X Swad Science

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE-411 005

SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (STD-X)

SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART - I AND II

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECONDARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE-411 005

SECONDARY SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (STD-X)

SELF-STUDY BOOKLET FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART - I AND II

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

N.B. Exercise section - Page nos. 86 to 202 should be solved and is to be submitted at the centre as per instructions of the Head of the Centre.

Introductory About the Booklet This booklet is specially prepared for you by experienced teachers. The booklet has two sections. Section I consists of summary of the chapter. It includes important points from the chapters. It also includes some tips, instructions in between and some solved examples. Section II consists of exercises for self study. They involve important questions from your textbooks and also some additional exercises for practice. How to use the booklet ? 1. The booklet consists of summary of each chapter from the textbook. But it includes only some important points to bring to your notice. So do not rely merely on the summary given. Read the complete chapter from the textbook before studying the summary. 2. Try to understand the concepts and principles given in the summary. If you do not understand, refer to the chapter in the textbook once again. 3. Study figures, diagrams, graphs, tables from the textbook. They are not included in the booklet. 4. Study the solved sample questions or examples. Try to concentrate on the format of answers sequence of the points included and steps of solving numerical examples carefully. 5. Once you become confident enough, be ready to solve the exercises given in section II of the booklet. 6. Try to write answers and solve examples on your own. In case of difficulty, refer to page numbers from the textbook given against each question. Re read the content, organise your answer and write it down. 7. Study the written answers till you master them. Some tips for self study
Concentrate while studying. Sit erect. Avoid noise around as far as possible.
Try to understand the meaning of scientific terms used. This will help you to remember them.
Pay more attention to highlighted words / statements in the textbook. Read

(iii)








aloud that part, if required. Try to comprehend the definitions, formulae and equations. Write them again and again till you learn them by heart. Study solved examples. Try solving them without seeing and check to get self feedback. Find similar examples from the textbook and solve them. Seek guidance from peer group and teachers available in case of difficulty. Practice drawing diagrams. Remember labels given to parts and structure. You may find some chapters easy and some chapters difficult according to your interest. So start from easy chapters and slowly go to the difficult one. Remember the chapters are not difficult. Only thing is you probably do not understand them. Make effort to understand them. Do not skip any chapter.

The success is yours !

(iv)

Pc-2/d/Delight/D1 to D5/ Science & Tecg, P1/Std.X science & tech. p1-D1 ok A

Part- 1 Self Study Material Chapter 1 Classification of Elements (Marks - 5, Marks with option 8) Introduction : Man has discovered 116 elements uptil now. We use (Modern Periodic Table, (Long Form of Periodic Table) prepared by Moseley to study the elements. Features of Modern Periodic Table : (1) Atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons or electrons in the atom of the element. (Atom of any element contains equal number of protons and electrons) (2) Moseley observed that properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers. Therefore Moseley assumed atomic number (z) as the basis of modern periodic table. (Definition of the periodic law-refer to page 2) (3) There are 7 rows (known as periods) and 18 columns (known as Groups) (4) At the bottom of the periodic table there are 2 additional rows known as series. All the elements in series belong to third group. Do not misunderstand series as periods. (5) Place of element in the periodic table suggests a) Serial No. of period b) Whether the element is metal, non-metal or inert gas. c) reactivity of an element d) Valency of an element e) no. of electrons in the outermost orbit. f) While studying periods, one has to refer the periodic table from left to right gradually. One can understand whether the element is metal, non-metal, metalloid or an inert gas. g) Refer the group from top to bottom. No. of shells go on increasing from top to bottom gradually. All the elements from the same column contains equal number of electrons in the outermost shell. h) The entire table is divided into four blocks based on electronic configuration of elements. Block Group No. Name s block p block p block d block f block

1,2 13 to 17 18 3 to 12 lanthenide, actinide series

Normal elements Normal elements Inert elements Transition elements Inner transition elements

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (1) Science and Technology Part I & II

periods

*

*

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

○

d-block 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB

Transition elements (Metals)

○

5 B

32 Ge

14 S

6 C

51 Sb

33 As

84 Po

52 Te 85 At

13 14 15 16 17 18/ IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA zero

p-block (Normal elements)

series - 2 *

series - 1 *

The bordering elements along the zig-zag line are the Metalloids No. of Elements - period - first = 2, period second = 8 period third = 8, period fourth = 18, period fifth = 18 period sixth = 32,period seventh = 30 f-block

7

6

5

2/IIA

Elements: z symbol (Electronic configuration)

Modern Periodic Table

○

4

3

2

1

1/IA

s-block

The periodic table can be read like a cross-word puzzle. Prepare a blank periodic table and solve the following. Ex. 1 : The element carbon (C) is in second period and 14th group of the periodic table. Place element Carbon in the proper place. Ex. 2 : Atomic no. of hydrogen is 1and that of lithium is 3. Place the elements in proper place in the periodic table. (Note - Electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1, and lithium is 2,1)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (2) Science and Technology Part I & II

Ex. 3 : Atomic no. of silicon is 14, which is greater than atomic no. of carbon by 8. Locate the position of silicon in the periodic table, with the help of given information. Prepare a blank table (Table no. 1.2, page 4) If we consider the table from left to right, we can observe that the chemical properties of elements change gradually. Table no. 1.2 consists of the molecular formulae of compounds formed by elements of the second period. The change in valency depends upon the change in electronic configuration of elements. Gradual change in the molecular fourmulae is synchronous with the change in properties of elements. While filling Table no. 1.2, first write symbol and valency of the element. After that write molecular formula of the corresponding compound. e.g. LiCl 6 Li 6 1 Q. 1 Atomic no. of Mangnesium is 12. And molecular formula of Magnesium Chloride is MgCl2. If the At. no. of aluminium is 13, Write the molecular formula of aluminium chloride. Q. 2 Atomic no. of Carbon is 6, and molecular formula of Carbon chloride is CCl4. Atomic no. of boron is 5. Find out and write the molecular formula of boron chloride. Table 1.2 Compounds of Second Period Elements.

