Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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@krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l os Jlstrls @krk`tlrêstg`ks, mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Lmgâào mo Kutor >9>; Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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Mkmos Gatlrak`goakgs ml @ktkhobkâào ak Yunhg`kâào (@GY) PGHTK, Bghnlrto Katðago. Ugab Wg [uka - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l k hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab / Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk. ‐ Pào Nlrakrmo mo @kjpo, PY6 Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk, >9>;. ;0< p.
GPNA6 725-4. Ugabygquka G. ]gtuho
@MM 274
Lstk onrk aào poml slr khtlrkmk, `opgkmk ou mgstrgnuêmk por alaeuj jlgo l pkrk alaeujk akhgmkml slj o `oaslatgjlato por ls`rgto mo
kutor. Lhk la`oatrk-sl protlbgmk plhk Hlg Dlmlrkh a ¶ 7.4;9/75. Os kutor. gadrktorls slrào plakhgzkmos `oadorjl k hlg. Lstl hgvro ç ujk lmgâào mo prðprgo kutor kutor.. Aào prlfumgqul o kutor ak`goakh. ^lsplgtl l kfuml aossos ls`rgtorls. @oaelâk outrks onrks l os vërgos `ursos mo Yrod. BGhnlrto Katðago Katðago Pghvk lj slu sgtl6
www.hkoseka.`oj.nr =
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P\JË^GO
97 Yrldë`go ;2 Gatromuâào - Lstghos Gatlraos l Lxtlraos
YK^]L ; - @oael`lamo o Ugab Wg [uka
05 Kprlslatkâào => Duamkjlatos Duamkjla tos ]lðrg`os => Os @ga`o Jovgjlatos =4 O ]kogsjo l o Lquêvo`o O`gmlatkh
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Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Yrldë`go K egstðrgk mlssl ç jlgo jqul lgo dork Puk vlrsào, nlj jkgshgvro sgjphls lstk,mo dog`ojuj. punhg`kmo ljprgjlgrk >9;> ml jkalgrk rlstrgtk, kplaks træs lxljphkrls6 lxljphkrl s6 uj jlu, uj pkrk jlu `ohlbk @kssgkao ]kckykssu l outro pkrk aosso prodlsp rodlssor, Butljnlrbul Hgvrkjlato. Lrk ujk dorjk jomlstk ml eojlakblkr slu lasgao l suk hgaekblj, uj prlslatl pkrk hljnrkrjos. Jks, `ojo ks `ogsks k`oatl`lj slbuamo k prls`rgâào mo Mlstgao, Jlstrl Butljnlrbul dkhl`lu sungtkjlatl lj >9;7. Dog uj `eoqul tlrrêvlh. Akqulhl jojlato aks`lu k gmlgk ml lxpkamgr `oatlömo mo hgvro l hkaâë-ho ao jlr`kmo ak`goakh, `ojoodorjk ml eojlakblj l pkrk mgduamgr o `oael`gjlato mlssk krtl jkr`gkh tào lspl`gkh l pouquêssgjk `oael`gmk ao Nrksgh. Jl vlfo lavohvgmo lj krtls jkr`gkgs mlsml `rgkaâk, jks latrkamo ml vlz alhks kplaks lj ;75, plrjkal`lamo por mogs kaos ak duaâào l gag`gkamo `krrlgrkmo forakhêstg`k, totkhjlatl vohtkmk pkrk jgaek ks krtlshoabk l hosoks Orglatl. Yuml tlr `oatkto `oj jugtos mos Jlstrls orglatkgs qul gatromuzgrkj ks krtls jkr`gkgs ao Nrksgh. Lj ;774 hka`lg jgaek prðprgk rlvgstk ml krtls jkr`gkgs, Orglatl. @ojl`lg aks Krtls Gatlraks trlgakamo o ]kg Fg [uka S]kg @eg @eukaZ lstgho Wkab, dorjk ml >= jovgjlatos, `oj o Yrod. Ru Cwka Euë. Outros lstghos gatlraos kgamk jl dubgkj, jlsjo tlamo `oatkto `oj Jlstrls gjportkatls. Tërgos ;9
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onstë`uhos gjplmgkj lssl proflto, k`rlmgto qul slfk porqul aào lstkvk ak eork. O \agvlrso dua`goak kssgj. Pojlatl lj >9;9 sounl ml uj prodlssor nkgkao qul pomlrgk slr k `ekvl qul dkhtkvk6 o Jlstrl Butljnlrbul Hgvrkjlato. Jlu kjgbo @kssgkao ]kckykssu phkalfou trkzæ-ho pkrk Pào Ykuho pkrk jgagstrkr `ursos l dorjkjos ujk pkr`lgrk pkrk orbkagzkr slus `ursos. Kpðs kakhgskr k suk hgaekblj fë qulg jugto gatlrlsskmo l ko dkzlr slus `ursos ml [gboab l ]kg @eg lstgho @ela, tgvl k `lrtlzk ml tlr la`oatrkmo o qul pro`urkvk. Dog kê qul o Ugab Wg [uka latrou lj jgaek vgmk. Kplskr ml slr uj brkaml dà mo Nk Buk B uk Vekab, skngk qul mojgakr os træs lstghos gatlraos slrgk ujk jltk aorjkh, l o Ugab Wg sljprl jl kburou `ojo o jkgs sgjphls mlhls, tkato plhos jlus lstumos qukato por opgagüls ml outros prktg`katls ml vërgos pkêsls. Tgkflg `oj jlu kjgbo @kssgkao pkrk Pkhvkmor lj >9;; l tojlg o prgjlgro `oatkto `oat kto `oj lssk krtl ‐ ujk kuhk ml jlmgtkâào lj Pkatgseg, trlgao ml jovgjlatkâào l mos Yuaeos mos @ga`o Jovgjlatos. O aö`hlo mo lstgho. Ak vohtk pksslg k trlgakr lssls jovgjlatos l qulg gjgj prlssgoakmo plhk slaskâào ml dorâk qul o lstgho ls tgho trkasjgtl l plhk slburkaâk ml suk jovgjlatkâào. Ç rlkhjlatl sgjphls, porçj ko jlsjo tljpo lxtrljkjlatl sostg`kmo. Outro k`oatl`gjlato jkr`ou pkrk sljprl jgaek plr`lpâào mlssk krtl. Ko mljoastrkr khbuas jovgjlatos k uj kjgbo krtgstk jkr`gkh, plmg qul jl ktk`kssl l uslg kplaks o prgjlgro puaeo, Yg [uka. L qulg surprlso `oj k dk`g dk`g-Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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hgmkml `oj qul latrlg lj suk bukrmk, o mlslqughgnrlg l mojgalg k sgtukâào. Lrk rlkhjlatl surprllamlatl! Ylr`lng gjlmgktkjlatl mlzlaks ml possêvlgs vkrgkâüls l khtlraktgvks lstrktçbg`ks. @ojo pomlrgk uj jovgjlato tào sgjphls possugr tkjkaek rgqulzk lstrktçbg`k l jkr`gkh? Kpðs gsso, tomo jæs lj qul o Yrodlssor Butljnlrbul vgaek vgaek k Pào Ykuho jgagstrkr os `ursos, lu kprovlgtkvk l dkzgk k `orrlâào mos jovgjlatos l tgrkvk mövgmks tç`ag`ks. Jlstrl Butljnlrbul ç uj suflgto jlgo pohæjg`o, ga`husgvl ak Nkegk, jks gsso aua`k jl gjportou. Lrk ujk la`g`hopçmgk ml Jlmg`gak @egalsk, `oj uj `oael`gjlato vkstêssgjo tkjnçj lj krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks l uj brkaml `orkâào. Plu mojêago mos jovgjlatos, mk dusào mk krtl jkr`gkh `oj k jlmg`gak, l slu uso ml tç`ag`ks sostg`kmks `ojo dkfgab `ojo dkfgab; jl zlrkj plrjkal`lr ko slu hkmo, kprlamlamo o qul lu pumlssl sonrl lssks krtls. Pungtkjlatl, lj dlvlrlgro ml >9;7, `kjos sknlamo ml slu dkhl`gjlato lj Pkhvkmor, lj phlao @krakvkh. \jk çpo`k lx`lhlatl pkrk suk mlsplmgmk, pogs sljprl dog ujk plssok lxtrljkjlatl khlbrl l nrga`kheoak, `kpkz pksskrlj eorks `oatkamo pgkmks. Dog uj prkzlr pksskr tkatomltljpo suk `ojpkaegk, qul pkrl`l eofl tlr sgmo jugto rëpgmo. Lrk uj prodlssor lx`lp`goakh l uj noj kjgbo. @ojo mgssl, akqulhl jojlato aks`lu aks `lu k gmlgk ml lxpkamgr o `oatlömo mkqulhl hgvrgaeo jomlsto l doral`lr uj jktl; Dkfgab 癸勋 ç ujk eknghgmkml jkr`gkh `egalsk qul usk k lalrbgk gatlrak ml dorjk lxphosgvk. Ç prktg`kmo sonrltumo lj lstghos gatlraos (]kgfgquka, Nkbukzekab, Ugabyg [uka, Nkfgquka) l slu trlgakjlato ç mljorkmo l ërmuo. ;>
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rgkh pkrk qul jkgs plssoks ao Nrksgh posskj `oael`lr lssl lstgho lxtrkormgaërgo lxtrkormgaërgo qul ç o Ugab Wg [uka. Ktç oaml slg, ç k prgjlgrk onrk lx`husgvkjlatl mlmg`kmk k lstk krtl lmgtkmk lj aosso pkês. Aào sl trktk ml uj lstumo kproduamkmo, jks jlrkjlatl ujk `ohltîalk ml gadorjkâüls nësg`ks l gatromutðrgks sonrl lstk krtl jkr`gkh tào dks`gakatl. Lsplro qul slfk ötgh l eoarl k jljðrgk ml jlu prodlssor. O Kutor
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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‘To`æ aua`k mlvl slr `ojphk`latl. Pl vo`æ prktg`k uj mgk, bkaek uj mgk. Pl vo`æ plrml uj mgk, latào plrml mlz mgks.‚ @ko Fg Ru (;44)
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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GA]^OM\ÂÀO
Lstghos Lxtlraos l Lstghos Gatlraos
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Lstghos Gatlraos l Lxtlraos Lxgstl ujk mgvgsào aks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks qul kgamk `kusk jugtk pohæjg`k ‐ os lstghos ‘gatlraos‚ l ‘lxtlraos‚. Lstghos Gatlraos slrgkj kqulhls qul mào æadksl ko trlgakjlato gatlrgor (algfgk (algfgk 兢宴) l os Lstghos Lxtlraos slrgkj os qul ladktgzkj o trlgakjlato lxtlrgor (wkgfgk (wkgfgk 夔宴). Laqukato os prgjlgros sl prlo`upkj `oj ugmlz l jovgjlatkâào qul trkz rlhkâào `oj o [g l os sgstljks s gstljks gatlraos mo `orpo, os slbuamos sl `oa`latrkj ak jovgjlatkâào ngojl`îag`k `orporkh, nkslkmo ak lstruturk jus`uhkr l ðsslk. Lxljphos ml Lstghos Gatlraos slrgkj o Nk Buk Vekab 兣卤授 (Ykhjk 彮意拰 mos Ogto o Ugab Wg 夦楼拰 [uka (‘]kg @eg (Yuaeo mk Dorjk l mk]rgbrkjks), Jlatl), o ]kg Fg [uka @euka‚, Yuaeo mo ]kgfg), o Hgu El Nk Dk [uka 兪吅兣泜拰 (Plgs Ekrjoagks l Ogto Jçtomos) l o Vg ^ka Jla 臦焴閉 (Lstgho
Akturkh). Laqukato os lstghos Lxtlraos slrgkj, por lxljpho, o Akaquka (卒拰), Rgab @eua (詩昬), Euab Bkr (洦 宴), ]katug (強腿), ks vërgks krtls mlrgvkmks mos ]ljphos Pekohga `ojo Pekohga @ekab [uka (尛枒镲拰) l Pekohga ]kab [uka (尛枒唙拰). Jugtks plssoks lj tomo o juamo (ga`husgvl khbuas `egalsls) krjkj qul lssk `hkssg`kâào ml krtls `egalsks ‘gatlraks‚ l ‘lxtlraks‚ ç purk `rlamg`l l gavla`goag`l. Plus krbujlatos sào kpkrlatljlatl sðhgmos l rk`goakgs, hlvkamo jugtks plssoks k lssk jlsjk mgrlâào. Jks porqul sl `ojnktlr ujk `hkssg`kâào qul lxgstl kplaks pkrk as mgmëtg`os l ml plsqugsk? Bostkrgk, por gsso, ml ls`hkrl`lr o qul ç lxktkjlatl lssk egstðrgk ml ‘lstgho gatlrao‚ l ‘lstgho lxtlrao‚. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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Orgblas Egstðrg`ks K prgjlgrk vlz qul lssk `hkssg`kâào kpkrl`lu dog lj ;57= qukamo quktro brkamls Jlstrls ml Nk Buk Vekab, ]kg Fg [uka l Ugab Wg [uka sl rluagrkj lj ujk ksso`gkâào pkrk o kprgjorkjlato l labrkaml`gjlato mks krtls jkr`gkgs. K ksso`gkâào dorjkmk por @elab ]gab Euk 稃廲 稃廲華 華, `oasgmlrkmo o jomlrao duamkmor mo Nk Buk Vekab, l slus kjgbos Hgu ml Cuka (]kg Fg [uka), Hg @ua Wg 杁孕乇 l Hgu Rlg Ugkab 刕纨祬 刕纨 祬 (Ugab Wg [uka), sl `ekjou Alg Fgk [uka 兢宴 兢宴拰 拰 (Yuaeos mk Dkjêhgk Gatlrak). Ykrk mgdlrla`gkrlj suks krtls mkqulhks mlrgvkmks ml Pekohga lhls `rgkrkj lssk `hkssg`kâào ml ‘Ls`ohks Gatlraks‚, `ojo pksskrkj k slrlj `ekjkmks ks krtls plrtla`latls é ksso`gkâào. Puk akhgmkml prga`gpkh lrk mgduamgr k krtl jkr`gkh prktg`kmk ml jkalgrk `orrltk, kujlatkr ks eknghgmkmls ml slus lstumkatls l dorjkr ujk drktlragmkml latrl kjkatls mks krtls jkr`gkgs. Jkgs tkrml lssk mgdlrla`gkâào dog mgduamgmk l popuhkrgzkmk k pkrtgr ml ;7;< ktrkvçs mos hgvros mo Jlstrl Pua Hu ]kab 季祿堎 l ç k`lgtk plhk jkgorgk mos Jlstrls ml Cuab Du lj tomo o juamo. @hkssg`kâào
