 3.7324E-04 4.8100 ----95.480 6.690 92.10 74.320 1.150 1.900 0.660 1 monoclinic 9.054, 9.083, 11.601 736.000 ----20.830 12.516 1.664 35.146 21.652 176.94 42.44 227.10 187.00 ------24.738 ----0.148 ------0.2

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 ----1,2 ------1

Chapter 91 Se - Selenium Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Selenium is a solid (gray metallic crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 493.65 K and a boiling point of about 958.15 K. Selenium was discovered in Sweden by Jons Berzelius in 1817. Crystalline monoclinic selenium is a deep red. Cyrstalline hexagonal selenium is metallic gray. Hydrogen selenide and other selenium compounds are extremely toxic. It has a variety of uses – production of photocells, exposure meters for photographic use, solar cells, electrical rectifiers, semiconductors, photocopying, coloring agent in glasses, photographic toner, and additive for stainless steel. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SeBr, Se2Br2, SeCl2, Se2Cl2, SeF2, SeF4, SeF6, Se2F2, SeO2, SeO3, Se2S6, and Se4S4.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 78.960g/mol freezing point = 493.65 K boiling point = 958.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

373

Chapter 91 Se - Selenium

10

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Figure 91-1 Vapor Pressure

374

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Chapter 91 Se - Selenium

5

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Figure 91-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

375

Chapter 91 Se - Selenium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

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Figure 91-3 Transport Properties

376

800

Chapter 92 Sg - Seaborgium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

377

Data Sg seaborgium 54038-81-2 presumably a solid 263.000 --------------------35.0000 ------------1.320 ---------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 --------------------2 ------------1 ---------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 92 Sg - Seaborgium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Seaborgium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Seaborgium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso and others in USA in 1974. It is a synthetic element and is not present in nature.

molecular weight = 263.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

378

Chapter 93 Si - Silicon Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1687 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1687 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3490 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1685 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1683 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1690 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1685 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

379

Data Si silicon 7440-21-3 solid 28.086 1685.00 3490.00 5159.00 537.00 232.60 0.1207 0.291 1.5140 2.5700 3.4197E-05 2.3300 2.6225E-06 --359.000 50.208 850.00 205.243 1.176 2.100 0.410 4 diamond 5.431, 5.431, 5.431 ------22.250 13.936 1.597 27.200 7.280 167.97 18.81 450.00 405.53 ------0.945 ----884.000 ----10 15*/5**

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 93 Si - Silicon Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Silicon is a solid (dark gray) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1685.00 K and a boiling point of about 3490.00 K. Silicon was discovered in Sweden by Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824. It is the second most abundant element (oxygen being first) in the crust of the earth. Silicon oxides such as sand and quartz are the chief source of silicon. It has a variety of uses – transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, other electronic solid-state devices, silicones, silica in glass, sand in concrete and bricks, and special medical applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SiBr4, SiCl4, Si2Cl6, Si3Cl8, SiF4, Si2F6, SiH4, Si2H6, Si3H8, Si5H10, SiI4, SiO2, SiS, and SiS2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 28.086 g/mol freezing point = 1685.00 K boiling point = 3490.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

380

Chapter 93 Si - Silicon

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Figure 92-1 Vapor Pressure

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Chapter 93 Si - Silicon

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Figure 92-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

382

Chapter 93 Si - Silicon

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Figure 92-3 Transport Properties

383

4000

Chapter 94 Sm - Samarium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1347.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1345.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2067.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1347.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1345 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1345 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 150 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 250 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

384

Data Sm samarium 7440-19-9 silvery metal 150.360 1347.15 2067.15 5082.92 3816.70 33.22 4.5262 0.300 --7.1600 8.4292E-05 7.5200 1.2700E-05 94.00 165.000 8.620 430.00 88.000 1.850 ------trigonal 3.621, 3.621, 26.250 441.000 ----30.334 22.020 1.378 50.208 26.276 183.30 69.60 206.70 172.80 ------------13.200 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 94 Sm - Samarium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Samarium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1347.15 K and a boiling point of about 2067.15 K. Samarium was discovered in France by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. It is a rare earth metal and is found in minerals such as monazie and bastnaesite. It has a variety of uses – carbon-arc lighting in the motion picture industry, magnet materials, dopaing of calcium fluoride crystals for use in lasers, sensitizers for phosphors excited in the infrared, samarium oxide for use as catalyst for dehydration and dehyrogenation, special alloys, headphones, and absorbers in nuclear reactors. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SmBr, SmBr3, SmCl2, SmCl3, SmF2, SmF3, SmH3, SmI2, SmI3, Sm2O3, Sm2S3, and Sm2Se3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 150.360 g/mol freezing point = 1347.15 K boiling point = 2067.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

385

Chapter 94 Sm - Samarium

10

1

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0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

500

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Temperature, K

Figure 94-1 Vapor Pressure

386

2000

2500

8

200

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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Chapter 94 Sm - Samarium

6 5 4 3 2 1

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500

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50 40 30 20 10 0

50 40 30 20 10 0

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Figure 94-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

387

1500

Chapter 95 Sn - Tin Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 505.08 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 505.08 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2875.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 505.08 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 505 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 505.12 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 505.75 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 40 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

388

Data Code 1 Sn 1 tin (white) 1 7440-31-5 1 silvery tetragonal crystals 1 118.710 1 505.08 1 2875.15 2 7400.00 2 6099.80 2 115.10 2 1.0314 2 1.141 2 0.1010 1,2 6.9860 1,2 9.0620E-05 1,2 7.2650 1,2 2.2140E-05 1 11.50 1,2 296.100 1 7.030 1,2 555.00 1,2 141.989 1 1.450 1 2.170 1 0.710 1 4 1 tetragonal 1 5.832, 5.832, 3.182 1 51.000 --------1,2 21.259 1,2 12.945 1,2 1.642 1 29.415 1 22.210 1,2 168.57 1,2 51.18 1,2 301.20 1,2 266.20 ------------1,2 1.966 --------1,2 133.000 --------1 2 1 2

Chapter 95 Sn - Tin Characteristics

fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Tin is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 505.08 K and a boiling point of about 2875.15 K. Tin has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in the Old Testament. It is too soft for many applications. When mixed with copper, bronze is formed. It has a variety of uses – coating of other metals to prevent corrosion, tin cans (tin coated steel), soft solder, fusible metal, pewter, bronze, Babbitt metal, White metal, die casting alloy , reducing agent, mordant in special printing, electrically conductive coatings, production of window glass, and magnets of tin-niobium wire. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SnBr2, SnBr4, SnCl2, SnCl4, SnF2, SnF4, SnH4, SnI2, SnI4, SnO, SnO2, SnS, SnS2, SnSe, and SnSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 118.710 g/mol freezing point = 505.08 K boiling point = 2875.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of

389

Chapter 95 Sn - Tin

10

1

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0.1

0.01

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 95-1 Vapor Pressure

390

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 95 Sn - Tin

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35 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

600

2000

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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0

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Figure 95-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

391

Chapter 95 Sn - Tin

10.0 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

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Data are not available.

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Figure 95-3 Transport Properties

392

1500

Chapter 96 Sr - Strontium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1050.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1050.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 293 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1655.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1050.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1043 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1041 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

393

Data Sr strontium 7440-24-6 silvery-white metal 87.620 1050.15 1655.15 4267.20 3319.80 32.06 2.7330 0.300 --2.3750 9.8635E-05 2.6400 2.2500E-05 13.41 136.900 7.430 296.00 61.480 2.000 --1.130 2 cubic close-packed 6.085, 6.085, 6.085 ------20.786 12.472 1.667 37.000 23.596 160.95 52.00 164.00 131.52 ------------44.600 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------2 ---------

Chapter 96 Sr - Strontium Characteristics Strontium is a solid (silvery-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1050.15 K and a boiling point of about 1655.15 K. Strontium was discovered in Scotland by Adair Crawford in 1790. It is named after the village of Strontian in Scotland. It has a variety of uses – fireworks, flares, refining of zinc, preparation of glass for color TV tubes, and optical materials.

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – SrBr2, SrCl2, SrF2, SrH2, SrI2, SrO, SrO2, SrS, and SrSe.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 87.620 g/mol freezing point = 1050.15 K boiling point = 1655.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

394

Chapter 96 Sr - Strontium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Temperature, K

Figure 96-1 Vapor Pressure

395

1400

1600

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Chapter 96 Sr - Strontium

160 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

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4000

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Figure 96-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

396

1500

Chapter 97 T2 – Tritium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 21 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

397

Data T2 tritium 10028-17-8 gas 6.032 20.62 25.04 44.91 23.80 41.11 0.1467 0.262 ----------------------------------0.2498 0.208 29.199 20.885 1.398 --------0.00 ------------0.1250 -----------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 ------------------------------1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 --------1 ------------2 -----------

Chapter 97 T2 - Tritium Characteristics

vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Tritium is a gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 20.62 K and a boiling point of about 25.04 K. Tritium was produced from deuterium by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Hartek in 1934 in the USA. It is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. It has a variety of uses – agent for causing phosphors to glow, trasers in watches, glowing keychains, nuclear weapons, controlled nuclear fusion, small arm sights, and analytical chemistry.

Example

Compounds

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – T2O. Tabulation

molecular weight = 6.032 g/mol freezing point = 20.62 K boiling point = 25.04 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs Data are not available for the graph showing vapor pressure. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of

398

Chapter 97 Tritium

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

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Figure 97-1 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

399

2000

Chapter 97 Tritium

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

0.16

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0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0

Data are not available.

10 20 Temperature, K

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Figure 97-2 Transport Properties

400

30

Chapter 98 Ta - Tantalum Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 3290.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 3290.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5731.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 3290.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 3288 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 3258 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

401

Data Ta tantalum 7440-25-7 gray metal 180.948 3290.15 5731.15 19900.90 11334.00 43.80 4.1312 0.300 --15.0000 1.9667E-05 16.4000 6.3139E-06 13.41 732.800 36.570 2050.00 249.522 1.450 ------body-centered cubic 3.301, 3.301, 3.301 800.000 ----20.858 12.544 1.663 41.840 19.744 185.25 40.56 781.99 739.13 ------------59.200 ----5 5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 98 Ta - Tantalum Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Tantalum is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 3290.15 K and a boiling point of about 5731.15 K. Tantalum was discovered in Sweden by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. It is ductile and can be drawn into fine wire. It has a variety of uses – steels (high melting point, high strength, and good ductility), production od aircraft, liner for reactors (chemical and nuclear industries), surgical applications (sutures and repair plates), capacitors in the electronic industry, and tantalum oxide for special glasses in camera lenses. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TaBr2, TaBr3, TaBr4, TaBr5, TaCl3, TaCl4, TaCl5, TaF3, TaF5, TaH, Ta2H, TaI4, TaI5, TaO, TaO2, Ta2O4, Ta2O5, TaS2, and TaSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 180.948 g/mol freezing point = 3290.15 K boiling point = 5731.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

402

Chapter 98 Ta - Tantalum

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

1000

2000

3000

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Temperature, K

Figure 98-1 Vapor Pressure

403

5000

6000

7000

16

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14

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 98 Ta - Tantalum

12 10 8 6 4 2

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5000

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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6000

Figure 98-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

404

Chapter 99 Tb - Terbium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1629.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1629.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3503.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1629.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1629 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1630 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 250 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 230 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

405

Data Tb terbium 7440-27-9 silvery metal 158.925 1629.15 3503.15 11138.10 ----------7.6500 3.4236E-05 8.2300 9.4597E-06 115.00 293.000 10.150 669.00 --1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.601, 3.601, 5.694 677.000 ----24.665 16.351 1.508 46.484 31.589 204.01 73.20 388.70 349.70 ------------9.220 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ----------1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 99 Tb - Terbium Characteristics

vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Terbium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1629.15 K and a boiling point of about 3503.15 K. Terbium was discovered in Sweden by Carl Mosander in 1843. It is reasonably stable in air and soft enough to be cut with a knife. It has a variety of uses – terbium compound as a laser material, doping of materials in solid-state devices, activator for green phosphors, crystal stablizer of fuel cells operating at elevated temperature, and special alloys. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TbBr3, TbCl3, TbF2, TbF3, TbF4, TbH3, TbI3, TbO2, Tb2O3, Tb4O7, Tb2S3, and Tb2Se3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 158.925 g/mol freezing point = 1629.15 K boiling point = 3503.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties -

406

Chapter 99 Tb - Terbium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 99-1 Vapor Pressure

407

3000

3500

4000

Chapter 99 Tb - Terbium

350

9 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

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Figure 99-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

408

Chapter 100 Tc - Technetium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2430.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2430.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4538.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2430.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2430 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 273.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

409

Data Tc technetium 7440-26-8 hexagonal crystals 98.000 2430.15 4538.15 17400.80 10183.00 42.62 2.2994 0.300 --10.6145 2.2011E-05 11.0000 ----585.200 33.290 2350.00 254.869 1.350 ------hexagonal close-packed 2.735, 2.735, 4.388 ------20.794 12.480 1.666 --26.630 ----678.00 --------------50.900 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1 ----1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 ------1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 ----1 --------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 100 Tc - Technetium Characteristics

conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Technetium is a solid (hexagonal crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2430.15 K and a boiling point of about 4538.15 K. Technetium was discovered in Italy by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segre in 1937. It is radioactive and an an artificial element. Searches for the element in terrestrial matter have not been successful. Its presence in stellar matter is leading to new theories of the production of heavy elements in stars. It has a variety of uses – technetium compound for special corrosion inhibitor for steel (closed systems since technetium is radioactive), superconductor at 11 K and lower, medica; imaging agents, and radioactive tracers.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 98.000 g/mol freezing point = 2430.15 K boiling point = 4538.15 K

Compounds References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TcBr4, TcCl4, TcCl6, TcF5, TcF6, TcO2, Tc2O7, and TcS2.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal

410

Chapter 101 Te - Tellurium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 722.66 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 722.66 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1261.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 722.66 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 722.66 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 722.65 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 723 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 722.7 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

411

Data Te tellurium 13494-80-9 gray-white crystals 127.600 722.66 1261.15 4840.00 2617.10 46.13 2.7661 0.300 --5.7970 7.9774E-05 6.2400 1.8860E-05 --114.100 17.490 239.75 72.072 1.400 2.060 2.210 -2 trigonal 4.457, 4.457, 5.929 180.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 37.656 21.589 182.52 49.70 196.70 157.10 ------2.144 --2.9000 4.840 ----0.1 0.1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 --1,2 1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 101 Te - Tellurium Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Tellurium is a solid (gray-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 722.66 K and a boiling point of about 1261.15 K. Tellurium was discovered in Romania by Franz Joseph von Reichstein in 1783. It is named from the Latin word tellus which means earth. It has a variety of uses – semiconductors; alloys with cast iron, copper, and stainless steel; addition to lead for prevention of corrosion; ceramics; and tinting of glass. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TeBr2, TeBr4, Te2Br, TeCl2, TeCl4, Te2Cl, TeF4, TeF6, TeI, TeI4, , TeO, TeO2, TeO3, and TeS2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 127.600 g/mol freezing point = 722.66 K boiling point = 1261.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

412

Chapter 101 Te - Tellurium

10

Vapor Pressure, bar

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.0001 0

200

400

600

800

Temperature, K

Figure 101-1 Vapor Pressure

413

1000

1200

1400

Chapter 101 Te - Tellurium

140 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

7

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6 5 4 3 2 1

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Figure 101-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

414

800

Chapter 101 Te - Tellurium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10.0

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1500

500 1000 Temperature, K

1500

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

8

Data are not available.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 101-3 Transport Properties

415

Chapter 102 Th - Thorium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5061.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2023.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1963 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2023 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

416

Data Th thorium 7440-29-1 soft gray-white metal 232.038 2023.15 5061.15 17668.05 --------------11.7000 1.1040E-05 14.70 514.000 13.810 1006.00 --1.800 ------cubic close-packed 5.084, 5.084, 5.084 400.000 ----20.789 12.475 1.666 46.000 22.690 190.32 50.14 602.00 560.70 ------------59.800 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 --------------1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 102 Th - Thorium Characteristics

fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Thorium is a solid (soft gray-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2023.15 K and a boiling point of about 5061.15 K. Thorium was discovered in Sweden by Jons Berzelius in 1829. It is named after Thor which is the mythological Scandinavian god of war. Thorium powder is often pyrophoric and should be handled with care. It has a variety of uses – thorium oxide in the Welshbach mantle for portable gas lights, alloying agent for magnesium to impart high strength, coating of tungsten wire for electronic equipment, source of nuclear energy, and thorium oxide applications. The thorium oxide applicationms include control of the grain size of tungsten in electric lamps, preparation of hightemperature laboratory crucibles, specialty glasses with high refreactive index, catalyst for conversion of ammonia to nitric acid, petroleum cracking, and sulfuric acid production. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ThBr4, ThCl4, ThF3, ThF4, ThH2, ThI2, ThI3, ThI4, ThO2, ThS, ThS2, Th2S3, and ThSe2.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 232.038 g/mol freezing point = 2023.15 K boiling point = 5061.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of

417

Chapter 102 Th - Thorium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Temperature, K

Figure 102-1 Vapor Pressure

418

5000

6000

Chapter 102 Th - Thorium

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

600

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Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

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5000

Figure 102-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

419

Chapter 103 Ti - Titanium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1941.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1941.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3560.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1941.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1943 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1944 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1941 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

420

Data Ti titanium 7440-32-6 gray metal 47.867 1941.15 3560.15 6400.00 7010.20 22.77 2.1022 0.300 0.9150 4.1100 6.9578E-05 4.5060 8.6368E-06 39.00 425.000 14.150 1670.00 204.769 1.400 --0.680 4 hexagonal close-packed 2.951, 2.951, 4.686 716.000 ----24.430 16.116 1.516 46.800 14.310 180.26 30.44 473.63 429.04 ------5.264 ----24.500 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ---------

Chapter 103 Ti - Titanium Characteristics

Appendix – Additional Properties

Titanium is a solid (gray metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1941.15 K and a boiling point of about 3560.15 K. Titanium was discovered in England by William Gregor in 1791. It is easily fabricated and has very good corrosion resistance. It is present in meteorites and the sun. It has a variety of uses – alloys with aluminum, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and other metals; airplane structures and engines; aerospace applications; joint replacement parts; dental implants (unusual ability of titanium to fuse with bone tissue); propeller shafts, rigging, and additional ship parts exposed to salt water, anodes for cathodic protection; reflector of infrared radiation; titanium dioxide in gemstones; paints containing titanium dioxide; and money clips, rings, and earrings.

Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TiBr3, TiBr4, TiCl2, TiCl3, TiCl4, TiF2, TiF3, TiF4, TiH2, TiI2, TiI3, TiI4, TiO, TiO2, Ti2O3, Ti3O5, TiS, TiS2, Ti2S3, and TiSe2.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 47.867 g/mol freezing point = 1941.15 K boiling point = 3560.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

421

Chapter 103 Ti - Titanium

1

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0.01

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0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 102-1 Vapor Pressure

422

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3500

4000

Chapter 103 Ti - Titanium

4.5

600 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

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Figure 102-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

423

1500

Chapter 103 Ti - Titanium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

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Figure 102-3 Transport Properties

424

4000

Chapter 104 Tl - Thallium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 577.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 577.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1746.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 577.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 578 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 577 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 200 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 577 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 30 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

425

Data Tl thallium 7440-28-0 soft blue-white metal 204.383 577.15 1758.00 4648.06 3554.00 32.62 6.2656 0.300 --11.2913 1.2918E-04 11.8000 2.9973E-05 15.00 165.000 4.140 459.00 100.507 1.900 1.960 1.150 1 hexagonal close-packed 3.457, 3.457, 5.525 26.400 ----20.794 12.480 1.666 29.706 25.815 180.92 64.20 182.20 147.40 ------2.631 ----68.200 ----0.1 0.1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 1

Chapter 104 Tl - Thallium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Thallium is a solid (soft blue-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 577.15 K and a boiling point of about 1758.00 K. Thallium was discovered in England by Sir William Crookes in 1861. It is very soft and can be cut with a knife. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. It has a variety of uses – thallium sulfate as a rodenticide and ant killer; thallium sulfide in photocells; thallium bromide-iodide crystals in infrared detectors; low melting glasses; and other commercial applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TlBr, TlBr3, Tl2Br4, TlCl, TlCl2, TlCl3, TlI, TlI3, Tl2O, Tl2O3, Tl2S, and Tl2Se.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 204.383 g/mol freezing point = 577.15 K boiling point = 1758.00 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

426

Chapter 104 Tl - Thallium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

500

1000

Temperature, K

Figure 104-1 Vapor Pressure

427

1500

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Chapter 104 Tl - Thallium

200 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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Figure 104-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

428

600

Chapter 104 Tl - Thallium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

200

400 600 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 104-3 Transport Properties

429

800

Chapter 105 Tm - Thulium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1818.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1818.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 2223.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1818.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1818 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 50 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

430

Data Tm thulium 7440-30-4 silvery metal 168.934 1818.15 2223.15 6283.16 4519.70 34.68 4.8712 0.300 --9.0000 6.9877E-05 9.3200 1.3300E-05 67.60 246.927 16.840 --110.762 1.750 ------hexagonal close-packed 3.538, 3.538, 5.555 471.000 ----20.790 12.476 1.666 41.380 25.271 190.38 74.00 232.20 197.50 ------------10.200 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 --1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 105 Tm - Thulium Characteristics

linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Thulium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1818.15 K and a boiling point of about 2223.15 K. Thulium was discovered in Sweden by Per Theodore Cleve in 1879. It is the least abundant of the earth elements. It is soft and can be cut with a knife. It has a variety of uses – radiation source in portable X-ray equipment, ceramic magnetic materials in microwave equipment, and specialty alloys. Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – TmBr2, TmBr3, TmCl2, TmCl3, TmCl3.7H2O, TmI2, TmI3, Tm2O3, and Tm2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 168.934 g/mol freezing point = 1818.15 K boiling point = 2223.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of

431

Chapter 105 Tm - Thulium

0.1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

200

400

600

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Temperature, K

Figure 105-1 Vapor Pressure

432

1400

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Chapter 105 Tm - Thulium

300

10 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

500

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Figure 105-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

433

1500

Chapter 106 U - Uranium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1408.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1408.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 273, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4404.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1408.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1403 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1408 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1406.15 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 80 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

434

Data U uranium 7440-61-1 silvery-white crystals 238.029 1408.15 4404.15 13712.60 8421.60 40.62 5.8599 0.300 --17.9070 2.7104E-05 19.1000 1.3954E-05 28.00 417.100 9.140 1552.00 184.412 1.750 1.860 ----orthorhombic 2.854, 5.870, 4.955 ------23.694 15.380 1.541 47.739 22.240 199.79 50.15 533.00 488.40 ------6.500 ----20.800 ----0.2 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ----1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter U - Uranium Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Unarium is a solid (silvery-white crystals) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1408.15 K and a boiling point of about 4404.15 K. Unarium was discovered inGermany by Martin Klaproth in 1789. It is radioactive and was named after the planet Uranus. It has a variety of uses – nuclear fuel, nuclear weapons, conversion to plutonium in breeder reactors, synthesis of isotopes, nuclear explosions, X-ray targets for producing high-energy X-rays, uranium nitrate as a photographic toner, and analytical chemistry applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – UBr3, UBr4, UBr5, UCl3, UCl4, UCl5, UCl6, UF3, UF4, UF5, UF6, UH3, UI3, UI4, UO, UO2, UO3, U2O5, U3O7, U4O9, US, U2S3, USe2, and USe3.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 238.029 g/mol freezing point = 1408.15 K boiling point = 4404.15 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

435

Chapter 106 U - Uranium

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.0001 0

1000

2000

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 106-1 Vapor Pressure

436

4000

5000

20

500

18

450

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 106 U - Uranium

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

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2000

0

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

2000

400 600 Temperature, K

1000

60 Heat Cap. of Solid, j/(mol K)

60 Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

15000

35 Heat Cap. of Gas, j/(mol K)

Surface Tension, dyne/cm

1800

5000 10000 Temperature, K

50 40 30 20 10 0

50 40 30 20 10 0

0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

0

200

Figure 106-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

437

800

Chapter 106 U - Uranium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

500

1000 1500 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 106-3 Transport Properties

438

2000

Chapter 107 Uub - Ununbium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

439

Data Uub ununbium 54084-26-3 presumably a liquid 285.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 107 Uub - Ununbium Characteristics

Example

Ununbium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Ununbium was discovered in Germany by S. Hofmann, V. Ninov, F. P. Hessberger, P. Armbruster, H. Folger, G. Munzenberg, and others at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in 1996. It is a synthetic element. Its isotope is heviest atom ever produced by man.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

molecular weight = 285.000 g/mol References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

440

Chapter 108 Uuh - Ununhexium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

441

Data Uuh ununhexium 54100-71-9 presumably a solid 293.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 108 Uuh - Ununhexium Characteristics

Example

Ununhexium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Ununhexium was discovered in Russia by Y. T. Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Y. V. Lobanov, F. S. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Y. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, S. L. Bogomolov, B. N. Gikal, and others in 2000. It is a synthetic element.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 293.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

442

Chapter 109 Uuo - Ununoctium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

443

Data Code 1 Uuo 1 ununoctium 1 54144-19-3 2 presumably colorless gas 1 294.000 2 --2 --------------------------------------------------------------1 1.520 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 109 Uuo - Ununoctium Characteristics

Example

Ununoctium is probably a gas at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Experiments conducted in 1999 in Russia indicated the presence of ununoctium. This discovery was later retracted. Later, one atom was produced in 2002. Two atoms were produced in 2005. It is a synthetic element.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following: molecular weight = 294.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

444

Chapter 110 Uup - Ununpentium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

445

Data Uup ununpentium 54085-64-2 synthetic element 299.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Capater 110 Uup - Ununpentium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Ununpentium is probably a synthetic element. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Experiments in 2004 in Russia were consistent with the formation of ununpentium. It is a synthetic element.

molecular weight = 299.000 g/mol

Compounds

References

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

446

Chapter 111 Uuq - Ununquadium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

447

Data Uuq ununquadium 54085-16-4 presumably a solid 289.000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 111 Uuq - Ununquadium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Ununquadium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Ununquadium was discovered in Russia by workers at the Nuclear Institute at Dubna in 1998. Only one atom has ever been made. It is a synthetic element.

molecular weight = 289.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

448

Chapter 112 Uut - Ununtrium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid, 1/C Density of Solid, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion, kJ/mol Surface Tension, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

449

Data Uut ununtrium 54084-70-7 presumably a solid 284.00 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Code 1 1 1 2 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 112 Uut - Ununtrium Characteristics

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight is needed. Determine this property for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Ununtrium is probably a solid at ambient conditions. It’s freezing point and boiling point are unknown. Experiments in 2004 in Russia were consistent with the formation of ununtrium. It is a synthetic element.

molecular weight = 284.000 g/mol References

Compounds

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – none. Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties, Graphs Data are not available for the graphs showing vapor pressure, physical, thermodynamic and transport properties. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications. Example

450

Chapter 113 V - Vanadium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2183.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2183.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3653.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2190 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2175 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2190 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 200 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

451

Data V vanadium 7440-62-2 gray-white metal 50.942 2190.00 3680.00 11325.00 10314.00 32.80 1.5531 0.359 -0.2408 5.5500 3.3781E-05 6.0646 8.4309E-06 20.11 458.532 21.500 1860.00 226.278 1.350 --0.590 5 body-centered cubic 3.030, 3.030, 3.030 ------26.010 17.696 1.470 46.204 13.119 182.26 28.73 515.47 469.74 ------------31.300 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 ------1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ---------

Chapter 113 V - Vanadium Characteristics

moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Vanadium is a solid (gray-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2190.00 K and a boiling point of about 3680.00 K. Vanadium was discovered in Mexico and Sweden by Andres Manuel del Rio and Nils Sefstrom in 1801. It is soft and ductile. It has a variety of uses – nuclear applications, rust-resistant springs, steels for making tools, ferrovanadium, steel additive, vanadium foil as a bonding agent for attaching titanium to steel, dyeing and printing of fabrics, super conductive magnets, and vanadium pentaoxide in ceramics and catalysts. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – VBr2, VBr3, VBr4, VCl2, VCl3, VCl4, VF2, VF3, VF4, VF5, VH, V2H, VI2, VI3, VI4, VO, VO2,V2O3, V2O5, V3O5, VS2, V2S3, V2S5, and VSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 50.942 g/mol freezing point = 2190.00 K boiling point = 3680.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole

452

Chapter 113 V - Vanadium

10

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0.01

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 113-1 Vapor Pressure

453

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3500

4000

Chapter 113 V - Vanadium

600 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

6 5 4 3 2 1

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Figure 113-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

454

Chapter 113 V - Vanadium

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

1000 900 800 700 600 Data are not available.

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Figure 113-3 Transport Properties

455

Chapter 114 W - Tungsten Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 3695.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 3695.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 5828.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 3695.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 3680 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 3680 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 3660 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 250 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

456

Data W tungsten 7440-33-7 gray-white metal 183.840 3695.15 5828.15 14756.00 11497.00 33.90 5.4230 0.318 0.0770 17.7000 2.8641E-05 19.3000 4.5021E-06 5.39 806.700 52.310 2310.00 285.129 1.350 ------body-centered cubic 3.165, 3.165, 3.165 2570.000 ----21.306 12.992 1.640 35.564 16.033 173.90 32.05 851.03 808.90 ----------70.5000 180.000 ----5 ---

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ----------2 1,2 ----1 ---

Chapter 114 W - Tungsten Characteristics

Appendix – Additional Properties

Tungsten is a solid (gray-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 3695.15 K and a boiling point of about 5828.15 K. Tungsten was discovered in Spain by Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in 1783. It excellent corrosion resistance and high tensile strength at elevated temperastures. It is named after the Swedish word “tung sten” which means heavy stone. It has a variety of uses – glass-to-metal seals, filaments (electric lamps, television tubes, electron tubes, and evaporation of metals), electrical contacts in cars, X-ray targets, electrical furnaces (windings and heating elements), missible applications, high-speed tool steels, carbides for metal-working, fluorescent lighting, tungsten salts in tanning applications, tungsten disulfide as high-temperature lubricants, and X-ray targets.

Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – WBr2, WBr3, WBr4, WBr5, WBr6, WCl2, WCl3, WCl4, WCl5, WCl6, WF4, WF5, WF6, WI2, WI3, WI4, WO2, WO3, WS2, WS3, and WSe2.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 183.840 g/mol freezing point = 3695.15 K boiling point = 5828.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

457

Chapter 114 W - Tungsten

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

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0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 114-1 Vapor Pressure

458

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20

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 114 W - Tungsten

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

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8000

Figure 114-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

459

Chapter 114 W - Tungsten

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

90.00

Data are not available.

80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 0

Data are not available.

2000 4000 6000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Figure 114-3 Transport Properties

460

8000

Chapter 115 Xe - Xenon Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Data Xe xenon 7440-63-3 colorless gas 131.290 161.36 165.03 289.74 58.40 118.00 1.1126 0.286 0.0000 2.9783 2.2341E-03 3.5400 1.0000E-05 --12.617 2.270 19.11 15.655 1.080 2.160 1.900 1 cubic close-packed 6.202, 6.202, 6.202 --5.4373 4.535 20.786 12.472 1.667 45.952 26.296 169.69 --0.00 0.00 557.14 12669.12 231.09 0.450 0.00555 0.0740 1.440 0.1442 Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec 1.470E-05 Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 --Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 --Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 161.36 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 161.36 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 161.36 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 4 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 165.03 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 161.36 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 161.36 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 161.4 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 70 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water @ 298.15 K, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water @ 298.15 K, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 170 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 161 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 50 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air @ 298.15 K, cm2/sec

461

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 --1,2 --1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 --1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 2 1,2 -----

Chapter 115 Xe - Xenon Characteristics

The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Xenon is a colorless gas at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 161.36 K and a boiling point of about 165.03 K. Xenon was discovered in England by Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in 1898. It is a noble gas element that is present in the atmosphere at very low concentration. It has a variety of uses – electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lights, ruby laser lamps, atomic energy applications, potential gas for ion engines, and oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – XeF4, XeF4, XeF6, XeO3, and XeO4.

Example In an engineering analysis, the critical properties and acentric factor are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

critical temperature = 289.74 K critical pressure = 58.40 bar critical volume = 118.00 cm3/mol critical density = 1.1126 g/cm3 critical compressibility factor = 0.286 acentric factor = 0

Graphs

References

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available.

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit.