Molecular Formula of

Element Chloride Oxide Hydride

Valency Table No. 1.3 Electronic Configuration of elements of first three Periods. Period (Shell) 1 K

1

I A/1 II A/2

Element : z symbol (Electronic configuration)

Zero / 18

III A/13 IV A/14 V A/15 VI A/16 VII A/17

2 (K,L) 3 (K,L,M) Valency

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (3) Science and Technology Part I & II

Important points to remember : Moseley's modern form of the Periodic Law, Periods, Groups, Series, Normal elements, Inert elements, Transition elements, Inner transition elements, Metalloid, Subatomic particles.

Solved Sample Questions Give scientific reasons. 1) The last column on the right side of the modern periodic table is called zero group/18 or noble gases. (page no. 7) Expected Answer i) In this group elements have stable electronic configuration with complete duplet or complete octet. ii) Because of this the valency of this group of element is zero. iii) The atoms of this group of elements form neither ionic nor covalent bond with other atoms. iv) The elements of the group have their last shell completely filled. Write the difference between the following. Periods i) The horizontal rows of elements in the modern periodic table are called periods. ii) The period number indicates the number of electronic shells present in an atom belonging to that period. iii) Elements in the same period do not show similar Chemical properties. iv) Seven rows are present.

Groups i) The Vertical columns of elements in the modern periodic table are called groups. ii) The group number indicates the number of electrons in outer shell of an atom belonging to that group. iii) The elements is the same group show similar chemical properties. iv) Eighteen columns are present.

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (4) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 2 Electrolysis (Marks - 4, Marks with option 7) Introduction : You must have read in the newspapers about mishaps and accidents caused due to lightening falling on the earth. Lightening occurs when the clouds collide with each other. When lightening falls on the earth its electric level is much greater than that of the earth which is zero. This level of electric energy is called potential. Difference between electric level is called potential difference. Difference between electric level causes electric current. 1) Conductivity of substance : Every substance is made up of atoms and molecules. Substances having free electrons in large numbers in their atoms conduct electricity. Electric conductors are three main types. We are going to study electrolytic conductors. 2) Comparison between Electrolytes and Non Electrolytes : Electrolytes Non Electrolytes i) A substance whose aqueous i) A substance whose aqueous solution can conduct electric solution can not conduct current is called electrolyte. electric current is called nonelectrolyte. ii) Most of the electrolytes are ii) Non-electrolytes are coelectrovalent compounds. valent compounds. iii) All acids, bases and salts iii) Organic compunds like are electrolytes. Molten salts glucose, urea, cane sugar some covalent compounds alcohol are non electrolytes. (HCl, NH3) undergo ionisation on dissolving in water. They are also electrolytes. 3) Difference between anion and cation Anion i) Anions are negatively charged ions. ii) During electrolysis anion gives electrons and becomes neutral. iii) During electrolysis anion attracts towards anode, hence the name anion.

Cation i) Cations are positively charged ions. ii) During electrolysis cation accepts electrons and becomes neutral. iii) During electrolysis cation attracts towards cathode, hence the name cation.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (5) Science and Technology Part I & II

Note - Positively charged electrode is known as anode and negatively charged electrode is known as cathode. 4) For types of conductors and definitions of electrolyte and non-electrolytes refer to text book page no. 13,14. 5) Electrolysis of Copper Chloride : (Observe Fig 2.2 on 16 from the text-book) Both the electrodes are carbon rods. Open end of Carbon rod attached to positive terminal of the battery is called as anode. Open end of Carbon rod attached to the negative terminal of the battery is called as cathode. The observation and inference of the experiment is as follows : Changes 1) At cathode 2) At anode 3) Colour of electrolyte

Observation 1) Reddish deposit is seen. 2) Bubbles of a gas are observed. 3) Blue colour starts fading.

Inference 1) Copper is deposited at Cathode. 2) The gas given out is chlorine. 3) Due to decreasing concentration of copper chloride molecules colour fades.

The chemical reaction during electrolysis of copper chloride solutions : a) Reaction at Cathode : Positively charged copper ions attract towards negative electrode, accept electrons and convert into copper metal Cu2+(aq) + 2e– →Cu(s) b) Reaction at anode : Negatively charged chloride ions attract towards positive electrode, give electrons and convert into chlorine gas. 2Cl– (aq)→ Cl2(g)2e– Note : During electrolysis of copper chloride, chloride ion (Cl–) gives away electrons and copper ion (Cu2+) accepts the electrons and copper and chlorine form is elemental form. 6) Electroplating : Refer to Fig. no. 2.3 on page 18 of the text book. Note the following points about the process a) An article to be electroplated should be used as negative terminal (cathode) b) A rod of the less active metal to be coated on the article is used as positive terminal (anode) c) The electrolyte used should be of the same metal, which is used as anode. For example For electroplating of silver on copper article, Copper article should be treated as cathode and silver rod should be treated as anode.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (6) Science and Technology Part I & II

The electrolyte should be a solution of silver nitrate. Go through and study Table no. 2.1 for the process. 7) Anodising Technique Get information about the process (described) on page no. 18,19 of the text book.) and practical applications. 8) Ion as charge Carriers in living system : Every living being is made up of cells. Cell contains Cell-sap and inorganic ions. They control the functions of cells. (Read more information about the process on page nos. 19, 20 of the text book.) Points to remember : i) Electric potential is the level of electric energy. ii) Electric current flows from higher electric potential to lower electric potential. iii) Electric conductors are of three types 1) Gaseous conductors 2) Metallic (Electronic) conductors 3) Electrolytic conductors iv) Electrolytic conductors conduct electric current by movement of ions.