K gmlgkplhk ko rlmor mks Ls`ohks Gatlraks ç ml qul lhks sl mlstk`kj gjportîa`gk l æadksl ao mlslavohvgjlato mk lalrbgk gatlrgor ([g). Gsso aào sgbag`k, `hkro, qul outrks krtls aào mlslavohvkj o [g ou qul ks Krtls Gatlraks aào uslj o `orpo dêsg`o. Lssk mgdlrlaâk, ak vlrmkml, ç nkstkatl `oa`lgtukh. @ojo ks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks lxgstlj lj `latlaks ml vkrgkâüls, dog al`lssërgo mgvgmg-hks lj brupos6 Lxtlraks, Gatlraks, Gatlraks, Pekohga ml Eoaka, Pekohga ml Ducgla, OJlg Peka, mo Aortl, mo Puh, lt`… Yortkato, Ls`ohks Gatlraks l Lxtlraks ç kplaks jkgs uj tgpo ml `hkssg`kâào lxgstlatl. >9
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]kg Fg [uka
Brào-Jlstrl Wkab @eladu (;550-;704)
NK B\K VEKAB
Brào-Jlstrl Pek Buozelab Brào-Jlstrl (;79=-;77>)
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Brào-Jlstrl Rkab Peufga (;79=-;75;)
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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K opgagào popuhkr ml qul lssk mgdlrla`gkâào ç lj vgrtuml ml slrlj ‘murks‚ ou ‘sukvls‚ ç uj brkaml labkao. la bkao. Kjnks ks ls`ohks pomlj tlr tç`ag`ks murks ou sukvls. Outrk fustg`kfustg`ktgvk slrgk sonrl suk hosok ml nksl. \jk nok kproxgjkâào, ljnork kgamk ga`ojphltk, slrgk qul k Ls`ohk Lxtlrak sl nkslkrgk aos prga`êpgos numgstks, laqukato k Ls`ohk Gatlrak slbugrgk ks mgrltrgzls tkogstks. Lssk slrgk nksg`kjlatl k mgdlrlaâk latrl lhks, qul ljnork aào slfk lxktk sl kproxgjk jugto mo qul o`orrl rlkhjlatl rlkhj latl aks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks. Ks prga`gpkgs krtls mo noxl sào blrkhjlatl mgvgmgmks lj træs ls`ohks6 Pekohga, Rumkab l Ljlg. [ukato ko rlsto, eë ujk brkaml vkrglmkml, jks jkgs mk jltkml poml slr `hkssg`kmk son lssks ls`ohks. Pekohga `ojlâou `oj os mogs `hëssg`os ml Mkjo ‐ Jumkaâk ml ]lamüls l Hkvkblj mk Jlmuhk. Latào Wul Dlg ak Mgaksk Poab `ojlâou o qul dog `ekjkmo ml Noxl Noxl Ugabyg, kphg`kamo slu pr prðprgo ðprgo @hëssg`o ml Jumkaâks ao Ossos l `ekjkamo suk krtl ml Ugabyg S‘dorS‘dorjk‚ l ‘gatlaâào‚Z. ‘Dorjk‚ sgbag`k o `orpo. ‘Gatlaâào‚ sgbag`k k gatlaâào jlatkh. O qul ç lxprlsso ak jlatl sl jkagdlstkk aks jàos l pçs. jkagdlst Pua Hutkab
Ls`ohks Gatlraks possulj `ojo nksl os `oa`lgtos mo ]kogsjo. Kssgj, hlvkj lj brkaml gjportîa`gk o uxo ml [g, o Wga/Wkab, os @ga`o Jovgjlatos (`ekjkmos lrroalkjlatl ml ‘lhljlatos‚), os Ogto ]rgbrkjks l o G @egab. O ]koêsjo ç ujk ls`ohk hosð`k jkgs sutgh, jêstg`k, rlprlslatkmk nksg`kjlatl por onrks `ojo o Wg Fgab SG @egabZ (@hëssg`o mks Jutkâüls) l o Mkomlfgab S]ko ]l @egabZ (@hëssg`o mo @kjgaeo l mk Tgrtuml) l plhk prlo`upkâào `oj o [g l k >>
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
ekrjoagk `oj o \agvlrso. Puk tç`ag`k ml jlmgtkâào jkgs `krk`tlrêstg`k ç lj pç l khbujks vlzls lj jovgjlato, ljnork tkjnçj utghgzl posturks slatkmks. Ls`ohks Lxtlraks sl duamkjlatkj lj `krk`tlrêstg`ks jlaos sutgs, blrkhjlatl sustlatkmks plhks gmlgks numgstks. @ojo k prðprgk hosok numgstk prlbk, ks Ls`ohks Lxtlraks sào jkgs ‘pç ao `eào‚, hgmkamo `oj k rlkhgmkml dêsg`k `oa`rltk, prldlrgamo tç`ag`ks jkgs `oatuamlatls, mkamo jlaos æadksl és `krk`tlrêstg`ks jkgs sutgs `ojo o ljprlbo mo [g l jkgs æadksl ao trlgakjlato l mlslavohvgjlato mlslavohvgjla to dêsg`o lj sg. Os lasgakjlatos orgbgakgs ml Numk possuêkj ujk gmlgk ml qul slrgk jkgs gjportkatl sl prlo`upkr `oj aossks kâüls kqug ak ]lrrk mo qul `oj outros phkaos, latào ks tç`ag`ks numgstks sào jkgs `orporkgs, `oj gatlaso trlgakjlato mo `orpo (vlfk k onrk ml Nomegmekrjk, o Wg Fga Fgab ‐ Fgab ‐ lxlr`ê`gos mlstgakmos ko dortkhl`gjlato mos jös`uhos, ossos l tlamüls). Puk jlmgtkâào `krk`tlrêstg`k ç slatkmk l pkrkmk, k trkmg`goakhjlatl utghgzkmk plho @e‗ka l plho Vla. O Numgsjo possug lhlvkmk gauæa`gk aks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks ktrkvçs mk hgaekblj @e‗ka. duamkmorlspl`gkhjlatl dog Nomegmekrjk (`oael`gmo ak @egak porPlu ]k Jo SMkjoZ), hlamërgo joabl gjgbrkatl mk Êamgk l qul dog é @egak por vohtk mo kao 0
ak @egak eë jghæagos, jks suk gauæa`gk hosð`k dog jugto dortl l ml`gsgvk pkrk o mlslavohvgjlato mk krtl jkr`gkh `egalsk `ojo k `oael`ljos eofl. @oj o pksskr mo tljpo jugtos jlstrls ml krtls jkr`gkgs, bulrrlgros l blalrkgs sl rldubgkrkj lj Pekohga, lxpkamgamo suks tç`ag`ks ml `ojnktl `oj l slj krjks. Ç mgbao ml aotk qul lxgstgkj `ga`o jostlgros Pekohga6 o ml Eoaka (jkgs `oael`gmo), o ml Dufgka, o ml Bukabmoab (@katào), o ml Rumkab l o ml O Jlg Peka (ak droatlgrk mo ]gnltl). Yor gsso k gmlgk ml qul brkaml pkrtl mks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks aks`lrkj lj Pekohga, fë qul suk gauæa`gk sl lstlamlu por tomk k @egak. Ks krtls `oj `krk`tlrêstg`ks jkgs tkogstks plrjkal`lrkj hgbkmks k prëtg`ks `orporkgs pkrk k sköml, `ojo o [gboab, l k Jlmg`gak @egalsk. ]kjnçj aào sl poml krjkr qul ks krtls gatlraks aks`lrkj lj l j Rumkab, trkmg`goakh rlmuto tkoêstk, pogs vërgks mlhks aào tgvlrkj lssk orgblj `ojo os lstghos prga`gpkgs ml ]kgfgquka, Nkbukzekab l Ugabygquka. Ao latkato, ml jomo nkstkatl blaçrg`o, poml-sl krjkr qul os Lstghos Gatlraos lstào hgbkmos k Rumkab l os Lstghos Lxtlraos k Pekohga por ujk qulstào ml hosok jkr`gkh l `krk`tlrêstg`ks `ojuas. Mlvl-sl onslrvkr, tkjnçj, qul os lstghos gatlraos prga`gpkgs (]k Fg [uka, Nk Buk Vekab l Ugab Wg [uka) `ojujlatl sào lasgakmos fuatos, lspl`gkhjlatl o Nk Buk Vekab l o Ugab Wg [uka. Plus prga`êpgos sljlhekatls l suks mgdlrlaâks `ojphljlatkrls dkzlj ml slu trlgakjlato lj `oa fuato ujk prëtg`k lxtrljkjlatl provlgtosk. Gsso k`oatl`l tkjnçj `oj khbuas prktg`katls ml Lstghos Lxtlraos, jks aào ç `ojuj. Ak jkgorgk mks vlzls sl lstumk uj öag`o sgstljk. Pl onslrvkrjos `ojo gsso k`oatl`l aks k`kmljgks >=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
por tomo o juamo, plr`lnlrljos `hkrkjlatl k lxgstæa`gk ml mogs brupos ml krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks, muks ‘dkjêhgks‚ jkr`gkgs. Yor jkgs qul sl qulgrk albkr, k rlkhgmkml ç lssk. ]ç`ag`ks
Pknljos qul ks Ls`ohks Lxtlraks tkjnçj tkjn çj utghgzkj o [g l ks Ls`ohks Gatlraks tkjnçj utghgzkj o `orpo dêsg`o (`ojo aào pomlrgk mlgxkr ml slr). K mgdlrlaâk, blrkmk plhks suks hohosoks nësg`ks, `oadorjl jostrkmo, lstë ls të ak æadksl qul `kmk pkrtl `oadlrl és suks krtls6 `orpo l [g. Outrk `krk`tlrêstg`k mks Ls`ohks Gatlraks ç k sutghlzk ml suks tç`ag`ks, slatgmk ktrkvçs mo ljprlbo `grörbg`o ml îabuhos ml `ojnktl. Lssk ç ujk lspl`gkhgmkml mlssks ls`ohks, oaml uj mlsvgo ml jghêjltros `kpk`gtk uj `oatrk-ktkqul duhjgakatl. Ak vlrmkml, lxgstlj jkgs sljlhekaâks mo qul mgdlrlaâks latrl os mogs brupos, lspl`gkhjlatl k pkrtgr mk `oastktkâào qul os Lstghos Gatlraos tgvlrkj suk orgblj lj Lstghos Lxtlraos. O qul eouvl dog ujk trkasdorjkâào ml plaskjlato l ktgtuml, kmotkamo ujk aovk posturk drlatl é jkr`gkhgmkml `oj nksl lj hosoks mgdlrla`gkmks. Akmk qul slfk ga`oga`ojuj ou qul k`knl lj Wg mljçrgtos pkrk uj ou outro brupo. Aks orgblas mo Ugab [uka pomljos vlrg`kr qul Fg Hoabdlab, o prgjlgro jlstrl mlssk krtl, lstumou lj Pekohga por ;9 kaos. Jks kplskr ml suks orgblas lj Pekohga, lssk krtl sl toraou nksg`kjlatl uj Lstgho Gatlrao. Yohæjg`k
K`rlmgto qul tomk k pohæjg`k lj torao mk gmlgk ml Lstghos Gatlraos l Lxtlraos ç purk nonkblj. Ç kplaks ujk mgvgsào tç`ag`k qul kfumk k `ojprllamlr jlheor ks krtls jkr`gkgs Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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`egalsks, lavohtks lj brkaml `ojphlxgmkml. Blrkhjlatl qulj sl grrgtk `oj lssk `hkssg`kâào sgjphls sào prktgprktg`katls ml Lstghos Lxtlraos, qul sl slatlj mgjgauêmos por suks krtls slrlj `ekjkmks ml ‘murks‚ lj `oatrkstl `oj ks ‘sukvls‚ (fë jla`goalg qul lssl tgpo ml plaskjlato ç lqugvo`kmo). Outros `rêtg`os sào prktg`katls o`gmlatkgs, ga`ojomkmos `oj kspl`tos qul `oasgmlrkj ‘rlhgbgosos‚ ktrgnuêmos k lstls lstghos gatlraos, gatlrao s, `oamgâào lstk qul mlaotk ujk kjphk l `ojphltk gbaorîa`gk mo plaskjlato `egaæs. Dgakhjlatl, tljos o brupo ml lstumgosos, plsqugskmorls l k`kmæjg`os o`gmlatkgs qul aua`k, fkjkgs, prktg`krkj lssks krtls jkr`gkgs. [ukhqulr plssok qul tlaek prktg`kmo krtls mks muks vlrtlatls `ojprllaml plrdlgtkjlatl k mgdlrlaâk ak knormkblj jkr`gkh. Ykrk `gtkr krtls nlj `oael`gmks, uj lstgho lxtlrao slrgk o Ckrktæ l uj gatlrao slrgk o Kgcgmý, por lxljpho. Ç gjpossêvlh `oael`lr kjnks lssks krtls l k`rlmgtkr qul trktkj k jkr`gkhgmkml mk jlsjk dorjk. Gsso tkjnçj jostrk qul ks `ktlborgks ‘Gatlrak‚ l ‘Lxtlrak‚ aào sl hgjgtkj k krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks, jks k uj `oafuato ml `oa`lgtos l gmlgks qul rljoatkj é nksl mks krtls jkr`gkgs `ojo uj tomo. \j lstgho gatlrao aào ç jlheor qul uj lxtlrao ou vg`lvlrsk. Pào jomos mgdlrlatls ml knormkr k `ojphlxgmkml jkr`gkh. Jks akmk `ojo uj mlpogjlato ml uj mos jkgorls jlstrls ml krtls jkr`gkgs mo sç`uho UU l lspl`gkhgstk lj Ugab Wg [uka6 Lu tlaeo prk`kmo krtls jkr`gkgs SgatlraksZ mlsml k jgaek fuvlatuml. Ouvg tomos os prodlssor prodlssorls ls mgzlrlj qul lssks krtls jkr`gkgs sào krtls tkogstks. Lu aek mövgmks sljprl >4
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
qul ouvgk gsso ktç qul lu vlssl probrlmgmo pkrk trlgakr k lalrbgk o`uhtk. Murlzk l jk`glz sl duamgrkj lj uj, o jovgjlato pkrl`gk jghkbroso l toraou-sl lspoatîalo l akturkh. Pua Hutkab
Ylr`lnljos qul lssk mövgmk aào sl prlaml ko aosso tljpo l ks rlspostks lstào ak prðprgk prëtg`k mk krtl l ao lstumo ml suk hosok. [ukato jkgs produamo pro`urkrjos, jkgs `hkrks slrào ks rlspostks.