462

Chapter 115 Xe - Xenon

100

Vapor Pressure, bar

10

1

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.1 0

50

100

150

200

Temperature, K

Figure 115-1 Vapor Pressure

463

250

300

350

Chapter 115 Xe - Xenon

14 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

3.5

Density of Liquid, g/ml

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200 300 Temperature, K

8 6 4 2

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Heat Cap. of Liquid, j/(mol K)

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300

Figure 115-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

464

Chapter 115 Xe - Xenon

1.00

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Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

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1.4E-04 Diff. Coeff. in Water, cm^2/sec

Diff. Coeff. in Air, cm^2/sec

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1500

1.2E-04 1.0E-04 8.0E-05 6.0E-05 4.0E-05 2.0E-05 0.0E+00 200

Figure 115-3 Transport Properties

465

infinite dilution

250 300 350 Temperature, K

400

Chapter 116 Y - Yttrium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1795.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1799.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.16, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 3618.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1795.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1793 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1799 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 150 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

466

Data Y yttrium 7440-65-5 silvery metal 88.906 1795.15 3618.15 9381.32 6222.00 37.61 2.3639 0.300 --4.2400 4.2690E-05 4.4689 1.1321E-05 59.60 365.000 11.420 872.00 134.572 1.800 --0.930 3 hexagonal close-packed 3.647, 3.647, 5.731 589.000 ----25.857 17.543 1.474 43.095 20.711 179.23 44.40 421.30 381.10 ------------16.400 ------1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------------1,2 ------1

Chapter 116 Y - Yttrium Characteristics Yttrium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1795.15 K and a boiling point of about 3618.15 K. Yttrium was discovered in Finland by Johann Gadolin in 1794. It is present in most rare-earth minerals. It has a variety of uses – red color in television tubes, garnets for microwave filters, gemstones, laser systems, catalyst for organic reactions, potential ceramic applications, and specialty alloys.

linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Compounds

Example

Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – YBr3, YCl3, YF3, YH2, YH3, YI3, Y2O3, and Y2S3.

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation

molecular weight = 88.906 g/mol freezing point = 1795.15 K boiling point = 3618.15 K

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. Data are not available for the graphs showing transport properties. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of

467

Chapter 116 Y - Yttrium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

0.00001

1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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2500

Temperature, K

Figure 116-1 Vapor Pressure

468

3000

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 116 Y - Yttrium

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2000 3000 Temperature, K

4000

Figure 116-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

469

Chapter 117 Yb - Ytterium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 1092.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 1097.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298./15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1469.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 1092.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 1097 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 1097 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 1097 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

470

Data Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 silvery metal 173.040 1092.15 1469.15 4365.92 3380.90 32.21 5.3722 0.300 --6.2100 9.6883E-05 6.9000 2.5177E-05 25.00 158.934 7.660 320.00 76.493 1.750 ------cubic close-packed 5.485, 5.485, 5.485 343.000 ----20.790 12.476 1.666 36.777 24.016 173.60 59.90 152.30 118.40 ------1.069 ----45.600 ----1 1

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 ------1 1 1 ----1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 ------1,2 ----2 ----1 1

Chapter 117 Yb - Ytterbium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Ytterium is a solid (silvery metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 1092.15 K and a boiling point of about 1469.15 K. Ytterium was discovered in Switzerland by Jean de Marignac in 1878. It is soft, malleable, and ductile. It should be protected from air and moisture. It has potential use for improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One of its isotope is useable aas a radiation source as a substitute for portable X-ray machine. Other usage includes laser applications. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – YbBr2, YbBr3, YbCl2, YbCl3, YbF2, YbF3, YbH3, YbI2, YbI3, Yb2O3, Yb2S3, YbSe, and Yb2Se3.

Example

Tabulation

In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 173.040 g/mol freezing point = 1092.15 K boiling point = 1469.15 K References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

471

Chapter 117 Yb - Ytterbium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

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1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 117-1 Vapor Pressure

472

1200

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Chapter 117 Yb - Ytterbium

7.0 Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

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Figure 117-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

473

1500

Chapter 117 Yb - Ytterbium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

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Data are not available.

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Data are not available.

Figure 117-3 Transport Properties

474

2000

Chapter 118 Zn - Zinc Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 812.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 812.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 293.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 1180.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 692.68 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 693 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 692.73 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas @ 298.15 K, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 692.73 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas @ 298.15 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 692.73 K, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 123.2 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

475

Data Zn zinc 7440-66-6 blue-white metal 65.390 692.68 1185.00 3170.00 2904.00 33.00 1.9815 0.364 0.0459 6.4270 1.7018E-04 7.1412 3.0281E-05 6.01 123.600 7.320 789.00 113.746 1.350 1.390 0.740 2 hexagonal close-packed 2.665, 2.665, 4.947 412.000 ----20.786 12.472 1.667 31.400 19.460 160.90 41.67 130.42 94.86 ----187.44 3.461 0.00894 49.5000 116.000 ---------

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ----2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 ---------

Chapter 118 Z - Zinc Characteristics

properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Zinc is a solid (blue-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 692.68 K and a boiling point of about 1185.00 K. Zinc was discovered in Germany by Andreas Marggraf in 1500. It is an essential element in the growth of animals and plants. It has a variety of uses – alloy brasses, alloying agent for many metals, commercial bronze, spring brass, soft solder, aluminum solder, galvanizing metals, dry batteries, roof cladding, and coating of coins (USA and Canadian one cent coins as examples). Zinc oxide is used in the production of paints, rubber products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, floor coverings, plastics, printing inks, soap, textiles, and ointments. Zinc sulfide is used in making luminous dials, X-ray screens, and fluorescent lights. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ZXnBr2, ZnCl2, ZnF2, ZnH2, ZnI2, ZnO, ZnO2, ZnS, and ZnSe.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

molecular weight = 65.390 g/mol freezing point = 692.68 K boiling point = 1185.00 K References References are given in the section near the end of the book.

Graphs The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical

476

Chapter 118 Z - Zinc

1

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0.00001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.000001 0

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Figure 118-1 Vapor Pressure

477

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Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 118 Z - Zinc

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4000

Figure 118-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

478

Chapter 118 Z - Zinc

10 Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

Viscosity of Gas, micropoise

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

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80 Thermal Cond. of Liquid, W/(m K)

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0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0

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Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 118-3 Transport Properties

479

Chapter 119 Zr - Zirconium Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

No

Item Formula Name CAS Number State @ 25 C, 1 atm Molecular Weight Freezing Point, K Boiling Point @ 101.325 kPa (1 atm), K Critical Temperature, K Critical Pressure, bar Critical Volume, cm3/mol Critical Density, g/cm3 Critical Compressibility Factor Acentric Factor Density of Liquid @ 2128.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Liquid @ 2128.15 K, 1/C Density of Solid @ 298.15 K, g/cm3 Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Solid @ 298.15 K, 1/K Resistivity of Solid @ 298.15, ohm m Enthalpy of Vaporization @ 4682.15 K, kJ/mol Enthalpy of Fusion @ 2128.15 K, kJ/mol Surface Tension @ 2125 K, dynes/cm Solubility Parameter, (joule/cm3)^0.5 Atomic Radius, A Van Der Waals Radius, A Ionic Radius, A Valence for Ionic Radius Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters (a, b, and c), A Brinell Hardness of Solid, MPa (mega pascals) Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (21.1 C), kg/m3 Relative Density of Gas @ 1 atm and 70 F (Air = 1) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Gas @ 298.15 K, CV, j/(mol K) Ratio of Heat Capacities of Gas @ 298.15 K, CP/CV Heat Capacity of Liquid @ 2125 K, CP, j/(mol K) Heat Capacity of Solid @ 100 K, CP, j/(mol K) Entropy of Gas @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Entropy of Solid @ 298.15 K, j/(K mol) Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Gibbs Enthalpy of Formation of Gas @ 298.15 K, kj/mol Solubility in Water, ppm(wt) Henry's Law Constant in Water, atm/mol fraction Viscosity of Gas, micropoise Viscosity of Liquid @ 2128 K, centipoise Thermal Conductivity of Gas, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Liquid, W/(m K) Thermal Conductivity of Solid @ 100 K, W/(m K) Diffusion Coefficient in Air, cm2/sec Diffusion Coefficient at Infinite Dilution in Water, cm2/sec Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH), mg/m3 Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA), mg/m3 Code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

480

Data Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 gray-white metal 91.224 2128.15 4682.15 8802.00 9364.60 23.45 3.8901 0.300 0.8590 5.8000 4.7624E-05 6.5200 5.7319E-06 42.93 573.000 21.000 1500.00 206.484 1.550 --0.800 4 hexagonal close-packed 3.232, 3.232, 5.147 650.000 ----26.641 18.327 1.454 41.840 18.617 181.47 38.18 610.03 567.55 ------7.984 ----33.200 ------5

Code 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 ------1,2 ----1,2 ------1

Chapter 119 Zr - Zirconium Characteristics

size properties, crystal structure, lattice parameters, threshold limit value, and permissible exposure limit. The additional property coverage also includes the equations and regression coefficients for temperature dependency of the following properties vapor pressure, density of liquid, density of solid, coefficient of thermal expansion of liquid, coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid, enthalpy of vaporization, surface tension, electrical resistivity, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, heat capacity of solid, entropy of gas, entropy of solid, enthalpy of formation of gas, Gibbs energy of formation of gas, solubility in water, Henry’s law constant for substance in water, viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, thermal conductivity of solid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. These properties are useful in many scientific and engineering applications.

Zirconium is a solid (gray-white metal) at ambient conditions. It has a freezing point of 2128.15 K and a boiling point of about 4682.15 K. Zirconium was discovered in Germany by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. It is named from the Arabic word zargun which means gold color. It has a variety of uses – nuclear industry for cladding fuel elements, corrosion resistance applications, alloying agent for steels, surgical appliances, superconductor magnets, getter in vacuum tubes, lamp filaments, explosive primers, and flash bulbs for photography. Compounds Representative compounds containing bromine, chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen, iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and selenium include the following – ZrBr3, ZrBr4, ZrCl2, ZrCl4, ZrH2, ZrI2, ZrI3, ZrI4, ZrO2, ZrS2, and ZrSe2.

Example In an engineering analysis, the molecular weight, freezing point, and normal boiling point are needed. Determine these properties for the element. Inspection of the tabulation at the beginning of the chapter discloses the following:

Tabulation The tabulation at the beginning of the chapter present data for properties of the element. The formula, name, CAS number, state at ambient conditions, molecular weight, freezing point, and boiling point are given in the initial entries. Subsequent entries include critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, compressibility factor, and acentric factor. The remaining entries cover other physical, atom, thermodynamic, and transport properties,

References

Graphs

References are given in the section near the end of the book.

molecular weight = 91.224 g/mol freezing point = 2128.15 K boiling point = 4682.15 K

The variation of vapor pressure with temperature is given in the initial graphical display. The next graphical display shows selected physical and thermodynamic properties versus temperature. The physical and thermodynamic properties cover density of liquid, heat of vaporization, surface tension, heat capacity of gas, heat capacity of liquid, and heat capacity of solid. The remaining graphical display presents transport properties as a function of temperature. The transport properties include viscosity of gas, viscosity of liquid, thermal conductivity of gas, thermal conductivity of liquid, diffusion coefficient in air, and diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution in water. For some of the properties in the graphs, the data for variation with temperature are not available. These graphs are labeled with the appropriate notation – data are not available. Appendix – Additional Properties Additional properties are provided in the Appendix. The additional coverage includes physical properties, critical properties, acentric factor, enthalpy of fusion, solubility parameter, liquid volume, dipole moment, hardness properties, modulus properties, atom

481

Chapter 119 Zr - Zirconium

10

1

Vapor Pressure, bar

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001 1bar =100 kPa = 14.50 psia

0.00001 0

1000

2000

3000

Temperature, K

Figure 119-1 Vapor Pressure

482

4000

5000

7

800

6

700

Heat of Vaporization, kj/mol

Density of Liquid, g/ml

Chapter 119 Zr - Zirconium

5 4 3 2 1

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Figure 119-2 Physical and Thermodynamic Properties

483

1500

Chapter 119 Zr - Zirconium

Viscosity of Liquid, centipoise

10

Data are not available.

1 0

1000

2000 3000 Temperature, K

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Data are not available.

Figure 119-3 Transport Properties

484

4000

5000

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Carl L. Yaws, Ph. D., is professor of chemical engineering at Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas. He has industrial experience in process engineering, research, development and design at Exxon, Ethyl, and Texas Instruments. He is the author of 35 books and has published more than 700 technical papers in process engineering, property data, and pollution prevention.

588

CONTRIBUTORS Prashant Bahadur Jewel A. Gomes

Aisha S. Y. Leh Nilesh N. Lahoti Sy-Chyi Lin Krishnaveni Makkina Manish Rahate Qiang Xu Carl L. Yaws

Graduate Student, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Research Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Graduate Student, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Graduate Student, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Graduate Student, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Lamar University, P.O. Box 10053, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge special appreciation to his wife (Annette) and family (Kent, Michele, Chelsea, Brandon, Lindsay, Rebecca, Chloe, Trey, and Sarah). Carl L. Yaws, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

DISCLAIMER This handbook presents a variety of property data. It is incumbent upon the user to execute judgment in the use of the data. The author does not provide any guarantee, expressed or implied, with regard to the general or specific applicability of the data, the range of errors that may be associated with any of the data, or the appropriateness of using any of the data in any subsequent calculation, design, or decision process. The author accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any reader or user of this handbook as a result of decisions made or actions taken on information contained herein.

v

References 1.

2.

3.

4.

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6. 7.

8.

9.

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11.

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13. 14.

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18.

19. 20. 21.

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23.

24.

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488

Appendix 1 Conversion Table 1.

11. Henry’s Law Constant for Compound in Water To convert from atm/mol fraction to: atm/(mol/m3), divide by 55,556 kPa/(mol/m3), divide by 548.295

Temperature To convert from Centigrade to: Kelvin, add 273.15 Rankine, multiply Kelvin by 1.8 Fahrenheit, multiply Centigrade by 1.8 and add 32

2.

Pressure To convert from psia to: kPa, multiply by 6.895 psig, subtract 14.7 mm Hg, multiply by 51.71 atmospheres, divide by 14.7 bars, divide by 14.508

3.

Heat of Vaporization To convert from kj/kg to: BTU/lb, multiply by 0.43 cal/gram, multiply by 0.239

4.

Density To convert from g/ml to: lb/ft^3, multiply by 62.43 lb/gallon, multiply by 8.345

5.

Surface Tension To convert from dynes/cm to: N/m, multiply by 0.001

6.

Heat Capacity To convert from j/g K to: BTU/lb R, multiply by 0.239 cal/gram K, multiply by 0.239

7.

Viscosity To convert from micropoise to: lb/ft s, multiply by 0.0672E-06 centipoise, multiply by 1.0E-04 poise, multiply by 1.0E-06 Pa s (Pascal seconds), multiply by 1.0E-07 To convert from centipoise to: lb/ft s, multiply by 0.000672 micropoise, multiply by 10,000 poise, multiply by 0.01 Pa s (Pascal seconds), multiply by 0.001

8. Thermal Conductivity To convert from W/m K to: BTU/hr ft R, multiply by 0.5770 calorie/cm s K, multiply by .002388 9. Enthalpy of Formation To convert from kj/mol to: kcal/mol, multiply by 0.239 10. Gibbs Energy of Formation To convert from kj/mol to: kcal/mol, multiply by 0.239

489

Appendix 2 Physical Properties 14. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). 15. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 16. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp, New York, NY (1968). 17. Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). 18. INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1926-1933). 19. Kaye, G. W. C. and T. H. Laby, TABLES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSTANTS, Longman Group Limited, London, England (1973). 20. Landolt-Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1972-1997). 21. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). 22. Lewis, R. J. , Jr., HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS DESK REFERENCE, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (2002). 23. Mackay, D., W. Y. Shiu, and K. C. Ma, ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE FOR ORGANIC CHEMICALS, Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, Lewis Publishers, New York, NY (1992, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1997). 24. Montgomery, J. H., GROUNDWATER CHEMICALS, 3th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2000). 25. Newton, D. E., CHEMICAL ELEMENTS: FROM CARBON TO KRYTON, Vol. 1, 2, and 3, U.X.L, imprint of The Gale Group, Farmington Hills, MI (1999). 26. Ohe, S., COMPUTER AIDED DATA BOOK OF VAPOR PRESSURE, Data Book Publishing Company, Tokyo, Japan (1976). 27. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 28. Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). 29. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). 30. Rabinovich, V. A., editor, THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, translated from Russian, U. S. Dept. Commerce, Springfield, VA (1970). 31. Raznjevic, Kuzman, HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND CHARTS, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, NY (1976). 32. Rossotti, H., DIVERSE ATOMS, [chemical elements], Oxford University Press, New Yory, NY (1998). 33. Samsonov, G. V., editor, HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, translated from Russian, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 34. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 35. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983).

Carl L. Yaws and Qiang Xu Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for physical properties are given in Table 2. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. Values for molecular weight, freezing point, boiling point, and density are provided next. The code for each property value is also given. The last column provides the state at ambient conditions. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

Angus, A. and others, INTERNATIONAL TABLES OF THE FLUID STATE: OXYGEN, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1976). Angus, S. and K. M. de Reuck, INTERNATIONAL TABLES OF THE FLUID STATE: HELIUM-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1977). Ambrose, D., VAPOUR-LIQUID CRITICAL PROPERTIES, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England, NPL Report Chem 107 (Feb., 1980). Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). Boublick, T., V. Fried and E. Hala, THE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES, 1st and 2nd eds., Elsevier, New York, NY (1975, 1984). Chase, M. W., Jr., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 3rd ed., Parts 1 and 2, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, (1986). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 4th ed., Parts 1 and 2, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, (1998). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). Driesbach, R. R., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, Vol. I (No. 15), Vol. II (No. 22), Vol. III (No. 29), Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1955,1959,1961). Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, Oxford University Press, New Yory, NY (1989). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19781997).

490

Appendix 2 Physical Properties 36. Wagman, D. D., J. D. Cox, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). 37. web site, bosmangroup, bosmangreg.lookchem.com (2011). 38. web site, Chem Blink, www.chemblink.com (2010). 39. web site, Chem Globe, pol.spurious.biz/projects/chemglobe/ptoe/ (2010). 40. web site, Chem Spider, www.chemspider.com (2010). 41. web site, Chemical Book, www.chemicalbook.com (2010). 42. web site, Kaye and Laby Online, www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk (2010). 43. web site, Knovel, www.knovel.com (2010). 44. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2010). 45. web site, PAN Pesticide Database – Chemicals, www.pesticideinfo.org (2010). 46. web site, Web Elements, www.webelements.com (2010). 47. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2010). 48. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 49. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 50. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 51. Yaws, C. L., “Antoine Coefficients for Vapor Pressure of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 113 (12), 52-54 (November, 2006). 52. Yaws, C. L., “Liquid Density of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 114 (12), 2-4 (November, 2007). 53. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 54. Yaws, C. L., THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (1992). 55. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 56. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 57. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 58. Yaws, C. L., THE YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (2005). 59. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 60. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF VAPOR PRESSURE – ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2007). 61. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

491

Table 2 Physical Properties Mol Wt Freezing Point NO

ID

FORMULA

Ac 1 1 2 13 Ag 3 77 Al 4 183 Am 5 200 Ar 6 202 As 7 255 At 8 256 Au 9 283 B 10 416 Ba 11 530 Be 12 561 Bh 13 562 Bi 14 611 Bk 14.1 612 Bk 15 633 Br2 16 637 C 16.1 638 C 16.2 639 C 17 675 Ca 18 776 Cd 19 830 Ce 20 877 Cf 21 899 Cl2 22 906 Cm 23 916 Co 24 1035 Cr 25 1124 Cs 26 1169 Cu 27 1302 D2 28 1306 Db 29 1306.1 Ds 30 1307 Dy 31 1332 Er 32 1360 Es 33 1369 Eu 34 1409 F2 35 1420 Fe 36 1572 Fm 37 1574 Fr 38 1575 Ga 39 1610 Gd 40 1637 Ge 41 1709 H2 42 1739 He 42.1 1738 He 43 1740 Hf 44 1771 Hg 45 1841 Ho 46 1861 Hs 47 1873 I2 48 1877 In 49 1917 Ir 50 1960 K 51 2162 Kr 52 2168 La 53 2203 Li 54 2315 Lr 55 2316 Lu 56 2334 Md 57 2335 Mg 58 2464 Mn 59 2548 Mo 60 2604 Mt 61 2678 N2 62 2781 Na 63 3019 Nb 64 3057 Nd 65 3091 Ne 66 3092 Ni 67 3181 No 68 3182 Np

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bohrium bismuth berkelium (a form) berkelium (b form) bromine carbon (amphorous) diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium californium chlorine curium cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dubnium darmstadtium dysprosium erbium einsteinium europium fluorine iron fermium francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium hassium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lawrencium lutetium mendelevium magnesium manganese molybdenum meitnerium nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel nobelium neptunium

Boiling Point

Density

CAS No

g/mol

TF, K

code

TB, K

code

T, C

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 54037-14-8 7440-69-9 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7726-95-6 7440-44-0 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-71-3 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 53850-35-4 54083-77-1 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7429-92-7 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-72-4 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 54037-57-9 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 22537-19-5 7439-94-3 7440-11-1 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 54038-01-6 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 10028-14-5 7439-99-8

227.000 107.868 26.982 243.000 39.948 74.922 210.000 196.967 10.811 137.327 9.012 272.000 208.980 247.000 247.000 159.808 12.011 12.011 12.011 40.078 112.411 140.116 251.000 70.905 247.000 58.933 51.996 132.905 63.546 4.028 268.000 282.000 162.500 167.260 252.000 151.964 37.997 55.845 257.000 223.000 69.723 157.250 72.610 2.016 4.003 3.016 178.490 200.590 164.930 278.000 253.809 114.818 192.217 39.098 83.800 138.906 6.941 262.000 174.967 258.000 24.305 54.938 95.940 278.000 28.013 22.990 92.906 144.240 20.180 58.693 259.000 237.000

1324.15 1234.00 933.45 1449.15 83.80 1090.00 575.15 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00 --544.54 --1259.15 265.90 4300.00 4713.15 4762.15 1115.00 594.22 1071.15 1173.15 172.12 1618.15 1768.15 2180.15 301.65 1357.77 18.73 ----1685.15 1802.15 1133.15 1095.15 53.54 1811.00 1800.15 300.15 302.91 1586.15 1210.40 13.95 1.76 1.01 2506.15 234.29 1747.15 --386.75 429.75 2719.15 336.35 115.78 1191.15 453.69 1900.15 1936.15 1100.15 923.15 1519.15 2896.15 --63.15 370.95 2750.15 1294.15 24.55 1728.15 1100.15 917.15

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3471.15 2435.00 2790.81 2880.00 87.28 888.00 610.00 3129.15 4273.15 2170.15 2757.00 --1837.15 ----331.90 ----4098.15 1757.00 1040.15 3716.15 --239.12 3383.00 3200.15 2944.15 944.15 2835.15 23.65 ----2840.15 3141.15 --1802.15 84.95 3133.35 --946.15 2518.00 3546.15 3106.00 20.39 4.22 3.20 4876.15 629.84 2973.15 --457.56 2345.15 4701.15 1031.00 119.80 3737.15 1615.00 --3675.15 --1363.15 2334.15 4912.15 --77.34 1156.00 5017.15 3347.15 27.09 3186.15 --4273.00

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 --1 ----1 ----1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 --1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 --1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 --1

25 25 25 25 -189.37 25 --25 25 25 25 --25 25 25 25 --25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 -254.42 ----25 25 25 25 -219.67 25 --25 25 25 25 -259.20 -271.39 -272.14 25 25 25 --25 25 25 25 -157.37 25 25 --25 --25 25 25 ---210.00 25 25 25 -248.59 25 --25

492

State

g/cm3 code 10.000 10.500 2.700 12.000 1.4194 5.778 --19.300 2.340 3.620 1.850 --9.790 14.780 13.250 3.103 --3.513 2.200 1.540 8.690 6.770 15.100 1.398 13.510 8.860 7.150 1.930 8.960 0.1730 ----8.550 9.070 8.840 5.240 1.7056 7.870 --1.8700 5.910 7.900 5.323 0.0776 0.1524 0.0836 13.300 13.534 8.800 --4.933 7.310 22.500 0.890 2.4493 6.150 0.534 --9.840 --1.740 7.300 10.200 --0.8702 0.970 8.570 7.010 1.2470 8.900 --20.200

1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 ----1 1 1 1 1,2 1 --1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 --1 --1 1 1 --1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 --1

@ 25C, 1 atm

code

silvery metal silvery metal silvery-white metal silvery metal colorless gas gray metal crystals soft yellow metal black rhombohedral crystals silvery-yellow metal hexagonal solid synthetic element gray-white soft metal solid cubic crystals liquid solid colorless cubic crystals soft black hexagonal crystals silvery-white metal silvery-white metal silvery metal hexagonal or cubic metal green-yellow gas silvery metal gray metal blue-white metal silvery-white metal red metal gas presumably a solid presumably a solid silvery metal silvery metal metal soft silvery metal pale yellow gas silvery-white or gray metal metal short-lived alkali metal gray orthorhombic crystals silvery metal gray-white cubic crystals colorless gas gas gas gray metal heavy silvery liquid silvery metal presumably a solid blue-black plates soft white metal silvery-white metal soft silvery-white metal colorless gas silvery metal soft silvery-white metal presumably a solid silvery metal solid metal silvery-white metal hard gray metal gray-black metal presumably a solid colorless gas soft silvery metal gray metal silvery metal colorless gas white metal metal silvery metal

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Table 2 Physical Properties Mol Wt Freezing Point NO

ID

FORMULA

69 3198 O2 70 3200 Os 71 3234 P 71.1 3235 P 71.2 3236 P 72 3469 Pa 73 3483 Pb 74 3571 Pd 75 3637 Pm 76 3641 Po 77 3650 Pr 78 3691 Pt 79 3756 Pu 80 3773 Ra 81 3781 Rb 82 3828 Re 83 3878 Rf 84 3879 Rg 85 3880 Rh 86 3940 Rn 87 3941 Ru 88 3991 S 89 4023 Sb 90 4065 Sc 91 4083 Se 91.1 4084 Se 91.2 4085 Se 92 4139 Sg 93 4140 Si 94 4303 Sm 95 4332 Sn 95.1 4333 Sn 96 4461 Sr 97 4515 T2 98 4517 Ta 99 4550 Tb 100 4570 Tc 101 4583 Te 102 4609 Th 103 4639 Ti 104 4703 Tl 105 4747 Tm 106 4766 U 107 4819 Uub 108 4822 Uuh 109 4827.1 Uuo 110 4827.2 Uup 111 4828 Uuq 112 4834.1 Uut 113 4836 V 114 4899 W 115 4945 Xe 116 4960 Y 117 4995 Yb 118 5021 Zn 119 5113 Zr

NAME oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) protactinium lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium rutherfordium roentgenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) selenium (a form) selenium (vitreous) seaborgium silicon samarium tin (white) tin (gray) strontium tritium tantalum terbium technetium tellurium thorium titanium thallium thulium uranium ununbium ununhexium ununoctium ununpentium ununquadium ununtrium vanadium tungsten xenon yttrium ytterbium zinc zirconium

Boiling Point

Density

CAS No

g/mol

TF, K

code

TB, K

code

T, C

7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 53850-36-5 54386-24-2 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 54038-81-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 10028-17-8 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8 13494-80-9 7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 54084-26-3 54100-71-9 54144-19-3 54085-64-2 54085-16-4 54084-70-7 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

31.999 190.230 30.974 30.974 30.974 231.036 207.200 106.420 145.000 208.982 140.908 195.078 244.000 226.000 85.468 186.207 265.000 284.000 102.906 222.000 101.070 32.066 121.760 44.956 78.960 78.960 78.960 263.000 28.086 150.360 118.710 118.710 87.620 6.032 180.948 158.925 98.000 127.600 232.038 47.867 204.383 168.934 238.029 285.000 293.000 294.000 299.000 289.000 284.000 50.942 183.840 131.290 88.906 173.040 65.390 91.224

54.36 3306.15 317.30 870.15 883.15 1845.15 600.61 1828.05 1315.15 527.15 1204.15 2041.55 913.15 973.15 312.45 3459.15 ----2237.15 202.15 2607.15 388.36 903.78 1814.15 493.65 494.15 453.15 --1685.00 1347.15 505.08 505.08 1050.15 20.62 3290.15 1629.15 2430.15 722.66 2023.15 1941.15 577.15 1818.15 1408.15 ------------2190.00 3695.15 161.36 1795.15 1092.15 692.68 2128.15

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------------1 1 1 1 1 1 1

90.19 5285.15 553.65 704.15 --4300.00 2022.15 3236.15 3273.15 1235.15 3793.15 4098.15 3501.15 1799.15 961.15 5869.15 ----3968.15 211.45 4423.15 717.82 1860.15 3109.15 958.15 958.15 958.15 --3490.00 2067.15 2875.15 2875.15 1655.15 25.04 5731.15 3503.15 4538.15 1261.15 5061.15 3560.15 1758.00 2223.15 4404.15 ------------3680.00 5828.15 165.03 3618.15 1469.15 1185.00 4682.15

1 1 1 1 --2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ----1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------------1 1 1 1 1 1 1

-183.00 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 --25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 --25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ------------25 25 -111.79 25 25 25 25

State

g/cm3 code 1.1351 22.590 1.823 2.160 2.690 15.400 11.300 12.000 7.260 9.200 6.770 21.500 19.700 5.000 1.530 20.800 23.00 --12.400 3.578 12.100 2.070 6.680 2.990 4.810 4.390 4.280 35.00 2.329 7.520 7.265 5.769 2.640 --16.400 8.230 11.000 6.240 11.700 4.506 11.800 9.320 19.100 ------------6.000 19.300 2.9783 4.469 6.900 7.140 6.520

1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 --1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------------1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1

@ 25C, 1 atm

code

colorless gas blue-white metal cubic crystals red-violet amorphous powder black orthorhombic crystals shiny metal soft silvery-gray metal silvery-white metal silvery metal silvery metal silvery metal silvery-gray metal silvery-white metal white metal soft silvery metal silvery-gray metal presumably a solid presumably a solid silvery-white metal colorless gas silvery-white metal yellow monoclinic needles silvery metal silvery metal gray metallic crystals red monoclinic crystals black amorphous solid presumably a solid solid silvery metal silvery tetragonal crystals cubic crystals silvery-white metal gas gray metal silvery metal hexagonal crystals gray-white crystals soft gray-white metal gray metal soft blue-white metal silvery metal silvery-white crystals presumably a liquid presumably a solid presumably colorless gas synthetic element presumably a solid presumably a solid gray-white metal gray-white metal colorless gas silvery metal silvery metal blue-white metal gray-white metal

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended.

493

Appendix 3 Critical Properties and Acentric Factor 15. Reid, R. C. and T. K. Sherwood, THE PROPERTIES OF th GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3 ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 16. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE th PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 4 ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1987). 17. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 18. Simmrock, K. H., R. Janowsky, and O. Ohnsorge, CRITICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Vol. II, Part 1 (Ag-C7) and Part 2 (C8-Zr), Dechema Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany (1986). 19. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 20. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 21. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 22. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 23. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 24. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 25. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 26. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 27. Yaws, C. L., “Antoine Coefficients for Vapor Pressure of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 113 (12), 52-54 (November, 2006). 28. Yaws, C. L., “Liquid Density of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 114 (12), 2-4 (November, 2007). 29. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 30. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). th 31. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7 ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parisppany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 32. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 33. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS FOR VAPOR PRESSURE, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2005present). 34. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 35. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF VAPOR PRESSURE – ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2007). 36. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws and Qiang Xu Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for critical properties and acentric factor are given in Table 3. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. Values for critical temperature, pressure, volume, density, and compressibility factor are provided next. The code for each property value is also given. The last column provides the acentric factor. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14.

Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). Nesmeyanov, A. N., VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Elsevier, New York, NY (1963). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1973). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1997). Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000).