·

Electrolytes : These are the substances in the molten state or whose aqueous solutions conduct electric current.

·

Non-Electrolytes : These are the substances which do not conduct electricity either in the molten state or in the aqueous state.

· · ·

Electrolytes : All acids, bases, salts.

· ·

Non-Electrolytes : Carbon compounds like glucose, sugar, urea, alcohol etc. Electrolysis : It is the process of decomposition of an electrolyte by the passage of electric current. Electroplating and anodising are the applications of electrolysis. Electroplating is a process by which a metal or an alloy is coated with another less active but more attractive metal, using electrolysis.

·

Anodising is another application of electrolysis where the surface of the aluminium anode is covered by a thin film of aluminium oxide to make the aluminium surface resistant to corrosion and abrasion.

·

During electrolysis, cations move towards cathode and anions move towards the anode.

·

When aqueous copper chloride solution is electrolysed, copper is deposited at the cathode and chlorine is evolved at the anode. Due to ionisation of copper chloride, the no. molecules of copper chloride in the solution decreases and hence the colour fades.

·

Many phenomena in living organisms are controlled by ion transport across cell membrane.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (7) Science and Technology Part I & II

Healthy heart requires proper K+/Na+ balance in the body. Solved Sample Questions : 1) Give scientific reason Distilled water is a bad conductor of electricity. Ans : a) Pure distilled water being a covalent compound does not dissociate. b) As it does not dissociate, we cannot get cations and anions. As there is no movement of ions, distilled water does not carry current. Hence it is a bad conductor of electricity.

·

···

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (8) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 3 Strength of Solutions (Marks - 4, Marks with option 6) Introduction : We use large number of solutions in our daily life. e.g. tea, coffee, sherbat,medicines, essences, preservatives. Solutions play vital role in our life. We are going to study solutions, types of solutions from a chemical point of view. 3.1 Study the definitions of - solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution, non-aqueous solution. Types of solutions according to state of solute and solvent. Sr. No.

Types of Solution

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Solid in liquid Gas in liquid Gas in gas Liquid in liquid Solid in solid

Nature of Solvent Solute liquid liquid gaseous liquid solid

solid gaseous gaseous liquid solid

Example salt solution soda water air water in milk alloys e.g. brass

Note - Identify solvent, solute from the solutions used in daily life. 3.2 Ionisation and Dissociation a) Ionisation Ionic solutions when dissolved in water turns into positive and negative ions. The process is called ionisation. b) Dissociation The process of separation of positive ions and negative ions in the solution of ionic compound. Solutions is called dissociation. Note that in any solution, ionisation is the first stage and dissosiation in the second stage. Acidity of Base Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Base Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3]

No. of OH– ions in the molecule 1 1 2 3

Acidity 1 1 2 3

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (9) Science and Technology Part I & II

Neutralisation : The reaction in which H+ ions from acid and OH– ions from base combine to form H2O moecule, is known as neutralisation. The reaction between base and acid is NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O Note : ionic form of NaOH is Na+ OH– and that of HCl is H+ Cl– A) Points to remember (page nos. are given in the bracket) i) Solution, aqueous, solution non-aqueous solution (24) ii) Acid, Base (25) iii) Strond acid, weak acid, strong base, weak base (26) neutralisation reaction (26) iv) Equivalent weight : equi. w.t. of an acid Equivalent weight of a base, basicity of an acid, (27) acidity of base (28) Normality (28) 3.3 Study Arrhenius theory from the text book (page no. 25 to 28). Also familiarize with the terms like strong acid (HCl) strong base (NaOH) weak acid (CH3COOH) weak base (NH4OH) Sr. No

Acid / Base

1

Strong acid

2

Weak acid

3

Strong base

4

Weak base

Example

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Nitric acid (HNO3) Acetic acid Cytric acid Lactic acid Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) ammonium hydroxide calcium hydroxide

Percentage of dissociation to a large extent to a lesser extent to a large extent to a lesser extent

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (10) Science and Technology Part I & II

3.4 Study the concept of equivalent weight (Page no. 27 of the text-book) Go through the table of basicity of an acid and acidity of base. Basicity of Acid : Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

No. of H+ ions in the molecule

Acid Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Nitric acid (HNO3) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

1 1 2 3

Basicity 1 1 2 3

B) Study the following formulae, Use appropriate formula to solve the numericals : i) Equi. wt. of acid =

Molecular mass of acid Basicity of acid Molecular mass of base Acidity of base

ii)

Equi. wt. of base =

iii)

Normality (N) =

iv)

Molarity (M) =

v)

No. of moles of solute (n) =

vi)

from (iv) and (v) we get,

Molarity (M) =

M =

Wt. of solute in gram Gram equivalent wt. × Volume in litre Wt. of solute in gram Mol. mass of solute × Volume in litre Mass of solute in gram Mol. mass of solute

No. of moles of solute (n) Volume of solution in litre (V)

n V

vii)