Os prga`gpkgs Lstghos Gatlraos Tou dkzlr uj nrlvl rlsujo mos prga`gpkgs lstghos lstgho s qul `oasgmlrkjos ‘gatlraos‚ pkrk qul possk sl ho`khgzkr jlheor alssl kssuato. @kmk uj mlssls lstghos tlrë `ojo knormkblj uj kspl`to mk hosok tkoêstk, qul ç ujk dortl `krk`tlrêstg`k mos LstgLstghos Gatlraos. Kssgj, o ]kg Fg [uka tlrë `ojo `o jo duamkjlato k kphg`kâào mks pohkrgmkmls Wga l Wkab l suk gatlrrlhkâào3 o Nk Buk Vekab utghgzkrë os Ogto ]rgbrkjks qul rljoatkj ko Wg Fgab l suks `krk`tlrêstg`ks l o Ugab Wg [uka tlrë `ojo nksl os @ga`o Jovgjlatos, suk lalrbgk `krk`tlrêstg`k l suk rlhkâào `oj os ðrbàos l vês`lrks (Vkab (Vkab Du Du 脏腛) mlatro mk Jlmg`gak @egalsk. K ghustrkâào k slbugr jostrkrë gsso `oj jkgs `hkrlzk. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
>2
]kg Fg [uka
O ]kg Fg [uka, ou ]kg @eg @euka `ojo ç jkgs `oael`gmk, ç ujk krtl jkr`gkh `egalsk jugto mgduamgmk ao O`gmlatl `ojo prëtg`k skumëvlh. Ljnork lstk slfk k æadksl mo ]kg Fg [uka mlsml k mç`kmk ml ;7>9, mlvljos tlr lj jlatl qul sl trktkmlvl ml ujk krtl jkr`gkh aào kplaks ml ujk tlrkpgk lkssgj slr la`krkmk. Gstolsgbag`k qul sknlr k `orlobrk `orlobrkk mos jovgjlatos aào ç su`glatl pkrk sl ontlr tomos os nlaldê`gos mlslfkmos. Ç sljprl al`lssërgo jkatlr k jlatl do`kmk aks kphg`kâüls jkr`gkgs l pro`urkr mlslavohvlr o pomlr gatlrgor, alg boab, qul ç o duamkjlato mo ]kg Fg [uka Lxgstlj jugtks `oatrovçrsgks sonrl ks orgblas mlssl lstgho. Khbuas `rlmgtkj suks orgblas k tç`ag`ks tkogstks ml hoablvgmkml `oj jkgs ml >.999 kaos. Outros rl`oael`lj >5
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
o hlamërgo Jlstrl ]kogstk Vekab Pkadlab (Pç`. UTGG) `ojo slu duamkmor. ]lamo kssgstgmo ujk hutk latrl lat rl ujk brkâk l ujk slrplatl, Vekab Pkadlab tlrgk `ojngakmo ks lsqugvks rëpgmks l sukvls `oj prga`êpgos tkogstks pkrk duamkr lssk krtl sukvl, porçj jkr`gkh. O qul sl sknl rlkhjlatl ç qul o prgjlgro k lasgakr lssk krtl ml jkalgrk mo`ujlatkmk dog @ela Rkabtgab (;499-;459), `rgkmor mo Lstgho @ela. ]omos os mljkgs lstghos ktukgs mlrgvkj lj jkgor ou jlaor brku mlssl orgbgakh. Lxgstlj gaöjlrks vkrgkâüls latrl ls`ohks. Ks prga`gpkgs sào6 Ls`ohk @ela (陰氏)6 Lstgho orgbgakh, `rgkmo por @ela Rkabtgab, ç lxtrljkjlatl jkr`gkh l dog utghgzkmo `oatrk vërgks rlnlhgüls krjkmks ak @egak, tlamo sgmo lasgakmk kplaks pkrk jljnros mk dkjêhgk @ela ktç o sç`uho UU. Plus jovgjlatos sào la`kmlkmos lj ujk hoabk l `ojphg`kmk slquæa`gk. Ls`ohk Wkab (楆氏)6 Mlslavohvgmo por Wkab Hu @eka (;257;52>), khuao ml @ela @ekabxgab, k pkrtgr mk Ls`ohk @ela.
Brkaml obulrrlgro, Wkab @eka dog uj mos lasgakr ]kg Fg [uka mlHu jkalgrk knlrtk. Plu prgjlgros heo, Wkabk @elabdu, sgjphg`ou k dorjk gag`gkh ml slu pkg l prgorgzou os nlaldê`gos pkrk k sköml, mgduamgamo suk prëtg`k por tomk k @egak. K Ls`ohk Wkab ç k jkgs prktg`kmk ao juamo. Ls`ohk Ru (吰氏)6 Duamkmk por Ru Fgkaquka (;529-;7=>), (;529-;7=>), qul
kprlamlu k dorjk Wkab ml slu pkg, khuao ml Wkab Nkaeou (heo ml Wkab Hu @eka). Pl lspl`gkhgzou ao La`kmlkjlato Ylqulao, utghgzkamo jovgjlatos jkgs `urtos l dl`ekmos. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
>7
Ls`ohk Eko (Ru) (此氏)6 Duamkmo por Eko Rlgzela (;5=7;7>9), possug jugtos jovgjlatos lj suk dorjk, qul ç lxtrljkjlatl hoabk. Plu Jlstrl, Ru Wuxgkab (;5;>-;559), ç `oasgmlrkmo duamkmor ml outrk ls`ohk `oj o aojl ml Ru, o qul `kusk `lrtk `oadusào aos jlgos mo ]kg @eg @euka. Ls`ohk Pua (季氏)6 Duamkmk por Pua Hutkab (;54;-;70>), `çhlnrl jlstrl ml Lstghos Gatlraos. Nkslgk-sl ak Ls`ohk Eko, jks possug `krk`tlrêstg`ks tç`ag`ks mo Nk Buk Vekab l mo Ugab Wg [uka. Plus jovgjlatos sào rëpgmos l possulj ujk jkr`gkhgmkml nlj kpkrlatl.
Jomlrakjlatl tkjnçj eouvl ujk rlvgsào l sgjphg`kâào mos lstghos trkmg`goakgs ml ]kg Fg [uka plho bovlrao `egaæs, aos johmls mk jomlragzkâào mo Ruseu, `oj o onfltgvo ml mgduamgr kgamk jkgs lssk prëtg`k. Latào os lstghos trkmg`goakgs `oavgvlj `oj vlrsüls sgjphg`kmks. K lxprlssào ‘]kg Fg [uka‚ sgbag`k hgtlrkhjlatl khbo `ojo ‘Yuaeo mo Brkaml Puprljo‚. @ugmkmo `oj trkmuâüls qul jostrkj o ‘`eg‚ ml ‘tkg `eg `euka‚ `ojo o @eg @eg S S[g [gZ,Z, lalrbgk. Ktç o soj ‘@eg‚, mos mogs gmlobrkjks mgdlrlatl, por‘Fg‚ gssol aào `oaduamk6 alstl `oatlxto, çtlj o soj ml sgbag`k ‘suprljo‚. K lxprlssào ‘]kg @eg‚ S]kgfgZ ç utg- hgzkmk aorjkhjlatl pkrk mlsgbakr uj sêjnoho qul ç vlheo `oael`gmo aosso6
09
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Lstl sêjnoho ç mlaojgakmo ‘]kgfg ]u‚ l lxprlssk gatlrkâào latrl Wga l Wkab, `oadorjl vgjos ao `kpêtuho sonrl duamkjlatos. K krtl jkr`gkh mo ]kg Fg [uka ç nkslkmk aks gatlrkâüls rlprlslatkmks por lstk burk, mkê o slu aojl. O ]kg Fg [uka utghgzk-sl hkrbkjlatl mo uso mks pohkrgmkmls Wga/Wkab lj suks tç`ag`ks. Lxpkasào l rl`ohegjlato sào ks pkhkvrks jkgs ouvgmks lj sl trktkamo mlssk krtl jkr`gkh, jkr`g kh, pogs tomos os slus jovgjlatos l posturks lsplhekj lstk `krk`tlrêstg`k tkoêstk, qul tkjnçj ç uj ml slus duamkjlatos prga`gpkgs. Nk Buk Vekab Lxgstl uj lstgho `ojphlto ml Cuab Du nkslkmo ak sknlmorgk mo Wg Fgab6 o Nk Buk Vekab, ou ‘Ykhjks mos Ogto ]rgbrk ]rgbrk-jks‚. @oj suks tç`ag`ks nkslkmks aos trgbrkjks mo Hgvro mks Jutkâüls, o Nk Buk, ç ujk mks jkgs l`glatls krtls jkr`gkgs qul lxgstlj l tkjnçj uj mos lstghos ml Cuab Du jkgs `ojphlxos l mgdê`lgs ml mojgakr.
Ao akh mk Mgakstgk [gab (;4==-;7;;), brkaml pkrtl mos bukrmk-`ostks gjplrgkgs lrk @elab prktg`katl ml Nk(稃廲華 Buk. \j mos prgjlgros Jlstrls mo lstgho, ]gabeuk ), jorrlu ak gavksào mo pkhë`go gjplrgkh plhks dorâks o`gmlatkgs ak ^lnlhgào mos Noxlrs lj ;799, jktkamo jkgs ml ujk mözgk ml sohmkmos khljàls krjkmos `oj duzgs, utghgzkamo kplaks o Nk Buk Vekab l puaekgs. Lxgstlj jugtks vlrsüls pkrk k `rgkâào mlstl lstgho. @rlmgtk-sl blrkhjlatl k duamkâào mo Nk Buk Vekab ko Jlstrl Moab Ekg`euka 葠浲巚 (;275-;55>). Yroduamo `oael`lmor Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
0;
mo lstgho Ho Eka ml Cuab Du, Jlstrl Moab kprlamlu tç`ag`ks ml Nk Buk ml uj joabl tkogstk lrljgtk lj khbujk joatkaek mk @egak. \agamo slus `oael`gjlatos ml Cuab Du `oj lssks tç`ag`ks tkogstks, lhl hobrou `rgkr uj aovo lstgho ml `ojnktl nkslkmo aks hlgs mo Wg Fgab, nktgzkmo ml Nk Buk Vekab (Ykhjk mos Ogto ]rgbrkjks Jugtos ml slus prga`gpkgs khuaos lrkj fë `oael`lmorls ml mgvlrsos lstghos ml Cuab Du, k`krrltkamo ujk sçrgl ml vkrgkâüls ao lstgho. Lhl krjkvk qul o Nk Buk Vekab lrk ujk ‘pðs-brkmukâào‚ l sð k`lgtkvk lstumkatls qul dosslj fë lxêjgos prktg`katls ml outros lstghos ml cuab du. Yorçj o lgxo `latrkh, dorjkmo plhos prga`êpgos mo lstgho, plrjkal`l o jlsjo ljnork suks dorjks posskj vkrgkr ml ls`ohk pkrk ls`ohk. O Gastgtuto Ak`goakh ml Ylsqugsks ml Nlgfgab rlbgsrlbgstrou jkgs ml ;99 vkrgkâüls mo Nk Buk Vekab, slamo qul os prga`gpkgs lstghos sào6 WGA, ml Wga Du (尷福)3 @ELAB, ml @elab ]gabeuk3 JK, ml Jk Rlgqg (馨綪棃)3 POAB, ml Poab @ekabroab (它镲榡) l HG\, ml Hgu Dlab`eua (劇鳰 昬). ]omos dorkj khuaos mgrltos ml Jlstrl Moab Ekg`euka. Lxgstlj jugtks dorjks ml sl utghgzkr os mlsho`kjlatos, ogto trgbrkjks, gatlrprltkamo-os `ojo posgâüls, dorâks, mgrlâüls, bohpls, lt`… Nkslkmo ak `gr`uhkrgmkml, o Nk Buk Vekab possug ujk tç`ag`k ml jovgjlatkâào lxtrkormgaërgk, jovlamo-sl rkpgmkjlatl l lj vërgks mgrlâüls khtlrakmks ko rlmor mo opoalatl, dkzlamo `oj qul lhl qul `oaduso l vuhalrëvlh. Puks jumkaâks nrus`ks ml mgrlâào l slus bohpls galsplrkmos dkzlj mlstk ujk plrgbosk krtl jkr`gkh, jugto mgdlrlatl 0>
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
mos mljkgs lstghos. @oj jovgjlatos sljprl `gr`uhkrls, `kmk ls`ohk possug ujk mltlrjgakmk æadksl, `ojo bohpls pomlrosos `oj ks pkhjks mks jàos ou krrljlssos l mlslqughênrgos qul sl kssljlhekj k khbujks krtls jkr`gkgs fkpoalsks. O Nk Buk Vekab aua`k ladrlatk k dorâk ml slu opoalatl mgrltkjlatl, jks promuz ujk lsqugvk lj jovgjo vgjlato `gr`uhkamo-o `gr`uhkamo -o ml jomo k k`ekr uj poato vuhalrëvlh. vuhalrëvl h. Ç lxtrljkjlatl l`glatl lj `ojnktl `oatrk jöhtgphos opoalatls por sl utghgzkr aorjkhjlatl mks ogto mgrlâüls ml `ojnktl. Puk tç`ag`k prga`gpkh ç mlaojgakmk ‘@kjgaekr lj @êr`uho‚, ujk dorjk ml jlmgtkâào tkogstk. @oatk-sl qul slu duamkmor kprlamlu lstk jlmgtkâào laqukato vgsgtkvk uj jostlgro tkoêstk l o ga`orporou és prëtg`ks jkr`gkgs. Alstl `kjgaekr lj `êr`uho sl lxlr`gtkj vërgks tç`ag`ks mo Nk Buk Vekab l sl mlslavohvl o alg boab (pomlr gatlrao), dortkhl`lamo o [g l suk `gr`uhkâào. Ç o khg`lr`l ml tomk k suk tç`ag`k jkr`gkh. Ugab Wg [uka
Mos lstghos vlzls gatlraos, o UgabkWg ç o jkgsmo gjpltuoso lxphosgvo, jugtks tojkamo gag`gktgvk ktkqul kol gavçs ml lsplrë-ho, `ojo os mljkgs. Ç uj lstgho khtkjlatl odlasgvo. K orgblj lxktk mo Ugab Wg [uka aào ç prl`gsk. Ktrgnugsl lj blrkh k `rgkâào l o slu mlslavohvgjlato ko dkjoso Blalrkh Wul Dlg, mk Mgakstgk Poab (749-;>27). Jks os jkgs katgbos rlbgstros ls`rgtos pomlj slr rl`ukmos ktç o sç`uho UTGGG, `oj Jk Uulhg, ml Elaka, l Mkg Hoab Nkab, ml Pekkaxg. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
00
O Ugab Wg [uka usk rl`ursos jkgs kbrlssgvos kbrlssgvos l ktkquls rëpgmos l mgrltos. K akturlzk hgalkr mo lstgho poml slr ktrgnuêmk é gauæa`gk mk tç`ag`k ml hkaâk ao slu mlslavohvgjlato. Kplskr ml suk kpkræa`gk murk, kabuhkr, lhl `uhtgvk k dorâk gatlrak (Alg Boab), qul ç lssla`gkh lssl a`gkh pkrk sl kh`kaâkr o pomlr mo Ugab Wg. O onfltgvo mo prktg`katl ç ktgabgr o opoalatl rkpgmkjlatl l `oamuzgr k hutk pkrk uj akh ktrkvçs ml ujk öag`k lxlxphosào. Gsto ç `oaslbugmo `oormlakamo o `orpo `ojo ujk öag`k uagmkml l uskamo o do`o gatlaso ao [g. L`gæa`gk l l`oaojgk ml jovgjlato sào ks qukhgmkmls ml uj noj prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg [uka l suk hosok ml `ojnktl mgrltk kmvobk mldlsks l ktkquls sgjuhtîalos. O Ugab Wg ladktgzk o uso mo puaeo dl`ekmo, ko `oatrërgo mo ]kg Fg l mo Nkbuk. Plus so`os sào lxtrljkjlatl lxtrljkjlat l pomlrosos l onfltgvkj tgrkr o opoalatl ml kâào ko prgjlgro bohpl. O Brào-Jlstrl Rkab ]l @elab jl mgssl `lrtk vlz qul k`ekvk ga`oa`lnêvlh qul uj opoalatl sl hlvkatkssl mlpogs ml bohplkmo por lhl. Lssl ç o lspêrgto mlstk krtl jkr`gkh. Tlrljos kspl`tos tç`ag`os mo Ugab Wg [uka jkgs é drlatl.