494

Table 3 Critical Properties and Acentric Factor critical temperature critical pressure critical volume NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 71.1 71.2 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

1 13 77 183 200 202 255 256 283 416 530 562 633 637 638 639 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1574 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3235 3236 3483 3571 3637 3641 3650 3691 3756 3773 3781 3828

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C C C Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P P P Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine carbon (amphorous) diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium

CAS No

T C, K

code

PC, bar

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-44-0 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7

11010.67 6410.00 9300.00 6514.79 150.86 1673.00 1096.37 4398.00 7934.59 3572.13 5205.00 4620.00 584.15 6810.00 6810.00 6810.00 3267.00 2291.00 11993.80 417.15 7398.48 8560.93 1938.00 5123.00 38.35 8561.50 9714.25 5150.00 144.12 9340.00 1606.46 7620.00 11309.81 9803.00 33.18 5.20 3.31 16861.98 1735.00 9067.21 819.15 6730.00 15035.00 2223.00 209.35 9511.00 2966.00 4128.66 2241.04 6902.82 9620.00 126.20 2573.00 17904.10 10665.10 44.40 6986.15 154.58 16878.70 994.00 994.00 994.00 5400.00 10669.10 10228.86 3013.08 12306.26 6983.00 11130.13 4862.82 2093.00 21482.80

2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

--4810.00 5700.00 --48.98 223.00 1236.30 6354.40 8417.50 381.40 392.00 770.00 103.35 2230.00 2230.00 2230.00 153.00 861.70 --77.11 5148.70 5784.10 94.00 6415.50 16.64 ----3547.90 51.72 10150.00 1790.20 5126.30 --6511.00 13.13 2.28 1.17 --1608.00 --116.54 2432.00 72356.00 160.00 55.02 5460.00 217.87 5162.90 2802.40 4871.70 10349.00 34.60 354.64 10418.00 6892.10 26.53 4918.50 50.43 9938.90 83.29 83.29 83.29 861.30 6894.10 --2515.30 --8105.90 --3684.30 160.00 12047.00

14762-55-1

7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5

495

code VC, ml/mol

--2 2 --1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1 2 2 1 2 1 ----2 1 2 2 2 --2 1 1 1 --1 --1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 --2 --2 --2 2 2

--339.00 39.00 --74.59 35.00 22.12 50.30 23.51 233.62 311.50 104.00 135.00 18.80 18.80 18.80 517.10 37.90 --123.75 35.84 36.92 341.00 61.00 60.26 ----36.21 66.54 28.00 22.38 75.30 --45.00 64.15 57.30 72.50 --35.00 --155.00 82.60 5.18 209.00 91.20 36.50 329.70 19.95 19.95 35.34 38.30 89.21 116.00 42.87 38.60 41.70 35.43 73.40 42.36 297.62 297.62 297.62 93.20 38.60 --29.88 --759.10 --32.92 247.00 32.10

code

--2 2 --1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1 2 2 1 2 1 ----2 1 2 2 2 --2 1 1 1 --2 --1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 --2 --2 --2 2 2

critical density rhoC, g/ml code --0.3182 0.6918 --0.5356 2.1406 9.4937 3.9158 0.4598 0.5878 0.0289 2.0094 1.1838 0.6389 0.6389 0.6389 0.0775 2.9660 --0.5730 1.6443 1.4083 0.3898 1.0417 0.0668 ----4.1967 0.5710 1.9945 9.9643 0.9259 --1.6136 0.0314 0.0699 0.0416 --5.7311 --1.6375 1.3900 37.1075 0.1871 0.9189 3.8056 0.0211 8.7703 1.2183 1.5546 2.5050 0.3140 0.1982 2.1672 3.7368 0.4839 1.6566 0.4360 4.4908 0.1041 0.1041 0.1041 2.2232 2.7570 --6.9941 --0.2570 --6.8651 0.3460 5.8008

--2 2 --1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1 2 2 1 2 1 ----2 1 2 2 2 --2 1 1 1 --2 --1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 --2 --2 --2 2 2

crit comp factor acent factor ZC

code

omega

--3.060 0.288 --0.291 0.056 0.300 0.874 0.300 0.300 0.282 0.208 0.287 0.074 0.074 0.074 0.291 0.171 --0.275 0.300 0.300 0.199 0.919 0.314 ----0.300 0.287 0.366 0.300 0.609 --0.359 0.305 0.302 0.308 --0.390 --0.265 0.359 0.300 0.181 0.288 0.252 0.291 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.496 0.294 0.192 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.288 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.179 0.300 --0.300 --10.599 --0.300 0.227 0.217

--2 2 --1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 --1 2 2 1 2 1 ----2 1 2 2 2 --2 1 1 1 --1,2 --1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 2 --2 --2 --2 2 2

--0.1499 -0.3054 --0.0000 -0.3680 0.6410 --0.8260 0.2640 0.2274 -0.2366 0.1189 0.3268 0.3268 0.3268 0.1167 0.0500 --0.0690 ---------0.1449 ------0.0530 -0.0106 0.6820 -----0.0715 -0.2150 -0.3900 -0.4715 ---0.1644 --0.1115 -----0.2028 0.0000 ---0.0556 ------0.9240 0.0377 -0.1055 -----0.0395 --0.0222 --0.0320 0.0320 0.0320 ------0.0110 -------------

Table 3 Critical Properties and Acentric Factor critical temperature critical pressure critical volume NO

ID

85 3880 86 3940 87 3941 88 3991 89 4023 90 4065 91 4083 91.1 4084 91.2 4085 93 4140 94 4303 95 4332 95.1 4333 96 4461 97 4515 98 4517 99 4550 100 4570 101 4583 102 4609 103 4639 104 4703 105 4747 106 4766 113 4836 114 4899 115 4945 116 4960 117 4995 118 5021 119 5113 code: 1 - data,

FORMULA

NAME

Rh rhodium Rn radon Ru ruthenium S sulfur Sb antimony Sc scandium Se selenium (gray) Se selenium (a form) Se selenium (vitreous) Si silicon Sm samarium Sn tin (white) Sn tin (gray) Sr strontium T2 tritium Ta tantalum Tb terbium Tc technetium Te tellurium Th thorium Ti titanium Tl thallium Tm thulium U uranium V vanadium W tungsten Xe xenon Y yttrium Yb ytterbium Zn zinc Zr zirconium 2 - estimate

CAS No

T C, K

code

PC, bar

7440-16-6

12906.60 377.00 15247.10 1314.00 5070.00 8035.08 1766.00 1766.00 1766.00 5159.00 5082.92 7400.00 7400.00 4267.20 44.91 19900.90 11138.10 17400.80 4840.00 17668.05 6400.00 4648.06 6283.16 13712.60 11325.00 14756.00 289.74 9381.32 4365.92 3170.00 8802.00

2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

8024.40 62.80 9165.00 117.55 3865.60 5499.00 272.00 272.00 272.00 537.00 3816.70 6099.80 6099.80 3319.80 23.80 11334.00 --10183.00 2617.10 --7010.20 3554.00 4519.70 8421.60 10314.00 11497.00 58.40 6222.00 3380.90 2904.00 9364.60

10043-92-2

7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 10028-17-8

7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8 13494-80-9

7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

code VC, ml/mol

2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 --2 2 --2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

40.12 140.00 41.50 158.00 32.72 36.45 62.30 62.30 62.30 232.60 33.22 115.10 115.10 32.06 41.11 43.80 --42.62 46.13 --22.77 32.62 34.68 40.62 32.80 33.90 118.00 37.61 32.21 33.00 23.45

code

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 --2 2 --2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

critical density

crit comp factor acent factor

rhoC, g/ml code 2.5649 1.5857 2.4354 0.2029 3.7213 1.2334 1.2674 1.2674 1.2674 0.1207 4.5262 1.0314 1.0314 2.7330 0.1467 4.1312 --2.2994 2.7661 --2.1022 6.2656 4.8712 5.8599 1.5531 5.4230 1.1126 2.3639 5.3722 1.9815 3.8901

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 --2 2 --2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

ZC

code

omega

0.300 0.281 0.300 0.170 0.300 0.300 0.115 0.115 0.115 0.291 0.300 1.141 1.141 0.300 0.262 0.300 --0.300 0.300 --0.300 0.300 0.300 0.300 0.359 0.318 0.286 0.300 0.300 0.364 0.300

2 1,2 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 --2 2 --2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

---0.0565 --0.2463 ----0.2270 0.2270 0.2270 1.5140 --0.1010 0.1010 --------------0.9150 -------0.2408 0.0770 0.0000 ----0.0459 0.8590

Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended. TC - critical temperature, K PC - critical pressure, bar VC - critical volume, ml/mol rhoC - critical density, g/ml ZC - critical compressibility factor omega - acentric factor

496

Appendix 4 Vapor Pressure 13. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). 14. Ewing, C. T. and K. H. Stern, J. Phys. Chem., 78, 1998 (1974). 15. Horvath, A. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Crane, Russack, and Company, Inc., New York, NY (1975). 16. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). 17. Landolt-Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1972-2005). 18. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). 19. McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). 20. Nesmeyanov, A. N., VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, NY (1963). 21. Ohe, S., COMPUTER AIDED DATA BOOK OF VAPOR PRESSURE, Data Book Publishing Company, Tokyo, Japan (1976). 22. Ohse, R. W., ed., HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS, Blackwell-Scientific Publications, London, England (1985). 23. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). 24. Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000). 25. Rabinovich, V. A. and others, THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NEON, ARGON, KRYPTON, AND XENON, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, NY (1987). 26. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3rd ed. (R. C. Reid and T. K. Sherwood), 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977, 1987). 27. Stewart, R. B. and R. T. Jacobsen, [Argon], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 639 (1989). 28. Stull, D., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39, 517 (1947). 29. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 30. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 31. Wagner, W. and others, INTERNATIONAL TABLES FOR THE FLUID STATE: OXYGEN, Blackwell-Scientific Publications, Oxford (1987). 32. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 33. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 34. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 35. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 36. Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). 37. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)”, Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974).

Carl L. Yaws and Qiang Xu Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for vapor pressure are given in Table 4. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application for the regression coefficients is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The last column provides the code for the table. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1.

Alcock, C. B., V. P. Itkin, and M. K. Horrigan, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 309-313 (1984). 2. Angus, A. and others, INTERNATIONAL TABLES OF THE FLUID STATE: OXYGEN, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1976). 3. Angus, S. and K. M. de Reuck, INTERNATIONAL TABLES OF THE FLUID STATE: HELIUM-4, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1977). 4. Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringeVerlag, New York, NY (1973). 5. Barin, I., THERMOCHEMICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, VCH Publishers, New York, NY (1993). 6. Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). 7. Boublick, T., V. Fried and E. Hala, THE VAPOUR PRESSURES OF PURE SUBSTANCES, 1st and 2nd eds., Elsevier, New York, NY (1975, 1984). 8. Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). 9. CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). 10. CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 11. Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). 12. Driesbach, R. R., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, Vol. I (No. 15), Vol. II (No. 22), Vol. III (No. 29), Advances in Chemistry Series, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1955,1959,1961).

497

Appendix 4 Vapor Pressure 38. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 39. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 40. Yaws, C. L., “Antoine Coefficients for Vapor Pressure of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 113 (12), 52-54 (November, 2006). 41. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 42. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 43. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 44. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 45. Yaws, C. L., THE YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (2005). 46. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF VAPOR PRESSURE – ANTOINE COEFFICIENTS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2007). 47. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

498

Table 4 Vapor Pressure log NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16.2 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 71.1 73 74 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 86 87

1 13 77 183 200 202 255 256 283 416 530 562 633 639 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1574 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3182 3198 3200 3234 3235 3483 3571 3641 3650 3691 3756 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni Np O2 Os P P Pb Pd Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine graphite calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel neptunium oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) lead palladium polonium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium

10 P

= A - B/(T + C)

(P - mm Hg, T - C)

CAS No

A

B

C

TMIN

TMAX

code

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8

8.85429 8.10019 8.24073 9.46480 6.84064 10.60233 9.64649 8.16676 9.44507 6.47688 8.08396 7.90580 7.27906 13.52595 7.10583 7.66023 8.54474 7.06306 8.85240 8.48706 6.67520 8.30991 6.31539 6.67690 7.07492 6.80515 6.89461 8.37930 6.28464 8.24091 8.09461 8.39437 6.14858 5.27120 4.82950 9.06491 7.89458 6.66154 7.10736 7.98843 9.63425 6.97431 7.01408 8.57782 7.80332 7.83211 7.16078 7.50506 8.64938 6.72531 7.33576 9.92532 6.95222 6.74431 8.74585 7.90387 6.83706 9.76546 7.00000 11.39619 7.46345 8.56766 7.18388 6.78062 8.58584 8.08674 6.71596 6.99992 8.97642 9.68520 6.58011 9.33600

20734.8351 12288.3589 14524.8870 14359.6923 340.2707 6313.8843 3910.8049 16053.2805 26209.9893 7779.9111 13696.6102 9022.0737 1321.8955 41703.0146 6959.2899 4757.6158 20813.1074 906.7031 18477.2528 15307.9218 3515.7582 15006.7869 92.2133 9758.5876 12618.2924 6548.9117 320.1001 16213.5121 3099.3568 13438.1916 18125.4084 16953.3407 80.9480 13.5171 8.5576 30232.9115 3147.6142 10226.4211 1556.9694 11856.7391 30934.6262 4143.9271 511.6161 21096.9943 7953.8982 17422.3777 5253.0612 9853.7049 26943.1312 285.5727 5060.9675 35189.3422 12884.3059 115.3285 17882.3827 22003.2016 339.2095 34751.0553 2016.5981 5737.7187 9131.8353 18403.4082 5265.0104 14030.7383 22055.7478 18531.9774 6622.4566 3926.1751 34838.4703 26833.7062 651.6732 26794.4200

273.15 191.93 192.25 273.15 271.80 216.09 244.23 180.98 190.34 266.45 148.52 231.44 241.80 280.60 162.92 228.44 231.68 250.83 166.22 59.51 255.57 202.14 276.35 3.70 140.57 143.35 267.95 88.52 237.55 259.39 210.60 240.64 277.53 274.58 274.36 285.82 271.10 4.88 183.97 249.38 190.68 254.47 277.13 239.17 276.84 116.75 137.71 68.23 31.68 270.09 254.35 251.22 97.12 275.91 134.99 273.15 268.70 35.61 215.00 242.50 243.70 273.13 261.55 77.80 41.02 331.78 200.78 265.16 119.34 248.59 237.86 33.09

1599.85 1009.85 1209.00 965.85 -189.37 280.00 88.00 952.85 2075.00 638.00 823.85 668.00 -7.30 2565.85 591.00 119.85 1719.00 -101.03 1517.00 1383.00 21.85 1216.00 -254.42 1105.00 1231.00 590.00 -219.67 1435.00 121.00 1037.00 1563.00 1371.00 -259.20 -271.39 -272.15 2416.00 -38.84 1159.00 -31.15 900.00 2440.00 63.20 -157.37 1650.00 524.30 1600.00 428.00 955.00 2400.00 -210.00 280.60 2669.00 1322.30 -248.59 1510.00 1726.85 -218.80 2600.00 69.00 181.85 434.85 1300.00 500.00 1497.70 2057.00 1483.00 546.00 160.40 3030.00 2015.00 -163.00 2315.00

3198.00 2180.00 2517.66 1082.85 -122.29 601.00 259.00 2856.00 3799.00 1897.00 2483.85 1564.00 311.00 3634.85 1482.00 767.00 3443.00 144.00 2925.00 2671.00 671.00 2562.00 -234.80 2567.00 2868.00 1523.00 -128.84 2860.20 673.00 2245.00 3262.00 2833.00 -239.97 -267.95 -269.83 4603.00 1461.85 2700.00 546.00 2072.00 4386.00 1949.85 -63.80 3464.00 1337.10 3402.00 1088.00 2060.00 4950.00 -147.05 926.85 4740.00 3063.00 -228.75 2911.00 2226.85 -118.57 5400.00 317.00 431.00 1749.00 3400.00 1050.00 3520.00 3825.00 3228.00 1526.00 688.00 5681.00 3695.00 103.85 4115.00

2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

499

Table 4 Vapor Pressure log NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

10 P

A

= A - B/(T + C) B

(P - mm Hg, T - C) C

TMIN

TMAX

code

88 sulfur 7704-34-9 3991 S 7.86630 3464.9835 250.34 102.00 444.00 1,2 89 antimony 7440-36-0 4023 Sb 5.88125 4984.6752 74.32 534.00 1587.00 1,2 90 scandium 7440-20-2 4065 Sc 7.72648 13961.2550 45.18 1300.00 3200.00 1,2 91 selenium (gray) 7782-49-2 4083 Se 7.05403 3441.9628 139.77 227.00 685.00 1,2 93 silicon 7440-21-3 4140 Si 8.71307 20614.1581 267.17 1634.85 3264.85 1,2 94 samarium 7440-19-9 4303 Sm 6.72424 7242.8476 90.48 700.00 2000.00 1,2 95 tin (white) 7440-31-5 4332 Sn 8.54915 16655.8123 336.40 1150.00 2800.00 1,2 96 strontium 7440-24-6 4461 Sr 6.83233 6128.6851 168.97 523.00 1382.00 1,2 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 8.73303 31263.6507 -115.81 3024.00 5458.00 1,2 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 7.41799 14824.6184 37.37 1516.10 3230.00 1,2 100 technetium 7440-26-8 4570 Tc 26.08539 236826.8849 5941.04 2400.00 4400.00 1,2 101 tellurium 13494-80-9 4583 Te 6.63850 4084.3774 98.94 502.00 988.00 1,2 102 thorium 7440-29-1 4609 Th 8.08673 25785.3686 165.09 2360.00 4788.00 1,2 103 titanium 7440-32-6 4639 Ti 8.90223 20948.9918 190.76 1709.00 3285.00 1,2 104 thallium 7440-28-0 4703 Tl 7.58000 8060.0496 229.50 609.00 1485.00 1,2 105 thulium 7440-30-4 4747 Tm 7.82243 10435.3130 205.05 844.00 1297.00 1,2 106 uranium 7440-61-1 4766 U 7.77000 23272.8375 600.00 2052.00 4129.00 1,2 113 vanadium 7440-62-2 4836 V 9.18000 22303.0522 133.69 1828.00 3406.85 1,2 114 tungsten 7440-33-7 4899 W 9.98307 40387.9650 131.64 3204.00 5555.00 1,2 115 xenon 7440-63-3 4945 Xe 7.02795 701.1036 277.06 -111.75 16.55 1,2 116 yttrium 7440-65-5 4960 Y 8.00530 17991.8060 165.95 1610.10 3345.00 1,2 117 ytterbium 7440-64-4 4995 Yb 7.28084 6060.1722 181.30 463.00 1196.00 1,2 118 zinc 7440-66-6 5021 Zn 7.57409 5241.2423 203.39 337.00 912.00 1,2 119 zirconium 7440-67-7 5113 Zr 9.12202 28773.5320 201.25 2366.00 4409.00 1,2 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended. P - vapor pressure, mm Hg A, B, and C - Antoine coefficients for chemical compound T - temperature, C TMIN - minimum temperature, C TMAX - maximum temperature, C

500

Appendix 5 Density of Liquid 12. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1997). 13. Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000). 14. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1987). 15. Reid, R. C. and T. K. Sherwood, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 16. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 17. SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS, 10th ed., Vols. 1, 2, and 3, Lewis, R. J.. Lewis, Sr., editor, John Wiley, New York, NY (2000). 18. Simmrock, K. H., R. Janowsky, and O. Ohnsorge, CRITICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Vol. II, Part 1 (Ag-C7) and Part 2 (C8-Zr), Dechema Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany (1986). 19. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 20. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 21. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 22. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 23. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 24. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 25. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 26. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon, and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 27. Yaws, C. L., “Liquid Density of the Elements”, Chem. Eng., 114 (12), 2-4 (November, 2007). 28. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 29. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). th 30. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7 ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parisppany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 31. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 32. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 33. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for density of liquid are given in Table 5. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. For the high melting compounds, most of the data for liquid density are only available in the region of the melting point. In the absence of data, the estimates at temperature much higher than melting point should be considered rough approximations. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application for the regression coefficients is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last column provides the density of liquid at a representative temperature. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). 2. CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 3. Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). 4. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). 5. Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). 6. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). 7. Ohse, R. W., ed., HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ALKALI METALS, Blackwell-Scientific Publications, London, England (1985). 8. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 9. Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). 10. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1973). 11. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984).

501

Table 5 Density of Liquid - (1 - T/C)^n

density = A B NO

ID

2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 16.2 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 71.1 73 74 75 76 77 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 637 639 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3235 3483 3571 3637 3641 3650 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083

FORMULA Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C C Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P P Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se

NAME silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine carbon (amphorous) graphite calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray)

(density - g/ml, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

n

TMIN

TMAX

code

T, K

density @ T

7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-44-0 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2

0.31819 0.69200 0.53120 0.62605 8.35557 0.72680 1.11110 0.02893 2.01611 1.18377 0.31475 0.63887 0.07756 3.72607 2.13760 0.56600 2.51864 2.13536 0.28361 2.63621 0.06700 2.62400 2.75200 1.57191 0.57014 1.99446 0.47740 2.68561 1.61357 0.03125 0.06930 0.04141 3.75257 5.73614 2.66880 1.63746 0.55791 6.41388 0.18711 0.91799 1.50549 0.11037 3.32517 0.07780 2.09497 3.14663 0.31422 0.19819 2.48435 2.02652 0.48504 2.56376 0.43600 6.48474 1.02120 0.96106 1.73000 3.31600 2.20800 2.76115 2.10880 6.65186 1.49145 0.34600 6.01402 3.40525 1.58779 3.48198 0.20468 1.69927 0.90098 0.75697

0.03098 0.27351 0.28600 0.05595 0.44663 0.30000 0.30000 0.01109 0.18801 0.29527 0.10000 0.27136 0.04927 0.43396 0.31027 0.27315 0.25033 0.30000 0.14024 0.30161 0.31500 0.29728 0.29872 0.29797 0.28587 0.22457 0.07625 0.34705 0.26102 0.34730 0.41860 0.46660 0.30000 0.40708 0.29781 0.33313 0.07561 0.30000 0.20637 0.28840 0.23941 0.19951 0.29161 0.03010 0.30000 0.30000 0.28610 0.19553 0.30000 0.28826 0.30670 0.25892 0.29060 0.30000 0.50058 0.80200 0.15282 0.26650 0.30571 0.30000 0.30930 0.26561 0.30000 0.21564 0.30000 0.30000 0.28111 0.30000 0.10440 0.24231 0.29526 0.16124

6410.00 9300.00 150.86 1673.15 4398.00 7934.59 3572.13 5205.00 4620.00 584.15 6810.00 6810.00 3267.00 2291.00 11993.80 417.15 7398.48 8560.93 2048.10 5123.00 38.35 8561.50 9714.25 5150.00 144.12 9340.00 7620.00 11309.81 9803.00 33.18 5.20 3.31 21687.96 1735.00 9067.21 819.15 6730.00 15035.00 2223.00 209.35 9511.00 3503.00 4128.66 2241.04 6902.82 9620.00 126.20 2573.00 17904.10 10665.10 44.40 6986.15 154.58 16878.68 993.75 993.75 5400.00 10669.07 10228.86 3013.08 12306.26 6983.00 4862.82 2093.00 21482.82 12906.61 377.40 15247.14 1313.00 5070.00 8035.08 1766.00

0.13648 0.50000 0.29840 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.30873 0.32950 0.28571 0.28571 0.11441 0.28571 0.28571 0.28830 0.80000 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28776 0.70000 0.28571 0.28571 0.59646 0.27560 0.24100 0.22300 0.28571 0.25997 0.28571 0.33550 0.28571 0.28571 0.35970 0.29390 0.28571 0.35129 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.29660 0.37200 0.28571 0.28571 0.27860 0.70000 0.29240 0.28571 0.66360 0.09118 0.28571 0.75000 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.70000 0.28571 0.37000 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.11400 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571

1234.00 933.25 83.78 1090.15 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00 544.54 265.85 4765.00 4765.00 1115.00 594.05 1071.15 172.12 1768.15 2180.15 301.65 1357.77 18.73 1685.15 1802.15 1095.15 53.48 1811.00 302.91 1586.15 1210.40 13.95 1.76 1.01 2506.15 234.29 1747.15 386.75 429.75 2719.15 336.35 115.78 1191.15 453.69 1936.15 923.15 1519.15 2895.15 63.15 370.95 2750.15 1294.15 24.56 1728.15 54.35 3306.15 317.55 853.15 600.64 1828.05 1315.15 527.15 1204.15 2041.55 973.15 312.46 3459.15 2237.15 202.15 2607.15 388.36 903.78 1814.15 494.15

5769.00 8370.00 150.86 1290.15 3958.20 2548.15 1200.15 2000.00 4158.00 584.15 4965.00 6129.00 2940.30 2061.90 1271.15 417.15 6658.63 2380.15 1843.29 4610.70 38.35 1885.15 2002.15 1295.15 144.12 8406.00 6858.00 1786.15 8822.70 33.18 5.20 3.31 2706.15 1561.50 1947.15 737.24 573.15 2919.15 2000.70 209.35 1391.15 3152.70 2136.15 1023.15 1719.15 3095.15 126.20 2573.00 2950.15 1494.15 44.40 6287.54 154.58 3506.15 894.38 894.38 4860.00 9602.16 1515.15 727.15 1404.15 6284.70 1173.15 1883.70 3659.15 2437.15 377.40 2807.15 1181.70 4563.00 2014.15 694.15

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

1234.00 1173.15 83.78 1090.15 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00 544.54 265.85 4765.00 4765.00 1115.00 594.05 1071.15 172.12 1873.15 2180.15 301.65 1673.15 18.73 1685.15 1802.15 1095.15 53.48 1923.15 302.91 1586.15 1210.40 13.95 1.76 1.01 2506.15 234.29 1747.15 386.75 429.75 2719.15 336.35 115.78 1191.15 453.69 1936.15 923.15 1519.15 2895.15 63.15 370.95 2750.15 1294.15 24.56 1873.15 90.15 3306.15 317.55 853.15 923.15 1973.15 1315.15 527.15 1204.15 2073.15 973.15 312.46 3459.15 2237.15 202.15 2607.15 388.36 903.78 1814.15 494.15

9.2955 2.3250 1.4194 5.2861 17.2817 2.1598 3.3250 1.6900 10.0639 3.2136 1.6110 1.6110 1.3679 8.0169 6.6800 1.7229 7.5400 6.4600 1.8530 7.6900 0.1730 8.2000 8.6000 4.8700 1.7056 7.1090 6.0780 7.4000 5.5849 0.0776 0.1524 0.0836 12.0000 13.6299 8.3400 3.9760 7.0314 20.0000 0.8283 2.4493 5.9600 0.5124 9.3000 1.5786 6.4300 9.3300 0.8702 0.9276 7.8300 6.7200 1.2470 7.5950 1.1351 20.1000 1.7453 1.1559 10.2650 10.3100 6.9000 8.6301 6.5900 18.7450 4.6150 1.4815 18.9000 10.6500 4.4000 10.9000 1.7944 6.4910 2.8000 3.9871

502

Table 5 Density of Liquid - (1 - T/C)^n

density = A B NO

ID

93 4140 94 4303 95 4332 96 4461 98 4517 99 4550 100 4570 101 4583 103 4639 104 4703 105 4747 106 4766 113 4836 114 4899 115 4945 116 4960 117 4995 118 5021 119 5113 code: 1 - data,

FORMULA

NAME

Si silicon Sm samarium Sn tin (white) Sr strontium Ta tantalum Tb terbium Tc technetium Te tellurium Ti titanium Tl thallium Tm thulium U uranium V vanadium W tungsten Xe xenon Y yttrium Yb ytterbium Zn zinc Zr zirconium 2 - estimate

(density - g/ml, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

n

TMIN

TMAX

code

T, K

density @ T

7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8 13494-80-9 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

1.73001 2.30412 0.68914 0.78222 4.78107 2.44800 3.34979 1.83626 1.38759 1.79212 2.88674 5.57293 1.78294 5.84023 1.10648 1.32860 2.12198 1.98150 1.90680

0.64037 0.28994 0.09454 0.30000 0.30000 0.30358 0.30000 0.30000 0.30000 0.14783 0.28545 0.30000 0.30000 0.30000 0.28552 0.29141 0.31165 0.27115 0.30000

5159.00 5082.92 7400.00 4267.20 19900.93 11138.10 17400.77 4840.00 6400.00 4648.06 6283.16 13712.62 11787.15 14756.00 289.74 9381.32 4365.92 3170.00 8802.00

0.30000 0.28571 0.27000 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28571 0.28967 0.28571 0.28571 0.34000 0.28571

1685.00 1347.15 505.08 1050.15 3290.15 1629.15 2430.15 722.66 1941.15 577.15 1818.15 1408.15 2183.15 3695.15 161.36 1795.15 1092.15 692.70 2128.15

4643.10 1547.15 6660.00 1250.15 3490.15 1829.15 2630.15 922.66 2141.15 4183.25 2018.15 1608.15 2383.15 3895.15 289.74 1995.15 1292.15 2853.00 2328.15

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

1687.00 1347.15 505.08 1050.15 3290.15 1629.15 2430.15 722.66 1941.15 577.15 1818.15 1408.15 2183.15 3695.15 161.36 1795.15 1092.15 812.15 2128.15

2.5700 7.1600 6.9860 2.3750 15.0000 7.6500 10.6145 5.7970 4.1100 11.2913 9.0000 17.9070 5.5500 17.7000 2.9783 4.2400 6.2100 6.4270 5.8000

Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended. density - density of liquid, g/ml A, B, C, and n - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

503

Appendix 6 Density of Solid Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

14.

The results for density of solid are given in Table 6. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. The data for linear expansion of solid were utilized for ascertaining density of solid at different temperatures. Identical expansion in all directions (length, width, and height) was assumed for the variation with temperature. The results primarily apply for polycrystalline form of the solid. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ac, Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application for the regression coefficients is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperatures outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last column provides the density of solid at a representative temperature.

15. 16. 17.

18.

19.

References 1.

2. 3.

4.

5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11.

12.

13.