Normality Equation : N1V1 = N2V2 N1 = Normality of an acid / N2 = Normality of base V1 = Volume of an acid / V2 = Volume of base unit of Normality is N and that of volume is ml.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (11) Science and Technology Part I & II

1) Relation between molecular mass and equivalent weight of an acid or a base. Acid / Base

Molecular Mass

1) HCl

36.5 u

2) H2SO4

98 u

3) HNO3

63 u

4) NaOH

40 u

5) KOH

56 u

6) Ca(OH)2

74 u

Equivalent weight 36.5 u = 36.5 u 1 98 u = 49 u 2 63 u = 63 u 1 40 u = 40 u 1 56 u = 56 u 1 74 u = 37 u 2

Note : u is the unit. 2) In normality equation N1V1 = N2V2 N1 = Normality of an acid (unit N) V1 = Volume of an acid (unit ml) N2 = Normality of a base V2 = Volume of a base Points to Remember :

· ·

Solution - It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more different substnaces. Solution = Solute + Solvent Solute is the dissolved substance in the solution and is a minor component while solvent is the major component of the solution in which the solute is dissolved.

·

According to Arrhenius theory, when dissolved in water, an acid releases (H+) ions and – a base releases (OH ) ions.

·

Neutralisation - An acid and a base in their aqueous solutions react with each other to form salt and water

·

Basicity of an acid and acidity of a base depends on the number of replaceable H+ – and OH ions present in the acid and base respectively.

· · · · ·

Standard Solution - A solution whose concentration is accurately known. Normality = Basicity × Molarity (For acid) Normality = Acidity × Molarity (For base) Normality equation : N1 × V1 = N2 × V2 . Weight dissolved = Normality × Gram equivalent weight per litre of solution.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (12) Science and Technology Part I & II

1) Solved Sample Questions Acids

Bases –

+

1) All Bases contain (OH ) 1) All acids contain (H ) ions ions 2) In aqueous solution 2) In aqueous solution bases release hydroxyl acids release – + ions (OH ) hydrogen ions (H ) 3) Bases are corrosive, hence 3) Acids are sour to should not be tasted. taste 4) Bases turn red litmus to 4) Acids turn bule litmus blue. to red. 2) Give Scientific reasons : Due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers, fiels lose its fertility. Ans : Land is basic in nature. Land becomes salty due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers. These basic substances in the soil react with the acids in the fertilizers and produce salts. In excessive salty soil, the plants cannot grow and therefore fields lose its fertility. 3) Solved examples i) Text book Q. 4 (35) 1st example in the table. HCl - mass of solute in solution = 18.25 g. Volume of the solution = 1000 ml. Find normality. Weight of solute in gram Gram equivalent weight × Volume in litre

Normality of HCl =

18.25 = 36.5 × 1000 1000 =

18.25 36.5

= 1 2

= 0.5 N.

ii) Q. 4 i) An acid is 0.01 N. 9 ml of this acid required 10 ml of basic solution for complete neutralisation. Find the normality of base and weight of base dissolved in 1000ml of solution. (Equivalent weight of base = 56.)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (13) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solution Given Normality of acid N1 = 0.01 N Volume of acid V1 = 9 ml Volume of base V2 = 10 ml Normality of base N2 = ? Weight of base dissolved in 1000ml of solution = ? Acid Base N1 × V1 = N2 × V2 0.01 × 9 = N2 × 10

ˆ

0.01 × 9 10

ˆ N2

=

N2

= 0.009 N

ˆ Normality of base = 0.009 N. Weight of base dissolved in 1000 ml means in 1 litre of solution = Normality × Equivalent weight = 0.009 × 56 = 0.504 g

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (14) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 4 Current Electricity (Marks - 3, Marks with option 6) Introduction : Now-a-days electricity is being used for daily activities of human being. So that when there is no power supply, life gets disturbed. For domestic use; electrical appliances like refrigerator, oven, hot plate, mixer etc. are used for daily activities in kitchen. For washing clothes; washing machine is used. So the demand for electricity is increasing, while the generation of electricity has not increased in the same rate that of the demand. Knowledge : In the 9th std. text book previous study the structure of atom and the main constituents of the atom. A) Some important concepts, terms and definitions (Study carefully) (In bracket page number is given from text book). 1) Static electricity (page 37) 2) Current electricity (page 37) 3) Conductors of electricity (page 38) 4) Insulators (page 38) 5) Semiconductors (page 38) 6) Simple Voltaic Cell (page 39 fig. 4.2) 7) Direction of conventional current in the wire (page 40 fig. 4.4) 8) Definitions and units of Coulomb, Volt and Ampere (42) 9) Ohm's law (page 44) 10) Super conductors (page 48) 11) Electromotive force (page 49) 12) The equivalent - resistance when connected in series (page 51) 13) The equivalent resistance when connected in parallel. (page 52) B) Draw and lable the diagrams : (Study carefully and practice) 1) Atoms of hydrogen and lithium (page 38) (fig. 4.2) 2) Simple Voltaic cell (page 39) (fig. 4,2) 3) Verification of Ohm's law [(page 46, fig. 4.7 (a)] 4) Connection diagram of resistances in series. (page 51, fig. 4.9) 5) Connection diagram of resistances in parallel. (page 52, fig. 4.10) C) Observe the following table and classify domestic objects : Conductors Insulators Semiconductors Gold, Silver, Copper, Rubber, Plastic, Germenium, Aluminium, Iron, Graphite, glass, mica, gallium, Silicon aqueous solution of salts, porcelein, etc. like NaCl