0=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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04
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
YK^]L ;
@oael`lamo o Uga Wg [uka
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
02
Kprlslatkâào O Ugab Wg [uka ç ujk krtl jkr`gkh `egalsk `hkssg`kmk `ojo `oj plrtla`latl kos `ekjkmos ‘lstghos gatlraos‚ (algfgk (algfgk),), fuato o ]kgfgquka l o Nkbukzekab.
彮意拰 彮 Ugab : Dorjk ‐ trktk-sl mk dorjk lxtlrak, posturks l
jovgjlatos nkslkmos aos @ga`o Jovgjlatos l ao lspêrgto l kâào ml ;> Kagjkgs 意 Wg : Gatlaâào ‐ mlatro mo `oatlxto `egaæs, ç k `oa`la-
trkâào jlatkh qul nrotk mo `orkâào l ug pkrk k jlatl. Pgjnohgzk uj do`o `ojphlto ao qul sl lstë lxl`utkamo. 拰 [uka : Yuaeo ‐ k jkr`gkhgmkml mo lstgho
O Ugab Wg [uka usk rl`ursos jkgs kbrlssgvos l ktkquls rëpgmos l jkgs mgrltos mo qul outros lstghos `ojo o ]kg Fg [uka S]kg @eg @eukaZ. K akturlzk hgalkr mo lstgho poml slr ktrgnuêmk é gauæa`gk mk tç`ag`k ml hkaâk ao slu mlmlslavohvgjlato. Kplskr ml suk kpkræa`gk murk, kabuhkr, lhl `uhtgvk k dorâk gatlrak ([g), qul ç lssla`gkh lssl a`gkh pkrk sl kh`kaâkr o pomlr mo Ugab Wg. Khlborg`kjlatl, mgz-sl qul o prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg ç `ojo ujk nkrrk ml kâo rl`onlrtk `oj khbomào, jk`go por p or dork l gamlstrutêvlh por mlatro. O onfltgvo mo prktg`katl ç ktgabgr o opoalatl rkpgmkjlatl l `oamuzgr k hutk pkrk uj akh ktrkvçs ml ujk öag`k lxphosào. Gsto ç `oaslbugmo `oorml05
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
akamo o `orpo `ojo ujk öag`k uagmkml l uskamo o do`o gatlaso mk jlatl (Wg) l mo [g. L`gæa`gk l l`oaojgk ml jovgjlato sào ks qukhgmkmls ml uj noj prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg [uka l suk hosok ml `oj`ojnktl mgrltk kmvobk mldlsks l ktkquls sgjuhtîalos. Lxgstlj khbuas `eutls, jks sljprl ml îjngto nkgxo (o qul lvgtk os plrgbos ml lqughênrgo lavohvgmo `oj `eutls suplrgorls) l khbujks tç`ag`ks ml aêvlh jçmgo. Puks tç`ag`ks sào prgorgzkmks pkrk trknkhekr mlatro ml prga`êpgos-`ekvl, ko gavçs ml possugr hoabks dorjks. Ak jkgorgk mks vlzls prgorgzk o ktkqul, portkato ç ujk krtl jkr`gkh lxtrljkjlatl odlasgvk. Gsso `kusk lstrkaelzk k jugtos prktg`katls gag`gkgs, k`ostujkmos k ujk hosok ml kutomldlsk. Jks drlatl k ujk al`lssgmkml prljlatl ml `ojnktl, o prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg blrkhjlatl tojk k mgkatlgrk ml jomo k la`lrrkr o `ojnktl ao jlaor tljpo possêvlh. Lxgstl uj `oa`lgto popuhkr `egaæs qul mgz qul, latrl os Lstghos Gatlraos, o Ugab Wg [uka ç o bulrrlgro qul vkg pkrk k drlatl ml nktkhek, o ]k Fg [uka ç o hðsodo qul trkâk ks lstrktçbgks l o Nk Buk Vekab ç o jçmg`o qul `ugmk ml tomos. Puk utghgzkâào `orporkh ç mgdlrlatl ml outros lstghos por ladktgzkr o uso mos tlamüls ko gavçs kplaks mos jös`uhos. ]lamüls sào dlgxls ml nrks qul sl `oal`tkj latrl jös`ujös`uhos l ossos, plrjgtgamo k jovgjlatkâào mo `orpo `ojo sl dosslj `knos ml kâo lj uj lqugpkjlato ml jus`uhkâào. Ao Ugab Wg os jljnros suplrgorls l gadlrgorls lxl`utkj torâüls qul jkatæj os tlamüls son tlasào. Gjkbgal uj Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
07
lhëstg`o qul vo`æ slburk plhks muks lxtrljgmkmls6 qukamo sl lstg`k o lhëstg`o, puxkamo suks lxtrljgmkmls, lhl `k tlaso. [ukamo ujk mks poatks ç sohtk, lssk tlasào ç hgnlrkmk ak dorjk ml uj jovgjlato rëpgmo l dortl. O Ugab Wg utghgzk lssl prga`êpgo pkrk blrkr bohpls rëpgmos l jugto `oatuamlatls ml ujk jkalgrk totkhjlatl prðprgk. K`rlmgto qul slfk ujk mks `krk`tlrêstg`ks jkgs jkr`katls mlssl lstgho jkr`gkh. Ao `ojnktl, suk lxl`uâào dua`goak jlgo qul ko `oatrërgo mo ]kg Fg [uka (]kg @eg @euka), por lxljpho ” laqukato ao ]kg Fg [uka o prktg`katl sl jkatæj rlhkxkmo l `k tlaso ko bohplkr, ao Ugab Wg [uka o prktg`katl `k tlasgoakmo l rlhkxk ko bohplkr. Lssk tlasào, por slr blrkmk aos tlamüls, aào ç khbo rêbgmo l hgjgtkatl `ojo ujk sgjphls
Ugab Wg Wg [uka Yģ [uka 劅拰 =9
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
tlasào jus`uhkr, jks ç mgaîjg`o l lxêvlh `ojo o lhëstg`o `gtkmo. Lssk ngojl`îag`k lspl`gkh dkz mo Ugab Wg [uka uj lstgho jugto rëpgmo l `oj bohpls pomlrosos ljprlbkamo pou`k dorâk mo prktg`katl. Puk æadksl lstë aos jovgjlatos vgborosos, odlasgvos l pomlrosos `oatrk-ktkquls. Lxgstlj jugtks vkrgkâüls mk krtl l alaeujk orbkagzkâào `latrkh qul doralâk mgrltrgzls kos prktg`katls, hobo `kmk hgaekblj slbul ujk jltomohobgk prðprgk. O prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg [uka utghgzk ko jëxgjo k `oormlakâào `orporkh pkrk blrkr potæa`gk aos bohpls. bohp ls. Os jovgjlatos l k ktgtuml jlatkh mlvlj dkvorl`lr o uxo akturkh ml [g, kjphgkamo o pomlr mks tç`ag`ks mlstk krtl jkr`gkh, `ojo o`orrl lj tomos os lstghos gatlraos. Plu trlgakjlato slbul uj ormlj mgmëtg`k mgmëtg` k qul kfumk o prktg`katl k gr ml jovgjlatos jkgs sgjphls kos jkgs `ojphlxos, brkmktgvkjlatl, kujlatkamo k mg`uhmkml mks dorjks l kplrdlgâokamo o tgjgab l k lstrktçbgk ml `ojnktl. Khçj mos `ga`o tgpos ml puaeo hgbkmos kos @ga`o Jovgjlatos, tkjnçj sào utghgzkmks dorjks gaspgrkmks lj kagjkgs, qul pomlj slr ks ;9vërgks ou ;> pkrtls mlplamlamo mk ls`ohk, l dorjks qul gatlrhgbkj mo lstgho.