Askeland, D. A. and P. P. Phule, THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING OF MATERIALS, 5th ed., THOMPSON, Toronto, Canada (2006). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3rd ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). SMITHELLS METALS REFERENCE BOOK, 6th ed., E. A. Brandes, editor, Butterwoths & Co., London, England, (1983) Touloukian, Y. S. and others, THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, Thermal Expansion – Metallic Elements and Alloys, Volume 12, IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1975). Touloukian, Y. S. and others, THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, Thermal Expansion –

504

Nonmetallic Solids, Volume 13, IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1977). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). Yaws, C. L., THE YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (2005). Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Table 6 Density of Solid 2

density = A + B T + C T + D T NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 14.1 15 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 71.1 71.2 72 73 74 75 76 77 78

1 13 77 183 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 611 612 633 638 639 675 776 830 877 899 906 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1360 1369 1409 1420 1574 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3182 3198 3200 3234 3235 3236 3469 3483 3571 3637 3641 3650 3691

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Am Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Bk Br2 C C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl2 Cm Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Es Eu F2 Fe Fr Ga Gd Ge H2 He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni Np O2 Os P P P Pa Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth berkelium (a form) berkelium (b form) bromine diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium californium chlorine curium cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium einsteinium europium fluorine iron francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel neptunium oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) protactinium lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum

3

(density - g/ml, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

TMIN

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7726-95-6 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-71-3 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7429-92-7 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4

10.0000 10.6494 2.7486 12.0000 1.7570 5.8021 19.5301 2.3487 3.6809 1.8565 9.9335 14.7800 13.2500 4.1071 3.5140 2.5626 1.5826 8.9224 6.7988 15.1000 2.0900 13.5100 8.9371 7.1756 2.0406 9.0733 0.1722 8.6437 9.1515 8.8400 5.5968 1.9300 7.9310 1.8700 5.9100 7.9005 5.3413 0.0865 0.1920 13.3667 14.5814 8.8506 4.8203 7.4926 22.6124 0.9056 3.0780 6.1768 0.5477 9.8442 1.7696 7.4081 10.2385 0.9543 1.0165 8.6190 7.0522 1.5124 8.9802 20.2000 1.4256 22.7082 1.8230 2.3400 2.6900 15.5840 11.3668 12.1060 7.2600 9.2000 6.8037 21.6533

0.0000E+00 -4.8691E-04 -1.1793E-04 0.0000E+00 1.6035E-04 -1.1183E-04 -7.3328E-04 -2.5296E-05 -1.8229E-04 -1.0746E-06 -4.0365E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 6.7268E-06 -2.9012E-04 -3.1678E-04 -8.0036E-04 -8.5264E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.4546E-04 -3.6478E-05 -3.2122E-04 -3.3155E-04 0.0000E+00 -3.9340E-04 -3.6127E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.9170E-03 0.0000E+00 -1.3494E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.7856E-05 -4.8078E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.1025E-04 -1.1957E-03 -1.0524E-04 0.0000E+00 -5.9218E-04 -3.3829E-04 -1.1350E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.2720E-04 -2.9349E-05 1.6959E-04 -7.0600E-05 -2.7581E-04 -1.2139E-04 0.0000E+00 -7.9212E-05 -1.5132E-04 -1.4024E-04 3.7136E-04 -2.0411E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.4037E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.6365E-04 5.7223E-04 -2.9396E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.1771E-04 -4.7624E-04

0.0000E+00 -1.7134E-07 -1.0368E-07 0.0000E+00 -2.8051E-05 -3.1398E-07 -1.2218E-07 -1.4075E-08 -8.0412E-08 -1.0013E-07 4.4297E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.5800E-08 -1.9787E-05 8.3515E-07 1.9722E-07 -3.5419E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.3956E-07 -1.7747E-07 -3.8488E-07 -1.7145E-07 0.0000E+00 3.3147E-07 3.8481E-07 0.0000E+00 2.9411E-06 0.0000E+00 -2.5985E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.3004E-07 -7.3272E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5665E-08 -1.1693E-06 -2.5558E-07 0.0000E+00 1.9793E-07 -1.3236E-07 -1.6172E-07 0.0000E+00 1.7354E-07 -9.2861E-08 -6.9728E-07 -1.0743E-07 -2.7499E-07 -2.4542E-08 0.0000E+00 -3.9479E-07 -4.5686E-08 6.7587E-09 -5.4276E-05 -2.3807E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.8918E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.9136E-07 -3.2947E-06 -2.2700E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.7452E-08 -1.3149E-07

0.0000E+00 2.1571E-11 1.1930E-11 0.0000E+00 8.4097E-08 1.9372E-10 -2.2176E-11 2.6144E-12 2.3966E-11 2.8470E-11 -3.8579E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 6.2990E-12 5.8464E-08 -8.4510E-10 -4.2501E-10 -1.0537E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.9974E-10 3.9172E-11 7.3267E-10 3.1571E-11 0.0000E+00 -2.2327E-10 -3.0007E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.7601E-09 0.0000E+00 8.8999E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.8807E-11 2.5005E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.2475E-12 -3.4156E-09 1.3095E-10 0.0000E+00 -8.9238E-10 9.8811E-12 2.1234E-11 0.0000E+00 -1.6362E-10 4.2538E-11 2.7179E-10 3.6661E-11 -5.4815E-11 -6.2003E-12 0.0000E+00 3.9277E-10 8.0492E-12 -3.5477E-11 -3.0247E-06 6.9693E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.4031E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.3339E-10 2.0915E-09 6.8847E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.8837E-11 1.2595E-11

298.15 100 100 298.15 2 100 100 293 100 100 100 298.15 298.15 79.15 100 4 100 100 293 298.15 113.15 298.15 100 100 100 100 18.73 293 100 298.15 293 39.00 100 298.15 298.15 100 100 13.80 1.76 100 100 100 386.75 100 100 100 20.00 100 100 100 100 100 100 63.15 100 100 100 2 100 298.15 20.65 100 298.15 298.15 298.15 293 100 100 298.15 298.15 100 100

505

TMAX code 298.15 1200 900 298.15 80 750 1300 1300 550 1500 525 298.15 298.15 79.15 1650 115 625 590 1000 298.15 113.15 298.15 1200 1900 293 1300 18.73 950 1200 298.15 650 39.00 1650 298.15 298.15 1200 1200 13.80 1.76 1300 234 950 386.75 400 2500 336 20.00 1000 450 1200 900 980 2800 63.15 350 2300 1000 24 1500 298.15 20.65 875 298.15 298.15 298.15 1300 600 1200 298.15 298.15 800 1900

1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2

T, K

density @ T

298.15 298.15 293.15 298.15 83.78 287.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 79.15 298.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 113.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 18.73 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 39.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 13.80 1.76 298.15 234.29 298.15 386.75 298.15 298.15 293.15 20.00 298.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 63.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 24.55 298.15 298.15 20.65 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15

10.0000 10.4895 2.7054 12.0000 1.6230 5.7487 19.3000 2.3400 3.6200 1.8480 9.8160 14.7800 13.2500 4.1071 3.5130 2.2500 1.5400 8.6900 6.7700 15.1000 2.0900 13.5100 8.8600 7.1500 1.9300 8.9600 0.1722 8.5500 9.0700 8.8400 5.2400 1.9300 7.8700 1.8700 5.9100 7.9000 5.3212 0.0865 0.1920 13.3000 14.1931 8.8000 4.8203 7.3100 22.5000 0.8590 3.0780 6.1500 0.5322 9.8400 1.7400 7.3000 10.2000 0.9543 0.9692 8.5700 7.0100 1.4440 8.9000 20.2000 1.4256 22.5900 1.8230 2.3400 2.6900 15.4000 11.3000 12.0000 7.2600 9.2000 6.7700 21.5000

Table 6 Density of Solid 2

density = A + B T + C T + D T NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

79 plutonium 7440-07-5 3756 Pu 80 3773 Ra radium 7440-14-4 81 3781 Rb rubidium 7440-17-7 82 rhenium 7440-15-5 3828 Re 83 3878 Rf rutherfordium 53850-36-5 85 rhodium 7440-16-6 3880 Rh 87 ruthenium 7440-18-8 3941 Ru 88 3991 S sulfur 7704-34-9 89 antimony 7440-36-0 4023 Sb 90 scandium 7440-20-2 4065 Sc 91 selenium (gray) 7782-49-2 4083 Se 91.1 4084 Se selenium (a form) 7782-49-2 91.2 4085 Se selenium (vitreous) 7782-49-2 92 4139 Sg seaborgium 54038-81-2 93 silicon 7440-21-3 4140 Si 94 4303 Sm samarium 7440-19-9 95 tin (white) 7440-31-5 4332 Sn 95.1 4333 Sn tin (gray) 7440-31-5 96 strontium 7440-24-6 4461 Sr 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 101 tellurium 13494-80-9 4583 Te 102 thorium 7440-29-1 4609 Th 103 titanium 7440-32-6 4639 Ti 104 thallium 7440-28-0 4703 Tl 105 thulium 7440-30-4 4747 Tm 106 uranium 7440-61-1 4766 U 113 vanadium 7440-62-2 4836 V 114 tungsten 7440-33-7 4899 W 115 xenon 7440-63-3 4945 Xe 116 yttrium 7440-65-5 4960 Y 117 ytterbium 7440-64-4 4995 Yb 118 zinc 7440-66-6 5021 Zn 119 zirconium 7440-67-7 5113 Zr code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate density - density of solid, g/ml A, B, C, and D - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

3

(density - g/ml, T - K)

A

B

C

D

TMIN

20.2723 5.0000 1.5300 20.9024 23.0000 12.4737 12.1621 2.0526 6.7396 3.0165 4.9780 4.3900 4.2800 35.0000 2.3317 7.5200 7.3850 5.7690 2.6868 16.4849 8.2252 11.0000 6.3361 11.8003 4.5323 12.0883 9.3741 19.3067 6.1006 19.3672 3.7745 4.5115 7.0396 7.3149 6.5479

-3.9560E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.2342E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.0405E-04 -1.9379E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.7399E-04 -8.7076E-05 -5.1289E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2607E-06 0.0000E+00 -3.2705E-04 0.0000E+00 -9.2478E-05 -2.8123E-04 1.9814E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.8702E-04 -2.8475E-04 -6.3906E-05 -8.8466E-04 -1.1500E-04 -5.8667E-04 -9.6166E-05 -2.1552E-04 1.5883E-05 -1.3412E-04 -4.2662E-04 -5.3214E-04 -7.3963E-05

-7.1248E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.0221E-08 0.0000E+00 -1.5184E-07 -4.5272E-08 0.0000E+00 -1.0459E-07 -5.3017E-09 -2.9981E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.3691E-08 0.0000E+00 -2.4012E-07 0.0000E+00 -3.8558E-07 -7.1066E-09 -6.9817E-07 0.0000E+00 -1.3766E-07 -1.9032E-07 -8.9846E-08 -2.5339E-07 -1.9375E-07 -3.2597E-07 -8.7625E-08 -3.1727E-08 -3.1077E-05 -3.3466E-08 -1.4531E-07 -2.3889E-07 -7.1564E-08

6.7535E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.6506E-12 0.0000E+00 2.2501E-11 -1.1458E-11 0.0000E+00 6.1023E-11 -4.0780E-12 -4.6720E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0257E-11 0.0000E+00 -4.2033E-11 0.0000E+00 5.6759E-10 -1.7009E-11 2.9213E-10 0.0000E+00 6.4712E-11 5.7426E-11 2.9561E-11 -7.6056E-11 -9.7861E-11 -1.0534E-10 1.6368E-11 -2.8294E-12 1.3617E-07 1.1809E-11 1.7839E-11 1.1503E-10 2.0558E-11

100 298.15 298.15 100 298.15 100 100 290.15 100 293 100 298.15 298.15 298.15 100 298.15 100 298.15 50 100 100 298.15 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 100 293 100 100

506

TMAX code 395 298.15 298.15 2800 298.15 1600 2450 290.15 800 1200 430 298.15 298.15 298.15 1600 298.15 500 298.15 293 3200 1100 298.15 475 1300 1600 500 1100 1400 2000 3600 100 1200 1000 690 1800

1,2 1 1 1,2 2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

T, K

density @ T

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 290.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 293.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 161.36 298.15 298.15 293.15 298.15

19.7000 5.0000 1.5300 20.8000 23.0000 12.4000 12.1000 2.0526 6.6800 2.9900 4.8100 4.3900 4.2800 35.0000 2.3300 7.5200 7.2650 5.7690 2.6400 16.4000 8.2300 11.0000 6.2400 11.7000 4.5060 11.8000 9.3200 19.1000 6.0646 19.3000 3.5400 4.4689 6.9000 7.1412 6.5200

Appendix 7 Enthalpy of Vaporization 15. Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000). 16. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1987). 17. Reid, R. C. and T. K. Sherwood, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 18. Rossotti, H., DIVERSE ATOMS, Profiles of the Chemical Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). 19. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 20. SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS, 10th ed., Vols. 1, 2, and 3, Lewis, R. J.. Lewis, Sr., editor, John Wiley, New York, NY (2000). 21. Simmrock, K. H., R. Janowsky, and O. Ohnsorge, CRITICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Vol. II, Part 1 (Ag-C7) and Part 2 (C8-Zr), Dechema Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany (1986). 22. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 23. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 24. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 25. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 26. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 27. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 28. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 29. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 30. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 31. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). th 32. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7 ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parisppany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 33. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 34. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 35. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for enthalpy of vaporization are given in Table 7. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table which is based on experimental and estimated values. The last column provides the enthalpy of vaporization at a representative temperature. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). rd Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3 ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 15th ed., J. A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 16th ed., J. G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY ( 2005). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1973). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1997).

507

Table 7 Enthalpy of Vaporization HVAP = A (1 - T/T c) NO

ID

1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 33 34 35 37 38 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 73 74 76 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 99

1 13 77 200 202 255 256 283 416 530 562 633 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1369 1409 1420 1574 1575 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3483 3571 3641 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4550

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Eu F2 Fe Fr Ga Ge H2 He He Hf Hg I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P Pb Pd Po Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb

NAME actinium silver aluminum argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium europium fluorine iron francium gallium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) lead palladium polonium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium tantalum terbium

n

(HVAP - kjoule/mol, T - K)

CAS No

A

TC

n

TMIN

TMAX

code

T

HVAP@T

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-08-6 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9

461.9113 317.0206 336.7166 8.7290 42.5463 121.4967 519.6203 643.9806 199.7462 322.4100 167.7816 42.9929 207.4447 125.6917 458.2284 28.5600 467.5697 398.4671 80.8153 408.0719 1.6570 207.2948 8.8757 397.1278 182.4464 294.9301 369.6293 1.3962 0.1035 0.0352 629.0217 70.2660 57.1980 272.7824 649.2143 97.4353 9.9500 486.0748 198.3286 958.3073 182.7568 258.5248 809.5042 7.4905 120.1558 781.7197 333.4698 2.3890 475.7837 9.0080 851.2222 16.8981 214.1915 415.2942 125.7518 656.2389 138.3859 95.4449 794.7591 568.0098 24.7299 673.8647 61.2418 230.1244 400.6854 128.5237 551.2339 201.2036 356.9578 164.9699 833.7569 338.2124

11010.67 6410.00 9300.00 150.86 1673.15 1096.37 4398.00 7934.59 3572.13 5205.00 4620.00 584.15 3267.00 2291.00 11993.80 417.15 7398.48 8560.93 2048.10 5123.00 38.35 5150.00 144.12 9340.00 1606.46 7620.00 9803.00 33.18 5.20 3.31 21688.00 1735.00 819.15 6730.00 15035.00 2223.00 209.35 9511.00 2966.00 4128.66 2241.04 6902.82 9620.00 126.20 2573.00 17904.10 10665.10 44.40 6986.15 154.58 16878.70 993.75 5400.00 10669.10 3013.08 6983.00 4862.82 2111.10 21482.80 12906.60 377.40 15247.10 1314.00 5070.00 8035.08 1766.00 5159.00 5082.92 7400.00 4267.20 19900.90 11138.10

0.3800 0.4200 0.3800 0.3520 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.1171 0.2079 0.4300 0.3801 0.3800 0.3800 0.3900 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3520 0.3800 0.3407 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.2660 0.4560 0.1300 0.1000 0.3800 0.3799 0.3812 0.3800 0.3800 0.3798 0.1000 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3130 0.3516 0.3800 0.3800 0.3494 0.3800 0.3230 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3900 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800 0.3800

1324.15 1234.00 933.45 83.80 1090.15 575.15 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00 544.54 265.90 1115.00 594.05 1071.15 172.12 1768.15 2180.15 301.65 1357.77 18.73 1095.15 53.54 1811.00 300.15 302.91 1210.40 13.95 2.20 3.20 2506.15 234.29 386.75 429.75 2719.15 336.35 115.78 1193.15 453.69 1936.15 923.15 1519.15 2895.15 63.15 370.95 2750.15 1289.15 24.55 1728.15 54.36 3306.15 317.25 600.61 1828.05 527.15 2041.55 973.15 312.46 3459.15 2237.15 202.15 2607.15 388.36 903.78 1814.15 494.15 1685.00 1345.15 505.08 1050.15 3290.15 1629.15

11010.67 6410.00 9300.00 150.86 1673.15 1096.37 4398.00 7934.59 3572.13 5205.00 4620.00 584.15 3267.00 2291.00 11993.80 417.15 7398.48 8560.93 2048.10 5123.00 38.35 5150.00 144.12 9340.00 1606.46 7620.00 9803.00 33.18 5.20 3.31 21688.00 1735.00 819.15 6730.00 15035.00 2223.00 209.35 9511.00 2966.00 4128.66 2241.04 6902.82 9620.00 126.20 2573.00 17904.10 10665.10 44.40 6986.15 154.58 16878.70 993.75 5400.00 10669.10 3013.08 6983.00 4862.82 2111.10 21482.80 12906.60 377.40 15247.10 1314.00 5070.00 8035.08 1766.00 5159.00 5082.92 7400.00 4267.20 19900.90 11138.10

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

3471.15 2485.00 2790.81 87.28 888.00 607.00 3129.15 4273.15 2170.15 2757.00 1837.15 331.90 1757.00 1040.15 3716.15 239.12 3200.15 2944.15 944.15 2835.15 23.65 1802.15 84.95 3133.35 946.15 2477.15 3100.00 20.39 4.22 3.20 4876.15 629.84 457.56 2345.15 4701.15 1031.00 119.80 3737.15 1615.00 3675.15 1363.15 2334.15 4912.15 77.34 1156.00 5017.15 3347.15 27.09 3186.15 90.19 5285.15 553.65 2022.15 3236.15 1235.15 4098.15 1799.15 961.15 5869.15 3968.15 211.45 4423.15 717.82 1860.15 3109.15 958.15 3490.00 2067.15 2875.15 1655.15 5731.15 3503.15

400.000 258.000 294.023 6.440 31.915 89.422 324.000 480.000 140.000 295.145 151.000 29.963 154.706 99.870 398.000 20.490 377.000 339.500 63.900 300.400 1.182 176.000 6.553 340.000 130.139 254.000 334.082 0.904 0.083 0.025 571.000 59.200 41.878 231.800 563.000 76.900 9.140 402.100 147.100 414.000 128.000 221.000 617.000 5.566 97.420 689.900 289.000 1.719 377.500 6.789 738.000 12.400 179.216 362.000 102.910 469.000 116.104 75.770 704.000 494.000 18.098 591.600 44.998 193.430 332.700 95.480 359.000 165.000 296.100 136.900 732.800 293.000

508

Table 7 Enthalpy of Vaporization HVAP = A (1 - T/T c) NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

A

TC

n

(HVAP - kjoule/mol, T - K) n

TMIN

TMAX

code

T

100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 656.4098 17400.80 0.3800 2430.15 17400.80 1,2 4538.15 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 127.9689 4840.00 0.3800 722.66 4840.00 1,2 1261.15 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 584.3374 17668.05 0.3800 2023.15 17668.05 1,2 5061.15 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 578.7421 6400.00 0.3800 1941.15 6400.00 1,2 3560.15 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 197.3455 4648.06 0.3800 577.15 4648.06 1,2 1746.15 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 291.4985 6283.16 0.3800 1818.15 6283.16 1,2 2223.15 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 483.2505 13712.60 0.3800 1408.15 13712.60 1,2 4404.15 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 527.9465 11787.10 0.3800 2183.15 11787.10 1,2 3653.15 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 976.4192 14756.00 0.3800 3695.15 14756.00 1,2 5828.15 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 17.0905 289.74 0.3600 161.36 289.74 1,2 165.03 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 439.2399 9381.32 0.3800 1799.15 9381.32 1,2 3618.15 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 185.7459 4365.92 0.3800 1097.15 4365.92 1,2 1469.15 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 147.5455 3170.00 0.3803 692.68 3170.00 1,2 1180.15 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 764.6111 8802.00 0.3800 2128.15 8802.00 1,2 4682.15 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended. HVAP - enthalpy of vaporization, kjoule/mol A, TC, and n - regression coefficients of chemical compound T - temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimun temperature, K

509

HVAP@T 585.200 114.100 514.000 425.000 165.000 246.927 417.100 458.532 806.700 12.617 365.000 158.934 123.600 573.000

Appendix 8 Enthalpy of Fusion at Freezing Point 18. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 19. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for enthalpy of fusion at freezing point are given in Table 8. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. The enthalpy of fusion at the freezing point is provided next. The last column provides the code for the table. References 1. 2.

3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10.

11.

12.

13.

14. 15. 16. 17.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). rd Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3 ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Rossotti, H., DIVERSE ATOMS, Profiles of the Chemical Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). SAX’S DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS, 10th ed., Vols. 1, 2, and 3, R. J.. Lewis, Sr., ed., John Wiley, New York, NY (2000). Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present).

510

Table 8 Enthalpy of Fusion at Freezing Point HFUS at Freezing Point NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 15 16 16.2 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 Code:

ID

FORMULA

NAME

actinium 1 Ac silver 13 Ag aluminum 77 Al americium 183 Am argon 200 Ar arsenic 202 As astatine 255 At gold 256 Au boron 283 B barium 416 Ba beryllium 530 Be bismuth 562 Bi bromine 633 Br2 carbon (amphorous) 637 C graphite 639 C calcium 675 Ca cadmium 776 Cd cerium 830 Ce chlorine 899 Cl2 curium 906 Cm cobalt 916 Co chromium 1035 Cr cesium 1124 Cs copper 1169 Cu deuterium 1302 D2 dysprosium 1307 Dy erbium 1332 Er europium 1369 Eu fluorine 1409 F2 iron 1420 Fe francium 1574 Fr gallium 1575 Ga gadolinium 1610 Gd germanium 1637 Ge hydrogen 1709 H2 helium-4 1739 He hafnium 1740 Hf mercury 1771 Hg holmium 1841 Ho iodine 1873 I2 indium 1877 In iridium 1917 Ir potassium 1960 K krypton 2162 Kr lanthanum 2168 La lithium 2203 Li lutetium 2316 Lu magnesium 2335 Mg manganese 2464 Mn 1 - data, 2 - estimate

(HFUS - kjoule/mol, TF - K) CAS No 7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-44-0 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5

HFUS at Freezing Point

TF, K HFUS@TF code 1324.15 1234.93

933.45 1449.15

83.80 1090.00

575.15 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00

544.54 265.90 4300.00 4762.15 1115.00

594.22 1071.15

172.12 1618.15 1768.15 2180.15

301.65 1357.77

18.73 1685.15 1802.15 1095.15

53.54 1811.00

300.15 302.91 1586.15 1210.40

13.95 1.76 2506.15

234.29 1747.15

386.75 429.75 2719.15

336.35 115.78 1191.15

453.69 1936.15

923.15 1519.15

14.000 11.280 10.711 14.390 1.182 24.440 23.800 12.550 50.200 7.120 7.895 11.300 10.573 104.600 117.000 8.540 6.210 5.460 6.406 15.000 16.200 21.000 2.090 12.930 0.199 11.060 19.900 9.210 0.510 13.810 2.000 5.590 10.050 36.940 0.117 0.014 27.200 2.295 17.000 15.517 3.281 41.120 2.321 1.640 6.200 3.000 22.000 8.480 12.910

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

511

NO

ID

59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 113 114 115 116 117 118 119

2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3182 3198 3200 3234 3469 3483 3571 3637 3641 3650 3691 3756 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4550 4570 4583 4609 4639 4703 4747 4766 4836 4899 4945 4960 4995 5021 5113

FORMULA Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni Np O2 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

NAME molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel neptunium oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) protactinium lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium tantalum terbium technetium tellurium thorium titanium thallium thulium uranium vanadium tungsten xenon yttrium ytterbium zinc zirconium

(HFUS - kjoule/mol, TF - K) CAS No

TF, K HFUS@TF code

7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6

2896.15

7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8

2607.15

7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

2023.15

63.15 370.95 2750.15 1294.15

24.55 1728.15

917.15 54.36 3306.15

317.30 1845.15

600.61 1828.05 1315.15

527.15 1204.15 2041.55

913.15 973.15 312.45 3459.15

2237.15 10043-92-2 202.15

388.36 903.78 1814.15

493.65 1685.00 1347.15

505.08 1050.15 3290.15 1629.15

2430.15 13494-80-9 722.66 1941.15

577.15 1818.15 1408.15 2190.00 3695.15

161.36 1795.15 1092.15

692.68 2128.15

37.480 0.720 2.602 30.000 7.140 0.335 17.480 3.200 0.444 57.850 0.660 12.340 4.770 16.740 7.130 13.000 6.890 22.170 2.820 8.500 2.190 60.430 26.590 3.247 38.590 1.727 19.790 14.100 6.690 50.208 8.620 7.030 7.430 36.570 10.150 33.290 17.490 13.810 14.150 4.140 16.840 9.140 21.500 52.310 2.270 11.420 7.660 7.320 21.000

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Appendix 9 Surface Tension 12. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 13. Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). 14. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1973). 15. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984). 16. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1997). 17. Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000). 18. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1987). 19. Reid, R. C. and T. K. Sherwood, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 20. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 21. Simmrock, K. H., R. Janowsky, and O. Ohnsorge, CRITICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Vol. II, Part 1 (Ag-C7) and Part 2 (C8-Zr), Dechema Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany (1986). 22. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 23. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 24. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 25. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 26. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 27. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 28. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). th 29. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7 ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parisppany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 30. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 31. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 32. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for surface tension are given in Table 9. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table which is based on experimental and estimated values. The last column provides the surface tension at a representative temperature. The estimates for elements with high melting and boiling points should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Experimental determination is recommended if initial analysis is favorable. References 1.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). 2. CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 3. Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). 4. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). 5. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). 6. Janz, G. J., et al., MOLTEN SALT DATA, Technical Bulletin Series, Rensselaaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY (July, 1964). 7. Janz, G. J., “Thermodynamic and Transport Properties for Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Supplement No. 2 (1988). 8. Janz, G. J., et al., Physical Properties Data Compilations Revelant to Energy Storage, II. Molten Salts: Data on Single and Multi-Component Salt Systems, NSRDS-NBS 61, Part II, National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Dept. of Commerce (April, 1979). 9. Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). 10. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 15th ed., J. A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 11. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 16th ed., J. G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY ( 2005).

512

Table 9 Surface Tension sigma = A (1 - T/T c) NO

ID

2 3 5 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 73 74 75 77 78 79 81 82 85 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 99

13 77 200 256 283 416 530 562 633 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1738 1739 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3483 3571 3637 3650 3691 3756 3781 3828 3880 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4550

FORMULA Ag Al Ar Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P Pb Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb

NAME silver aluminum argon gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-3 helium-4 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) lead palladium promethium praseodymium platinum plutonium rubidium rhenium rhodium ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium tantalum terbium

n

(sigma - dynes/cm, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

n

TMIN

TMAX

code

T

sigma @ T

7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 14762-55-1 7440-59-7 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9

1207.136 1310.640 38.245 1353.159 1636.592 347.594 1830.039 426.032 93.909 479.360 727.579 874.589 67.559 2522.664 3059.065 704.220 1712.134 10.392 890.438 866.509 320.345 39.925 2707.417 745.335 758.727 791.848 5.336 0.204 0.511 1865.959 543.863 879.252 118.410 598.651 2958.942 135.120 44.249 849.329 470.276 1085.621 827.082 1741.062 3218.869 29.039 245.047 2514.955 803.444 15.633 2370.833 38.065 3131.034 110.647 524.526 2029.130 804.562 814.434 2374.249 971.339 108.866 3230.494 2659.476 2908.077 86.000 446.146 1165.920 130.901 1273.207 528.297 590.603 382.677 2556.286 760.479

6410.00 9300.00 150.86 10000.00 7934.59 5500.00 5205.00 6000.00 584.15 5500.00 5500.00 13000.00 417.15 7398.48 8560.93 17000.00 7000.00 38.35 8561.50 9714.25 7500.00 144.31 9340.00 12000.00 14000.00 9803.00 33.18 3.31 5.20 20000.00 2700.00 9067.21 819.15 6730.00 15035.00 2223.00 209.35 9511.00 3500.00 17000.00 3500.00 6902.82 9620.00 126.10 2573.00 17904.10 10665.10 44.40 7500.00 154.58 16878.70 993.75 5400.00 10669.10 10228.86 12306.26 7800.00 11130.13 2093.00 21482.80 12906.60 15247.10 1313.00 5070.00 10000.00 1976.60 5159.00 8000.00 9500.00 5500.00 19900.90 14000.00

1.2411 2.0973 1.2927 1.1326 1.2222 1.2038 1.2222 1.1478 1.1620 1.2276 1.1633 1.1135 1.0850 1.0380 1.9841 1.1419 1.2060 1.3365 1.3697 1.4987 1.2209 1.2215 1.6921 1.1356 1.0823 2.0161 1.0622 1.0000 1.0000 1.0845 1.1677 1.3846 1.2222 1.0133 1.3747 1.2511 1.2317 1.1501 1.1692 1.1675 1.1761 1.6630 1.2222 1.2485 1.3040 1.5708 1.2075 1.2611 1.0624 1.2136 1.2222 1.2222 1.1700 1.6749 1.2222 1.2500 1.0126 1.2222 1.1789 1.2222 1.6572 1.3446 1.0000 1.2222 1.0820 1.2222 1.0233 1.1184 1.1383 1.2214 1.2222 1.0361

1233.00 933.00 83.80 1338.00 2348.15 1000.00 1773.00 544.00 265.85 1100.00 594.00 1081.00 172.12 1768.00 1920.00 301.00 1358.00 18.73 1773.00 1803.00 1099.00 53.48 1811.00 303.00 1623.00 1211.00 13.95 1.01 2.20 2504.00 235.00 1745.00 386.75 429.00 2716.00 337.00 115.78 1193.00 459.00 1973.00 923.00 1518.00 2890.00 63.15 371.15 2742.00 1297.00 24.56 1728.00 54.35 3300.00 317.25 600.00 1825.00 1315.15 1205.00 2042.00 550.00 312.00 3440.00 2237.00 2607.00 388.36 913.15 1813.00 494.15 1683.00 1345.00 505.00 1043.00 3288.00 1629.00

1610.00 1700.00 150.86 1650.00 2800.00 1600.00 1873.00 873.00 584.15 1720.00 1000.00 1580.00 417.15 2000.00 2218.00 1200.00 1770.00 38.35 1980.00 1980.00 1500.00 144.31 2450.00 1000.00 1950.00 1500.00 33.18 3.31 5.20 2680.00 440.00 1950.00 819.15 1000.00 3000.00 900.00 209.35 1900.00 1200.00 2050.00 1280.00 1780.00 2990.00 126.10 2573.00 2920.00 1850.00 44.40 1950.00 154.58 3400.00 993.75 1280.00 1980.00 1415.15 1880.00 2180.00 650.00 1300.00 3540.00 2380.00 2730.00 750.00 1163.15 1980.00 694.15 1950.00 1750.00 930.00 1580.00 3388.00 1980.00

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

1233.00 933.00 83.80 1338.00 2348.15 1000.00 1773.00 544.00 298.15 1100.00 594.00 1081.00 298.15 1768.00 1920.00 301.00 1358.00 18.73 1773.00 1803.00 1099.00 53.48 1811.00 303.00 1623.00 1211.00 13.95 1.01 2.20 2504.00 298.15 1745.00 386.75 429.00 2716.00 337.00 115.78 1193.00 459.00 1973.00 923.00 1518.00 2890.00 63.15 371.15 2742.00 1297.00 24.56 1728.00 54.35 3300.00 317.25 600.00 1825.00 1315.15 1205.00 2042.00 550.00 312.00 3440.00 2237.00 2607.00 388.36 913.15 1813.00 494.15 1683.00 1345.00 505.00 1043.00 3288.00 1629.00

926.00 1050.00 13.41 1150.00 1065.84 273.00 1100.00 382.00 40.95 364.50 637.00 794.00 17.32 1900.00 1848.24 690.00 1320.00 4.24 648.00 637.00 264.00 22.68 1880.00 724.00 664.00 607.00 2.99 0.14 0.29 1614.00 474.40 654.00 54.23 560.00 2250.00 110.00 16.41 728.00 399.00 940.00 577.00 1152.00 2080.00 12.20 200.00 1937.00 687.00 5.66 1795.00 22.50 2400.00 69.15 457.00 1482.00 680.00 716.00 1746.00 913.00 90.00 2610.00 1940.00 2260.00 60.56 350.00 939.00 92.10 850.00 430.00 555.00 296.00 2050.00 669.00

513

Table 9 Surface Tension sigma = A (1 - T/T c) NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

A

B

n

n

(sigma - dynes/cm, T - K) TMIN

TMAX

code

T

100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 2824.285 17400.80 1.2222 2430.00 2530.00 1,2 2430.00 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 292.137 4840.00 1.2222 722.66 2000.00 1,2 722.66 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 1161.753 17668.05 1.2222 1963.00 2063.00 1,2 1963.00 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 1984.840 14000.00 1.1560 1943.00 2050.00 1,2 1943.00 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 520.514 5000.00 1.0238 578.00 1450.00 1,2 578.00 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 1963.908 13712.60 2.1809 1403.00 1780.00 1,2 1403.00 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 2413.858 11325.00 1.2222 2175.00 2275.00 1,2 2175.00 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 3280.072 14756.00 1.2222 3680.00 3780.00 1,2 3680.00 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 54.300 289.74 1.2829 161.36 289.74 1,2 161.36 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 1028.692 14000.00 1.2058 1793.00 1980.00 1,2 1793.00 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 433.309 4365.92 1.0476 1097.00 1780.00 1,2 1097.00 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 936.701 5000.00 1.1501 693.00 880.00 1,2 693.00 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 1734.093 16000.00 1.0177 2125.00 2400.00 1,2 2125.00 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Estimates should be considered rough approximations useful for initial analysis. Follow-up experimental determination is recommended. sigma - surface tension, dynes/cm A, B, and n - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

514

sigma @ T 2350.00 239.75 1006.00 1670.00 459.00 1552.00 1860.00 2310.00 19.11 872.00 320.00 789.00 1500.00

Appendix 10 Solubility Parameter, Liquid Volume, and Dipole Moment 14. Poling, B. E., J. M. Prausnitz, and J. P. O’Connell, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2000). 15. Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, THE PROPERTIES OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1987). 16. Reid, R. C. and T. K. Sherwood, THE PROPERTIES OF th GASES AND LIQUIDS, 3 ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 17. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 18. Simmrock, K. H., R. Janowsky, and O. Ohnsorge, CRITICAL DATA OF PURE SUBSTANCES, Dechema Chemistry Data Series, Vol. II, Part 1 (Ag-C7) and Part 2 (C8-Zr), Dechema Frankfurt/Main, F. R. Germany (1986). 19. Timmermans, J., PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF PURE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, New York, NY (1950, 1965). 20. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 21. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 22. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)”, Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 23. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 24. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 25. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). th 26. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7 ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parisppany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 27. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 28. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2005). 29. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for solubility parameter, liquid volume, and dipole moment are given in Table 10. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. The solubility parameter, liquid volume, and dipole moment are provided in the remaining columns. The last column for each property provides the code for the table. The values for solubility parameter are determined from enthalpy of vaporization and liquid 0.5 volume (molecular weight/density): [(Hvap – RT)/v] . The values apply at 25 C for substances that are liquids at ambient conditions. For substances that are gases at ambient conditions, the values apply at the normal boiling point temperature. For substances that are solids at ambient conditions, the values apply at the melting point temperature. References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 15th ed., J. A. Dean, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 16th ed., J. G. Speight, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY ( 2005). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). Perry, D. L. and S. L. Phillips, editors, HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1973). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1997).