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (15) Science and Technology Part I & II

D) Symbols commonly used in circuit diagrams study carefully and practice (page 43, table 4.1) E) For details of concept of potential and potential difference (refer page 41 and 42) F) Resistance of a conductor and factors on which resistance of a conductor depends (page 45) G) What are Ohmic conductors and non Ohmic conductors, study V against I graphs for them. (page 47, 48, fig. 4.8) H) Study the following formulae and make use of these for solving numericals. 1) Potential difference (P.D.) between two points Work done (W)

P.D. = Electric charge (Q) W

ˆ V= Q Here,

V = Potential difference (Volts) W = Work done (Joules) Q = Electric charge (Coulomb)

ˆ 1 Volt =

1 Joule 1 Coulomb

2) Electric Current (I) Current =

Charge time

ˆI = Q t

Here,

I Q t

ˆ 1 Ampere

= Electric Current (Ampere) = Electric charge (Coulomb) = time (second) =

1 Coulomb 1 Second

3) Ohm's law equation form : V = Constant I Here V = potential difference (Volts) I = electric Current (Ampere) The constant in the above relation is called resistance of the conductor and is denoted by R. V ˆ = R I

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (16) Science and Technology Part I & II

This is the symbolic form of Ohm's law. 1 Volt = 1 Ohm 1 Ampere (N. B. :- '

Ω' This symbol is used for ohm.)

L R = ρ A is the relation between electrical resistance (R), length of the conductor (L) and area of cross of the conductor (A). ρ is constant of proportion and is called resistivity of the material. R = Electrical resistance (Ohm) L = Length of the conductor (meter) A = Area of cross section of conductor (m2 i.e. square meter) ρ = Resistivity (Ohm-meter) 5) Resistances in series and equivalent resistances Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ................. + Rn Here Rs = Equivalent resistance R1, R2, R3 .............. Rn are various resistances connected in series combination. This is a general equation. For three resistances connected in series combination the formula will be Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 8) Resistances in parallel and equivalent resistance : 4)

1 1 1 1 Rp = R1 + R2 + R3

+ .............+

1 Rn

This will be a general form, For three resistances connected in parallel combination use the following formula. 1 1 1 1 = + + Rp R1 R2 R3 7) Learn the following conversions : i) 1 Newton = 105 dynes ii) 1 Volt = 1000 millivolts = 103 millivolt (or mv) iii) 1 Ampere = 1000 milliampere = 103 mA. iv) 1 Meter = 100 cm. v) 1 sq. meter = 100 × 100 sq.cm. = 104 cm2.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (17) Science and Technology Part I & II

Learn the following symbols for electrical terms and make use of them.

8)

Term

Symbol

Unit (Mks)

Unit symbol

1. Electric force 2. Electric charge 3. Potential difference 4. Electric current 5. Time 6. Electrical resistance

F Q V

Newton Coulomb Volt

N C V

I

Ampere

A

t R

Second Ohm

s

Ω

Observe the table for difference between resistances in series and in parallel combition. Resistances in series i) Many resistances are connected one after another ii) Equivalent resistance will be given by Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + ................. + Rn iii) Rs is greater than R1, R2, ......., Rn. iv) Series combination is used to increase the resistance of a circuit.

Resistances in parallel i) A number of resistances are connected between two common points. ii) Equivalent resistance Rp will be given by 1 1 1 1 Rp = R1 + R2 .....+ Rn iii) Rp is less than R1, R2, ......., Rn. iv) Parallel combination is used to reduce the resistance of a circuit.

Some Illustrative Examples : 1) Calculate the potential difference V across a 10Ω resistor carrying a current 0.2A. Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 10Ω Electric current (I) = 0.2 A; V = ? V Formula : R = I V ˆ 10 = 0.2

substituing the values,

ˆ V = 10 × 0.2 ˆ Potential difference (V) = 2 Volts

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (18) Science and Technology Part I & II

2) Calculate the resistance of the conductor if Potential difference is 1.5 Volt and 300 mA current passes through it. Ans. : Given P.D. (V) = 1.5 Volt; Current (I) = 300 mA = 0.3 A; R = ? V Formula : R = I 1.5 R = 0.3

Substituting the values R =

15 3

= 5

ˆ Resistance of the conductor = 5 Ω 3) You are given two resistances 20 Ω and 5 Ω. What will be their equivalent resistance (a) in series (b) in parallel combination. Ans. : Given R1 = 20Ω; R2 = 5Ω. (a) In series combination, Rs = R1 + R2 Rs = 20 + 5 = 25Ω. ˆ In series combination equivalent resistance = 25 ohms (b) In parallel Combination, 1 1 1 Rp = R1 + R2

ˆ 1 = 1 + 1 Rp

20

ˆ 1 = Rp

ˆ 1

5

1 + 4 20

5 20

1 4

=

Rp

=

ˆ Rp = 4 Ohm 4) Resistors of 16 ohms and 4 ohms are connected in parallel combination and 5 ohms resistor is connected in series combination with them. Find the combined resistance, Ans. : Given : R1 = 16Ω ; R2 = 4Ω, these are connected in parallel, 1 1 1 ˆ R = + R1 R2 p 1

ˆ R p 1

ˆ R p

1 = 16

=

1 + 4

1 + 4 16

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (19) Science and Technology Part I & II

ˆ 1

Rp

=

5 16

Rp =

ˆ

16 5

Ω,

Now Rp will act as R1 and R2 will be 5 ˆ In series combination, Rs = R1 + R2 16

ˆ Rs = 5

Ω,

5 + 1

ˆ Rs = 3.2 + 5 = 8.2 Ω. 5) 8 ohm and 4 ohm resistors are connected in parallel combination and the e.m.f. of the cell is 3 volt and internal resistance

4 3

ohm.Find the total current in the circuit.