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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Duamkjlatos ]lðrg`os Os @ga`o Jovgjlatos
Os @ga`o Jovgjlatos (Ru (Ru Ugab Ugab 亝衈) ç ujk mks nksls mk hosok tkogstk. Lstl `oa`lgto ç jkgs `oael`gmo popuhkrpopuhkrjlatl `ojo ‘@ga`o Lhljlatos‚, ljnork lssk mlaojgakâào lstlfk ga`orrltk; . Jks khbujks vlzls vkjos tlr qul rl`orrlr k lhk por slr jkgs dkjghgkr kos hlgtorls o`gmlatkgs. Gsso ml`orrl ml qul os prgjlgros o`gmlatkgs k tojkrlj `oael`gjlato mlstl `oa`lgto o `ojpkrkrkj `oj os quktro lhljlatos prgjormgkgs mos khqugjgstks luroplus, qul fuhbkvkj tomks dorjkmks poro ujk `ojngakâào ml tlrrk, kr, ëbukksl `ogsks dobo. Ak vlrmkml, Ru Ugab trktk Ugab trktk ml gatlrkâüls lalrbçtg`ks l suks jutkâüls, rl`kgamo sonrl os `oa`lgtos prgjormgkgs mo Wg Fgab (G Fgab (G @egab). Ç uj `oa`lgto duamkjlatkh mlatro mks prëtg`ks tkogstks, lstkamo prlslatl aks krtls jkr`gkgs, jlmg`gak, ekrjoagzkâào ml kjnglatls, kstrohobgk l outros. K lxphg`kâào qul sl slbul dog rltgrkmk ml jlu hgvro ‘Os @kjgaeos mo ]kogsjo‚, qul ç ujk lxtlask gatromuâào ko ]kogsjo l suks tç`ag`ks l poml slr nkgxkmo lj dorjkto mgbgtkh brktugtkjlatl lj aosso sgtl www.tkogsjo.orb ou kmqugrgmo gjprlsso lj hgvrkrgks oahgal `ojo Kjkzoa. Os @ga`o Jovgjlatos sào Jkmlgrk, Jltkh, Dobo, Ëbuk l ]lrrk. @kmk uj mlhls lxpül ujk jkalgrk mo [g sl s l jkagdlstkr, ml suk akturlzk. O Dobo ç uj [g qul sl khkstrk3 khkst rk3 k Ëbuk ç uj [g qul ug3 k ]lrrk ç uj [g lstëvlh3 lst ëvlh3 o Jltkh ç uj [g ; Ls`rlvg uj krtgbo mltkhekamo lssk `oadusào latrl ‘jovgjlatos‚ l ‘lhljlatos‚, ak rlvgstk Mkofgk a¶ ;
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
kbumo, `ortkatl3 k Jkmlgrk ç uj [g qul `rls`l, sl lxpkaml. Lstks qukhgmkmls lstào prlslatls lj tumo, lj jkgor ou jlaor brku. Yor gsso quksl tumo qul lxgstl ao \agvlrso poml slr `hkssg`kmo mlatro ml uj tgpo ml jovgjlato, pogs o [g aào plrjkal`l aua`k pkrkmo. K tknlhk knkgxo ç ujk plqulak kjostrk mlstk `hkssg`kâào uagvlrskh. Lstkâào @hgjk Ðrbào
JKMLG^K DOBO Yrgjkvlrk Tlrào Tlato @khor Dêbkmo @orkâào
]L^^K
Dorjks (`oael`gmks ao O`gmlatl por ‘Dorjks ml Kagjkgs‚) tæj =5
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
rlhkâào `oj o Fgab 粱 (Lssæa`gk) l o Pela 祑 (Lspêrgto), qul plssoks ladlrjks eë jugto tljpo pomlj sl rl`uplrkr por lssl jotgvo l qul k prëtg`k mo Ugab Wg [uka aào sl rlmuz k kprlamlr k hutkr. Plbuamo lhl, ‘tumo lstë ml k`ormo `oj ks tlorgks l prga`êpgos. Ç jugto mgdlrlatl ml lstrkaeos pomlrls l suplrstgâào. Os prktg`katls aào mlvlj ohekr pkrk gsso `ojo sl dossl o jlsjo‚. Ykrl`l qul fë prlvgk k gatlrprltkâào lrrýlrrýalk rlhk`goakmk é ‘suplrstgâào‚ l ‘rlhgbgào‚. L k`rls`latk6 ‘O onfltgvo prga`gpkh ç toag`kr o Vela [g ([g Tlrmkmlgro)‚. O Vela [g ç k uagào mo [g mk autrgâào (Wgab [g) qul ç k lalrbgk qul plr`orrl os jlrgmgkaos l os ðrbàos `oj k lalrbgk ml mldlsk (Rlg [g). Ç o prga`êpgo qul dkz aosso `orpo dua`goakr `orrltkjlatl. Latào k prëtg`k mo Ugab Wg lstë rlhk`goakmk `oj k jkautlaâào lalrbçtg`k `ojphltk mo orbkagsjo. Lu tgvl ujk lxplrgæa`gk lj prgjlgrk jào mlssk hgbkâào `oj k Jlmg`gak @egalsk qukamo `ojl`lg k trlgakr Uga Wg [uka. Lu tgaek brkaml mg`uhmkml lj lxl`utkr o Nlab [uka, tç`ag`k ksso`gkmk ko jovgjlato Jkmlgrk. Jl slatgk jkh ko lxl`utkr kplaks mogs jovgjlatos, uj jkh-lstkr qul jl tojkvk l gjplmgk qul lu prosslbugssl ao trlgao. Ks outrks tç`ag`ks lrkjprodlssor trlgakmks aorjkhjlatl, slj pronhljks. Dkhlg `oj jlu sonrl gsso l lhl gmlatg`ou ujk mlskrjoagk ml Dêbkmo qul ktrkpkhekvk k lxl`uâào mk tç`ag`k. Lhl jl pkssou ujk gamg`kâào ml dðrjuhk dkrjk`ohðbg`k mk Jlmg`gak @egalsk qul pomlrgk lqughgnrkr lssl pronhljk. Mlpogs ml tojkr k dðrjuhk por < mgks lu fë `oaslbugk lxl`utkr k tç`ag`k aorjkhjlatl, qukatks vlzls prl`gskssl, slj alaeuj pronhljk. Pl ko gavçs mgsso lu prosslbugssl `oj k prëtg`k por khbuj tljpo, `ojo lstkvk, provkvlhjlatl ekvlrgk o lqughênrgo mlssl sgstljk, jks Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
=7
tojkr o dërjk`o propor`goaou ujk rl`uplrkâào jugto jkgs rëpgmk. Gsso ç ujk mljoastrkâào `hkrk mk hgbkâào latrl k tç`ag`k Nlab [uka `oj o Dêbkmo (Bka), ktrkvçs mo Jovgjlato Jkmlgrk. Ou slfk, aào tlj akmk ml ‘rlhgbgào‚, ‘`rlaâk‚ ou ‘suplrstgâào‚, jks k ktukâào rlkh ml ujk hlg mk akturlzk mls`onlrtk plhos katgbos tkogstks l hkrbkjlatl utghgzkmk ak Jlmg`gak @egalsk. Plbuamo Pua Hutkab lj slu ‘Lstumo mo Ugab Wg [uka (Ugabygquka Uul)6 Uul)6 Nlab [uka ç o Jovgjlato Jkmlgrk, k `oatrkâào l lxpkalxpkasào mo [g Öag`o, k tlorgk ml muks jàos gamo l vohtkamo. K posturk ç `ojo ujk sçrgl ml pçrohks l ujk l`ek. Mlatro mo `orpo plrtla`l ko ðrbào Dêbkmo. Ao noxl ç Nlab (mls(mlsjoroakamo) porqul Nlab sl kssljlhek k ujk l`ek l ç o Jovgjlato Jkmlgrk. Pl o noxl lsvlr `orrlto, `orrlto, latào o [g mo Dêbkmo sl lspkhek sukvljlatl por tomo o `orpo. Pl o noxl lsvlr ga`orrlto, latào o [g mo Dêbkmo slrë dlrgmo. Pl o [g mo Dêbkmo ç dlrgmo, o Nkâo l Lstýjkbo sl torakr mlskrjoagosos l o [g aào poml sl lspkhekrvào sukvljlatl l Elab [uka tkjnçj plrmlrë k ekrjoagk> . Pl vo`æ ç noj alssk tç`ag`k vo`æ poml rlbuhkr o [g l k`khjkr o Dêbkmo, dortkhl`lr o slu Fgab (Lssæa`gk) l Pela (Lspêrgto), dortkhl`lr slus tlamüls l ossos, l dortkhl`lr slu dua`goakjlato jlatkh. Ç por gsso qul o prk`katll mlvl lstumkr gsso lj mltkhels. prk`kat > Elab [uka ç k tç`ag`k ml puaeo ksso`gkmk ko Jovgjlato ]lrrk, ko qukh plrtla`lj o ðrbào Nkâo l k vês`lrk Lstýjkbo. Jkmlgrk `oatrohk ]lrrk l sl o Nlab [uka lstgvlr slamo jkhml lxl`utkmo, plho @g`ho @oatrohl.`kuskrë ujk mlskrjoagk qul prlfumg`krë Nkâo l Lstýjkbo 27). Lssk orgblj ç `gtkmk ao hgvro Ugabyg [uka Ortomoxo ml Elaka, Elaka, ls`rgto por Ylg Ugroab l Hg Wgab‗kab, oaml `gtkj o Jlstrl Mkg Hoab Nkab6 ‘...ls`rlvlu o Yrldë`go pkrk o Noxl mks Plgs Ekrjoagks ao ;
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
) k t g l r g m ( a l e P a u W o u B , o r t a l ` o k s o m k t a l P . a k u [ g W b g a U l m o ) à k â m r k r l t s u a q o s l j ( l g k m e 6 V k r g k r W l o e t o @ D l
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;90
Hgu [g Hka 刕奂兹
(;5;7 ‐ ;557) Hgu [g Hka aks`lu lj ujk dkjêhgk ml gatlhl`tukgs ao `oamkmo ml Pela, provêa`gk ml Elnlg. Kprlamlu o Ugab Wg [uka ml Hg Huoalab, qukamo lstl dog `oatrktkmo pkrk lasgakr é suk dkjêhgk. Dgburk latrl os quktro prga`gpkgs khuaos ml Hg Huoalab, fuato `oj Buo Wua Pela, Poab Pegroab l @el Wg Vekg O dkto ml jkgor mlstkqul ak `krrlgrk ml Hgu [g Hka lrk qul suk eknghgmkml jkr`gkh lrk lqughgnrkmk plho mojêago mos `oa`lgtos gatlhl`tukgs l tlorgks mo Ugab Wg [uka. Puk dkjk lrk ml tlr lx`lhæa`gk tkato ak tlorgk qukato ak prëtg`k mlssk krtl jkr`gkh. Dog uj mos brkamls mgvuhbkmorls mo Ugab Wg [uka l tlvl ujk brkaml qukatgmkml ml khuaos qul hlvkrkj o `oael`g`o ael`gjlato mlssk krtl jkr`gkh k tomks ks rlbgüls mk @egak. Jlstrl6 Hg Huoalab Khuaos prga`gpkgs6 Vekab Vekomoab, Hg @uayg, Hgu Mgka`ela, Rkab Du Wuka, Blab Fg Peka l Veou Jgab ]kg
;9=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Pua Hutkab 季祿堎
(;54;-;70>) @oasgmlrkmo uj mos jkgorls Jlstrls ml krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks ml tomos os tljpos, Pua Hutkab aks`lu `oj o aojl ml Pua Du [uka (季 福入) lj ;54;. Dgheo ml pkgs jugto ponrls, dkzlamlgros, Jlstrl Pua sljprl ujk `oastgtugâào drk`k.tlvl Plu pkg, qulrlamo jlheorkr k sortl mo heo, mlsvgou pkrtl mos bkaeos `oj k dkzlamk pkrk slus lstumos. O fovlj Pua sl rlvlhou lxtrljkjlatl gatlhgblatl l probrlmgu rkpgmkjlatl por khbuas kaos, porçj ujk pçssgjk skdrk onrgbou slu pkg k vlamlr tomks ks proprglmkmls pkrk pkbkr os gjpostos, mlgxkamo k dkjêhgk ak jgsçrgk. Ykrk pgorkr k sgtukâào, slu pkg jorrlu lj slbugmk, mlgxkamo Pua l suk jàl latrlbuls é prðprgk sortl. Plj `oamgâüls pkrk `rgë-ho, k jàl latrlbou Pua `ojo slrvo pkrk uj rg`o dkzlamlgro. Ko ohekr k `rgkturgaek jgrrkmk é suk drlatl, o dkzlamlgro `oa`ormou lj mkr knrgbo l `ojgmk, jks slj hel pkbkr skhërgo. O heo mo dkzlamlgro lrk uj bkroto nrgbulato l laorjl laorjl qul aào plrmgk ujk `eka`l ml lspka`kr o fovlj Pua. Lj eoark Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;9<
é suk jàl, lhl plrjkal`gk trknkhekamo muro l kbølatkamo tomk sortl ml eujghekâüls. Mlvgmo k lssls jkus trktos lhl pro`urou o prodlssor ml krtls jkr`gkgs mk ho`khgmkml, kvkaâkamo rkpgmkjlatl aos lstumos l bkaekamo uj laorjl kjor és krtls jkr`gkgs. Puk gatlhgbæa`gk nrghekatl o hlvou k mojgakr o lstgho rkpgmkjlatl. Mldlamlamo-sl ml ujk mks kbrlssüls `oj suks aovks eknghgmkmls, jk`eu`ou slrgkjlatl o heo ml slu `eldl l dog jkamkmo ljnork, rltorakamo ko slu hkr jktlrao. Jks k sljlatl mks krtls jkr`gkgs `rls`gk lj slu gatlrgor. Ao latkato ks `ogsks pgorkrkj pgorkr kj jugto l Pua Hutkab tlatou o sug`êmgo pkrk aào sonrl`krrlbkr suk jàl. Dog skhvo por mogs eojlas qul hel mlrkj khbuj mgaelgro. mgaelgro. @oj lssl joatkatl, Pua dog jorkr `oj uj tgo qul lrk `khêbrkdo. \j mos kjgbos kj gbos ml slu tgo o kprlslatou kprlsl atou k Hg Cug Wuka, prktg`katl ml Ugab Wg [uka. Lhl trlgaou krmukjlatl l slu prodlssor k`knou por kprlslatë-ho ko Jlstrl Buo Wua Pela, ujk mks brkamls hlamks mos lstghos gatlraos lj tomos os tljpos. Buo Wua Pela kprlslatou o fovlj Pua k slus grjàos jkr`gkgs l lhl tlvlHgu k rkrk oportuagmkml ml lstumkr `oj prktg`katls `ojo Ugkohka, Poab Pegroab, @el Wg Vekg, Nkg Ugtu. Mlpogs ml 5 kaos ml gatlaso kprlamgzkmo, Pua Hutkab rl`lnlu k brkmukâào ml slu Jlstrl, nlj `ojo jkaus`rgtos ml slu katl`lssor. ^l`lnlu kgamk uj k`oaslhekjlato6 sl mlslfkssl probrlmgr kgamk jkgs, mlvlrgk kprlamlr `oj uj brkaml kjgbo mo Jlstrl Buo, @elab ]gab Euk, mo lstgho Nk Buk Vekab. ;94