515

Table 10 Solubility Parameter, Liquid Volume, and Dipole Moment

NO

ID

2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 21 23 24 25 26 27 33 34 35 38 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 71.1 73 74 76 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 100 101 103 104

13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 675 776 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1369 1409 1420 1575 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3235 3483 3571 3641 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4570 4583 4639 4703

FORMULA Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 Ca Cd Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Eu F2 Fe Ga Ge H2 He He Hf Hg I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P P Pb Pd Po Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tc Te Ti Tl

NAME silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine calcium cadmium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium europium fluorine iron gallium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) lead palladium polonium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium tantalum technetium tellurium titanium thallium

Solubility Parameter

Liquid Volume

CAS No

(joule/cm3)0.5

code

3 cm /mol

code

7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7

155.190 166.403 14.138 37.040 196.846 329.687 63.777 235.733 87.487 23.794 75.664 87.435 20.190 230.037 204.993 32.025 209.123 6.282 75.750 15.208 212.755 158.422 163.332 5.067 1.223 --197.385 65.074 25.533 126.778 245.492 43.362 15.331 135.870 116.047 195.641 95.933 161.408 257.605 11.915 66.717 244.764 117.261 9.440 233.591 14.635 282.642 25.964 --101.283 191.054 68.162 232.191 49.303 38.700 269.338 229.691 17.855 255.612 52.998 104.811 146.237 74.320 205.243 88.000 141.989 61.480 249.522 254.869 72.072 204.769 100.507

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

11.605 11.401 28.586 14.171 11.397 5.006 41.301 5.333 20.765 51.480 29.299 14.022 45.389 7.687 8.049 71.723 8.043 24.978 31.402 25.283 7.751 11.471 13.001 28.604 32.257 --14.874 14.861 63.835 16.329 9.611 47.204 34.648 24.488 13.547 19.265 15.396 8.544 10.283 34.672 24.863 11.865 22.306 16.762 7.564 28.196 9.464 17.744 --19.478 10.177 24.216 10.359 48.971 58.230 9.852 9.662 51.256 9.272 17.870 18.758 16.295 19.800 10.927 21.666 17.028 36.893 12.063 9.233 22.011 11.646 18.101

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 --1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

14762-55-1

7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-08-6 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2

7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-26-8 13494-80-9

7440-32-6 7440-28-0

516

Dipole Moment state Debye code ----gas ------------gas ----gas ------------gas ------gas gas gas --gas gas ----gas gas ------------gas gas ----gas --gas --gas gas --------------------gas -------------------------

----0.000 ------------0.000 ----0.000 ------------0.000 ------0.000 0.000 0.000 --0.000 0.000 ----0.000 0.000 ------------0.000 0.000 ----0.000 --0.000 --0.000 0.000 --------------------0.000 -------------------------

----1 ------------1 ----1 ------------1 ------1 1 1 --1 1 --1 1 1 ------------1 1 ----1 --1 --1 1 --------------------1 -------------------------

Table 10 Solubility Parameter, Liquid Volume, and Dipole Moment

NO 105 106 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 Code:

ID

FORMULA

NAME

thulium 4747 Tm uranium 4766 U vanadium 4836 V tungsten 4899 W xenon 4945 Xe yttrium 4960 Y ytterbium 4995 Yb zinc 5021 Zn zirconium 5113 Zr 1 - data, 2 - estimate

Solubility Parameter

Liquid Volume

CAS No

(joule/cm3)0.5

code

3 cm /mol

code

7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

110.762 184.412 226.278 285.129 15.655 134.572 76.493 113.746 206.484

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

19.636 13.292 9.181 10.386 44.449 21.550 26.904 9.938 15.728

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

517

Dipole Moment state Debye code --------gas ---------

--------0.000 ---------

--------1 ---------

Appendix 11 Hardness and Modulus Properties Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for hardness and modulus properties are given in Table 11. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. The hardness and modulus properties are provided in the remaining columns. These properties include Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness, Youngs modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson ratio. References 1. 2. 3. 4.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). web site, MatWeb, www.matweb.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

518

Table 11 Hardness and Modulus Properties Mohs NO

ID

2 3 6 8 9 10 11 13 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 23 24 25 26 30 31 33 35 38 39 40 43 45 47 48 49 50 52 53 55 57 58 59 62 63 64 66 70 73 74 75 77 78 79 81 82 85 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 99 101 102 103 104 105 106 113 114 116 117 118

13 77 202 256 283 416 530 562 638 639 675 776 830 916 1035 1124 1169 1307 1332 1369 1420 1575 1610 1637 1740 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2781 3019 3057 3092 3200 3483 3571 3637 3650 3691 3756 3781 3828 3880 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4550 4583 4609 4639 4703 4747 4766 4836 4899 4960 4995 5021

FORMULA Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi C C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Ho I2 In Ir K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Nd Ni Os Pb Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn

NAME silver aluminum arsenic gold boron, beta barium beryllium bismuth diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium, gamma cobalt chromium cesium copper dysprosium, alpha erbium europium iron gallium gadolinium, alpha germanium hafnium holmium iodine indium iridium potassium lanthanum, alpha lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum sodium niobium neodymium, alpha nickel osmium lead palladium promethium, alpha praseodymium, alpha platinum plutonium rubidium rhenium rhodium ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium, alpha tin (white) strontium tantalum terbium, alpha tellurium thorium titanium thallium thulium uranium vanadium tungsten yttrium ytterbium, betta zinc

CAS No 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 7440-58-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-02-0 7440-04-2 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 13494-80-9 7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6

Vicker's

Brinell

Young's

Hardness Hardness, MPa Hardness, MPa Modulus, GPa 2.50 2.75 --2.50 9.30 1.25 5.50 2.25 10.00 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.50 5.00 8.50 0.20 --------4.00 1.50 --6.00 5.50 ----1.20 6.50 0.40 2.50 0.60 --2.50 6.00 5.50 0.50 6.00 --4.00 7.00 1.50 4.75 ----4.25 --0.30 7.00 6.00 6.50 2.00 3.00 --2.00 6.50 --1.50 1.50 6.50 --2.25 3.00 6.00 1.20 ----6.70 7.50 ----2.50

251.0 167.0 --216.0 49000.0 --1670.0 ----------270.0 1043.0 1060.0 ----540.0 589.0 167.0 608.0 --570.0 --1760.0 481.0 ----1760.0 --491.0 --1160.0 ----1530.0 --1320.0 343.0 638.0 ----461.0 --400.0 549.0 ----2450.0 1246.0 ------------412.0 ----873.0 863.0 --350.0 970.0 --520.0 ----3430.0 --206.0 ---

519

24.500 245.000 1440.000 ------600.000 94.200 ----167.000 203.000 412.000 700.000 1120.000 0.140 --500.000 814.000 --490.000 60.000 ----1700.000 746.000 --8.830 1670.000 0.363 363.000 --893.000 260.000 196.000 1500.000 0.690 736.000 265.000 700.000 3920.000 38.300 37.300 --481.000 392.000 --0.216 1320.000 1100.000 2160.000 --294.000 750.000 736.000 --441.000 51.000 --800.000 677.000 180.000 400.000 716.000 26.400 471.000 ----2570.000 589.000 343.000 412.000

83.00 70.00 8.00 78.00 185.00 13.00 287.00 32.00 ----20.00 50.00 33.60 209.00 279.00 1.70 119.00 61.40 69.90 18.20 211.00 --54.80 --78.00 64.80 7.70 11.00 528.00 3.53 36.60 4.90 68.60 45.00 198.00 329.00 10.00 105.00 41.40 200.00 --16.00 121.00 46.00 37.30 168.00 96.00 2.40 463.00 275.00 447.00 --55.00 74.40 10.00 150.00 49.70 50.00 6.10 186.00 55.70 43.00 79.00 116.00 8.00 74.00 208.00 128.00 411.00 63.50 23.90 108.00

Shear

Bulk

Modulus, GPa

Modulus, GPa

Poisson Ratio

30.0 26.0 22.0 27.0 --4.9 132.0 12.0 ----7.4 19.0 13.5 75.0 115.0 --48.0 24.7 28.3 7.9 82.0 --21.8 --30.0 26.3 ----210.0 1.3 14.3 4.2 27.2 17.0 --126.0 3.3 38.0 16.3 76.0 222.0 5.6 44.0 18.0 14.8 61.0 43.0 --178.0 150.0 173.0 --20.0 29.1 3.7 --19.5 18.0 --69.0 22.1 16.0 31.0 44.0 2.8 30.5 111.0 47.0 161.0 25.6 9.9 43.0

100.0 76.0 3.5 220.0 --9.6 130.0 31.0 ----17.0 42.0 21.5 180.0 160.0 1.6 --40.5 44.4 8.3 170.0 --37.9 --110.0 40.2 ----320.0 3.1 27.9 11.0 47.6 45.0 120.0 230.0 6.3 170.0 31.8 180.0 462.0 46.0 180.0 33.0 28.8 230.0 --2.5 370.0 380.0 220.0 7.7 42.0 56.6 8.3 100.0 37.8 58.0 --200.0 38.7 65.0 54.0 110.0 43.0 44.5 100.0 160.0 310.0 41.2 30.5 70.0

0.370 0.350 --0.440 ----0.032 0.330 ----0.310 0.300 0.240 0.310 0.210 ----0.247 0.237 0.152 0.290 --0.259 --0.370 0.231 ----0.260 --0.280 --0.261 0.290 --0.310 --0.400 0.281 0.310 0.250 0.440 0.390 0.280 0.281 0.380 0.210 --0.300 0.260 0.300 ----0.279 0.330 --0.274 0.360 0.280 0.340 0.261 --0.270 0.320 0.450 0.213 0.230 0.370 0.280 0.243 0.207 0.250

Table 11 Hardness and Modulus Properties Mohs NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

Vicker's

Brinell

Young's

Hardness Hardness, MPa Hardness, MPa Modulus, GPa

119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 5.00 903.0 Values for the following are estimates: Pm GPa = giga pascala = 1000000000 pascals, MPa = mega pascals = 1000000 pascals

520

650.000

68.00

Shear

Bulk

Modulus, GPa

Modulus, GPa

Poisson Ratio

33.0

---

0.340

Appendix 12 Atom Size Properties Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for atom size properties are given in Table 12. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number) are given in the adjacent columns. The atom size properties are provided in the remaining columns. The atom size properties include radius of gyration, bond length (element-element distance within the element), atomic radius, covalent radius, ionic valence, ionic radius, and van der Waals parameters (radius, area, and volume). The ionic radius is sometimes called the Pauling ionic radius. References 1.

Askeland, D. A. and P. P. Phule, THE SCIENCE AND th ENGINEERING OF MATERIALS, 5 ed., THOMPSON, Toronto, Canada (2006). 2. CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). 3. Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-1994). rd 4. Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3 ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). 5. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). 6. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). 7. Rossotti, H., DIVERSE ATOMS, Profiles of the Chemical Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). 8. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 9. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 10. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 11. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norwich, NY (2003-present). 12. Yaws, C. L., THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY (2008).

521

Table 12 Atom Size Properties Radius of NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14.1 15 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

1 13 77 183 200 202 255 256 283 416 530 561 562 611 612 633 638 639 675 776 830 877 899 906 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1306 1307 1332 1360 1369 1409 1420 1572 1574 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1861 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2315 2316 2334 2335 2464 2548 2604 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3181 3182 3198 3200

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bh Bi Bk Bk Br2 C C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl2 Cm Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Db Dy Er Es Eu F2 Fe Fm Fr Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho Hs I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lr Lu Md Mg Mn Mo Mt N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O2 Os

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bohrium bismuth berkelium (a form) berkelium (b form) bromine diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium californium chlorine curium cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dubnium dysprosium erbium einsteinium europium fluorine iron fermium francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium hassium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lawrencium lutetium mendelevium magnesium manganese molybdenum meitnerium nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel nobelium neptunium oxygen osmium

CAS No 7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 54037-14-8 7440-69-9 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7726-95-6 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-71-3 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 53850-35-4 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7429-92-7 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-72-4 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 54037-57-9 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 22537-19-5 7439-94-3 7440-11-1 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 54038-01-6 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 10028-14-5 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2

Bond Length

Atomic

Gyration, A element-element, A Radius, A

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 --0.969 --0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.670 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.908 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.371 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.921 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.547 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.680 0.000

3.756 2.889 2.863 3.450 3.720 2.490 --2.884 1.589 4.347 2.226 --3.090 3.398 3.398 2.284 1.541 1.426 3.947 2.979 3.650 3.377 1.891 3.477 2.506 2.498 5.309 2.556 ----3.503 3.468 --3.989 1.418 2.482 ----2.442 3.573 2.450 0.741 3.000 --3.127 3.005 3.486 --2.666 3.251 2.714 4.544 4.040 3.739 3.039 --3.345 --3.197 2.731 2.725 --1.098 3.716 2.858 3.628 3.130 ----2.620 1.207 2.675

1.950 1.600 1.250 1.750 0.710 1.150 1.270 1.350 0.850 2.150 1.050 --1.600 ----1.150 --0.700 1.800 1.550 1.850 --1.000 --1.350 1.400 2.600 1.350 ----1.750 1.750 --1.850 0.500 1.400 ----1.300 1.800 1.250 0.250 0.310 --1.550 1.500 1.750 --1.400 1.550 1.350 2.200 0.880 1.950 1.450 --1.750 --1.500 1.400 1.450 --0.650 1.800 1.450 1.850 0.380 1.350 --1.750 0.600 1.300

522

Covalent

Ionic

Ionic

Radius, A Valence Radius, A 2.150 1.530 1.180 1.800 0.970 1.190 1.500 1.440 0.820 1.980 0.900 --1.460 ----1.140 --0.770 1.740 1.480 2.040 --0.990 1.690 1.260 1.270 2.250 1.380 ----1.920 1.890 --1.980 0.710 1.250 ----1.260 --1.220 0.370 0.320 --1.500 1.490 ----1.330 1.440 1.370 1.960 1.100 1.690 1.340 --1.600 --1.300 1.390 1.450 --0.750 1.540 1.370 --0.690 1.210 ----0.730 1.280

--1 3 --1 5 --1 3 2 2 --5 -----1 --4 2 2 4 ---1 ----6 1 1 -------------1 ------3 --4 --1 ----2 -----1 3 --1 1 3 1 ------2 1 6 --1 1 5 --1 -------2 ---

--1.260 0.500 --1.540 0.470 --1.370 0.200 1.350 0.310 --0.740 ----1.950 --0.150 0.990 0.970 1.010 --1.810 ----0.520 1.690 0.960 ------------1.360 ------0.620 --0.530 --0.930 ----1.100 ----2.160 0.810 --1.330 1.690 1.150 0.600 ------0.650 0.750 0.620 --0.250 0.950 0.700 --1.120 ------1.400 ---

van der Waals van der Waals

Radius, A --1.720 ----1.880 1.850 --1.660 --------------1.850 --1.700 --1.580 ----1.750 --------1.400 ------------1.470 ------1.870 ----1.200 1.400 ----1.550 ----1.980 1.930 --2.750 2.020 --1.820 ------1.730 ------1.550 2.270 ----1.540 1.630 ----1.520 ---

van der Waals

2 3 Area, cm /mol Volume, cm /mol

--------2.670E+09 2.590E+09 ------------------4.180E+09 --2.590E+09 --------3.810E+09 ----------1.379E+09 ----------2.500E+09 ------------1.379E+09 1.480E+09 ----------4.730E+09 --------------------------2.720E+09 ------1.940E+09 ------2.350E+09 ---

--------16.800 11.970 ------------------28.800 --16.000 --------24.100 ----------6.210 ----------14.200 ------------6.210 6.920 ----------39.400 --------------------------15.800 ------10.330 ------13.000 ---

Table 12 Atom Size Properties Radius of NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

71 3234 P phosphorus (white) 71.1 3235 P phosphorus (red) 71.2 3236 P phosphorus (black) 72 3469 Pa protactinium 73 3483 Pb lead 74 3571 Pd palladium 75 3637 Pm promethium 76 3641 Po polonium 77 3650 Pr praseodymium 78 3691 Pt platinum 79 3756 Pu plutonium 80 3773 Ra radium 81 3781 Rb rubidium 82 3828 Re rhenium 83 3878 Rf rutherfordium 84 3879 Rg roentgenium 85 3880 Rh rhodium 86 3940 Rn radon 87 3941 Ru ruthenium 88 3991 S sulfur 89 4023 Sb antimony 90 4065 Sc scandium 91 4083 Se selenium (gray) 91.1 4084 Se selenium (a form) 91.2 4085 Se selenium (vitreous) 92 4139 Sg seaborgium 93 4140 Si silicon 94 4303 Sm samarium 95 4332 Sn tin (white) 95.1 4333 Sn tin (gray) 96 4461 Sr strontium 97 4515 T2 tritium 98 4517 Ta tantalum 99 4550 Tb terbium 100 4570 Tc technetium 101 4583 Te tellurium 102 4609 Th thorium 103 4639 Ti titanium 104 4703 Tl thallium 105 4747 Tm thulium 106 4766 U uranium 109 4827.1 Uuo ununoctium 113 4836 V vanadium 114 4899 W tungsten 115 4945 Xe xenon 116 4960 Y yttrium 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 118 5021 Zn zinc 119 5113 Zr zirconium code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate A - Angstrom = 1E-10 meters

CAS No 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 53850-36-5 54386-24-2 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 54038-81-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 10028-17-8 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8 13494-80-9 7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 54144-19-3 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

Bond Length

Atomic

Gyration, A element-element, A Radius, A

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 --0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

2.210 ----3.212 3.500 2.751 --3.345 3.640 2.775 3.026 4.458 4.950 2.741 ----2.690 --2.650 2.050 2.900 3.212 2.321 ------2.352 3.579 2.810 --4.303 --2.860 3.525 2.703 2.864 3.595 2.896 3.408 3.447 2.770 --2.622 2.741 4.390 3.551 3.880 2.665 3.179

1.000 ----1.800 1.800 1.400 1.850 1.900 1.850 1.350 1.750 2.150 2.350 1.350 ----1.350 1.200 1.300 1.000 1.450 1.600 1.150 ----1.320 1.176 1.850 1.450 --2.000 --1.450 1.750 1.350 1.400 1.800 1.400 1.900 1.750 1.750 1.520 1.350 1.350 1.080 1.800 1.750 1.350 1.550

523

Covalent

Ionic

Ionic

Radius, A Valence Radius, A 1.060 ------1.470 1.310 1.990 1.400 2.030 1.280 1.870 1.500 2.110 1.590 ----1.350 1.450 1.260 1.020 1.380 1.440 1.160 ----0.630 1.110 1.980 1.410 --1.920 --1.380 1.940 1.560 1.350 2.060 1.360 1.480 1.900 1.960 2.300 1.250 1.460 1.300 1.620 1.870 1.310 1.480

5 ------4 --------------1 -------------2 5 3 1 ------4 --4 --2 ---------2 --4 1 ------5 --1 3 --2 4

0.340 ------0.840 --------------1.480 ------------1.840 0.620 0.810 0.660 ------0.410 --0.710 --1.130 --------2.210 --0.680 1.150 ------0.590 --1.900 0.930 --0.740 0.800

van der Waals van der Waals

Radius, A 1.800 ------2.020 1.630 ------1.750 ----2.440 ------------1.800 ----1.900 ------2.100 --2.170 ------------2.060 ----1.960 --1.860 ------2.160 ----1.390 ---

van der Waals

2 3 Area, cm /mol Volume, cm /mol

2.010E+09 2.730E+09 ----------------------------------2.590E+09 ------------3.027E+09 ---------------------------------------------

10.440 17.300 ----------------------------------15.970 ------------20.185 ---------------------------------------------

Appendix 13 Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for crystal structure and lattice parameters of solid are given in Table 13. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ac, Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and structure of crystal are given in the adjacent columns. The lattice size and angle parameters are provided in the next several columns. The freezing point and code are given in the last two columns. References 1.

2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7.

8. 9.

Askeland, D. A. and P. P. Phule, THE SCIENCE AND th ENGINEERING OF MATERIALS, 5 ed., THOMPSON, Toronto, Canada (2006). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3rd ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

524

Table 13 Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters Lattice Size Parameters, A NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 16.2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 87 88

1 13 77 183 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 611 633 639 675 776 830 877 899 906 916 1035 1124 1169 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3182 3198 3200 3234 3469 3483 3571 3637 3641 3650 3691 3756 3773 3781 3828 3880 3941 3991

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Am Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Br2 C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl2 Cm Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni Np O2 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pm Po Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Ru S

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth berkelium (a form) bromine graphite calcium cadmium cerium californium chlorine curium cobalt chromium cesium copper dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel neptunium oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) protactinium lead palladium promethium polonium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium rhodium ruthenium sulfur

Lattice Angle Parameters, degrees

Freezing Point

CAS No

Structure of Crystal

a

b

c

alpha

betta

gamma

TF, K

code

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7440-40-6 7726-95-6 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-71-3 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-12-2 7440-08-6 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 7440-18-8 7704-34-9

cubic close-packed cubic close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed trigonal cubic close-packed rhombohedral body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed monoclinic hexagonal close-packed orthorhombic hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed orthorhombic hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed body-centered cubic body-centered cubic cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed body-centered cubic monoclinic body-centered cubic orthorhombic hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed rhombohedral hexagonal close-packed orthorhombic tetragonal cubic close-packed body-centered cubic cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed cubic body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed body-centered cubic body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed cubic close-packed orthorhombic monoclinic hexagonal close-packed triclinic tetragonal cubic close-packed cubic close-packed tetragonal cubic hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed monoclinic body-centered cubic body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed orthorhombic

5.6700 4.0853 4.0495 3.4681 5.2560 3.7598 4.0782 5.0600 5.0280 2.2858 6.6740 3.4160 6.7265 2.4640 5.5884 2.9794 3.6200 3.3800 6.2235 3.4960 2.5071 2.9100 6.1410 3.6149 3.5930 3.5588 4.5810 5.5000 2.8665 4.5197 3.6360 5.6575 4.7000 4.2420 3.1964 3.0050 3.5773 7.1802 3.2523 3.8390 5.3280 5.7060 3.7720 3.5100 3.5031 3.2094 8.9125 3.1470 3.8610 4.2906 3.3004 3.6580 4.4290 3.5240 6.6630 5.4030 2.7344 11.4500 3.9250 4.9508 3.8907 3.9250 3.3590 3.6725 3.9242 6.1830 5.1480 5.5850 2.7610 3.8034 2.7059 10.4370

5.6700 4.0853 4.0495 3.4681 5.2560 3.7598 4.0782 5.0600 5.0280 2.2858 6.1170 3.4160 4.6451 2.4640 5.5884 2.9794 3.6200 3.3800 4.4561 3.4960 2.5071 2.9100 6.1410 3.6149 3.5930 3.5588 4.5810 3.2800 2.8665 7.6633 3.6360 5.6575 4.7000 4.2420 3.1964 3.0050 3.5773 4.7102 3.2523 3.8390 5.3280 5.7060 3.7720 3.5100 3.5031 3.2094 8.9125 3.1470 3.8610 4.2906 3.3004 3.6580 4.4290 3.5240 4.7230 3.4290 2.7344 5.5030 3.9250 4.9508 3.8907 3.9250 3.3590 3.6725 3.9242 4.8220 5.1480 5.5850 2.7610 3.8034 2.7059 12.8450

5.6700 4.0853 4.0495 11.2410 5.2560 10.5475 4.0782 5.0600 5.0280 3.5843 3.3040 11.0690 8.7923 6.7110 5.5884 5.6186 5.9900 11.0250 8.1785 11.3310 4.0695 2.9100 6.1410 3.6149 5.6537 5.5874 4.5810 7.2800 2.8665 4.5260 5.7826 5.6575 3.4000 4.2420 5.0511 3.0050 5.6158 9.8103 4.9461 3.8390 5.3280 5.7060 12.1440 3.5100 5.5509 5.2108 8.9125 3.1470 6.2650 4.2906 3.3004 11.7990 4.4290 3.5240 4.8870 5.0860 4.3173 11.2610 3.2380 4.9508 3.8907 3.2380 3.3590 11.8354 3.9242 10.9630 5.1480 5.5850 4.4560 3.8034 4.2815 24.3690

90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 58.06 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 70.52 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 71.84 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00

90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 58.06 90.00 90.00 110.33 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 70.52 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 132.53 90.00 90.37 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 101.79 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00

90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 58.06 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 70.52 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 71.56 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 90.00

1324.15 1234.00 933.45 1449.15 83.80 1090.00 1337.33 2348.15 1000.15 1556.00 544.54 --265.90 4762.15 1115.00 594.22 1071.15 1173.15 172.12 1618.15 1768.15 2180.15 301.65 1357.77 1685.15 1802.15 1095.15 53.54 1811.00 302.91 1586.15 1210.40 13.95 1.76 2506.15 234.29 1747.15 386.75 429.75 2719.15 336.35 115.78 1191.15 453.69 1936.15 923.15 1519.15 2896.15 63.15 370.95 2750.15 1294.15 24.55 1728.15 917.15 54.36 3306.15 317.30 1845.15 600.61 1828.05 1315.15 527.15 1204.15 2041.55 913.15 973.15 312.45 3459.15 2237.15 2607.15 388.36

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

525

Table 13 Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters Lattice Size Parameters, A NO

ID

89 90 91 93 94 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 113 114 115 116 117 118 119

4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461 4517 4550 4570 4583 4609 4639 4703 4747 4766 4836 4899 4945 4960 4995 5021 5113

FORMULA Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

NAME antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium tantalum terbium technetium tellurium thorium titanium thallium thulium uranium vanadium tungsten xenon yttrium ytterbium zinc zirconium

Lattice Angle Parameters, degrees

Freezing Point

CAS No

Structure of Crystal

a

b

c

alpha

betta

gamma

TF, K

code

7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 7440-26-8 13494-80-9 7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1 7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-63-3 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

trigonal hexagonal close-packed monoclinic diamond trigonal tetragonal cubic close-packed body-centered cubic hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed trigonal cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed orthorhombic body-centered cubic body-centered cubic cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed hexagonal close-packed hexagonal close-packed

4.3070 3.3090 9.0540 5.4309 3.6210 5.8318 6.0849 3.3013 3.6010 2.7350 4.4572 5.0842 2.9508 3.4566 3.5375 2.8537 3.0300 3.1652 6.2023 3.6474 5.4847 2.6649 3.2320

4.3070 3.3090 9.0830 5.4309 3.6210 5.8318 6.0849 3.3013 3.6010 2.7350 4.4572 5.0842 2.9508 3.4566 3.5375 5.8695 3.0300 3.1652 6.2023 3.6474 5.4847 2.6649 3.2320

11.2730 5.2733 11.6010 5.4309 26.2500 3.1819 6.0849 3.3013 5.6936 4.3880 5.9290 5.0842 4.6855 5.5248 5.5546 4.9548 3.0300 3.1652 6.2023 5.7306 5.4847 4.9468 5.1470

90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00

90.00 90.00 90.81 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00

120.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 120.00 120.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 90.00 120.00 90.00 120.00 120.00

903.78 1814.15 493.65 1685.00 1347.15 505.08 1050.15 3290.15 1629.15 2430.15 722.66 2023.15 1941.15 577.15 1818.15 1408.15 2190.00 3695.15 161.36 1795.15 1092.15 692.68 2128.15

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate A - Angstrom = 1E-10 meters

526

Appendix 14 Electrical Resistivity of Solid Carl L. Yaws and Sy-Chyi Lin Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for electrical resistivity of solid are given in Table 14. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ac, Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application for the regression coefficients is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperatures outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last column provides the resistivity of solid at a representative temperature. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14.

15.

16. 17.