Ans. : Formula : Total voltage generated by the battary is given by the formula : E = IR + Ir = I (R + r) ..........................I E = E.M.F. of the cell = 3 Volt, 4 Internal resistance of the cell (r) = ohm, 3 First we have to find R = ? In this case R1 = 8 ohm and R2 = 4 ohm resistors are connected in parallel combination,

ˆ

1 1 1 = + Rp R1 R2

ˆ

1 1 = Rp 8

ˆ ˆ

1 +4

1 1 + 2 = Rp 8 8 Rp = ohm 3

Now substituting the values of E, R, r in eqn (I) we get, 8 4 3 = I ( 3 + 3 ) 12 ˆ3=I( 3 ) 3 3 ˆ 3 × 12 = I ˆ I = 4 Ampere = 0.75 A ˆ Total current in the circuit = 0.75 A.

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6) Three resistance of each 12 ohm are connected 1st in series combination, then in parallel combination. Determine their equivalent resistance in each case. Ans : Given R1 = 12 ohm, R2 = 12 ohm. Also R3 = 12 ohm, First consider in series combination; Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 ˆRs = 12 + 12 + 12 = 36 ohm Now in parallel combination, 1 1 1 1 ˆ R = R + R + R p 1 2 3

ˆ ˆ

1 1 1 = + + Rp 12 12 1 1 + 1 + 1 = Rp 12

ˆ 1 = 1 Rp

4

1 12 =

1 3 = 4 12

ˆ Rp = 4 ohm

ˆ Resistance in series = 36 ohm and resistance in parallel = 4 ohm Q. 2 Give scientific reasons : 1) Potential difference of source of current (i.e. cell) is less than e.m.f. Ans : As e.m.f. of the source is the work done by the source in raising a unit positive charge from its lower potential end to higher potential end. The energy imported to the charge by the source is used to circulate the charge round the circuit against opposition to external circuit and internal resistance of the source. Therefore e.m.f. (E) is greater than the potential difference (V) between its terminals. 2) The plates of heating devices such as toaster, an electric iron are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal. Ans. : A good conductor of a given size has a low resistance. Copper is a good conductor while some alloys like nichrome and constantan have a high resistance. So the heat will be produced more, when current is passed through nichrome coil or plates.The melting point of nichrome is also higher than pure metal. That is why the material of toaster electric iron are made of an alloy like nichrome rather than pure metal. Instructions : This lession is important from the point of examination as well as for scoring more marks. Different types of questions are asked on this lesson. - Learn by heart the definitions and rules. - Practice the diagrams properly. - Solve all types of sums for practice Questions like 'Derive the equation' can be asked on this lesson. e.g. Derive an equation for equivalent resistance for three resistances in series / parallel.

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Chapter 5 Effects of Electric Current (Marks - 3, Marks with option 6) Introduction : Today our most of the daily activities depend upon electric power, e.g. mixer, refrigerator, heater, oven, T.V., radios, even recharging of the cell phone requires electric power supply. When power supply breaks down, our many activities stop and life gets disturbed. In this chapter we are going to study the heating effect and magnetic effect of electric current and their practical applications. Previous knowledge : In the previous chapter we have studied some important concepts about electric current, like resistance of a conductor. A) Some important conceptds, terms and definitions - study carefully them. (Numbers in the bracket shows the page numbers from the text book) 1) Heating effect of an electric current (page 60) 2) Joule's law (page 63) 3) Magnetic effect of an electric current (page 66) 4) Right hand rule (page 69) 5) Direct current and Alternating current (page 71) B) Draw and label the diagrams and practice 1) Verification of Joule's law (fig. 5.1) (page 61) 2) Oersted's experiment (fig. 5.3) (page 66) 3) Lines of magnetic field due to current carrying straight line conductor (fig. 5.5) (page 68) 4) Electric bell (fig. 5.9) (page 72) 5) Telephone ear piece (fig. 5.10) (page 73) C) Study the following formulae carefully and make use of these formulae for solving numericals. 1) Joule's law formulae : H = I2Rt Joules Here, H = Quantity of heat produced I = Electric current (Ampere) R = Electrical resistance (Ohms) t = time (seconds) To convert the above heat in calories, substitute 1 calorie = 4.18 Joules I2 R t H = calories 4.18 V By Ohm's law we substitute I = R

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we gets, H =

V2 t 4.18 R

calories

Again by same process we get, H =

V I t 4.18

calories

ˆ Various forms of Joule's formula will be as follows : i) H = I2Rt Joules iii) H =

V2 t calories 4.18 R

ii) H = iv) H =

I2 Rt calories 4.18 V I t calories 4.18

* (Cal is the short form used for calories.) 2) Electric Power P = VI P = electric power (Watts) V = Electric potential difference (Volts) I = Electric current (Ampere) By Ohm's law we substitute, V = IR The above equation will be P =

V2 R

Here , V = Potential difference (Volts) R = Electrical resistance (ohms)

N.B. : 1) 1 Watt = 1 Joule 1 second 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts 2) If we observe the electric bulb,We see the following information (a) The power of the bulb (in Watts) (b) The potential difference (in Volts) e.g. 40 Watts, 250 Volts. It means the power of the bulb is 40 Watts, and it works fully at 250 Volts P.D. Hence we observe dim light when the voltage is lowered. D) Study carefully the following units. 1) The quantity of heat generated in a conductor depends upon the following factors ..... (page 63) 2) Application of the heating effect of electric current (page 64, 65) 3) Magnetic effect of electric current (page 66, 67) 4) Solenoid and magnetic field produced by solenoid (page 70, 71) 5) Direct and alternating current information. (page 71)