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Jlstrl @elab ]gab Euk dog uj mos jlheorls khuaos mo pktrgkr`k jomlrao mo Nkbuk, Moab Ekg @eula, qul lasgaou Pua por træs kaos, kpðs vla`æ-ho dk`ghjlatl auj `ojnktl. Ko brkmukr slu khuao, jumou slu aojl ml Pua Du [uka pkrk Pua Hutkab. Khbujks doatls gamg`kj qul Pua Hutkab kprlamlu Nk Buk Vekab `oj `lr`k ml 09 kaos ml gmkml, khbo kvkaâkmo pkrk os pkmrüls mks krtls jkr`gkgs, jks aào lxgstlj `oarjkâüls mgsso. Ml ;554 k ;555 Pua Hutkab dlz ujk forakmk fo rakmk por ;; provêa`gks, ga`hugamo os tljphos Pekohga l Rumkab, mlskkamo krtgstks jkr`gkgs ml tomos os lstghos l aua`k plrmlu uj `ojnktl. Mlpogs mgsso knrgu ujk ls`ohk lj suk `gmkml aktkh. Lj ;7;>, fë dkjoso, ouvgu dkhkr ml uj jlstrl jls trl lj krtls jkr`gkgs qul lstkvk molatl lj uj khnlrbul. @ojo `ostujkvk vgsgtkr prktg`katls ml outrks krtls pkrk tro`k ml gmlgks, dlz ujk vgsgtk k lstl, qul lrk Eko Rlgzela, l kfumou-o `oj os `ugmkmos jçmg`os l toraou suk vgmk jkgs `oadortëvlh, pogs lhl aào `oael`gk agabuçj ak `gmkml. Lj rltrgnugâào, Jlstrl Eko lasgaou k Pua o ]kg Fg [uka lstgho Eko. Jlstrl Pua lstumou l trlgaou os træs lstghos gatlraos por jugtos kaos, dkzlamo plsqugsks l kprgjorkamo suks eknghgmkmls. Gsso `uhjgaou `oj k `rgkâào mo qul dog `ekjkmo Lstgho Pua ml ]kg Fg [uka, ujk krtl qul `ojngak ks `krk`tlrêstg`ks mos træs lstghos gatlraos por lhl lstumkmos. Ko sl onslrvkr o Lstgho Pua, poml-sl vlr `hkrkjlatl os `oa`lgtos mo Ugab Wg, Nk Buk l ]kg Fg `ojngakmos ekrjoBghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;92
Onrks ml Pua Hutkab
agoskjlatl.oLj vlheg`l, Jlstrl Pua lasgakvk tkrgkjlatl Puasuk ]kgfg, qul lhl k`ekvk qul possuêkprgorgtomks ks qukhgmkmls mos lstghos gatlraos. Jlstrl Pua dog uj mos prgjlgros jlstrls ml krtls jkr`gkgs k ls`rlvlr hgvros sonrl slus lstghos, punhg`kmos lj brkaml ls`khk. Jugtos ml slus tlxtos kgamk eofl sào hlgturk onrgbktðrgk pkrk os prktg`katls ml lstghos gatlraos. gatlraos . ]kjnçj dog o pgoalgro ak mgdusào mo `oa`lgto ml ‘lstghos gatlraos‚. Pua Hutkab punhg`ou ‘Ugab Wg [uka Uul‚ (O Lstumo mo Ugab Wg [uka) ga ;7;0 l ‘Nkbukfgka Uul‚ (O Lstumo mk Lspkmk Nkbuk) lj ;7>5. ;95
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
]kjnçj dog `oavgmkmo pkrk slr vg`l-`urkmor mk K`kmljgk Ak`goakh ml Krtls Jkr`gkgs mk provêa`gk ml Fgkabsu. Puk hek, Pua Fgka Wua, `oatk qul ekvgk uj lstumgoso ml aojl Hgu Veua Hg qul tgaek `oaslbugmo o prgjlgro hubkr aos lxkjls gjplrgkgs mk @egak. Mlpogs ml hlr khbuas hgvros ml Pua Hutkab, `ou `oavla`gmo ml qul lhl aào pomlrgk tlr ls`rgto tkgs onrks, pogs akqulhk çpo`k os krtgstks jkr`gkgs lrkj lj blrkh ghltrkmos l slj gastruâào. Lhl vgsgtou Jlstrl Pua l plrbuatou krrobkatljlatl qulj ekvgk ls`rgto os hgvros pkrk lhl. Lhl rlspoamlu qul ekvgk ls`rgto ks onrks on rks por sg jlsjo. O lstumgoso pkssou k tkrml tomk qulstgoakamo Jlstrl Pua sonrl tljks hgbkmos kos `hëssg`os `egalsls, `egalsls , jktljëtg`k l Wg Fgab. Pua Hutkab rlspoamlu rlspo amlu kmlqukmkjlatl k tomks ks plrbuatks, slj plstkalfkr. Ko akh, o lstumgoso tlvl qul rl`oael`lr qul lstkvk lj drlatl k uj dlaýjlao, jlstrl mks krtls hgtlrërgks l jkr`gkgs. Jlstrl Pua Hutkab dkhl`lu lj ;70>, mlpogs ml prlvlr suk jortl utghgzkamo o Wg Fgab, Fgab, o ‘Hgvro mks Jutkâüls‚. Dog su`lmgmo por suk hek, Pua Fgka Wua, qul mgvuhbou k krtl ml slu pkg por tomo o juamo. Jlstrls6 Hg Cug Wuka, Buo Wua Pela Yrga`gpkgs khuaos6 Pek Buo Vekab, Pua Fgka Wua (hek)
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;97
Vekab Vekomoab 弼兄杻
(;5-;7=7), `oael`gmo por ‘Vekab Jàos ml ^lhîjpkbo‚. Aks`lu ak vghk ml Eo Euab Wka, `oamkmo ml El @egla, ak provêa`gk ml Elnlg. O jkgs aovo ml træs grjàos, slu pkg lrk uj dkzlamlgro jugto ponrl l por gsso suk dkjêhgk sodrgk `oastkatls eujghekâüls. Mlvgmo é gsso, qukamo suk eknghgmkml jkr`gkh `rls`lu, pro`urou gjplmgr tomk l qukhqulr ktgtuml mlssl tgpo qul tojkssl `oael`gjlato. ]gaek kplaks o lasgao prgjërgo, pogs tlvl qul knkamoakr k ls`ohk jugto `lmo pkrk kfumkr slu pkg aos `kjpos. Aks eorks vkbks trlgakvk krtls jkr`gkgs, lstumkamo `oj prodlssorls ml suk prðprgk vghk. [ukamo fë lrk pro`glatl lj krtls jkr`gkgs, la`oatrou o Jlstrl Hgu [g Hka l toraou-sl slu ;;9
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
mgs`êpuho lj Ugab Wg [uka. Lrk kgamk kmohls`latl qukamo pkrtgu `oj uj brupo ml kjgbos, latrl lhls Hg @ua Wg, pkrk `oael`lr o dkjoso krtgstk jkr`gkh. @oaslbugrkj slr k`lgtos `ojo khuaos ml Hgu [g Hka l pksskrkj k dkzlr vërgks vlzls k vgkblj ml suk `gmkml aktkh pkrk lstumkr o lstgho. Vekab Vekomoab lrk jugto ëbgh l `oj lx`lhlatl `oormlakâào, kprlamlamo tumo jugto rkpgmkjlatl. Ç mgto qul lhl sl toraou uj mos prga`gpkgs khuaos gatlraos ml slu jlstrl k `kptkr rlkhjlatl k lssæa`gk mo Ugab Wg [uka. Lhl mojgaou ks tç`ag`ks `oj ks jàos l pkssou k lstumkr ks krjks mo lstgho. K`rlmgtk-sl K`rlmgtk-sl qul Hgu [g Hka tlaek pksskmo tomo o slu `oael`gjlato pkrk Vekab Vekomoab, qul ktgabgu o jkgs khto brku ml jklstrgk l pro`gæa`gk jkr`gkh. Kos >9 kaos ml gmkml l mlvgmo é gatlask `rgsl l dojl lj suk vghk aktkh, rlsohvlu plr`orrlr o juamo l sl jumou pkrk ]gkafga. Hë tlvl mg`uhmkml lj sl sustlatkr pogs k öag`k prossào qul `oael`gk lrk k ml dkzlamlgro, pou`o ötgh ak `gmkml. Ykssou latào k mkr mljoastrkâüls ml krtls jkr`gkgs aks lstrkmks, lj tro`k ml `oatrgnugâüls pkrk slu sustlato. Jks sljprl gatlrdlrgkmos qukamo sgtukâüls eujghekâào l mojgakâào jkgs plr`lngk dortls, `ojo ekvgkmlslatgmo lj suk dkjêhgk. Hobo bkaeou k kmjgrkâào l o rlsplgto ml tomos, ga`husgvl mos jkhdlgtorls l nkamgmos mk rlbgào, qul prldlrgkj `kr hoabl mos ho`kgs oaml drlqølatkvk. Yor gsso o bovlrao o rl`rutou `ojo `o jo `kâkmor ml rl`ojplarl`ojplasks, fë ao gaê`go mos kaos ;799, mlvlamo trkzlr `rgjgaosos pro`urkmos és kutorgmkmls. Hobo qul `ojlâou lj slu aovo ljprlbo, kfumou uj vgsgtkatl mk `gmkml qul lstkvk Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;;;
`oj pronhljks l sl torakrkj kjgbos. Lrk o jlstrl ml Nkbukzekab @elab ]gab Euk, `oj qulj kprlamlu o lstgho, slamo ga`husgvl kprlslatkmo ko prðprgo duamkmor mo lstgho, Moab Ekg`eula. Pljprl qul lhl gk k Nlgfgab pkrk plbkr `rgjgaosos, kprovlgtkvk pkrk trlgakr Nkbuk `oj Moab Ekg`eula. @ojo o jlstrl jorrlu pou`o tljpo mlpogs, mlpo gs, os egstorgkmorls mk krtl k`rlmgtkj qul tlaek kprlamgmo kp rlamgmo jkgs ml slu prðprgo kjgbo, @elab ]gab Euk. @oatk-sl qul `lrtk vlz, laqukato lrk `kâkmor ml rl`ojplasks, uj brupo ml pgrktks mgsdkrâkmos lj akvgo kjlrg`kao lstkvk rkptkamo fovlas ho`kgs pkrk vlamæ-hks kos normçgs mo suh. @oavo`kmo plhks kutorgmkmls k rlsohvlr k sgtukâào, Vekab latrou sozgaeo lj uj nkrqugaeo l rljou ktç o akvgo, ls`khkamo k kjurkmk ktç o `oavçs. Khg jkssk`rou mlzlaks ml pgrktks l hgnlrtou ks ponrls joâks. Aào sl sknl qukatos pgrktks jorrlrkj `oj `lrtlzk, jks Vekab rl`lnlu o kplhgmo ml ‘Jàos ml ^lhîjpkbo‚ plhk vlho`gmkml `oj qul rlsohvlu k sgtukâào `oatrk tkatos opoalatls. @oj o pksskr mo tljpo lhl joatou ujk nlj su`lmgmk ksso`gkâào ml krtls jkr`gkgs lj ]gkafga, lj ;7;;, `oj slu grjào jkr`gkh Hg khuaos. É @uayg. Vekab Vekomoab Vekab Vekomoab `oj khuaos.
lsqulrmk, lsqulr mk, uj fovlj Pek Buozelab
mkvk kuhks pkrtg`uhkrls l, ;;>
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
ujk vlz por sljkak, jgagstrkvk kuhks pönhg`ks oaml ks plssoks pomgkj kprlamlr tkato o Ugab Wg [uka qukato o Nkbukzekab, `ojo qugslsslj. Aks kuhks pkrtg`uhkrls, latrltkato, lasgakvk prgjlgrkjlatl o Ugab Wg l sð mlpogs o Nkbuk. Lj ;7;5 Vekab Vekomoab dog k Nlgfgab `oj Hg @uayg l khbuas khuaos pkrk pkrtg`gpkr ml ujk `ojpltgâào ml krtls jkr`gkgs orbkagzkmk por hutkmorls russos. \j pomlroso l dortêssgjo hutkmor l wrlsthlr `ekjkmo Ckab ]kg Lr vgsgtkvk k @egak l ls`kral`gk mks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks. @ektlkmos `oj lssl mlsrlsplgto, k Ksso`gkâào ml ]gkafga rlsohvlu hlvkr ujk `ojgtgvk ktç o toralgo qul ekvgkj orbkagzkmo. Eka Ju Ugk, khuao mlWgVekab Vekomoab l fë latào uj k`lgtou jlstrl aks krtls mo Ugab l Nkbuk `oj => kaos ml gmkml, o mlsko. K hutk o`orrlu ao Eotlh Hgu Buo l dog rëpgmk l nrutkh. Ckab dog fobkmo ao `eào, oaml `ou vojgtkamo l ga`kpkz ml sl jlxlr. K eoark mk @egak ekvgk sgmo rlstgtuêmk l Ckab, rl`oael`lamo suk mlrrotkmk, prlslatlou Eka Ju Ugk `oj ;; jlmkheks ml ouro, qul lhl proatkjlatl moou pkrk k Ksso`gkâào ml Krtls jkr`gkgs ml ]gkafga. Lj rl`oael`gjlato por slu dlgto, gasgstgrkj pkrk qul lhl `kssl `oj k jkgor mlhks. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;;0
@ojo Vekab Vekomoab lrk uj prktg`katl orgbgakhjlatl ml Ugab Wg, slu Nkbuk tgaek ujk dortl gauæa`gk mlstk krtl jkr`gkh. Lhl lrk jugto brkaml l dortl l bostkvk ml uskr posposturks jugto kjphks, knlrtks lj trlgakjlato. Puk dorjk ml Nkbukzekab lrk jugto mgrltk l rlhktgvkjlatl sgjphls lj `ojpkrkâào `oj outros prktg`katls. Yorqul Vekab lrk jkgor l jkgs dortl mo qul k jkgorgk mos slus kmvlrsërgos, suk tç`ag`k ml Nkbuk aào lrk tào lvksgvk `ojo k ml Wga Du, l por `kusk mo slu `oael`gjlato lj Ugab Wg, lhl aào utghgzkvk jugtks tç`ag`ks ml krrljlsso `ojo @elab ]gab Euk, qul tgaek vgamo mo Peukg Fgko (lstgho ml hutk ml krrljlsso, pkrl`gmo `oj o Fumý). Mlvgmo ko slu tkj tkjkaeo kaeo l `oael`gjlatos prçvgos, suk tç`ag`k ml Nkbuk sl toraou jugto mgrltk l pomlrosk. [ukamo tgaek jkgs ml 29 kaos ml gmkml, pkrtg`gpkvk ktgvkjlatl mk prlpkrkâào l kmjgagstrkâào ml lvlatos ml krtls jkr`gkgs lj ]gkafga l mkvk mljoastrkâüls ml Nk Buk Vekab. Lrk jugto `oael`gmo l rlqugsgtkmo pkrk mljoastrkâüls l pkrtg`gpkâào lj lvlatos jkr`gkgs por tomk k @egak. Ç tgmo `ojo `rgkmor mo Ugab Wg-Nkbuk, ujk vkrgkatl mo Ugab [uka qul ga`orpork `oa`lgtos jovgjlatkâüls ml NkWgBuk Vekab. Plbuamo slu khuao lFgkab ^oab-[gko, Jlstrl Vekab Vekomoab jorrlu lj ]gkafga lj ;7=9, ml `kusks akturkgs. Jlstrl6 Hgu [g Hka Yrga`gpkgs khuaos6 Fgkab ^oab-[gko, Rkab Peufga, Vekg Peuzela, Vekab Pege Cukab (heo), Pek Buozelab, Eka Ju