Chi, T. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339-438 (1979). Chi, T. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 439-498 (1979). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). Emsley, J., THE ELEMENTS, 3rd ed., Claredon Press, Oxford, Great Britian (1998). Hall, L. A., “Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K”, NBS Technical Note 365, U. S. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC (1968). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183-322 (1983). Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 1069-1096 (1984). Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 11097-1130 (1984). Ho, C. Y., et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 1131-1172 (1984). Landolt, H. and R. Bornstein, ZAHLENWERTE UND FUNKIONEN ANS PHYSIK, CHEMEI, ASTRONOMIE UND TECHNIK, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (1971-2005). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 1999). Matula, R. A., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147-1298 (1979). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). SMITHELLS METALS REFERENCE BOOK, 6th ed., E. A. Brandes, editor, Butterwoths & Co., London, England, (1983) web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

527

Table 14 Electrical Resistivity of Solid 2

resistivity = A + B T + C T + D T NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

2 13 Ag silver 7440-22-4 3 77 Al aluminum 7429-90-5 8 256 Au gold 7440-57-5 10 416 Ba barium 7440-39-3 11 530 Be beryllium 7440-41-7 13 562 Bi bismuth 7440-69-9 17 675 Ca calcium 7440-70-2 18 776 Cd cadmium 7440-43-9 19 830 Ce cerium 7440-45-1 23 916 Co cobalt 7440-48-4 24 1035 Cr chromium 7440-47-3 25 1124 Cs cesium 7440-46-2 26 1169 Cu copper 7440-50-8 30 1307 Dy dysprosium 7429-91-6 31 1332 Er erbium 7440-52-0 33 1369 Eu europium 7440-53-1 35 1420 Fe iron 7439-89-6 38 1575 Ga gallium 7440-55-3 39 1610 Gd gadolinium 7440-54-2 43 1740 Hf hafnium 7440-58-6 45 1841 Ho holmium 7440-60-0 48 1877 In indium 7440-74-6 49 1917 Ir iridium 7439-88-5 50 1960 K potassium 7440-09-7 52 2168 La lanthanum 7439-91-0 53 2203 Li lithium 7439-93-2 55 2316 Lu lutetium 7439-94-3 57 2335 Mg magnesium 7439-95-4 58 2464 Mn manganese 7439-96-5 59 2548 Mo molybdenum 7439-98-7 62 2781 Na sodium 7440-23-5 63 3019 Nb niobium 7440-03-1 64 3057 Nd neodymium 7440-00-8 66 3092 Ni nickel 7440-02-0 70 3200 Os osmium 7440-04-2 72 3469 Pa protactinium 7440-13-3 73 3483 Pb lead 7439-92-1 74 3571 Pd palladium 7440-05-3 75 3637 Pm promethium 7440-12-2 76 3641 Po polonium 7440-08-6 77 3650 Pr praseodymium 7440-10-0 78 3691 Pt platinum 7440-06-4 81 3781 Rb rubidium 7440-17-7 82 3828 Re rhenium 7440-15-5 85 3880 Rh rhodium 7440-16-6 87 3941 Ru ruthenium 7440-18-8 89 4023 Sb antimony 7440-36-0 90 4065 Sc scandium 7440-20-2 94 4303 Sm samarium 7440-19-9 95 4332 Sn tin (white) 7440-31-5 96 4461 Sr strontium 7440-24-6 98 4517 Ta tantalum 7440-25-7 99 4550 Tb terbium 7440-27-9 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate resistivity - resistivity of solid, 10 -8 ohm m A, B, C, and D - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

3

-8

(resistivity - 10 ohm m, T - K)

A

B

C

D

-0.1920 -0.7741 -0.1523 -1.4411 -0.2515 107.00000 -0.3686 6.80000 82.80000 5.60000 -5.9646 -0.2638 -0.3662 92.60000 86.00000 90.00000 -1.6728 13.60000 131.00000 -1.1027 81.40000 8.00000 4.70000 -0.3804 61.50000 -2.5546 58.20000 -1.0383 121.6448 -1.2508 -0.4975 15.20000 64.30000 -0.4589 8.10000 17.70000 0.2409 -1.8956 75.00000 40.00000 70.00000 -1.4562 -0.2400 17.20000 4.30000 7.10000 39.00000 56.20000 94.00000 11.50000 -0.0466 -1.4386 115.00000 14.70000 39.00000 15.00000 67.60000 28.00000 -4.7412 -1.0306 59.60000 25.00000 -0.6829 -5.4976

6.1465E-03 1.2518E-02 8.0360E-03 9.9397E-02 -1.8555E-03 0.0000E+00 1.2859E-02 0.0000E+00 0.00000 0.0000E+00 8.4198E-02 5.0237E-02 7.2677E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.5844E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.3625E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.1674E-02 0.0000E+00 4.4905E-02 0.0000E+00 2.0067E-02 1.2121E-01 2.0221E-02 1.7004E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.2945E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.6440E-02 4.6619E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.2803E-02 3.7183E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.7041E-02 5.1249E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.9594E-02 2.0001E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.3357E-02 1.4506E-01

-5.6409E-07 -3.9733E-06 -2.6481E-07 1.9776E-05 6.0174E-05 0.0000E+00 -8.5013E-07 0.0000E+00 0.00000 0.0000E+00 -9.1591E-05 4.3619E-05 -1.3923E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.3595E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.0210E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.0385E-06 0.0000E+00 -2.3274E-05 0.0000E+00 -6.1720E-06 -1.8748E-04 9.1012E-06 -8.2500E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.9670E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.4545E-05 -1.4813E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.9881E-06 -3.1000E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.4162E-06 -4.4954E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.0770E-05 4.9798E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.4170E-06 8.8227E-05

1.0386E-09 3.9864E-09 1.3640E-09 1.5359E-07 -3.1714E-08 0.0000E+00 1.2126E-09 0.0000E+00 0.00000 0.0000E+00 6.0734E-08 8.3969E-08 1.3636E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2415E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.1888E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.3397E-08 0.0000E+00 2.6820E-08 0.0000E+00 3.2605E-09 1.0896E-07 -4.2799E-09 3.9583E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.2458E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.0378E-08 1.8336E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.1499E-10 1.9167E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 6.6408E-09 -1.2947E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.0727E-10 6.8013E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.1431E-08 -1.0071E-07

528

TMIN TMAX code 100 100 100 100 100 273 100 273 290 273 100 10 100 290 290 290 100 273 290 100 290 273 273 40 290 100 290 100 100 100 40 273 290 100 273 273 100 100 290 273 290 100 40 273 273 273 273 290 290 273 100 100 290 273 273 273 290 273 100 100 290 290 100 100

900 900 900 900 900 273 900 373 300 273 900 300 900 300 300 300 800 273 300 600 300 273 273 300 300 400 300 900 700 900 300 273 300 700 273 273 500 900 300 273 300 900 300 373 273 273 273 300 300 273 800 900 300 273 273 273 300 273 900 900 300 300 600 900

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

T, K

resistivity @ T

298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 298.15 273.00 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 273.00 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 273.00 273.00 273.00 298.15 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.15 298.15 273.00 273.00 298.15 273.00 298.15 298.15 298.16 298./15 298.15 298.15

1.62 2.71 2.26 34.02 3.70 107.00 3.42 6.80 82.80 5.60 12.61 20.82 1.71 92.60 86.00 90.00 9.88 13.60 131.00 33.72 81.40 8.00 4.70 7.40 61.50 9.48 58.20 4.48 144.01 5.47 4.89 15.20 64.30 7.13 8.10 17.70 21.11 10.74 75.00 40.00 70.00 10.71 13.17 17.20 4.30 7.10 39.00 56.20 94.00 11.50 13.41 13.41 115.00 14.70 39.00 15.00 67.60 28.00 20.11 5.39 59.60 25.00 6.01 42.93

Appendix 15 Heat Capacity of Gas 15. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). 16. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 17. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). 18. Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). 19. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). 20. Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). 21. Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). 22. Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 23. Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 24. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). 25. McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). 26. NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). 27. Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). 28. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 29. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 30. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 31. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). 32. Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). 33. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 34. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, 1st and 2nd eds., IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970-1976). 35. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for heat capacity of gas are given in Table 15. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last column provides values for heat capacity of gas at a representative temperature. References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. 10.

11.

12.

13. 14.

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, 2001, 1993 and 1989 eds., ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA (2001, 1993, 1989). Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989).

529

Appendix 15 Heat Capacity of Gas 36. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 37. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 38. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 39. Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). 40. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 41. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 42. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 43. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 44. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 45. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 46. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 47. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 48. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

530

Table 15 Heat Capacity of Gas C NO

ID

1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 14.1 15 16 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 71.1 71.2 72 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 81 82 85 86

1 13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 612 633 637 638 639 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3235 3236 3469 3483 3571 3637 3650 3691 3756 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Br2 C C C Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P P P Pa Pb Pd Pm Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn

NAME actinium silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth berkelium (b form) bromine carbon (amphorous) diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) protactinium lead palladium promethium praseodymium platinum plutonium radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon

CAS No

A

2

P

3

4

5

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET +FT +GT B

C

D

E

6

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K) F

G

TMIN TMAX code CP @298

7440-34-8 20.380 4.2774E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1300 1,2 7440-22-4 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7429-90-5 30.977 -7.9515E-02 2.5497E-04 -4.1841E-07 3.6874E-10 -1.6570E-13 2.9767E-17 150 1500 1 7440-37-1 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-38-3 2.063 1.3986E-01 -4.3774E-04 7.0714E-07 -6.1645E-10 2.7485E-13 -4.9091E-17 150 1500 1 7440-57-5 20.737 1.6328E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-42-8 20.797 -8.1681E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-39-3 20.556 7.7052E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-41-7 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-69-9 20.800 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-40-6 6.735 1.9803E-01 -7.5774E-04 1.2648E-06 -1.0912E-09 4.7864E-13 -8.4446E-17 150 1500 2 7726-95-6 24.208 8.8880E-02 -2.5756E-04 3.9587E-07 -3.3208E-10 1.4327E-13 -2.4809E-17 150 1500 1 7440-44-0 20.847 -3.1765E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7782-40-3 20.847 -3.1765E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7782-42-5 20.847 -3.1765E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-70-2 20.790 -9.0756E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-43-9 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-45-1 34.879 -1.1738E-01 3.9002E-04 -5.3871E-07 3.9866E-10 -1.5650E-13 2.5558E-17 298 1500 1 7782-50-5 25.468 4.4402E-02 -6.4600E-05 3.6945E-08 4.2309E-12 -1.2571E-14 3.5628E-18 150 1500 1 7440-48-4 22.233 -3.2571E-02 2.2594E-04 -4.8912E-07 4.9503E-10 -2.4046E-13 4.5267E-17 150 1500 1 7440-47-3 20.627 5.8084E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-46-2 20.796 1.2706E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-50-8 20.781 2.9950E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7782-39-0 28.832 2.6640E-02 -1.4605E-04 3.1051E-07 -3.0821E-10 1.4737E-13 -2.7455E-17 150 1500 1 7429-91-6 20.194 2.0320E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1,2 7440-52-0 20.437 1.2173E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1,2 7440-53-1 20.794 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7782-41-4 30.528 -3.0764E-02 2.0339E-04 -4.0867E-07 3.9352E-10 -1.8507E-13 3.4115E-17 150 1500 1 7439-89-6 26.634 -3.1983E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-55-3 19.631 -2.5789E-03 1.9391E-04 -5.7358E-07 6.6867E-10 -3.5256E-13 7.0056E-17 150 1500 1 7440-54-2 25.955 4.1919E-02 -2.5524E-04 6.3565E-07 -7.6368E-10 4.3258E-13 -9.2545E-17 150 1500 1 7440-56-4 7.526 1.8484E-01 -5.4046E-04 7.6516E-07 -5.9201E-10 2.4023E-13 -3.9942E-17 150 1500 1 1333-74-0 19.6710 6.9682E-02 -2.0010E-04 2.8949E-07 -2.2247E-10 8.8147E-14 -1.4204E-17 150 1500 1 7440-59-7 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 14762-55-1 6.735 1.9803E-01 -7.5774E-04 1.2648E-06 -1.0912E-09 4.7864E-13 -8.4446E-17 150 1500 2 7440-58-6 18.605 7.3622E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-97-6 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-60-0 20.510 9.7365E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1,2 7553-56-2 36.300 1.9676E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-74-6 16.623 4.9850E-02 -2.3646E-04 5.3883E-07 -5.7747E-10 2.9214E-13 -5.6761E-17 150 1500 1 7439-88-5 20.216 8.0490E-03 -3.8616E-05 7.8202E-08 -6.7124E-11 2.7036E-14 -4.2401E-18 150 1500 1 7440-09-7 20.784 6.3530E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-90-9 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-91-0 24.316 -5.8134E-02 3.2161E-04 -6.5186E-07 6.5624E-10 -3.2438E-13 6.2533E-17 150 1500 1 7439-93-2 20.786 9.0756E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-94-3 19.384 5.0124E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-95-4 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-96-5 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7439-98-7 20.783 3.7973E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7727-37-9 28.7168 7.3458E-03 -4.5476E-05 1.1641E-07 -1.2246E-10 5.9045E-14 -1.0875E-17 150 1500 1 7440-23-5 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-03-1 25.385 4.9181E-02 -1.7236E-04 2.5912E-07 -2.0545E-10 8.3846E-14 -1.3852E-17 150 1500 1 7440-00-8 22.819 -4.1762E-02 2.2913E-04 -4.2897E-07 3.9590E-10 -1.8149E-13 3.2895E-17 150 1500 1 7440-01-9 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-02-0 23.136 7.5056E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7782-44-7 29.7902 -9.4885E-03 2.8580E-05 9.8729E-09 -5.6651E-11 4.3002E-14 -1.0219E-17 150 1500 1 7440-04-2 20.525 3.1067E-03 -1.2768E-05 1.9920E-08 -7.0036E-12 -1.6172E-15 9.4000E-19 150 1500 1 7723-14-0 20.780 2.1782E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7723-14-0 20.780 2.1782E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7723-14-0 20.780 2.1782E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-13-3 22.900 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 298 298 1,2 7439-92-1 20.621 5.5180E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-05-3 20.814 -2.4728E-04 2.6848E-07 3.8993E-09 -1.2704E-11 1.2779E-14 -3.5550E-18 150 1500 1 7440-12-2 24.250 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 298 298 1,2 7440-10-0 27.192 -7.2909E-02 2.9088E-04 -4.8710E-07 4.2955E-10 -1.9640E-13 3.6654E-17 298 1300 1 7440-06-4 30.124 -9.3015E-02 4.9893E-04 -1.0919E-06 1.1373E-09 -5.6709E-13 1.0913E-16 150 1500 1 7440-07-5 21.658 6.3388E-03 -9.7566E-05 3.2260E-07 -3.8230E-10 2.0251E-13 -4.0446E-17 298 1500 1 7440-14-4 20.800 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 298 298 1 7440-17-7 20.784 8.1681E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-15-5 20.794 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 7440-16-6 19.238 5.9655E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1 10043-92-2 20.786 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 150 1500 1

531

20.800 20.786 21.390 20.786 19.332 20.786 20.795 20.786 20.786 20.800 24.387 36.000 20.838 20.838 20.838 20.790 20.786 23.075 33.949 23.020 20.800 20.800 20.790 29.914 20.800 20.800 20.794 31.302 25.680 25.400 27.531 30.733 28.771 20.786 24.387 20.800 20.786 20.800 36.887 20.832 20.786 20.786 20.786 22.761 20.786 20.878 20.786 20.786 20.794 29.113 20.786 30.159 22.092 20.786 23.360 29.410 20.786 20.786 20.786 20.786 22.900 20.786 20.794 24.250 21.359 25.531 20.853 20.800 20.786 20.794 21.016 20.786

Table 15 Heat Capacity of Gas C NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

2

P

A

87 3941 Ru ruthenium 7440-18-8 21.442 88 3991 S sulfur 7704-34-9 16.018 89 4023 Sb antimony 7440-36-0 20.761 90 4065 Sc scandium 7440-20-2 22.420 91 4083 Se selenium (gray) 7782-49-2 21.276 91.1 4084 Se selenium (a form) 7782-49-2 21.276 91.2 4085 Se selenium (vitreous) 7782-49-2 21.276 93 4140 Si silicon 7440-21-3 36.086 94 4303 Sm samarium 7440-19-9 30.708 95 4332 Sn tin (white) 7440-31-5 22.066 95.1 4333 Sn tin (gray) 7440-31-5 22.066 96 4461 Sr strontium 7440-24-6 20.785 97 4515 T2 tritium 10028-17-8 27.557 98 4517 Ta tantalum 7440-25-7 18.150 99 4550 Tb terbium 7440-27-9 23.788 100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 18.003 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 20.707 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 20.293 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 27.126 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 20.666 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 20.767 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 17.279 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 25.959 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 18.800 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 20.786 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 26.403 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 20.794 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 20.786 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 15.968 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate CP - heat capacity of gas, joule/(mol K) A, B, C, D, E, F, and G - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

3

4

5

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET +FT +GT

6

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K)

B

C

D

E

F

G

-2.0396E-02 7.7403E-02 1.1392E-04 -1.1012E-03 2.2089E-03 2.2089E-03 2.2089E-03 -1.0895E-01 -1.2531E-03 -1.5933E-02 -1.5933E-02 4.5378E-06 1.8982E-02 9.0820E-03 2.9417E-03 9.3630E-03 8.0418E-04 8.2936E-03 7.5246E-03 4.3168E-04 7.6835E-05 4.5654E-02 4.3860E-02 4.2137E-02 0.0000E+00 4.2274E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.6993E-02

1.1208E-04 -2.8467E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.3142E-04 0.0000E+00 1.7715E-05 1.7715E-05 0.0000E+00 -8.5991E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.0542E-05 -1.1497E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0778E-04 -2.8957E-04 -3.0473E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.4917E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.0098E-05

-1.8127E-07 4.8540E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.2644E-07 0.0000E+00 1.6494E-07 1.6494E-07 0.0000E+00 1.8361E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.2644E-08 2.7279E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.7061E-08 6.5608E-07 9.2553E-07 0.0000E+00 1.0704E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.5059E-08

1.4025E-10 -4.3234E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5392E-10 0.0000E+00 -3.0750E-10 -3.0750E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.8091E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.8896E-11 -2.8696E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.0458E-11 -6.8755E-10 -1.1144E-09 0.0000E+00 2.1881E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.9687E-10

-5.4299E-14 1.9457E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.0066E-13 0.0000E+00 1.9381E-13 1.9381E-13 0.0000E+00 8.4994E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2670E-15 1.4344E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2540E-14 3.4184E-13 5.8965E-13 0.0000E+00 -2.2092E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2640E-13

8.5537E-18 -3.4894E-17 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.5596E-17 0.0000E+00 -4.1999E-17 -4.1999E-17 0.0000E+00 -1.5501E-17 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.7083E-18 -2.7626E-17 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.0392E-18 -6.5380E-17 -1.1573E-16 0.0000E+00 5.7593E-18 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.7342E-17

532

TMIN TMAX code CP @298

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

1500 1500 1500 1500 1000 1000 1000 1500 1500 1000 1000 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1300 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1

21.506 23.673 20.794 22.092 20.830 20.830 20.830 22.250 30.334 21.259 21.259 20.786 29.199 20.858 24.665 20.794 20.786 20.789 24.430 20.794 20.790 23.694 26.010 21.306 20.786 25.857 20.790 20.786 26.641

Appendix 16 Heat Capacity of Liquid 15. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). 16. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 17. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). 18. Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). 19. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). 20. Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). 21. Hurst, J. E., Jr. and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112, 21-30 (1992). 22. Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). 23. Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 24. Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 25. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). 26. McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). 27. NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). 28. Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). 29. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 30. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 31. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 32. PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). 33. Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). 34. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 35. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, 1st and 2nd eds., IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970-1976). 36. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for heat capacity of liquid are given in Table 16. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for heat capacity of liquid at representative temperatures. References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. 10.

11.

12.

13. 14.

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, 2001, 1993 and 1989 eds., ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA (2001, 1993, 1989). Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringeVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989).

533

Appendix 16 Heat Capacity of Liquid

37. 38. 39. 40.

41.

42.

43.

44. 45. 46.

47.

48.

49.

translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

534

Table 16 Heat Capacity of Liquid C NO

ID

2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 71.1 73 74 77 78 79 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91.1 91.2 93 94

13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3235 3483 3571 3650 3691 3756 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4084 4085 4140 4303

FORMULA Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P P Pb Pd Pr Pt Pu Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Se Se Si Sm

NAME silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) lead palladium praseodymium platinum plutonium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) selenium (a form) selenium (vitreous) silicon samarium

2

P

=A+BT+CT +DT

3

CAS No

A

B

C

D

7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-07-5 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9

33.400 31.750 -209.081 23.208 -502.617 31.750 40.000 29.480 38.000 -92.494 38.000 29.900 37.6978 127.601 40.501 39.330 38.153 32.800 -198.368 49.9151 38.7020 38.1162 83.829 46.024 43.801 37.1539 27.600 22.400 29.277 13.021 37.656 31.540 43.9320 79.550 30.711 41.8400 37.750 -353.666 34.3088 33.745 47.9068 34.300 46.024 37.656 2.625 37.042 33.472 48.7854 -414.321 38.911 12.276 35.9824 26.120 26.685 33.423 34.7272 42.9697 34.7272 41.8400 32.560 41.8400 41.8400 45.1872 41.8400 323.211 31.3800 44.2249 35.1456 35.1456 35.1456 27.200 50.2080

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.8777E+00 5.5200E-03 1.1594E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.8898E-02 1.6425E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.0215E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.2055E-02 0.0000E+00 2.6357E+01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.8518E-01 0.0000E+00 -8.9107E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.9602E+00 -1.6536E+01 -1.9604E+01 0.0000E+00 -1.7695E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.8265E-03 0.0000E+00 -2.1476E-02 8.9954E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.7276E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.5182E+00 -1.7515E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5374E+01 0.0000E+00 1.7251E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.4953E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.3795E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.3462E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.3060E-02 0.0000E+00 -8.2731E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.4067E-06 -5.1752E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.5776E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.1625E-05 0.0000E+00 -1.0262E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.2305E-03 0.0000E+00 1.5419E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.1414E-01 3.4810E+00 1.3057E+01 0.0000E+00 2.1264E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.8590E-06 0.0000E+00 1.4099E-05 -6.7473E-02 0.0000E+00 5.3133E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.9173E-02 9.0276E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.5282E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.3489E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.3358E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.1276E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.1061E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.9708E-04 0.0000E+00 1.9445E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.2811E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.3099E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.7697E-09 0.0000E+00 1.3590E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.6617E-06 0.0000E+00 -8.8660E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2375E-03 -3.9000E-02 -2.1265E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.6708E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.7900E-09 0.0000E+00 3.5701E-10 1.6856E-04 0.0000E+00 -5.3532E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.0301E-04 2.4451E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.7404E-02 0.0000E+00 1.0518E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0557E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.7932E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.1088E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

535

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K) TMIN TMAX code CP @TMIN CP @298 CP @TMAX

1235 934 83.8 1100 1336 2350 1000 1563 545 266 1115 594 1071 172 1768 2130 302 1358 20.50 1682 1795 1090 53 1809 303 1585 1211 14.26 2.50 1.10 2500 234 1743 387 430 2716 337 116 1193 454 1936 923 1519 2896 63.15 371 2750 1289 25 1728 54.36 3300 317 900 601 1825 1204 2042 913 312 3453 2233 202 2523 453 904 1812 494 494 494 1690 1345

3000 3000 134 1200 1600 4000 3000 3000 1200 500 3000 3000 3700 396 4000 4000 2000 3000 33.50 3000 3200 1900 137 4000 700 4000 3000 28 4.50 3.14 4964 800 3000 3000 900 5000 2000 190 4000 2000 3700 3000 4000 5000 110 2000 5000 3500 40 4000 143 5500 3000 994 2000 3300 4000 4000 4000 2000 6000 4000 211 4500 717 2000 3200 1000 1000 1000 4000 2100

1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 2 1 1,2 2 1 1 1,2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 2 1 1,2 1 2 1,2 2 1,2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1,2 2 2 2 2 1 2

33.400 31.750 42.610 29.280 33.359 31.750 40.000 29.480 30.202 77.629 38.000 29.900 37.698 67.988 40.501 39.330 32.635 32.800 27.790 49.915 38.702 38.116 57.510 46.024 28.493 37.154 27.600 14.069 9.083 4.425 37.656 28.476 43.932 79.550 29.497 41.840 32.129 44.990 34.309 30.375 47.907 34.300 46.024 37.656 56.560 31.799 33.472 48.785 36.066 38.911 53.540 35.982 26.120 26.685 30.627 34.727 42.970 34.727 41.840 31.801 41.840 41.840 45.187 41.840 42.472 31.380 44.225 35.146 35.146 35.146 27.200 50.208

------------------77.143 ------74.235 ----------------------------------27.978 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

33.400 31.750 69.910 29.832 30.962 31.750 40.000 29.480 27.428 95.090 38.000 29.900 37.698 103.685 40.501 39.330 62.702 32.800 43.910 49.915 38.702 38.116 86.504 46.024 26.568 37.154 27.600 29.833 21.800 14.364 37.656 27.578 43.932 79.550 29.079 41.840 54.050 75.840 34.309 31.260 47.907 34.300 46.024 37.656 75.849 40.078 33.472 48.785 69.340 38.911 86.215 35.982 26.120 26.685 28.620 34.727 42.970 34.727 41.840 57.719 41.840 41.840 45.187 41.840 31.992 31.380 44.225 35.146 35.146 35.146 27.200 50.208

Table 16 Heat Capacity of Liquid C NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

95 tin (white) 7440-31-5 4332 Sn 95.1 4333 Sn tin (gray) 7440-31-5 96 strontium 7440-24-6 4461 Sr 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate CP - heat capacity of liquid, joule/(mol K) A, B, C and D - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

2

P

=A+BT+CT +DT

3

A

B

C

D

34.094 34.094 37.000 41.840 46.4842 37.6560 46.000 46.800 29.7064 41.3798 46.940 46.204 35.564 -380.259 43.0952 36.7774 31.400 41.840

-1.3360E-02 -1.3360E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.1575E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.0111E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

9.0283E-06 9.0283E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.4634E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.8315E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

-1.8176E-09 -1.8176E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.6919E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 6.9621E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

536

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K) TMIN TMAX code CP @TMIN CP @298 CP @TMAX

505 505 1041 3258 1630 723 2023 1944 577 1818 1408 2190 3680 161 1799 1097 693 2125

2000 1 2000 1 3000 1 5000 1 3500 1,2 1300 1,2 4000 1 4000 1 1800 1,2 2300 1,2 3000 1 4000 1 6000 1 270 1,2 3700 1,2 1500 1,2 3000 1 4000 1

29.415 29.415 37.000 41.840 46.484 37.656 46.000 46.800 29.706 41.380 47.739 46.204 35.564 45.952 43.095 36.777 31.400 41.840

-------------------------------------

28.947 28.947 37.000 41.840 46.484 37.656 46.000 46.800 29.706 41.380 52.070 46.204 35.564 89.934 43.095 36.777 31.400 41.840

Appendix 17 Heat Capacity of Solid Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

15.

The results for heat capacity of solid are given in Table 17. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last column provides heat capacity of solid at a representative temperature.

16. 17.

18.

19.

20. 21.

References 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

22.

Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Beaton, C. F. and G. F. Hewitt, PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA FOR THE DESIGN ENGINEER, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1989). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL

23.

24. 25. 26.

27.

28.

29.

30. 31. 32. 33.

34. 35.

537

SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). Hurst, J. E., Jr. and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112, 21-30 (1992). Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, 1st and 2nd eds., IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970-1976). Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983).

Appendix 17 Heat Capacity of Solid 36. web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). 37. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 38. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 39. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 40. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 41. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 42. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 43. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

538

Table 17 Heat Capacity of Solid C NO

ID

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 14.1 15 16 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 71.1 71.2 72 73 74

1 13 77 183 200 202 255 256 283 416 530 562 611 612 633 637 638 639 675 776 830 877 899 906 916 1035 1124 1169 1307 1332 1360 1369 1409 1420 1572 1574 1575 1610 1637 1709 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2315 2316 2334 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3181 3182 3198 3200 3234 3235 3236 3469 3483 3571

FORMULA

Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Bk Br2 C C C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl2 Cm Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Es Eu F2 Fe Fm Fr Ga Gd Ge H2 Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lr Lu Md Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O2 Os P P P Pa Pb Pd

NAME actinium silver aluminum americium argon arsenic astatine gold boron barium beryllium bismuth berkelium (a form) berkelium (b form) bromine carbon (amphorous) diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium californium chlorine curium cobalt chromium cesium copper dysprosium erbium einsteinium europium fluorine iron fermium francium gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lawrencium lutetium mendelevium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel nobelium neptunium oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) protactinium lead palladium

2

P

3

4

5

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET +FT +GT

6

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-35-9 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-68-8 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7440-40-6 7440-40-6 7726-95-6 7440-44-0 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-71-3 7782-50-5 7440-51-9 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7429-92-7 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-72-4 7440-73-5 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 22537-19-5 7439-94-3 7440-11-1 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 10028-14-5 7439-99-8 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3

27.200 11.344 -4.410 26.630 -6.115 3.670 26.630 15.649 -2.913 21.451 -13.183 29.771 26.630 26.630 8.543 10.890 -0.669 -0.712 14.162 13.355 39.887 26.630 -2.429 26.630 1.293 -7.545 148.071 3.697 38.220 19.109 26.630 107.229 375.116 -12.521 26.630 26.630 171.676 158.819 0.032 -6.014 14.394 -41.218 29.683 -79.850 6.565 10.602 -19.883 -11.691 9.661 41.300 26.630 15.370 26.630 2.545 0.551 -1.446 200.293 -2.534 6.680 26.465 0.370 20.000 26.630 -241.639 2924.978 23.523 -111.281 17.317 -9.419 26.630 -13.254 5.508

0.0000E+00 1.2431E-01 2.4597E-01 0.0000E+00 7.3039E-01 1.8189E-01 0.0000E+00 8.1497E-02 2.6397E-02 3.4264E-02 1.8633E-01 -1.7773E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.1545E-01 0.0000E+00 -2.4596E-02 1.5548E-02 8.4078E-02 3.2226E-01 -1.7327E-01 0.0000E+00 9.6733E-01 0.0000E+00 1.6276E-01 2.3335E-01 -4.4818E+00 1.6886E-01 -8.4810E-02 7.6605E-02 0.0000E+00 -8.4443E-01 -7.2302E+01 3.7205E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.5241E+00 -8.8359E-01 1.8971E-01 4.6084E+00 8.2183E-02 2.6521E+00 -5.2888E-02 3.5391E+00 3.6070E-01 1.1535E-01 1.2724E+00 2.2336E+00 1.6416E-01 -9.1184E-01 0.0000E+00 1.0159E-01 0.0000E+00 1.8181E-01 1.8766E-01 2.0367E-01 -3.9259E+01 7.9883E-01 1.4768E-01 -4.8781E-03 -2.9823E-01 -3.7614E-01 0.0000E+00 4.0793E+00 -6.4409E+02 4.2179E-03 4.2346E+00 -3.0607E-01 2.5760E-01 0.0000E+00 7.0962E-01 1.7054E-01

0.0000E+00 -4.4150E-04 -8.7148E-04 0.0000E+00 3.8279E-02 -6.2792E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.7524E-04 1.8014E-04 -7.4014E-05 -4.2124E-04 1.7599E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.5546E-03 0.0000E+00 2.9104E-04 1.0658E-04 -2.8173E-04 -3.3306E-03 8.2846E-04 0.0000E+00 -7.7459E-03 0.0000E+00 -4.1880E-04 -6.8001E-04 6.5744E-02 -5.4048E-04 2.6948E-04 -2.5707E-04 0.0000E+00 3.4699E-03 5.7103E+00 -1.5809E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.8340E-02 2.3705E-03 -6.1504E-04 -1.4302E+00 -2.3950E-04 -4.5066E-02 2.8935E-04 -4.0300E-02 -3.0312E-03 -3.5713E-04 -1.4385E-02 -5.7067E-02 -6.0180E-04 1.0159E-02 0.0000E+00 -3.4723E-04 0.0000E+00 -6.0633E-04 -5.3797E-04 -6.3898E-04 3.0380E+00 -1.0833E-02 -4.7275E-04 2.2617E-05 5.7136E-02 5.2356E-03 0.0000E+00 -2.6271E-02 5.7760E+01 -1.3563E-06 -5.8908E-02 3.2924E-03 -8.7451E-04 0.0000E+00 -5.2953E-03 -5.5470E-04

0.0000E+00 8.1566E-07 1.6979E-06 0.0000E+00 -2.1130E-03 1.1353E-06 0.0000E+00 4.9137E-07 -5.0457E-07 1.6089E-07 5.3676E-07 -7.8524E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.6917E-05 0.0000E+00 -5.8172E-07 -2.4229E-07 6.4853E-07 1.6529E-05 -1.9022E-06 0.0000E+00 2.8280E-05 0.0000E+00 5.6448E-07 1.0593E-06 -4.9481E-04 9.1117E-07 -4.2509E-07 4.4120E-07 0.0000E+00 -7.1502E-06 -2.3209E-01 3.6500E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.6399E-04 -3.2493E-06 1.0623E-06 2.3048E-01 3.9638E-07 4.0489E-04 -6.5277E-07 2.4073E-04 1.4352E-05 5.6574E-07 8.2384E-05 7.6198E-04 1.1009E-06 -4.9576E-05 0.0000E+00 5.8617E-07 0.0000E+00 1.1170E-06 8.5460E-07 1.0524E-06 -1.1177E-01 7.8102E-05 7.8477E-07 4.1005E-08 5.3554E-03 -2.7239E-05 0.0000E+00 9.0806E-05 -2.6987E+00 2.2872E-09 4.2650E-04 -1.3313E-05 1.6240E-06 0.0000E+00 2.0552E-05 9.2954E-07

0.0000E+00 -7.9855E-10 -1.8470E-09 0.0000E+00 4.1710E-05 -1.1075E-09 0.0000E+00 -4.6567E-10 5.4746E-10 -1.8837E-10 -3.8447E-10 1.7961E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.2007E-07 0.0000E+00 5.2896E-10 2.2431E-10 -8.7916E-10 -4.1950E-08 2.3831E-09 0.0000E+00 -6.1466E-08 0.0000E+00 -3.8369E-10 -8.9935E-10 2.0232E-06 -8.3251E-10 3.5740E-10 -3.9389E-10 0.0000E+00 7.9138E-09 5.2175E-03 -4.5100E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.2106E-06 2.4303E-09 -1.0059E-09 -2.0019E-02 -3.5174E-10 -2.0009E-06 7.1284E-10 -7.8438E-07 -3.8963E-08 -4.6863E-10 -2.4648E-07 -5.0763E-06 -1.0525E-09 1.2277E-07 0.0000E+00 -5.1407E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.1470E-09 -7.2412E-10 -9.3410E-10 2.1573E-03 -3.0044E-07 -6.9457E-10 -1.1891E-10 -3.5844E-04 6.9553E-08 0.0000E+00 -1.7541E-07 6.9555E-02 -2.0833E-12 -1.6641E-06 2.6522E-08 -1.6563E-09 0.0000E+00 -4.3259E-08 -8.2623E-10

0.0000E+00 3.9798E-13 1.0664E-12 0.0000E+00 -3.7930E-07 5.5638E-13 0.0000E+00 2.2169E-13 -2.7401E-13 1.1312E-13 1.4588E-13 -2.0333E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.5106E-10 0.0000E+00 -2.2987E-13 -9.8952E-14 6.1049E-13 5.2796E-11 -1.5392E-12 0.0000E+00 5.0336E-10 0.0000E+00 1.2229E-13 3.9725E-13 -4.2647E-09 3.9207E-13 -1.4715E-13 1.7830E-13 0.0000E+00 -4.4786E-12 -6.1657E-05 2.7959E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.5033E-09 -9.4316E-13 4.9466E-13 9.1681E-04 1.5895E-13 5.1516E-09 -3.6670E-13 1.3179E-09 5.6299E-11 1.9656E-13 3.6024E-10 1.3639E-08 5.1444E-13 -1.5069E-10 0.0000E+00 2.2939E-13 0.0000E+00 6.2866E-13 3.0844E-13 4.2361E-13 -2.1103E-05 5.8314E-10 3.1207E-13 1.1109E-13 2.3060E-06 -8.6965E-11 0.0000E+00 1.7956E-10 -9.3940E-04 9.7539E-16 3.3202E-09 -2.6059E-11 8.8393E-13 0.0000E+00 4.6973E-11 3.7189E-13