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6) Safety precautions while using electrical appliances: a) Precautions against bad insulations (page 74) b) Precautions against improper earthing (page 75) c) General precautions for safety. (page 75) E) Study the following information carefully : 1) The resistance of the conductor depends on the material used. Gold, silver, metals have very low resistance. But these are noble metals, hence for conduction of electric current wires of gold, silver are practically impossible. Copper and aluminium are also good conductors and have low resistance. So for electric wiring purpose copper or aluminium wires are used. 2) The resistance of the conductor also depends upon the area of cross-section. Smaller the area of cross-section, larger will be the resistance. Therefore in electric bulb very thin hairy wire of tungston metal in the form of coil is used. Due to coil formation length of the wire increases, which shows that resistance is directly proportional to the length, i.e. larger the length of wire, larger will be the resistance. So in heater, geyser the nichrome coil is used 3) In a safety fuse lead allloy wire is used. Because lead has very low melting point, hence when, high current flows through the circuit, the fuse wire gets heated and melted. The circuit is broken and current stops flowing, so the electric appliance will not be damaged. For different types of electric appliances fuses of suitable capacities are used. 4) Types of metal 1) Copper, aluminium 2) Nichrome 3) Tungston

Uses w.r.t. electricity Conduction wires, connection wires Heater, geysers, electric iron, etc. Electric bulb

(N.B. - w.r.t. mean with respect to) Solved Sample Questions Difference between A.C. and D.C. Alternating Current (A.C.) Direct Current (D.C.) 1. The direct current always flows in one direction. 2. It is non-oscillating current generated by the source. 3. Generally D.C. is generated from an electric cell/battery.

1. Alternating current reverses its direction periodically. 2. It is oscillating current generated by the source. 3. Alternating current is generated by A. C. generator.

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Illustrative examples : 1) Calculate the heat generated in a coil of resistance 209 ohm and 0.5 amp. current is passed through it for 2 minutes. Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 209 ohm Current (I) = 0.5 amp. time (t) = 2 min = 2 × 60 = 120 sec. I2 R t 4.18

Formula H =

ˆH= ˆH=

calorie.

(0.5)2 × 209 × 120 4.18

calories

0.5 × 0.5 × 209 × 120 × 100 418

calories

ˆ H = 1500 calories ˆ The heat generated in the coil = 1500 cals. 2) Calculate the heat generated in an electric iron, if P.D. is applied 240 Volts, and 418mA current is passed for 1 minute. Ans. : Given P.D. (V) = 240 Volts, Current (I) = 418 mA = 0.418 Amp. time (t) = 1 min = 60 sec. Formula H =

ˆH=

VIt 4.18

calorie.

240 × 0.418 × 60 calories 4.18

ˆ H = 1440 calories ˆ Heat generated in the electric iron = 1440 cals. 3) Find the resistance of 40 Watt, 240 Volt bulb. Ans. : Given : Power (P) = 40 Watt P.D. (V) = 240 V R = ? Formula P = 2 ˆ 40 = (240)

R

V2 R

Substituting the values.

ˆR=

240 × 240 40

ˆ R = 1440 ohms ˆ The resistance of the bulb = 1440 ohm. Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (25) Science and Technology Part I & II

4) Heat generated in a conductor of resistance 40Ω in 1 minute is 150 Joule. Calculate the P.D. applied across it to produce above heat. Ans. : Given Resistance (R) = 40 Ω time (t) = 1min = 60 sec. Heat generated (H) = 150 Joule P.D. (V) = ? Formula : H =

ˆ 150 =

V2 t R

Joules substituting the values.

V2 × 60 40

ˆ 150 × 40 = V2 60

ˆ 150 × 40 = V2 60

2

V = 100 ˆ V = √ 100 ˆ V = 10 volts. P. D. between two points = 10 volts. Q. 2 Give scientific reasons : 1) Filament of incandescent lamp is made of tungston : Ans. :The resistance of tungston is very high, so if current is passed through tungston coil, due to its high resistance it becomes white hot which emits light. Also the melting point of tungston is very high. So it will not melt at that temperature. Therefore the filament of incandescent lamp is made of tungston. 2) Fuse is made of material having low melting point. Ans.: The function of the fuse is to protect the electrical appliances from sudden rise of potential difference in the circuit. Therefore if such incidence happens, due to low melting point of the fuse it melts and the circuit breaks. Thus protecting the appliances connected in that circuit. Therefore generally fuse is made of lead alloy because the melting point of lead is low.

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Chapter 6 Energy Sources (Marks - 2, Marks with option 4) Introduction : In modern world, we need energy in every walk of life. Energy in various forms is used to cook food, for entertainment, for travel. Gas is used in kitchen, petrol or diesel is used in vehicles. These energy sources are depleting very fast; which has resulted in energy crisis. Previous knowledge Students know the basic concepts of energy fuels. The important concepts / laws from the chapter. i) Classification of energy sources. a) Non-renewable energy sources. b) Renewable energy sources. (for definition of the above refer to the textbook page no. 81) 1) Energy sources and their classification : Non-renewable energy cources Firewood, cow dung, charcoal, coal, kerosene, cooking gas; petrol, diesel etc.

Renewable energy cources Wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, energy from flowing water, solar energy, energy from biomass.