Ugk, [gka Poabhgab, Hgu Nufga, Hgu @eko-Ekg, Veko Mkoxga, Veou Woumka ;;=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Fgkab ^oab-[gko 姘宷樼
(;57;-;72=) Fg kabb ^oab Fgka ^o ab-[ -[gko gko,, tkjn tk jnçj çj `o `oae ael`g l`gmo mo `o `ojo jo Fgka Fg ka Buka Bu ka Ru, aks`lu ao `oamkmo ml Veou Vekab, ak provêa`gk ml Elnlg l sl mlmg`ou kos lstghos gatlraos, slamo brkaml mgdusor mo Nkbukzekab l tlamo `rgkmo slu prðprgo sgstljk ml Nkbuk, `oael`gmo `ojo Lstgho Fgkab. Lj suk fuvlatuml lstumou krtls jkr`gkgs `oj slu tgo l kvý, l mlpogs ]kgfgquka `oj uj kjgbo, Mkab Peg Hgab. Alssk çpo`k trlgaou `oj Wko Du Veua, uj mos khuaos ml Vekab Vekomoab. Mlpogs vgkfou pkrk ]gkafga l lstumou plssokhjlatl `oj Vekab Vekomoab l Hg @uayg. ]kjnçj trlgaou `oj Hg Fgahgab, dkjoso lspkmk`egj ml Rumkab. Murkatl k mç`kmk ml ;7>9, Fgkab gag`gou ujk sçrgl ml hgvros ml krtls jkr`gkgs, qul `elbou k vgatl l `ga`o onrks, torakamo-sl uj mos ls`rgtorls jkgs prohê`os mo slu tljpo. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;;<
Lj ;7>4 `ojlâou k lasgakr krtls jkr`gkgs lj Akafgab, k `oavgtl mk Veoab Wkab Buo Peu Buka (K`kmljgk @latrkh ml Krtls Jkr`gkgs). @kngk k lhl sgstljktgzkr l orbkagzkr os probrkjks ml trlgakjlato mk ksso`gkâào. Lhl lrk jugto eknghgmoso l bostkvk ml `oastrugr dorjks qul ga`huêsslj Ugab Wg, Nkbuk l ]kg Fg. Khbuas ml slus khuaos kpoatkj qul lssks dorjks `ojngakmks lrkj Yëbgak ml uj ml ujk elrkaâk ml slu jlstrl, Vekab slus hgvros hgvros Vekomoab. Fgkab sodrlu uj k`gmlatl l `ou `lbo, slamo kjpkrkmo mlsml lssl mgk por suk hek kmotgvk, Veou Peu Ugka, qul o kfumou `oj ks kuhks l k punhg`kr slus vërgos hgvros, ga`hugamo o Jçtomo o Jçtomo ml Yrëtg`k mks Ykhjks mo Nk Buk Buk,, qul dog k prgjlgrk onrk sonrl Nkbuk lmgtkmk kpðs k rlvohuâào `ojuagstk ml ;7=7. Lstl hgvro kujlatou `oasgmlrkvlhjlatl k rlputkâào ml Fgkab `ojo uj mos jkgorls prktg`katls ml lstghos gatlraos ml suk blrkâào. Plus hgvros punhg`kmos ga`hulj6 Ugabyg Ju [uka (Yuaeos-jàl [uka (Yuaeos-jàl mo Ugabyg)3 Nkbukzekab Hgkaxgdk (Jçtomo ml Yrëtg`k mks Ykhjks mo Nk Buk)3 Ugabyg Vk Pg @eug @eug l @oj suk dhek kmotgvk,
Veou Peu Ugka ;;4
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Gastgtuto Ak`goakh ml Yrodlssor Yrodlssorls ls ml Lmu`kâào Dêsg`k (Pek (Pekabekg abekg -;7) ]kjnçj `oael`gmo por Pek Pekjo, Pek Buozelab knrkâou ks krtls jkr`gkgs mlsml jugto `lmo lj suk vgmk. Aks`gmo ao `oamkmo ml ^oab Veka, ak provêa`gk ml Pekamoab, lstumou jugtos lstghos mo Aortl`oj mk @egak, tkato tç`ag`ks krjks `ojo ml jàos vkzgks. Puk brkaml pkgxào lrk k hkaâk, tlamo lstumkmo lspl`gkhjlatl o lstgho ‘Hkaâk mks Plgs Ekrjoagks‚ (Hguel [gkab) mlsml jugto fovlj. Puk eknghgmkml `oj krjks ao Nk Buk Vekab lrkj hlamërgks, slamo gbukhkmks kplaks plho Jlstrl Hg Vgjgab. @ojo suk dkjêhgk lrk jugto ponrl, o fovlj Pek dog lavgkmo pkrk trknkhekr lj uj krjkzçj lj Bko Peou kos ;4 kaos. K ho`khgmkml lrk prðmgbk lj krtgstks jkr`gkgs l lhl kprovlgtou pkrk kprlamlr vërgos lstghos. Alstk çpo`k `ojlâou k kprlamlr Nk Buk Vekab ‘Lstgho mo Hlào‚ `oj Rkab Velzelab, l k ‘Lspkmk mos Ogto Gjortkgs‚ ;;5
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
(Nkxgka Fgka). Fgka). Lstk sl sojou é vërgks krjks qul kprlamlu ao Nkbuk l ao UgabWg. Lj ;7>4 o krjkzçj lj qul trknkhekvk qulnrou l slu pkg o jkamou pkrk ]gkafga, `ojo kprlamgz. Pek Buozekab trlgaou lj ]gkafga `oj Vekg Peuzela, khuao mo Brkaml Jlstrl Vekab Vekomoab, `oj qulj k`knou trlgakamo mgrltkjlatl khbuj tljpo mlpogs. Pek Buozelab sounl qul slu jlstrl orgbgakh mo Nkbuk, Rkab Velzelab, ekvgk sl lstknlhl`gmo ak @orlgk l sl ju ju-mou pkrk hë lj ;709, kfumkamo-o k joatkr ujk ls`ohk lj Ga`eloa. Ao kao slbugatl, os fkpoalsls qul mojgakvkj k @orlgk rlsohvlrkj lxpuhskr os `egalsls l `ojlâkrkj ujk sçrgl ml ktkquls és suks `ojuagmkmls. K @îjkrk ml @ojçr`go @egalsk ml Ga`eloa plmgu kfumkl kPek Jlstrl Rkab, pkrk qul orbkagzkssl ujk rlsgstæa`gk, Buozelab k`knou slamo o hêmlr mo lsqukmrào ml krtls jkr`gkgs qul mldlamlrgk k `gmkml. @oj nkstüls hoabos, nkstüls krtg`uhkmos l lspkmks lhls ladrlatkrkj l rl`ekâkrkj `oj su`lsso o ktkqul jghgtkr fkpoaæs. @oj gsso suk rlputkâào `rls`lu jugto ak ho`khgmkml. Jks `oj k jortl ml Rkab lj ;700, Pek rltoraou k ]gkafga oaml rltojou slus lstumos jkr`gkgs. Dlz jugtos kjgbos latrl os prktg`katls mo rkjo ml @elab Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;;7
]gab Euk l mlssk dorjk pýml kjphgkr slus `oael`gjlatos ao Nkbuk. Alssk çpo`k gk drlqulatljlatl drlqulatljla tl k Nlgfgab, oaml sl kproduamou alstls lstghos `oj Pua Hutkab. @oj uj khuao sæagor ml Pua, qul tgaek ujk ljprlsk ml bukrmk-`ostks pkrk TGYs, lhl kplrdlgâoou suks tç`ag`ks ml hkaâk mo Ugab Wg. Lj ;704 toraou-sl mgs`êpuho prga`gpkh mo rlaojkmo jlstrl ml Nkbuk, Ugab Wg l ]kgfg, Fgkab ^oab-Fgko, khuao ml Vekab Vekomoab. Lhl sl lspl`gkhgzou alstks krtls l `oatgauou sl kproduamkamo `oj Jlstrl Fgkab por mç`kmks, khbujks vlzls vgkfkamo `latlaks ml qughýjltros pkrk la`oatrkr slu prodlssor k `kmk pou`os jlsls. @orrgk o kao ml ;707 l os `ojuagstks ladrlatkvkj os lstrkablgros lj ]gkafga, mlgxkamo k sgtukâào ak `gmkml nkstkatl plrgbosk. Yor gsso Pek jumou-sl pkrk Kaeug pkrk lasgakr krtls jkr`gkgs. [ukamo lstkvk alstk provêa`gk, ak `gmkml ml Rueu, `oavgmou slu jlstrl, Fgka ^oab-[gko, pkrk `kr uj tljpo eosplmkmo lj suk `ksk. Lhl `ou slgs jlsls `oj Pek, `oj gatlask plsqugsk l tro`k ml gmlgks. Kaos mlpogs Pek plrêomo `oadlsskvk qul dog alssl qul lhl kproduamou l slmgjlatou slu `oael`gjlato jkr`gkh, knrgamo `kjgaeo pkrk slus duturos trknkheos ls`rgtos. Lj ;7=7, hobo katls mk ^lvohuâào @ojuagstk, Pek ;>9
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Ljnkgxo6 Pek Buozelab (lsqulrmk) (lsqulrmk) l Fgkab ^oab-[gko (mgr (mgrlgtk). lgtk). Lj pç, é lsqulrmk, Veou Peu Ugka, dhek kmotgvk ml Fgkab ^oab-[gko
Buozelab sl jumou pkrk Cuajgab, ak provêa`gk ml Wuaaka l sl lstknlhl`lu hë. O aovo ao vo bovlrao, rl`oael`lamo slu tkhlato l `oael`gjlato, o toraou gastrutor-`eldl ml krtls jkr`gkgs ml tomk k provêa`gk. [ukamo plrbuatkmo sonrl suks eknghgmkmls, mgzgk qul tgaek tgmo k sortl ml lstumkr `oj brkamls jlstrls. @glatl mos vërgoslstlamlr nlaldê`gos mks krtls pkrk kspkrk plssoks, pro`urkvk o lasgao mljkr`gkgs krtls jkr`gkgs tomk k popuhkâào, por oaml qulr qul dossl. Plus sgstljks ml dortkhl`gjlato mo `orpo l [gboab sl torakrkj jugto popuhkrls. Lhl sl hlvkatkvk sljprl és =e mk jkaeà pkrk prktg`kr l lasgakr l kgamk `ojpkrl`gk k ;>9 mljoastrkâüls ml krtls jkr`gkgs por kao. Murkatl k ^lvohuâào @uhturkh (;744-;724), ks krtls jkr`gkgs dorkj ml`hkrkmks dork mk hlg l slu lasgao progngmo ak Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;>;
@egak. Jks Pek Buozelab mgssl k slus khuaos qul ks krtls jkr`gkgs aua`k mlvlrgkj pkrkr. Lhl gbaorou ks ormlas mo bovlrao l hlvkvk slus khuaos pkrk k ërlk rurkh tomks ks jkaeàs, pkrk lasgakr. @oj o j mk ^lvohuâào @uhturkh, lhl dog rlljposskmo `ojo gastrutor-`eldl ml krtls jkr`gkgs ml Wuaaka. Mlpogs mgsso, pkssou k sl mlmg`kr kgamk jkgs ko lasgao l mgdusào mks krtls jkr`gkgs, mkamo kuhks l ls`rlvlamo krtgbos l hgvros. Puk ktukâào ak ërlk ml sköml lrk gatlask. Mlsml jugto fovlj lhl lstumkvk `ojo trktkr dlrgjlatos l rl`lnlu mgvlrsks dðrjuhks pkrk trktkjlato ml slus prodlssorls ml krtls jkr`gkgs. Drlqulatljlatl lhl trktkvk ks plssoks `oj nkstkatl su`lsso, l slj `onrkr akmk por gsso. \jk juhelr lj Kaeug jk`eu`ou `ohuak l lstkvk `oj ujk plrak pkrkhgskmk. Mlpogs ml kuj jæs ao eospgtkh, mgsslrkj qul akmk jkgs pomlrgk slr dlgto. Plu jkrgmo ls`rlvlu pkrk Pek Buozelab, qul kmqugrgu os jlmg`kjlatos al`lssërgos `oj mgaelgro ml slu prðprgo nohso l os lavgou é juhelr, slj `onrkr akmk por gsso. Mlpogs ml uj jæs suk jlheork fë lrk probrlssgvk. Jugtos lavgkvkj moaktgvos pkrk lhl, lj kbrkml`gjlato, jks Pek sljprl os mlvohvgk. Fkjkgs k`lgtou pkbkjlato ;>>
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
plhos trktkjlatos. Ko `oatrërgo, bkstkvk ujk brkaml sojk ml suks possls kmqugrgamo jlmg`kjlatos l os lavgkamo k qulj prl`gskssl. Lj ;75> o bovlrao `egaæs hel lavgou uj joatkatl `oasgmlrëvlh ml mgaelgro, lj rl`oael`gjlato ko slu trknkheo `oj ks krtls jkr`gkgs, j kr`gkgs, l Pek Buozelab bkstou tomo o mgaelgro rl`lngmo lj rljçmgos pkrk os al`lssgtkmos. Lj ;750 lhl kaotou tomks ks dðrjuhks jlmg`gakgs qul possuêk l ks latrlbou ko bovlrao, pkrk qul pumlsslj nlal`gkr tomk k popuhkâào. Lj slus öhtgjos kaos, Jlstrl Pek Buozelab lasgakvk o Nkbuk l o Ugab Wg kprlamgmos lj ]gkafga l Nlgfgab kplaks qukamo mlvgmkjlatl sohg`gtkmo. Ao blrkh, lasgakvk o ‘Lstgho mo Hlào‚ ml Nk Buk Vekab. @oj suk brkaml lxplrgæa`gk aos lstghos gatlraos, poml pohgr l trkasjgtgr tkjnçj o Ugabyg-Nkbuk ml Vekab Vekomoab pkrk ks duturks blrkâüls. Jlstrls6 Vekg Peuzela, Fgkab ^oab-[gko l Vekab Vekomoab Yrga`gpkgs khuaos6 Vekab Uguhga
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;>0