0.0000E+00 -7.9574E-17 -2.5132E-16 0.0000E+00 1.3436E-09 -1.1303E-16 0.0000E+00 -4.0741E-17 5.2473E-17 -2.7338E-17 -2.2812E-17 9.1004E-15 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.6328E-13 0.0000E+00 3.8437E-17 1.7122E-17 -1.6383E-16 -2.6090E-14 4.0099E-16 0.0000E+00 -1.7532E-12 0.0000E+00 -1.1364E-17 -7.1107E-17 3.6309E-12 -7.4103E-17 2.3706E-17 -3.2160E-17 0.0000E+00 1.0202E-15 2.9974E-07 -6.6000E-16 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.7393E-12 1.4892E-16 -9.8859E-17 -1.7107E-05 -2.8722E-17 -5.3979E-12 7.2194E-17 -8.9048E-13 -3.2830E-14 -3.3070E-17 -1.9314E-13 0.0000E+00 -1.0187E-16 7.2919E-14 0.0000E+00 -4.0933E-17 0.0000E+00 -1.4305E-16 -5.1471E-17 -7.6767E-17 8.2682E-08 -4.4727E-13 -5.5886E-17 -3.5425E-17 1.2737E-07 4.2601E-14 0.0000E+00 -7.6112E-14 5.2029E-06 -1.8404E-19 -2.6584E-12 1.0105E-14 -1.9349E-16 0.0000E+00 -2.0617E-14 -6.6636E-17

539

TMIN TMAX code CP@TMIN

298 100 100 298 10 100 298 100 100 100 100 100 298 298 100 298 250 100 100 100 298 298 60 298 100 100 100 100 200 100 298 298 20 100 298 298 100 298 100 4 100 100 200 100 100 150 100 10 298 100 298 100 298 100 100 100 20 100 100 100 2 100 298 298 17.5 298 100 100 100 298 100 100

298 1235 933 298 83.81 1200 298 1336 1500 1000 1500 545 298 298 266 298 1200 1500 1100 594 999 298 172 298 1394 1500 302 1358 1500 1500 298 1090 53.54 1000 298 298 298 1500 1211 13.80 1500 234 1500 387 430 1400 337 113 1134 454 298 1500 298 923 1500 1500 63.14 371 1500 1128 24.55 631 298 500 40 1400 317 800 1000 298 601 1500

1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1

27.200 20.100 12.996 26.630 3.284 16.610 26.630 21.493 1.076 24.280 1.738 23.347 26.630 26.630 43.600 10.890 4.134 1.688 20.319 25.110 26.945 26.630 33.346 26.630 13.909 9.963 25.820 16.010 29.162 24.602 26.630 27.112 13.180 12.101 26.630 26.630 18.451 37.070 13.820 0.031 20.580 24.255 26.485 45.650 23.309 21.556 24.650 5.650 27.112 12.970 26.630 22.594 26.630 15.671 14.723 13.495 19.079 22.460 17.439 26.234 0.039 13.631 26.630 29.455 10.452 24.707 13.728 8.724 9.063 26.630 21.430 17.866

Table 17 Heat Capacity of Solid C NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

A

75 promethium 7440-12-2 26.630 3637 Pm 76 polonium 7440-08-6 26.630 3641 Po 77 praseodymium 7440-10-0 19.147 3650 Pr 78 platinum 7440-06-4 9.889 3691 Pt 79 plutonium 7440-07-5 1411.625 3756 Pu 80 radium 7440-14-4 26.630 3773 Ra 81 rubidium 7440-17-7 29.850 3781 Rb 82 rhenium 7440-15-5 6.308 3828 Re 84 roentgenium 54386-24-2 26.630 3879 Rg 85 rhodium 7440-16-6 0.210 3880 Rh 86 radon 10043-92-2 4079.282 3940 Rn 87 ruthenium 7440-18-8 -5.364 3941 Ru 88 sulfur 7704-34-9 24.452 3991 S 89 antimony 7440-36-0 15.503 4023 Sb 90 scandium 7440-20-2 2.098 4065 Sc 91 selenium (gray) 7782-49-2 82.228 4083 Se 91.1 4084 Se selenium (a form) 7782-49-2 82.228 91.2 4085 Se selenium (vitreous) 7782-49-2 82.228 93 silicon 7440-21-3 -6.802 4140 Si 94 samarium 7440-19-9 29.237 4303 Sm 95 tin (white) 7440-31-5 -1.544 4332 Sn 95.1 4333 Sn tin (gray) 7440-31-5 -11.848 96 strontium 7440-24-6 13.812 4461 Sr 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 11.300 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 98.808 4550 Tb 100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 26.630 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 18.193 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 18.499 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 -18.127 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 -310.939 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 22.928 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 16.314 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 -3.512 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 3.132 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 -911.439 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 11.760 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 20.001 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 3.517 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 8.416 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate CP - heat capacity of solid, joule/(mol K) A, B, C, D, E, F and G - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

2

P

3

4

5

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET +FT +GT

6

(C P - joule/(mol K), T - K)

B

C

D

E

F

G

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2198E-01 1.3364E-01 -2.6197E+01 0.0000E+00 -2.0865E-01 1.6436E-01 0.0000E+00 2.0767E-01 -1.6975E+02 2.6897E-01 -5.3104E-01 6.1893E-02 1.9847E-01 -1.6231E+00 -1.6231E+00 -1.6231E+00 1.8092E-01 -4.6975E-02 5.0452E-01 6.9621E-01 1.6365E-01 1.1722E-01 -5.7600E-01 0.0000E+00 5.0249E-02 5.5882E-02 5.2132E-01 6.4011E+00 2.9106E-02 7.9956E-02 2.2545E-01 1.7880E-01 5.3278E+01 1.2467E-01 6.3297E-02 2.6658E-01 1.4237E-01

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.0075E-04 -4.4011E-04 2.0052E-01 0.0000E+00 3.3531E-03 -5.6140E-04 0.0000E+00 -6.9483E-04 2.9270E+00 -9.6050E-04 7.6810E-03 -1.1209E-04 -6.5556E-04 1.6509E-02 1.6509E-02 1.6509E-02 -4.6080E-04 1.9181E-04 -4.0375E-03 -6.2775E-03 -8.5767E-04 -3.8995E-04 1.7959E-03 0.0000E+00 -2.3616E-04 -1.6597E-04 -2.4956E-03 -4.9673E-02 -5.5279E-05 -2.5305E-04 -6.9332E-04 -5.8874E-04 -1.2426E+00 -4.1863E-04 -3.0944E-04 -1.4314E-03 -4.8147E-04

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.9349E-06 7.5209E-07 -7.9715E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.5618E-05 9.9208E-07 0.0000E+00 1.2271E-06 -2.6599E-02 1.7297E-06 -4.9794E-05 -1.0560E-08 1.1058E-06 -8.2825E-05 -8.2825E-05 -8.2825E-05 6.4769E-07 -1.7099E-08 1.7221E-05 3.3080E-05 2.2893E-06 6.8286E-07 -2.7983E-06 0.0000E+00 8.8589E-07 2.8803E-07 5.9470E-06 2.0151E-04 -3.2533E-08 5.1137E-07 1.1114E-06 9.9280E-07 1.5217E-02 7.3404E-07 9.0756E-07 4.2536E-06 8.5696E-07

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.6505E-09 -6.8121E-10 1.7430E-06 0.0000E+00 1.0789E-07 -9.3434E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.1567E-09 1.3448E-04 -1.6443E-09 1.7269E-07 2.6734E-10 -9.8346E-10 2.2100E-07 2.2100E-07 2.2100E-07 -5.0908E-10 -4.0094E-10 -4.0024E-08 -1.0295E-07 -3.1396E-09 -6.4122E-10 2.3584E-09 0.0000E+00 -1.6797E-09 -2.6288E-10 -7.2959E-09 -4.5092E-07 2.0326E-10 -5.3000E-10 -9.5950E-10 -8.8889E-10 -1.0313E-04 -6.7635E-10 -1.3771E-09 -7.1714E-09 -8.1925E-10

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.7914E-12 3.1231E-13 -1.9926E-09 0.0000E+00 -2.3992E-10 4.4827E-13 0.0000E+00 5.5521E-13 -3.5889E-07 7.9169E-13 -3.0910E-10 -2.7966E-13 4.4365E-13 -2.9980E-10 -2.9980E-10 -2.9980E-10 2.0999E-13 4.0829E-13 4.8167E-11 1.7550E-10 2.1193E-12 3.0569E-13 -1.0210E-12 0.0000E+00 1.5744E-12 1.2091E-13 4.3909E-12 5.2845E-10 -1.8862E-13 2.9392E-13 4.2545E-13 4.0341E-13 3.6688E-07 3.1371E-13 1.0205E-12 6.4768E-12 4.0643E-13

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.7584E-16 -5.6988E-17 9.3228E-13 0.0000E+00 2.2359E-13 -8.6132E-17 0.0000E+00 -1.0674E-16 3.9512E-10 -1.5211E-16 2.2370E-13 9.0163E-17 -7.9789E-17 1.6279E-13 1.6279E-13 1.6279E-13 -3.5352E-17 -1.1905E-16 -2.3463E-14 -1.2620E-13 -5.5821E-16 -5.7963E-17 1.7801E-16 0.0000E+00 -5.8018E-16 -2.2076E-17 -1.0170E-15 -2.5355E-13 5.3397E-17 -6.7743E-17 -7.5855E-17 -7.2944E-17 -5.3512E-10 -5.7693E-17 -2.9288E-16 -2.4077E-15 -8.2328E-17

540

TMIN TMAX code CP@TMIN

298 298 100 100 200 298 100 100 298 100 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 150 100 150 100 75 100 100 250 298 100 100 100 200 100 100 100 100 70 100 100 100 100

298 298 1068 1500 500 298 312 1400 298 1400 202 1400 368 904 1500 494 494 494 1500 1190 505 298 1041 1500 1500 298 723 1500 1156 500 1400 942 1500 1500 160 1500 1033 693 1135

1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26.630 26.630 26.024 19.539 26.527 26.630 25.510 18.033 26.630 15.146 30.125 13.502 12.765 20.585 16.401 21.652 21.652 21.652 7.280 26.276 22.210 16.150 23.596 19.744 31.589 26.630 21.589 22.690 14.310 25.815 25.271 22.240 13.119 16.033 26.296 20.711 24.016 19.460 18.617

Appendix 18 Entropy of Gas Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

15.

The results for entropy of gas are given in Table 18. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for entropy of gas at representative temperatures.

16. 17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, 2001, 1993 and 1989 eds., ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA (2001, 1993, 1989). Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL

22.

23. 24. 25.

26.

27.

28. 29. 30. 31.

32. 33.

34. 35. 36.

541

SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER, 1st and 2nd eds., IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970-1976). Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

Appendix 18 Entropy of Gas 37. Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). 38. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 39. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 40. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 41. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 42. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 43. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 44. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 45. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 46. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

542

Table 18 Entropy of Gas S=A+BT+CT NO

ID

1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 16.2 17 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 77 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 96

1 13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 639 675 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3469 3483 3571 3650 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4461

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C Ca Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr

NAME actinium silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine graphite calcium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) protactinium lead palladium praseodymium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) strontium

2

3

+DT +ET

4

(S - joule/(K mol), T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-24-6

152.713 136.249 124.443 118.076 144.403 144.155 116.710 134.173 99.564 150.375 185.295 121.228 118.109 157.490 167.316 142.217 137.829 138.887 129.609 102.352 157.797 157.339 152.031 151.023 134.305 129.303 144.659 119.025 82.293 89.381 151.829 138.072 157.797 195.880 137.524 157.605 123.580 127.313 145.737 102.045 148.704 111.873 136.935 144.865 140.084 116.742 132.784 154.235 109.556 141.066 154.130 150.467 126.443 157.814 138.743 129.973 150.446 149.443 130.319 133.252 152.050 150.309 139.328 150.035 126.424 143.771 135.464 138.936 124.804 129.351 133.208 124.174

1.9621E-01 1.8368E-01 2.0427E-01 1.8368E-01 1.4131E-01 1.8342E-01 1.8378E-01 1.8242E-01 1.8368E-01 1.8381E-01 2.9373E-01 1.8419E-01 1.8372E-01 2.1627E-01 2.6968E-01 1.7762E-01 1.8286E-01 1.8379E-01 1.8367E-01 1.9644E-01 1.9621E-01 1.9621E-01 1.8376E-01 2.4986E-01 2.3216E-01 1.8950E-01 2.5117E-01 2.3547E-01 2.3750E-01 1.8368E-01 1.7177E-01 1.8368E-01 1.9621E-01 3.2275E-01 1.8081E-01 1.8480E-01 1.8367E-01 1.8368E-01 1.7465E-01 1.8368E-01 1.7630E-01 1.8368E-01 1.8368E-01 1.8370E-01 2.5764E-01 1.8368E-01 2.6793E-01 1.7077E-01 1.8368E-01 2.0520E-01 2.5218E-01 1.8432E-01 1.8365E-01 2.1477E-01 1.8278E-01 1.8343E-01 2.0116E-01 2.0457E-01 1.9621E-01 1.8367E-01 1.8376E-01 1.7597E-01 1.8368E-01 1.7287E-01 2.0714E-01 1.8357E-01 1.9702E-01 1.9648E-01 2.2228E-01 2.7011E-01 1.7027E-01 1.8368E-01

-2.8439E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.8935E-04 -2.4958E-04 -1.6868E-04 -2.4899E-04 -2.4971E-04 -2.4682E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.4975E-04 -3.7906E-04 -2.5032E-04 -2.4963E-04 -3.1164E-04 -3.3931E-04 -2.1568E-04 -2.4767E-04 -2.4970E-04 -2.4952E-04 -2.1389E-04 -2.8439E-04 -2.8439E-04 -2.4968E-04 -3.1355E-04 -3.1979E-04 -2.2305E-04 -3.4686E-04 -2.9012E-04 -3.0962E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.2339E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.8439E-04 -4.3586E-04 -2.4582E-04 -2.5368E-04 -2.4955E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.1193E-04 -2.4957E-04 -2.3274E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.4954E-04 -3.5199E-04 -2.4958E-04 -3.6623E-04 -2.0812E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.7780E-04 -3.3592E-04 -2.5218E-04 -2.4950E-04 -3.0960E-04 -2.4760E-04 -2.4842E-04 -2.9111E-04 -2.5377E-04 -2.8439E-04 -2.4955E-04 -2.4968E-04 -2.3099E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.1813E-04 -2.8184E-04 -2.4927E-04 -2.6919E-04 -2.8475E-04 -3.2270E-04 -3.6871E-04 -2.1559E-04 -2.4956E-04

1.9270E-07 1.7124E-07 2.0253E-07 1.7124E-07 1.0796E-07 1.7084E-07 1.7133E-07 1.6935E-07 1.7124E-07 1.7135E-07 2.5387E-07 1.7174E-07 1.7127E-07 2.1140E-07 2.2526E-07 1.4062E-07 1.6993E-07 1.7132E-07 1.7120E-07 1.2324E-07 1.9270E-07 1.9270E-07 1.7131E-07 2.0993E-07 2.1941E-07 1.3747E-07 2.3829E-07 1.8270E-07 2.0806E-07 1.7124E-07 1.5327E-07 1.7124E-07 1.9270E-07 2.9905E-07 1.7482E-07 1.7682E-07 1.7122E-07 1.7124E-07 1.4171E-07 1.7124E-07 1.5969E-07 1.7124E-07 1.7124E-07 1.7121E-07 2.4515E-07 1.7124E-07 2.4837E-07 1.3931E-07 1.7124E-07 1.9060E-07 2.3277E-07 1.7486E-07 1.7118E-07 2.1000E-07 1.6988E-07 1.6940E-07 1.9731E-07 1.6211E-07 1.9270E-07 1.7122E-07 1.7131E-07 1.5848E-07 1.7124E-07 1.4784E-07 1.9167E-07 1.7103E-07 1.8470E-07 1.9295E-07 2.2811E-07 2.5297E-07 1.5421E-07 1.7123E-07

-4.8074E-11 -4.3763E-11 -5.2323E-11 -4.3763E-11 -2.6506E-11 -4.3661E-11 -4.3787E-11 -4.3279E-11 -4.3763E-11 -4.3793E-11 -6.4026E-11 -4.3892E-11 -4.3772E-11 -5.2853E-11 -5.6608E-11 -3.4993E-11 -4.3428E-11 -4.3785E-11 -4.3753E-11 -2.7129E-11 -4.8074E-11 -4.8074E-11 -4.3781E-11 -5.3139E-11 -5.6075E-11 -3.2730E-11 -6.0956E-11 -4.4040E-11 -5.2394E-11 -4.3763E-11 -3.9171E-11 -4.3763E-11 -4.8074E-11 -7.6427E-11 -4.6035E-11 -4.5476E-11 -4.3759E-11 -4.3763E-11 -3.5924E-11 -4.3762E-11 -4.0811E-11 -4.3763E-11 -4.3763E-11 -4.3757E-11 -6.3225E-11 -4.3763E-11 -6.2859E-11 -3.5473E-11 -4.3763E-11 -4.8711E-11 -6.0070E-11 -4.4759E-11 -4.3749E-11 -5.2495E-11 -4.3417E-11 -4.2783E-11 -4.9253E-11 -3.9508E-11 -4.8074E-11 -4.3758E-11 -4.3781E-11 -4.0503E-11 -4.3763E-11 -3.7875E-11 -4.8614E-11 -4.3709E-11 -4.7203E-11 -4.8137E-11 -5.9194E-11 -6.4652E-11 -4.1432E-11 -4.3760E-11

543

TMIN TMAX code S @TMIN S @298 S @TMAX 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 298 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

176.37 158.74 149.23 140.57 162.16 166.62 139.21 156.53 122.06 172.88 221.65 143.78 140.61 183.60 200.86 164.46 160.24 161.39 152.10 144.96 181.46 181.00 174.53 182.13 162.65 153.16 175.30 148.41 111.63 111.87 173.07 160.56 181.46 235.46 159.68 180.19 146.07 149.81 167.63 124.54 170.43 134.37 159.43 167.36 171.61 139.23 165.54 175.62 132.05 166.21 185.15 173.01 148.93 183.75 161.14 152.45 174.71 174.94 153.98 155.74 174.55 172.02 161.82 171.54 151.78 166.25 159.56 162.63 151.63 162.39 154.40 146.67

190.66 173.02 164.58 154.85 174.19 180.89 153.50 170.77 136.34 187.17 245.40 158.10 154.89 199.45 223.08 179.45 174.49 175.68 166.38 144.96 195.74 195.29 188.82 202.79 180.47 169.36 194.55 167.93 130.68 126.15 186.94 174.84 195.74 260.68 173.85 194.48 160.35 164.09 182.44 138.82 184.49 148.65 173.71 181.64 191.61 153.51 186.20 190.06 146.33 182.22 205.15 187.28 163.21 199.48 175.39 166.73 189.38 191.86 168.27 170.02 188.84 186.12 176.10 185.80 167.82 180.53 174.80 176.94 167.97 183.30 168.57 160.95

214.15 206.60 198.45 188.43 207.02 214.59 187.09 204.91 169.92 220.78 305.68 191.74 188.48 226.61 282.05 220.82 208.52 209.30 199.99 194.36 219.23 218.77 222.41 259.82 219.65 209.96 236.63 213.12 178.85 159.74 225.84 208.43 219.23 321.70 212.60 230.55 193.94 197.67 227.27 172.40 221.83 182.23 207.29 215.27 241.88 187.10 230.70 232.71 179.91 220.50 258.08 223.10 196.81 226.36 209.37 201.30 213.78 232.42 191.75 203.61 222.43 224.37 209.68 225.74 203.76 214.21 209.70 200.47 202.36 231.41 214.27 194.53

Table 18 Entropy of Gas S=A+BT+CT NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate S - entropy of gas, joule/(K mol) A, B, C, D and E - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

2

3

+DT +ET

4

(S - joule/(K mol), T - K)

A

B

C

D

E

150.432 159.337 144.589 153.272 133.820 144.202 152.455 159.622 132.963 137.739 132.913 132.199 135.672 124.130 138.897

1.6947E-01 2.2979E-01 1.9612E-01 1.8648E-01 2.3930E-01 1.8326E-01 1.9612E-01 1.9795E-01 2.5417E-01 1.7657E-01 1.8368E-01 2.3815E-01 1.9612E-01 1.8368E-01 2.0386E-01

-2.1793E-04 -3.3001E-04 -2.8427E-04 -2.5921E-04 -3.4742E-04 -2.4859E-04 -2.8427E-04 -2.6009E-04 -3.7049E-04 -2.3471E-04 -2.4958E-04 -3.3247E-04 -2.8427E-04 -2.4958E-04 -2.4828E-04

1.4952E-07 2.2401E-07 1.9262E-07 1.8362E-07 2.4416E-07 1.7056E-07 1.9262E-07 1.7390E-07 2.6396E-07 1.8038E-07 1.7124E-07 2.2792E-07 1.9262E-07 1.7124E-07 1.5717E-07

-3.8214E-11 -5.6075E-11 -4.8053E-11 -4.7422E-11 -6.3016E-11 -4.3590E-11 -4.8053E-11 -4.3288E-11 -6.8961E-11 -5.0823E-11 -4.3763E-11 -5.7988E-11 -4.8053E-11 -4.3763E-11 -3.7895E-11

544

TMIN TMAX code S @TMIN S @298 S @TMAX 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

171.44 187.11 168.24 176.01 162.69 166.65 176.10 184.03 163.61 159.53 155.41 161.18 159.32 146.62 164.40

185.25 204.01 182.52 190.32 180.26 180.92 190.38 199.79 182.26 173.90 169.69 179.23 173.60 160.90 181.47

225.49 233.63 205.99 229.40 216.09 214.73 213.86 239.12 222.38 226.00 203.27 217.03 197.07 194.48 224.65

Appendix 19 Entropy of Solid 14. Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). 15. Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). 16. Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). 17. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). 18. Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). 19. Hurst, J. E., Jr. and B. K. Harrison, Chem. Eng. Comm., 112, 21-30 (1992). 20. Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). 21. Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 22. Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). 23. LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). 24. McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). 25. NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). 26. Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). 27. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 28. Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). 29. Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). 30. Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). 31. Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). 32. web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). 33. web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008). 34. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 35. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001).

Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for entropy of solid are given in Table 19. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for entropy of solid at representative temperatures. References 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

10.

11. 12.

13.

Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991).

545

Appendix 19 Entropy of Solid 36. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 37. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 38. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

546

Table 19 Entropy of Solid S=A+BT+CT NO

ID

1 2 3 6 8 9 10 11 13 16.1 16.2 17 18 19 23 24 25 26 30 31 33 35 38 39 40 43 45 47 48 49 50 52 53 55 57 58 59 62 63 64 66 70 71 71.1 71.2 72 73 74 77 78 80 81 82 85 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 95.1 96 98 99 101 102 103 104 105 106

1 13 77 202 256 283 416 530 562 638 639 675 776 830 916 1035 1124 1169 1307 1332 1369 1420 1575 1610 1637 1740 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2781 3019 3057 3092 3200 3234 3235 3236 3469 3483 3571 3650 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332 4333 4461 4517 4550 4583 4609 4639 4703 4747 4766

FORMULA Ac Ag Al As Au B Ba Be Bi C C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Fe Ga Gd Ge Hf Ho I2 In Ir K La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Nd Ni Os P P P Pa Pb Pd Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sn Sr Ta Tb Te Th Ti Tl Tm U

NAME actinium silver aluminum arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth diamond graphite calcium cadmium cerium cobalt chromium cesium copper dysprosium erbium europium iron gallium gadolinium germanium hafnium holmium iodine indium iridium potassium lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum sodium niobium neodymium nickel osmium phosphorus (white) phosphorus (red) phosphorus (black) protactinium lead palladium praseodymium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white) tin (gray) strontium tantalum terbium tellurium thorium titanium thallium thulium uranium

2

3

+DT +ET

4

(S - joule/(K mol), T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7782-40-3 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 7440-58-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-02-0 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5 7440-31-5 7440-24-6 7440-25-7 7440-27-9 13494-80-9 7440-29-1 7440-32-6 7440-28-0 7440-30-4 7440-61-1

56.500 8.390 -6.994 -0.486 14.442 -3.057 9.616 -10.801 16.576 -3.252 -3.286 -10.703 9.468 72.000 -5.721 -5.501 15.498 -5.143 75.000 73.200 77.800 -3.366 -8.374 68.100 -0.844 1.519 75.000 -5.816 8.892 4.491 1.299 19.151 -3.396 51.000 -6.703 -3.763 -4.729 -6.434 -1.811 34.832 -4.945 2.395 3.866 -7.587 -5.450 51.900 18.153 5.513 73.000 9.612 71.000 8.519 4.132 1.634 -0.916 -2.491 7.861 34.600 42.440 -5.712 35.900 -3.594 43.801 18.919 0.273 73.200 49.700 7.663 -4.943 15.789 74.000 1.004

0.0000E+00 1.5616E-01 1.6824E-01 1.6820E-01 1.4820E-01 2.5553E-02 3.2833E-01 8.1918E-02 1.9983E-01 1.2460E-02 2.9644E-02 3.1533E-01 2.2259E-01 0.0000E+00 1.6250E-01 1.2286E-01 6.1366E-01 1.8089E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2945E-01 3.3368E-01 0.0000E+00 1.4512E-01 1.9036E-01 0.0000E+00 7.9732E-01 2.7770E-01 1.3589E-01 4.7878E-01 1.7465E-01 1.0137E-01 0.0000E+00 1.9550E-01 1.5096E-01 1.4514E-01 4.3142E-01 1.7091E-01 1.7080E-01 1.4908E-01 1.3456E-01 2.1147E-01 1.4362E-01 1.2231E-01 0.0000E+00 2.5692E-01 1.4055E-01 0.0000E+00 1.4031E-01 0.0000E+00 6.0225E-01 1.4633E-01 1.2816E-01 1.2985E-01 1.7457E-01 1.8577E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0278E-01 1.3522E-01 3.5490E-01 0.0000E+00 1.4370E-01 1.8733E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.9590E-01 1.5661E-01 2.8249E-01 0.0000E+00 2.6064E-01

0.0000E+00 -1.6844E-04 -2.1086E-04 -2.0491E-04 -1.5068E-04 2.7386E-05 -7.5827E-04 -5.2482E-05 -2.8174E-04 2.7915E-05 4.5682E-06 -6.7580E-04 -3.6707E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.7492E-04 -9.2446E-05 -2.6559E-03 -2.1908E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0249E-04 -1.0568E-03 0.0000E+00 -1.5313E-04 -2.1287E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.2833E-03 -5.2447E-04 -1.2560E-04 -1.6425E-03 -1.9498E-04 2.2433E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.7337E-04 -1.2601E-04 -1.3304E-04 -1.4794E-03 -1.8009E-04 -1.9032E-04 -1.2716E-04 -1.2563E-04 -5.1181E-04 -1.7659E-04 -1.1089E-04 0.0000E+00 -4.7295E-04 -1.2967E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.3005E-04 0.0000E+00 -2.5811E-03 -1.4504E-04 -1.0952E-04 -1.2422E-04 -2.7769E-04 -2.5199E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -7.9182E-05 -8.4864E-05 -9.0710E-04 0.0000E+00 -1.2907E-04 -2.0996E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.1364E-04 -1.4920E-04 -5.8579E-04 0.0000E+00 -4.2859E-04

0.0000E+00 1.0478E-07 1.6103E-07 1.4675E-07 8.7878E-08 -2.9626E-08 1.0050E-06 2.1548E-08 2.3182E-07 -2.2703E-08 -8.9952E-09 8.0865E-07 3.7039E-07 0.0000E+00 1.0872E-07 3.9758E-08 6.4391E-06 1.4492E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.7163E-08 2.2889E-06 0.0000E+00 9.2702E-08 1.2954E-07 0.0000E+00 4.0213E-06 5.2533E-07 6.6793E-08 3.3029E-06 1.2738E-07 -9.4147E-07 0.0000E+00 2.2488E-07 6.3152E-08 6.8364E-08 3.0060E-06 1.0330E-07 1.2953E-07 6.1736E-08 6.6545E-08 1.0164E-06 1.3895E-07 5.8951E-08 0.0000E+00 5.3045E-07 6.8737E-08 0.0000E+00 6.9069E-08 0.0000E+00 6.1295E-06 8.2171E-08 5.5855E-08 7.0674E-08 3.2766E-07 2.0259E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.6679E-08 3.7345E-08 1.3602E-06 0.0000E+00 6.8813E-08 1.2547E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2334E-07 7.8371E-08 7.1984E-07 0.0000E+00 4.0253E-07

0.0000E+00 -2.5874E-11 -4.9331E-11 -4.2679E-11 -2.0431E-11 8.3566E-12 -4.7280E-10 -3.6080E-12 -6.9966E-11 5.5128E-12 2.4993E-12 -3.7626E-10 -1.5421E-10 0.0000E+00 -2.4934E-11 -6.3521E-12 -6.0478E-09 -3.6472E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.5403E-12 -2.1426E-09 0.0000E+00 -2.2389E-11 -3.0250E-11 0.0000E+00 -2.4540E-09 -1.5058E-10 -1.4104E-11 -2.6424E-09 -3.3568E-11 9.3125E-10 0.0000E+00 -7.3878E-11 -1.2648E-11 -1.3925E-11 -2.4120E-09 -2.3110E-11 -3.4236E-11 -1.1928E-11 -1.4010E-11 -9.1901E-10 -4.4855E-11 -1.0959E-11 0.0000E+00 -2.4956E-10 -1.4479E-11 0.0000E+00 -1.4571E-11 0.0000E+00 -5.6041E-09 -1.8485E-11 -1.1334E-11 -1.6259E-11 -1.8977E-10 -6.5618E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.9861E-12 -7.9937E-12 -8.1642E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.4516E-11 -2.8911E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.6847E-11 -1.5291E-11 -3.5676E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.4347E-10

547

TMIN TMAX code S @TMIN S @298 S @TMAX 298 298 298 298 298 100 298 298 293 298 298 100 298 298 100 100 100 100 298 298 298 298 100 298 298 100 298 100 298 298 100 298 50 298 100 100 100 100 100 298 100 298 100 298 100 298 298 298 298 298 298 100 298 298 298 40 298 298 298 298 298 100 298 298 100 298 298 100 100 298 298 100

298 1234 933 1000 1336 1500 500 1527 545 1500 1500 716 594 298 1394 1500 302 1358 298 298 298 1800 303 298 1210 1500 298 387 429 1500 337 1137 454 298 923 1500 1500 371 1500 1135 1500 1500 317 870 1000 298 500 1500 298 1500 298 313 1400 1600 1300 368 903 298 298 1500 1190 505 298 1500 1500 298 298 1650 1500 500 298 942

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

56.50 42.55 28.30 35.00 47.40 -0.26 63.00 9.50 56.27 2.39 5.74 14.84 51.80 72.00 8.89 5.90 56.14 10.90 75.00 73.20 77.80 27.30 16.50 68.10 31.09 18.55 75.00 54.86 57.80 35.50 35.79 57.00 2.12 51.00 10.33 10.14 8.52 24.68 13.58 72.00 8.75 33.00 20.82 22.85 5.73 51.90 64.80 37.60 73.00 41.60 71.00 48.50 36.90 31.50 28.50 4.07 45.70 34.60 42.44 18.81 69.60 24.10 43.80 52.00 17.03 73.20 49.70 25.24 9.30 64.20 74.00 23.17

56.50 42.55 28.30 35.00 47.40 6.28 63.00 9.50 56.70 2.39 5.74 41.70 51.80 72.00 29.86 23.91 85.24 32.87 75.00 73.20 77.80 27.30 40.90 68.10 31.09 42.55 75.00 116.12 57.80 35.50 64.70 57.00 29.18 51.00 32.66 31.62 28.42 51.30 35.69 72.00 29.74 33.00 41.09 22.86 22.64 51.90 64.80 37.60 73.00 41.60 71.00 76.80 36.90 31.50 28.50 32.06 45.70 34.60 42.44 18.81 69.60 51.18 43.80 52.00 40.56 73.20 49.70 50.14 30.44 64.20 74.00 50.15

56.50 81.50 59.84 66.88 87.95 39.21 80.28 49.02 73.13 29.53 33.75 66.55 70.60 72.00 81.24 72.80 85.60 75.38 75.00 73.20 77.80 82.97 41.31 68.10 66.78 92.16 75.00 138.74 67.90 79.74 68.43 96.79 40.31 51.00 64.06 88.26 73.87 57.80 81.00 116.08 80.54 75.24 42.59 49.51 53.96 51.90 79.09 83.27 73.00 86.81 71.00 78.29 79.19 80.82 66.78 37.01 75.68 34.60 42.44 58.72 123.54 66.38 43.80 102.82 85.98 73.20 49.70 104.32 81.35 78.27 74.00 89.71

Table 19 Entropy of Solid S=A+BT+CT NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

113 4836 V vanadium 114 4899 W tungsten 116 4960 Y yttrium 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 118 5021 Zn zinc 119 5113 Zr zirconium code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate S - entropy of solid, joule/(K mol)

2

3

+DT +ET

4

(S - joule/(K mol), T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

7440-62-2 7440-33-7 7440-65-5 7440-64-4 7440-66-6 7440-67-7

-4.998 -3.885 11.722 59.900 -5.871 -0.875

1.4642E-01 1.6212E-01 1.4287E-01 0.0000E+00 2.7234E-01 1.7970E-01

-1.2988E-04 -1.6529E-04 -1.3102E-04 0.0000E+00 -5.3428E-04 -1.9574E-04

6.4824E-08 9.2343E-08 6.9591E-08 0.0000E+00 6.0286E-07 1.1652E-07

-1.2750E-11 -2.0211E-11 -1.4660E-11 0.0000E+00 -2.7049E-10 -2.6603E-11

548

TMIN TMAX code S @TMIN S @298 S @TMAX 100 100 298 298 100 100

1500 1500 1500 298 693 1500

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

8.41 10.76 44.40 59.90 16.60 15.25

28.73 32.05 44.40 59.90 41.67 38.18

76.63 76.73 91.88 59.90 64.52 86.83

Appendix 20 Enthalpy of Formation of Gas Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

15.

The results for enthalpy of formation of gas are given in Table 20. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for enthalpy of formation of gas at representative temperatures.

16. 17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, 2001, 1993 and 1989 eds., ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA (2001, 1993, 1989). Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL

22.

23. 24. 25.

26.

27.

28.

29. 30. 31. 32.

33.

34. 35. 36.

549

SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

Appendix 20 Enthalpy of Formation of Gas 37. Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). 38. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 39. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 40. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 41. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 42. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 43. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 44. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 45. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 46. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

550

Table 20 Enthalpy of Formation of Gas H NO

ID

1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 16.2 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 77 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91.1 91.2

1 13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 639 675 776 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3469 3483 3571 3650 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4084 4085

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C Ca Cd Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Se Se

NAME actinium silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine graphite calcium cadmium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) protactinium lead palladium praseodymium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) selenium (a form) selenium (vitreous)

2

f

3

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET

4

(H f - kjoule/mol, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-43-9 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2 7782-49-2

406.000 284.900 330.148 0.000 304.001 366.100 555.045 182.673 320.620 206.679 52.507 716.670 178.780 112.785 423.000 0.000 428.908 397.400 76.500 340.380 0.000 290.400 317.100 175.300 0.000 415.192 272.000 397.500 369.274 0.000 0.000 0.000 619.607 63.975 300.800 63.621 243.836 666.088 87.799 0.000 431.000 159.815 427.600 147.784 283.257 658.185 0.000 108.219 729.846 327.600 0.000 429.863 0.000 791.655 315.029 607.000 196.612 379.596 355.600 565.300 159.000 82.727 771.222 557.931 0.000 642.700 274.782 263.790 377.800 227.100 227.100 227.100

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.8267E-04 0.0000E+00 -5.2529E-03 0.0000E+00 2.5207E-02 -2.4863E-02 2.0283E-02 1.2829E-02 -1.3974E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.3997E-03 -1.4885E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2964E-02 5.9057E-03 0.0000E+00 -1.4522E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.6596E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0225E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.4578E-03 -1.0754E-02 0.0000E+00 5.3741E-02 9.4950E-03 -8.8185E-04 3.8900E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.0597E-04 0.0000E+00 5.6195E-04 0.0000E+00 4.8067E-03 0.0000E+00 -8.0048E-04 1.7252E-02 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 6.9516E-03 0.0000E+00 -5.2055E-04 1.5370E-02 0.0000E+00 -3.3527E-03 -4.6140E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0943E-02 -4.3186E-03 -3.2339E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.8020E-02 -6.5237E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.7158E-06 0.0000E+00 1.7196E-06 0.0000E+00 -3.3789E-05 6.9874E-05 -3.6830E-05 -6.0405E-05 3.6075E-04 0.0000E+00 -6.4705E-06 -6.8172E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.3961E-05 -2.3673E-05 0.0000E+00 2.3311E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.7832E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.6094E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.8241E-06 8.8475E-06 0.0000E+00 -3.6912E-04 -7.7068E-05 -7.2817E-06 -2.4592E-04 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.2855E-07 0.0000E+00 -1.2372E-05 0.0000E+00 -2.1566E-05 0.0000E+00 -9.4580E-07 -2.6825E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.5715E-05 0.0000E+00 -6.9690E-06 -4.6986E-05 0.0000E+00 -4.8548E-06 9.2916E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.6214E-05 1.6999E-07 -3.1058E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.6170E-05 8.8222E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.9553E-10 0.0000E+00 -3.6460E-09 0.0000E+00 1.7858E-08 -9.0418E-08 2.4927E-08 9.1110E-08 -5.0589E-07 0.0000E+00 9.4147E-10 3.3728E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.9559E-08 1.7622E-08 0.0000E+00 -2.1338E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.9433E-21 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.7492E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.2264E-09 -7.0881E-09 0.0000E+00 8.9533E-07 1.8014E-07 4.9485E-09 6.1698E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0839E-08 0.0000E+00 1.1060E-08 0.0000E+00 1.6437E-08 0.0000E+00 -2.2512E-08 1.7672E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.9162E-08 0.0000E+00 4.8066E-09 3.6032E-08 0.0000E+00 7.4129E-10 -4.4661E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0083E-07 -2.0089E-09 -1.6322E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.9124E-08 -1.3951E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0405E-12 0.0000E+00 1.1771E-12 0.0000E+00 -3.8323E-12 3.4097E-22 -6.8084E-12 -5.6862E-11 1.7806E-10 0.0000E+00 -1.5765E-12 -3.0618E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.7947E-12 -5.5556E-12 0.0000E+00 5.4553E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.0899E-24 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.1053E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.3970E-12 1.6677E-12 0.0000E+00 -1.0302E-09 -1.6333E-10 -1.1826E-12 -6.1870E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.3043E-12 0.0000E+00 -5.6673E-12 0.0000E+00 -4.6585E-12 0.0000E+00 -1.0617E-20 -4.6536E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.3644E-12 0.0000E+00 -9.8779E-13 9.5944E-20 0.0000E+00 8.8785E-22 1.9250E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 8.4804E-18 4.9971E-13 5.6150E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.8858E-11 5.1210E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

551

TMIN TMAX code Hf @298 Hf @TMAX 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298

298 298 933 1500 1000 298 1500 500 1500 545 333 298 716 594 298 1500 1394 1500 298 1358 1500 298 298 298 1500 1500 298 298 1210 1500 1500 1500 1500 630 298 387 429 1500 337 1500 298 454 298 923 298 1500 1500 371 1500 298 1500 1500 1500 1500 317 298 500 1500 298 298 298 313 1400 1500 1500 298 368 903 298 298 298 298

1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1

406.00 284.90 329.70 0.00 302.50 366.10 560.00 179.08 324.00 207.10 30.91 716.67 177.80 111.80 423.00 0.00 426.68 397.48 76.50 337.60 0.00 290.40 317.10 175.30 0.00 415.47 272.00 397.50 372.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 618.40 61.38 300.80 62.42 243.30 665.30 89.00 0.00 431.00 159.30 427.60 147.10 283.26 658.10 0.00 107.30 733.04 327.60 0.00 430.12 0.00 791.00 316.39 607.00 195.20 378.20 355.60 565.30 159.00 80.90 769.90 556.90 0.00 642.70 276.98 262.30 377.80 227.10 227.10 227.10

406.00 284.90 324.96 0.00 298.00 366.10 557.70 176.41 317.84 205.46 29.50 716.67 174.39 109.82 423.00 0.00 414.97 384.34 76.50 328.76 0.00 290.40 317.10 175.30 0.00 406.17 272.00 397.50 373.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 611.13 59.20 300.80 57.94 242.41 659.10 88.62 0.00 431.00 158.36 427.60 142.35 283.26 648.76 0.00 106.64 731.45 327.60 0.00 419.95 0.00 786.42 316.33 607.00 193.81 369.44 355.60 565.30 159.00 80.74 761.92 549.71 0.00 642.70 276.99 258.23 377.80 227.10 227.10 227.10

Table 20 Enthalpy of Formation of Gas H NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

93 silicon 7440-21-3 4140 Si 94 samarium 7440-19-9 4303 Sm 95 tin (white) 7440-31-5 4332 Sn 96 strontium 7440-24-6 4461 Sr 97 tritium 10028-17-8 4515 T2 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 100 4570 Tc technetium 7440-26-8 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Hf - enthalpy of formation of gas, kjoule/mol A, B, C, D and E - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

2

f

3

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET

4

(H f - kjoule/mol, T - K)

A

B

C

D

E

447.143 206.700 302.901 165.371 0.000 783.956 388.700 678.000 196.700 602.760 472.823 184.460 232.200 533.949 511.620 850.493 0.000 420.435 152.300 132.222 609.363

1.8864E-02 0.0000E+00 -5.5036E-03 -3.2325E-03 0.0000E+00 -7.3631E-03 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.4126E-03 9.4646E-03 -1.3627E-02 0.0000E+00 -3.5942E-03 2.9172E-02 1.1301E-02 0.0000E+00 6.1838E-03 0.0000E+00 -8.8856E-03 2.6059E-03

-3.8971E-05 0.0000E+00 -5.9924E-07 -4.4551E-06 0.0000E+00 2.2426E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.7033E-05 -2.8846E-05 3.5436E-05 0.0000E+00 6.0712E-06 -7.1241E-05 -4.8819E-05 0.0000E+00 -1.2118E-05 0.0000E+00 1.6212E-05 2.1667E-07

2.8652E-08 0.0000E+00 -8.8697E-10 -4.2871E-10 0.0000E+00 1.2240E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.3579E-08 2.3046E-08 -5.9519E-08 0.0000E+00 -1.6876E-08 6.1552E-08 6.3249E-08 0.0000E+00 3.9478E-09 0.0000E+00 -2.5545E-08 -5.5497E-09

-7.8820E-12 0.0000E+00 2.0552E-12 1.9834E-14 0.0000E+00 -4.0144E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.4007E-12 -7.9579E-12 2.9076E-11 0.0000E+00 3.8809E-12 -1.8571E-11 -2.1925E-11 0.0000E+00 -7.4329E-13 0.0000E+00 1.0573E-11 1.9256E-12

552

TMIN TMAX code Hf @298 Hf @TMAX 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298

1500 298 505 1500 1500 1500 298 298 298 1500 1500 500 298 942 1500 1500 1500 1500 298 693 1500

1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2

450.00 206.70 301.20 164.00 0.00 781.99 388.70 678.00 196.70 602.00 473.63 182.20 232.20 533.00 515.47 851.03 0.00 421.30 152.30 130.42 610.03

444.55 206.70 299.99 149.15 0.00 780.06 388.70 678.00 196.70 595.17 459.61 180.88 232.20 524.90 508.81 860.07 0.00 412.01 152.30 127.79 604.78

Appendix 21 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Gas Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas

15.

The results for Gibbs energy of formation of gas are given in Table 21. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for Gibbs energy of formation of gas at representative temperatures.

16. 17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

References 1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

10.

11.

12. 13.

14.

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals, 2001, 1993 and 1989 eds., ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA (2001, 1993, 1989). Barin, I. and O. Knacke, THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES , SpringerVerlag, New York, NY (1973). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1974 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 3(2), (1974). Chase, M. W. and others, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, 1975 Supplement, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 4(1), (1975). Chase, M. W., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downet, D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald, and A. N. Syverud, JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 3rd ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1 (1985). Chase, M. W., NIST-JANAF THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES, Parts 1 and 2, 4th ed., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9 (1998). Cox, J. D., D. D. Wagman, and V. A. Medvedev, CODATA KEY VALUES FOR THERMODYNAMICS, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). CRC HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND THERMOCHEMICAL DATA, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Daubert, T. E. and R. P. Danner, DATA COMPILATION OF PROPERTIES OF PURE COMPOUNDS, Parts 1, 2, 3 and 4, Supplements 1 and 2, DIPPR Project 801, AIChE, New York, NY (1985-2003). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 3rd and 4th eds., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY (19782004). Jacobsen, R. T., R. B. Stewart, and W. Wagner, [Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1991 (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 1, Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1989). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL

22.

23. 24. 25.

26.

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28.

29. 30. 31. 32.

33.

34. 35. 36.

553

SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 2, , Parts 1 and 2, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, NY (1991). Gurvich, L. V., I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SUBSTANCES, 4th ed., Vol. 4, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1994). Hampel, C. A., THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS, Reinhold Book Corp., New York, NY (1968). Ho, C. Y., P. E. Liley, T. Makita, and Y. Tanaka, PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FLUIDS, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1988). Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, SELECTED VALUES OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1973). Hultgren, R., R. L. Orr, P. D. Anderson, and K. K. Kelley, SELECTED VALUES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1963). Karapet’yants, M. K. and M. L. Karapet’yants, THERMODYNAMIC CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, Ann Arbour-Humprey Science Publishers, Ann Arbour, MI (1970). Kubaschewski, O. and M. H. Rand, THE THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF URANIUM COMPOUNDS, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). Kubaschewski, O., E. L. Evans, and C. B. Alcock, METALLURGICAL THERMOCHEMISTRY, 4th ed., Pergamon, Press, New York, NY (1967). LANGE'S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY, 13th, 14th, and 15th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1985, 1992, 2005). McCarty, R. D., [Helium], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 2, 923 (1973). NASA Technical Memorandum 3287/Rev 1, “Thermodynamic Data for Fifty Reference Elements”, B. J. McBride, S. Gordon, and M. Reno, NASA (Feb, 2001). Oetting, F. L., M. H. Rand, and J. R. Ackermann, THE CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF THE ACTINIDE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS, Part 1 – The Actnide Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1976). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Pankratz, L. B., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND OXIDES, Bulletin, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1982). Patnaik, P., HANDBOOK OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2002). PERRY'S CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, 6th and 7th eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1984, 1997). Reynolds, W. C., THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN SI, Standford University, Standford, CA (1979). Samsonov, G. V., ed., HANDBOOK OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, IFI/Plenum, Washington, DC (1968). Vargaftik, N. B., TABLES ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND GASES, 2nd ed., English translation, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, NY (1975, 1983). web site, NIST Chemistry WebBook, www.webbook.nist.gov (2008). web site, WebElements, www.webelements.com (2008). web site, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, en.wikipedia.org (2008).

Appendix 21 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Gas 37. Younglove, B. A., [Argon, Ethylene, Parahydrogen, Nitrogen, Nitrogen Trifluoride and Oxygen], J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11, Supplement 1 (1982). 38. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (1)," Chem. Eng., 81 (12), 70 (June 10, 1974). 39. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Diatomic Gases (Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (8)," Chem. Eng., 82 (2), 99 (Jan. 20, 1975). 40. Yaws, C. L. and Others, "Major Inert Gases (Helium, Neon and Argon) - Phy. and Thermo. Prop. (9)." Chem. Eng., 82 (4), 87 (Feb. 17, 1975). 41. Yaws, C. L., PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1977). 42. Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). 43. Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001). 44. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CHEMICALS, electronic edition, www.knovel.com, knovel, Norvich, NY (2003-present). 45. Yaws, C. L., YAWS HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES FOR HYDROCARBONS AND CHEMICALS, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX (2006). 46. Yaws, C. L., HANDBOOK OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS AND HYDROCARBONS, William Andrew Inc., Norwich, NY (2008).

554

Table 21 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Gas G NO

ID

1 2 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 13 15 16.2 17 19 21 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 38 39 40 41 42 42.1 43 44 45 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 55 57 58 59 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 77 78 80 81 82 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 94 95

1 13 77 200 202 256 283 416 530 562 633 639 675 830 899 916 1035 1124 1169 1302 1307 1332 1369 1409 1420 1575 1610 1637 1709 1739 1738 1740 1771 1841 1873 1877 1917 1960 2162 2168 2203 2316 2335 2464 2548 2678 2781 3019 3057 3091 3092 3198 3200 3234 3469 3483 3571 3650 3691 3773 3781 3828 3880 3940 3941 3991 4023 4065 4083 4140 4303 4332

FORMULA Ac Ag Al Ar As Au B Ba Be Bi Br2 C Ca Ce Cl2 Co Cr Cs Cu D2 Dy Er Eu F2 Fe Ga Gd Ge H2 He He Hf Hg Ho I2 In Ir K Kr La Li Lu Mg Mn Mo N2 Na Nb Nd Ne Ni O2 Os P Pa Pb Pd Pr Pt Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn

NAME actinium silver aluminum argon arsenic gold boron barium beryllium bismuth bromine graphite calcium cerium chlorine cobalt chromium cesium copper deuterium dysprosium erbium europium fluorine iron gallium gadolinium germanium hydrogen helium-4 helium-3 hafnium mercury holmium iodine indium iridium potassium krypton lanthanum lithium lutetium magnesium manganese molybdenum nitrogen sodium niobium neodymium neon nickel oxygen osmium phosphorus (white) protactinium lead palladium praseodymium platinum radium rubidium rhenium rhodium radon ruthenium sulfur antimony scandium selenium (gray) silicon samarium tin (white)

2

f

3

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET

4

(G f - kjoule/mol, T - K)

CAS No

A

B

C

D

E

7440-34-8 7440-22-4 7429-90-5 7440-37-1 7440-38-3 7440-57-5 7440-42-8 7440-39-3 7440-41-7 7440-69-9 7726-95-6 7782-42-5 7440-70-2 7440-45-1 7782-50-5 7440-48-4 7440-47-3 7440-46-2 7440-50-8 7782-39-0 7429-91-6 7440-52-0 7440-53-1 7782-41-4 7439-89-6 7440-55-3 7440-54-2 7440-56-4 1333-74-0 7440-59-7 14762-55-1 7440-58-6 7439-97-6 7440-60-0 7553-56-2 7440-74-6 7439-88-5 7440-09-7 7439-90-9 7439-91-0 7439-93-2 7439-94-3 7439-95-4 7439-96-5 7439-98-7 7727-37-9 7440-23-5 7440-03-1 7440-00-8 7440-01-9 7440-02-0 7782-44-7 7440-04-2 7723-14-0 7440-13-3 7439-92-1 7440-05-3 7440-10-0 7440-06-4 7440-14-4 7440-17-7 7440-15-5 7440-16-6 10043-92-2 7440-18-8 7704-34-9 7440-36-0 7440-20-2 7782-49-2 7440-21-3 7440-19-9 7440-31-5

366.000 246.000 330.189 0.000 303.231 326.300 559.444 180.260 324.084 207.981 41.502 671.244 178.616 385.000 0.000 426.931 398.610 49.532 338.237 0.000 254.400 280.700 142.200 0.000 415.656 233.700 359.800 370.841 0.000 0.000 0.000 619.226 62.797 264.800 68.183 244.755 665.937 90.881 0.000 393.600 159.751 387.800 147.917 241.007 659.149 0.000 108.153 732.857 292.400 0.000 431.224 0.000 791.548 316.211 563.000 196.286 378.799 320.900 520.500 130.000 81.892 770.492 557.375 0.000 595.800 276.277 262.962 336.000 187.000 450.245 172.800 302.373

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.3955E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.4456E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.4202E-01 -1.1707E-01 -1.2634E-01 -1.3687E-01 -1.8773E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.1900E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.5147E-01 -1.5815E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.3792E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.5414E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2788E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.4932E-01 -1.1003E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.9019E-01 -1.2887E-01 -1.6354E-01 -1.1297E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.1240E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.2181E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.6000E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.0716E-01 -1.4754E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.5964E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.5823E-01 -1.1764E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.1863E-01 -1.3344E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -9.8932E-02 -1.5627E-01 -1.5807E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.2871E-01 -1.3958E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.5005E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.2646E-01

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.5184E-06 0.0000E+00 1.1135E-05 0.0000E+00 -1.5484E-05 2.5383E-05 -3.7678E-06 1.3546E-05 3.0446E-04 0.0000E+00 1.0836E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 4.6794E-06 1.3809E-05 0.0000E+00 9.8471E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 5.8165E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.0621E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2085E-05 2.7307E-05 0.0000E+00 1.3224E-04 4.0630E-05 9.0462E-06 6.1875E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2001E-06 0.0000E+00 1.1931E-05 0.0000E+00 1.3344E-05 0.0000E+00 4.5472E-06 -6.8534E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.3516E-05 0.0000E+00 7.8451E-06 -2.7956E-05 0.0000E+00 1.7700E-05 8.1442E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 7.5447E-06 8.6320E-06 6.7178E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.5219E-05 9.5825E-06 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.4502E-07 0.0000E+00 2.1889E-05

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.8000E-10 0.0000E+00 -4.8949E-09 0.0000E+00 1.0902E-08 -3.5221E-08 4.1832E-09 -7.9436E-09 -4.5047E-07 0.0000E+00 -3.4263E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.1583E-09 -5.4245E-09 0.0000E+00 -4.8066E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.0970E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.2910E-08 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -4.8927E-09 -2.3005E-08 0.0000E+00 -2.1614E-07 -5.9326E-08 -3.2052E-09 -1.1509E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.6727E-09 0.0000E+00 -5.8417E-09 0.0000E+00 -5.3164E-09 0.0000E+00 7.6609E-09 4.6673E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.1516E-09 0.0000E+00 -2.7107E-09 6.3176E-08 0.0000E+00 -1.1216E-08 -1.4350E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -8.2650E-09 -2.7169E-09 -1.7957E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.7013E-08 -4.0974E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 2.4582E-09 0.0000E+00 -1.7692E-08

0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.9076E-13 0.0000E+00 1.3018E-12 0.0000E+00 -2.4680E-12 3.3681E-11 -9.0289E-13 4.0233E-12 3.1242E-10 0.0000E+00 1.5042E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.7995E-12 1.3094E-12 0.0000E+00 1.5551E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -3.9721E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -2.8579E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.2406E-13 9.0335E-12 0.0000E+00 2.3047E-10 4.1623E-11 5.3670E-13 1.0466E-10 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2820E-12 0.0000E+00 2.1204E-12 0.0000E+00 1.0724E-12 0.0000E+00 1.7919E-12 -9.8132E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.0311E-12 0.0000E+00 3.8044E-13 -4.3976E-11 0.0000E+00 4.5418E-12 5.3734E-14 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 3.2025E-11 5.7595E-13 3.1239E-13 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.7871E-11 1.5028E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -6.6445E-13 0.0000E+00 6.9711E-12

555

TMIN TMAX code Gf @298 Gf @TMAX 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298

298 298 933 1500 1000 298 1500 500 1500 545 333 298 716 298 1500 1394 1500 298 1358 1500 298 298 298 1500 1500 298 298 1210 1500 1500 1500 1500 630 298 387 429 1500 337 1500 298 454 298 923 298 1500 1500 371 1500 298 1500 1500 1500 1500 317 298 500 1500 298 298 298 313 1400 1500 1500 298 368 903 298 298 1500 298 505

1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1 1 1 1 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1 1,2

366.00 246.00 289.07 0.00 261.00 326.30 515.99 146.94 286.18 168.20 3.13 671.24 144.02 385.00 0.00 382.12 352.55 49.53 297.88 0.00 254.40 280.70 142.20 0.00 369.80 233.70 359.80 331.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 575.66 31.88 264.80 19.33 208.70 617.90 60.48 0.00 393.60 126.59 387.80 112.52 241.01 612.50 0.00 76.83 688.38 292.40 0.00 384.70 0.00 745.00 279.98 563.00 162.23 339.70 320.90 520.50 130.00 53.10 724.60 510.80 0.00 595.80 236.50 222.10 336.00 187.00 405.53 172.80 266.20

366.00 246.00 204.86 0.00 166.21 326.30 335.87 125.77 135.64 136.53 -0.01 671.24 98.10 385.00 0.00 223.12 180.78 49.53 162.36 0.00 254.40 280.70 142.20 0.00 190.82 233.70 359.80 202.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 410.61 0.00 264.80 7.06 193.64 432.88 56.80 0.00 393.60 109.71 387.80 42.60 241.01 436.67 0.00 69.45 506.91 292.40 0.00 210.01 0.00 564.63 277.64 563.00 140.28 192.39 320.90 520.50 130.00 51.75 563.39 330.91 0.00 595.80 226.97 142.71 336.00 187.00 229.10 172.80 242.25

Table 21 Gibbs Energy of Formation of Gas G NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

96 strontium 7440-24-6 4461 Sr 98 tantalum 7440-25-7 4517 Ta 99 terbium 7440-27-9 4550 Tb 101 4583 Te tellurium 13494-80-9 102 4609 Th thorium 7440-29-1 103 4639 Ti titanium 7440-32-6 104 4703 Tl thallium 7440-28-0 105 4747 Tm thulium 7440-30-4 106 4766 U uranium 7440-61-1 113 4836 V vanadium 7440-62-2 114 4899 W tungsten 7440-33-7 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 116 4960 Y yttrium 7440-65-5 117 4995 Yb ytterbium 7440-64-4 118 5021 Zn zinc 7440-66-6 119 5113 Zr zirconium 7440-67-7 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate Gf - Gibbs energy of formation of gas, kjoule/mol A, B, C, D and E - regression coefficients of chemical compound T- temperature, K TMAX - maximum temperature, K TMIN - minimum temperature, K

2

f

3

=A+BT+CT +DT +ET

4

(G f - kjoule/mol, T - K)

A

B

C

D

E

164.807 782.795 349.700 157.100 603.027 474.684 183.144 197.500 533.475 513.285 852.254 0.000 421.479 118.400 131.234 609.876

-1.1467E-01 -1.4972E-01 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -1.4580E-01 -1.5630E-01 -1.2389E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.5253E-01 -1.3614E-01 -1.5094E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.3561E-01 0.0000E+00 -1.2526E-01 -1.4096E-01

1.0773E-05 1.2906E-05 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 1.4512E-05 1.2321E-05 1.7017E-05 0.0000E+00 3.6773E-06 -3.7600E-05 2.4415E-05 0.0000E+00 -2.7871E-07 0.0000E+00 1.3006E-05 -4.5859E-06

-2.3311E-09 -6.8829E-09 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 -5.8721E-09 -5.5538E-09 -1.4734E-08 0.0000E+00 2.8057E-09 1.5669E-08 -2.1337E-08 0.0000E+00 3.1197E-09 0.0000E+00 -8.0677E-09 4.3036E-09

4.7529E-13 1.3387E-12 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 9.7865E-13 1.6373E-12 9.0247E-12 0.0000E+00 2.7305E-13 -2.8445E-12 5.4111E-12 0.0000E+00 -7.3161E-13 0.0000E+00 3.7413E-12 -9.0906E-13

556

TMIN TMAX code Gf @298 Gf @TMAX 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 298

1500 1500 298 298 1500 1500 500 298 942 1500 1500 1500 1500 298 693 1500

1,2 1,2 1 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 1 1,2 1,2

131.52 739.13 349.70 157.10 560.70 429.04 147.40 197.50 488.40 469.74 808.90 0.00 381.10 118.40 94.86 567.55

11.58 570.80 349.70 157.10 402.12 257.50 124.18 197.50 395.61 262.95 636.15 0.00 224.27 118.40 48.88 398.05

Appendix 22 Solubility in Water Carl L. Yaws Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas The results for solubility in water are given in Table 22. The results in the table are applicable for low pressure. The tabulation was prepared by conducting a literature search to identify data source publications. The data source publications include both experimental and parameter values for estimation. After screening the publications, the data were then keyed into the computer to provide a database of values. The table is arranged by alphabetical order (Ag, Al, Ar, ……, Zr ) to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name, CAS No (Chemical Abstracts Registry Number), and regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The range of application is provided by the minimum and maximum temperatures. Temperature outside the range of application should not be used. The next column provides the code for the table. The last several columns provide values for solubility in water at representative temperatures. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9. 10.

11. 12.

13.

14. 15. 16. 17.

CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 75th 88th eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL (1994-2008). Fogg, P. and W. Gerrard, SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUIDS, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1991). Gerrard, W., GAS SOLUBILITIES, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1980). Gerrard, W., SOLUBILITY OF GASES AND LIQUIDS, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1976). Horne, R. A., THE CHEMISTRY OF OUR ENVIRONMENT, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1978). Hutchinson, G. E., A TREATISE ON LIMNOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1957). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Clever, H. L., ed., Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1979). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Clever, H. L., ed., Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1979). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Clever, H. L., ed., Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1980). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Young, C. L., ed., Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1981). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Battino, R., ed., Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1981). IUPAC SOLUBILITY DATA SERIES, Battino, R., ed., Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, New York, NY (1982). TECHNICAL DATA BOOK - PETROLEUM REFINING, Vols. I and II, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC (1972, 1977, 1983). Thibodeaux, L. J., CHEMODYNAMICS, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY (1979). Wilhelm, E., R. Battino, and R. J. Wilcock, Chemical Reviews, Vol. 77, No. 2, 219 (1977). Yaws, C. L., CHEMICAL PROPERTIES HANDBOOK, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1999). Yaws, C. L., MATHESON GAS DATA BOOK, 7th ed., Matheson Tri-Gas (Parsippany, NJ), McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (2001).

557

Table 22 Solubility in Water log NO

ID

FORMULA

NAME

CAS No

10

S = A + B/T + C log10T + D T A

B

C

5 200 Ar argon 7440-37-1 -1055.3705 2.8772E+04 4.2467E+02 21 899 Cl2 chlorine 7782-50-5 -1841.3759 5.0593E+04 7.3961E+02 27 1302 D2 deuterium 7782-39-0 -1613.1148 4.1924E+04 6.5374E+02 41 1709 H2 hydrogen 1333-74-0 -932.5889 2.4928E+04 3.7568E+02 42 1739 He helium-4 7440-59-7 -1037.1419 2.7377E+04 4.1857E+02 51 2162 Kr krypton 7439-90-9 -1312.1442 3.5977E+04 5.2739E+02 61 2678 N2 nitrogen 7727-37-9 -1157.3807 3.1611E+04 4.6492E+02 7440-01-9 -1051.1943 2.8179E+04 65 3091 Ne neon 4.2347E+02 69 3198 O2 oxygen 7782-44-7 -1068.0450 2.9325E+04 4.2899E+02 10043-92-2 -508.8565 86 3940 Rn radon 1.5703E+04 2.0136E+02 115 4945 Xe xenon 7440-63-3 -1075.4609 3.0053E+04 4.3142E+02 code: 1 - data, 2 - estimate S - solubility in water at pressure of about 1 atm (101.325 kPa), parts per million by weight, ppm(wt)

(S - solubility, parts per million by weight, ppm(wt), T - K) D -3.0260E-01 -5.1867E-01 -4.8510E-01 -2.6979E-01 -3.0262E-01 -3.7300E-01 -3.2805E-01 -3.0262E-01 -3.0261E-01 -1.3000E-01 -3.0222E-01

TMIN TMAX code S@TMIN,ppm(wt) S@T298,ppm(wt) S@TMAX,ppm(wt)

273 283 283 273 273 273 273 273 273 273 273

348 353 303 345 348 353 350 348 348 323 348

1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

95.32 9680.50 3.71 1.97 1.69 414.82 28.85 11.39 70.34 5142.01 1314.17

1. Most compounds in the tabulation are at very low concentration (range of about 0.0001 to 0.000001 mol fraction). At very low concentrations, Henry's law is applicable (p = Hx

54.13 6269.55 3.16 1.53 1.51 202.97 17.28 8.85 39.45 1991.01 557.14

21.76 1667.96 3.00 1.01 1.10 59.66 7.83 5.70 16.78 1034.88 160.95

where x