Vekab Uguhga 弩信枒 (;7>2- ) O jlstrl Vekab Uguhga ç heo mo jlstrl Vekab Pela Rla, plrgto ao lstgho ]ka ]ug l outros ml orgblj Pekohga, l qul o lasgaou mlsml k gadîa`gk k pkrtgr ml ;704. Khçj mk nrghekatl `krrlgrk aks krtls jkr`gkgs, lhl sl toraou uj brkaml lablaelgro, eofl lablaelgro-sæagor ak `gmkml ml Fgu Fgkab, khçj ml produamo `oael`lmor mk hosok l egstðrgk mks krtls jkr`gkgs `egalsks. Ç kjgbo l grjào ml trlgao mo jlstrl Ckab Blwu, tkjnçj mgs`êpuho ml Pek Buozelab l moutor lj Egstðrgk, slamo vg`l-prlsgmlatl mk Ksso`gkâào ml Nkbukzekab ml Nlgfgab. Pào mgbaos rlprlslatkatls ml ujk `hkssl ml brkamls gatlhl`tukgs. Plu pkg mlgxou slu kjgbo, o Jlstrl Pek Buozelab, `ojo slu lmu`kmor l jlstrl é pkrtgr ml ;7=4. @oj Pek Buozelab, Vekab Uguhga gag`gou slus lstumos mo Ugab Wg [uka, Nk Buk Vekab, [gboab l Moab Nlg [uka. Lj ;7=2 gag`gou o lstumo l prëtg`k mos lstghos ml ]kg Fg [uka Wkab l Pua. Dog gag`gkmo ;>=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
tkjnçj ak produamk tlorgk l hosok qul ç plrtgalatl k tkgs `oael`gjlatos. O Jlstrl Pek Buozelab tkjnçj lrk produamo `oael`lmor mk utghgzkâào ml lrvks `egalsks l jonghgzkâüls tlrkpæutg`ks ao `orpo qul kprlamlrk `oj slus jlstrls Fgkab ^oab-[gko, Rkab Velzelab l outros, o qul q ul tkjnçj pkssou kmgkatl pkrk o jlstrl Vekab. Lj ;74
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Vekab Veoab Buo 弼忩圃
(;745->9;7) Butljnlrbul Hgvrkjlato (Vekab Veoab Buo) aks`lu lj ;745 lj Gtkltæ, ak @ekpkmk Mgkjkatgak, gatlrgor mk Nkegk. K pkrtgr mos ;9 kaos ml gmkml sl gatlrlssou plhk krtl jkr`gkh `egalsk `oj k hlgturk mosmlhgvros l rlvgstks. Ao gaê`go suk kmohls`æa`gk, aos kaos 59, la`oatrou slu prgjlgro jlstrl `egaæs qul lstkvk jgagstrkamo pkhlstrks lj Pkhvkmor jks jorkvk lj Pào Ykuho, Eu Peko Ugu. ]rlgaou `oj lhl por quksl >9 kaos, lstumkamo lstghos provlaglatls ml Pekohga. Kos ;< kaos dog kprlslatkmo és krtls gatlraks `egalsks, gag`gkamo plho ]kg Fg [uka lstghos lstgho s Ru, Wkab l @ela. @oael`lu o Jlstrl Vekab Uguhga ak @egak, aos kaos 79, l kssgj poml sl kproduamkr aks krtls gatlraks `egalsks `ojo o Nk Buk Vekab, Ugab Wg [uka, ]kg Fg [uka l Moabnlgquka, slamo lstumkmos `oael`gjlatos `oael`gjlat os mks hgaekblas ml Pek Buozelab, Hg Vgjgab, @ela Dkcl, Wkab @elabdu l Pua Hutkab. Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;>2
]kjnçj aos kaos 79 `oael`lu o Jlstrl @ela Ugkowkab l poml lstumkr l sl kproduamkr kgamk jkgs ao lstgho @ela ml ]kg Fg [uka. @oj o gatlaso `oatkto `oj lssls jlstrls ml khtk l lxprlssgvk hgaekblj, poml sl kproduamkr ao lstumo mo [gboab jçmg`o l jkr`gkh, kssgj `ojo ak Dghosok l Jlmg`gak @egalsk `oj lstumos mlatro l dork mos jlgos k`kmæjg`os uagvlrsgtërgos tkato ao O`gmlatl qukato ak @egak. Lrk prodlssor hgkmo ko `latro ml lstumos ml [gboab l ]kg Fg [uka ml Pelazela, Pelazel a, Bukabmoa Bukabmoab, b, @egak. Aos lstumos lstumo s k`kmæjg`os, khçj mk Jlmg`gak @egalsk, `ursou Ngohobgk (\DNK), toraou-sl Lablaelgro (\@Pkh) l Dgsgotlrkplutk (LNJPY) `oj Yðs-brkmukâào lj Dgsgohobgk (\BD), LsplLspl `gkhgzkâào lj Dgtotlrkpgk (\DNK) l Jlstrkmo lj Jlmg`gak l Pköml Eujkak (LNJPY). Dog prodlssor uagvlrsgtërgo ml brkmukâào l ml pðs-brkmukâào l ls`rlvlu krtgbos `glatê`os l gadorjktgvos, ak brkaml nus`k ml `ohknorkr `oj o latlamgjlato l `oastruâào ml aovos pkrkmgbjks pkrk k jlmg`gak l k sköml eujkak.
]rlgakamo `oj o Jlstrl Vekab Uguhgab
Dlz pkrtl mk Plhlâào Nrksghlgrk ml Cuab Du mlsml os kaos 79, `oj `lr`k ml ;> têtuhos nrksghlgros, têtuhos l jlmkheks lj `kjploaktos suh kjlrg`kaos, juamgkh, `kjploaktos l dlstgvkgs
;>5
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
`egalsls. Ao @kjploakto Nrksghlgro ml >997 `oaslbugu k prolzk ml `oaqugstkr 5 jlmkheks ml ouro lj uj öag`o lvlato. @oj jkgs ml 59 jlmkheks ml ouro l quksl outro tkato ml prktk l nroazl, dog tkjnçj Yrlsgmlatl mk Dlmlrkâào ml Cuab Du Ruseu mo Lstkmo mk Nkegk por jkgs ml ;9 kaos.
Lrk o rlprlslatkatl mk hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab ao Nrksgh Jlstrl Butljnlrbul dkhl`lu ml jkalgrk galsplrkmk lj >5 ml dlvlrlgro ml >9;7. Jlstrl6 Vekab Uguhgab
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
;>7
NGNHGOB^KDGK NKG, P. lt kh., Nrlvl Egstorgk ml @egak ‐ mlsml hk katgbugmkm ekstk ;7;7, Lmg`goals la Hlabuks Lxtrkaflrks, @egak, ;75= N^LAAKA, Ykuh (]rkm.). Lsskys ny Pua Hutkab . Mgspoaêvlh lj6 ettps6//nrlaakatrkashktgoa.wormprlss. `oj/>9;. Rkhaut @rllc6 @latlr dor Elkhgab & ]el Krts, ;777 D^KA]VGP, N.C. ]el Yowlr od Gatlrakh Jkrtgkh Krts ‐ @ojnkt Pl`rlts od Nk Buk, ]kg @eg kam Esgab-G, Aorte Kthkatg` Noocs, L\K, ;775 HGKAB, P.W., WKAB, F.J., Ugabygquka ‐ ]elory, Kpphg`ktgoas, Dgbetgab ]k`tg`s kam Ppgrgt, WJKK Yunhg`ktgoa @latlr, L\K, >99> JGHHL^, M., Pek Cuo-@elab‗s ]erll Ptyhls od Yk Cuk, Yk Cuk @ekab Fourakh, voh.90, a.94, slp/o`t ;770, Egbe Tglw Yunhg`ktgoas, L\K PKRKG, C., ]el Lssla`l od Cuab Du ]KGCG-CLA, Fkpka Yunhg`ktgoas, Fkpào, ;724 ;09
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
PGHTK, Bghnlrto K.. Latrlvgstk `oj o Jlstrl Butljnlrbul Hgvrkjlato. ga ga K K Ykhkvrk mos Jlstrls. Pào Ykuho6 @hunl ml Kutorls, >9>; PJG]E, ^.R.. Esgab-G6 @egalsl Jgam-Nomy Noxgab . Aorte Kthkatg` Noocs, L\K, >990 P\A, Hutkab, N^LAAKA, Ykuh (]rkm.). Kutelatg` Lxphkaktgoas od Jkrtgkh Krts @oa`lpts, ;7>= Mgspoaêvlh lj6 ettps6//nrlaakatrkashktgoa.wormprlss. `oj/>9;0/9=/>7/tel-vog`ls-od-sua-hutkabs-tlk`elrs/ P\A, H\]KAB, Ugab Wg [uka Uul ‐ ]el Ptumy od DorjJgam Noxgab, \agqul Yunhg`ktgoas, L\K, >999 H\, Pelabhg. @ojnktl ]l`eagquls od ]kgfg, Ugabyg kam Nkbuk ‐ Yrga`gphls kam Yrktg`ls od Gatlrakh Jkrtgkh Krts. Nlrchly6 Nhul Pakcl Noocs, >994
^ldlræa`gks ak Gatlralt
(vgsgtkmos latrl 94 l 95 ml kbosto ml >9;>) ettp6//www.`egow.`oj ettp6//www .`egow.`oj/etjh/ngo_Fgkab^oab[gko.etj /etjh/ngo_Fgkab^oab[gko.etj
ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/buo-yuasela/ ettp6//la.wgcgplmgk.orb/wgcg/Buo_Wuasela ettp6//www.wumkabmkapkg.`oj/?pkbl_gm:45
ettp6//www.esgab-g.`oj/esgab-g/eegst.etjh ettp6//www.esgab-g.`oj/esgab-g_fourakh/tkhls;.etjh Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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ettp6//www.`egow.`oj ettp6//www .`egow.`oj/Ugabygquka.etj /Ugabygquka.etj ettp6//la.wgcgplmgk.orb/wgcg/Fg_Fgcl ettp6//la.wgcgplmgk.orb/wgcg/Fgkab_^oab_[gko ettp6//www.fgkabs`eooh.`oj/Fgkab_^oab-[gko.etj ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/`ktlbory/xgabygquka-049/dkjous-burls/
ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/hg-huoalab/ ettp6//la.wgcgplmgk.orb/wgcg/Hg_Huo_Alab
ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/hgu-qghka/ ettp6//juaamgkhkrts.`oj/labhgse/?p:
ettp6//www.sjghgabtgblr ettp6//www .sjghgabtgblr.alt/Hkoaoab.etjh .alt/Hkoaoab.etjh ettp6//nouhmlrgatlrakhjkrtgkhkrts.nhobspot.`oj.nr/>9;;/9=/cuab-du-nkm-kss-sek-buo-zela.etjh ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/sua-hutkab/ ettp6//www.`egakkrtsksso`gktg ettp6//www .`egakkrtsksso`gktgoa.`oj/wuseu/aoml/4 oa.`oj/wuseu/aoml/4 ettp6//www.algboab.ah/VekabVekaCug_bn.etjh
ettp6//xgabygjkx.`oj/zekab-zekacug/ ettp6//www.fgkabs`eooh.`oj/Veoab_Veko-Moab.etj
ettp6//www.`egakdrojgasgml.`oj ettp6//www .`egakdrojgasgml.`oj/jk/storl/
[email protected] /jk/storl/
[email protected] ettp6//gatlrakhstyhl.`oj/gamlx.pep?optgoa:`oj_`oatlat&vglw:krtg`hl&gm:;=
UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
O Kutor Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk ç Nk`ekrlh lj @gæa`gks & Eujk-
agmkmls `oj æadksl lj Dghosok plhk \agvlrsgmkml Dlmlrkh mo KN@. Yossug Kplrdlgâokjlato lj Krtls Jkr`gkgs plhk Dk`uhmkml ml Lmu`kâào Dêsg`k ml Pkato Kamrç l ç Gastrutor ml [gboab plhk Ksso`gkâào Nrksghlgrk ml [gboab pkrk k Pköml, tlamo kgamk dorjkâào lj Jlmg`gak @egalsk. Lstumgoso ml hosoks l `uhturks orglatkgs mlsml ;722, pls pls-qugsou l kakhgsou `oj produamgmkml k `uhturk l o jomo ml plaskr orglatkh. Forakhgstk ktukamo ao jlr`kmo lmgtorgkh `ojo ls`rgtor, ksslssorfël punhg`kmks lmgtor mlsmllj;77;, tlvl jkgs ml 099 krtgbos l jktçrgks gatlralt, rlvgstks lspl`gkhgzkmks l forakgs mgvlrsos. Ç ktukh Lmgtor mk rlvgstk rlvgst k Mkofgk,, ml ]kogsjo l @uhturk @egalsk, Mkofgk @egalsk, l @oormlakmor Lmgtorgkh mk ^lvgstk Nrksghlgrk ml Jlmg`gak @egalsk. @egalsk. Yrodlssor ml ]kogsjo, hosok orglatkh l prëtg`ks tlrkpæutlrkpæutg`ks, mlslavohvl lstumos sonrl Wg Fgab l ç o `rgkmor mo ]ko[g, uj jçtomo prëtg`o l sgjphls ml jkagpuhkr o [g (lalrbgk vgtkh). Yrktg`ou Ckrktæ Ocgakwk Bofu ^yu `oj o Jlstrl Jorgegro Wkjku`eg, 5¶ Mka3 Kgcgmý `oj o Jlstrl Jkcoto Agsegmk, 2¶ Mka (KGCGCKG Pegeka), l Wkab Fgka Euk ]kgfgquka `oj o Yrod. Ru Cwka Euë. Euë. ]kjnçj lstumou o ]kg Fg [uka lstgho Pua l o Nk Buk Vekab. Mlmg`k-sl ko lstumo mks krtls jkr`gkgs gatlraks mk @egak, lj lspl`gkh o ]kg @eg @euka lstgho @ela l o Ugab Wg [uka, k pkrtgr mos lasgakjlatos mo Jlstrl Butljnlrbul Hgvrkjlato (Vekab Veoab Buo). Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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Outrks Onrks mo Kutor Os @kjgaeos mo ]kogsjo
K Ykhkvrk mos Jlstrls Mojgakamo o Dlab Peug G @egab - Jkaukh mo \suërgo ^llxüls ]kogstks @egak l suk Gmlatgmkml [uktro Duamkjlatos mk Dlhg`gmkml >4 Mg`ks ml Pköml mk Jlmg`gak Orglatkh Mgrlgtos Kutorkgs ao Pç`uho UUG - Knrgamo k @kgxk-Yrltk mk Ygrktkrgk Plbrlmos mk @ojuag`kâào Yrossgoakh Bugk ml Kutomldlsk pkrk Juhelrls Tlbltkrgkagsjo6 Opâào ou Onrgbkâào? ^lsbktl lj @kroatl (`âào `glatê`k)
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UGAB WG [\KA - @krk`tlrêstg`ks, @krk`tlrêstg`ks, Egstðrgk l Brkamls Jlstrl Jlstrlss mk Hgaekblj ml Pek Buozelab
Bghnlrto Katðago Pghvk
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