2) Solar energy is the most promising energy source; but there are some limitations for the use of solar energy. The point is discussed in detail on page no. 87,88 of the text book. Go through the details to understand the point. 3) Wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy are the sources of energy. But the availability of these sources depends upon the environmental conditions. Try to collect more information about the hydroelectric projects in the country. Read about the micro and mini hydroelectric power plants from the text book (page no. 85, 86) 4) Observe the figures of solar cooker (fig. 6.9 page 88), solar water heater (fig, no. 6.10 page 89). Try to sketch and label the figures. 5) Solar Cells It is one of the main device to convert solar energy directly into electrical energy. Solar cells are extensively used as main source of energy for artificial satellites. 6) Read more about nuclear energy and two ways to obtain the energy from the text - book (page no. 90)

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Difference between Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion (Breeder reaction) Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion (Breeder reaction) 1) Radioactive material like 1) Hydrogen atoms Uranium - 235 converts combine to form helium, into fragments releasing releasing large amount large amount of heat of heat energy. energy 2) High temperature is 2) Bombardment of required to carry out the neutrons is essential to reaction. carry out the reaction. Note - Nuclear fission and breeder reaction are one and the same. Breeder reaction is controlled chain reaction. There is a slight difference between working of breeder reactor and burner reactor. Go through the text-book page nos. 90 and 91 for the same. 6) Bio-diesel : This is a renewable energy source. Collect more information about the oil producing seed plants, cultivation of the plants, use of waste land to cultivate these plants. For merits of biodiesel fuel, see text-book page os. 93, 94. 7) Calorific value of fuel Get information from the text-book page no. 97. Know the merits of gaseous fuel. 8) Important figures : Try to draw and label following diagrams i) Solar cooker (fig. 6.9 page 88) ii) Solar Water heater (fig. 6.10, page 89) iii) Nuclear fission (fig. 6.11 page 91) iv) Biogas plant (fig. 6.12, page 93) Points to remember 1) Renewable and Non-renewable energy sources 2) Appliances based on the use of solar energy. 3) Ways to obtain nuclear energy 4) Types of fuels with proper examples 5) Calorific value of fuels - definition, unit Solved sample questions Q. 1 Give scientific reasons. 1) We have to search for new renewable energy sources. Ans. : i) Currently fossil fuels like petrol, diesel, kerosene, natural gas are mainly used as conventional energy sources. ii) These sources are in great demand and are used in large quantities. But these sources are limited and getting exhausted at fast rate.

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iii) Hence we have to search for new renewable energy sources. 2) Wind mills require specific locations. Ans. : i) Location must be at some height and requires rigid support. ii) must have strong steady wind blowing for most of the year. iii) hence wind mills require specific locations. Q. 2 Distinguish between. Biomass i) Biomass refers to wood, biological waste products ii) It burns with smoke

Bio gas i) Biogas is the mixture of methane, carbondioxide and hydrogensulphide. ii) It burns without smoke

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Chapter 7 Types of Energy (Marks - 3, Marks with option 5) Introduction : We are familiar with different forms of energy — thermal energy, light energy, sound energy, magnetic energy. We are going to study mechanical energy in this chapter. 7.1 Points to remember – i) What is energy? (page 101) ii) Types of energy a) Potential energy (page 102) formula (page 104) b) Kinetic energy (page 105) formula (page 106) iii) units - CGS, MKS (page106) iv) Law of conservation of energy (page 107) 7.2 Study fig. no. 7.1 on page 103 and read more about the work done while lifting an object through the height 'h' from A to B Note that, if θ is the angle between a constant force F acting on a body and a displacement 'r' of the body caused by this force, then the work done by the force is W = F.r cosθ When F and r are in the same direction, θ becomes 0 and cos 0 = 1. Hence Work done = W = Fr.cosθ = F× r Units of Potential energy and Kinetic energy: Units of work and energy is same. In CGS system, unit of energy is dyne-cm It is also called as 'erg' In MKS system, unit of energy is Newton-meter It is also called as 'Joule' 1 Joule = 107 erg. A) Potential Energy P.E. : P.E. = mgh P.E. = Potential Energy g = gravitational acceleration h = height of the object It is clear from the above equation, that P.E. of a particular object will change according to the value of 'h'

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When the object is at rest on the earth's surface 'h' becomes zero. When angle between force and displacement is 900. Then work done becomes O because, W = Fr cos θ = Fr cos 90 = Fr × 0 (ˆcos 900 = 0) = 0 When an object rolls on the ground h = 0, hence P.E. = 0 B) Kinetic Energy [K.E.] 1 K.E. = 2 mv2 K.E. = Kinetic energy m = mass of an object v = velocity of the object It is clear from the above equation, that K.E. of a particular object will change according to the value of 'v'. When the object is at rest, its velocity is zero. Hence its K.E. becomes zero. C) Law of conservation of Energy E = P.E. + K.E. 1 (E = Total energy) ∴ E = mgh + 2 mv2 i) When we throw the object upward or downward, the total energy of the object at any moment is always constant. When we throw the object upward, its K.E. is maximum and P.E. is zero conversely, if we drop the object from a height, its PE is maximum and KE is minimum. During transit, when one energy increases, the other decreases at the same rate. Hence total energy remains constant. Note - While throwing the object upwards, K E changes from maximum to zero, at the same time P.E. changes from zero to maximum. ii) Study the various examples of transformation of energy from the text book. (page nos. 112, 113, 114). Solved Sample questions Give scientific reasons i) The work done on an object by a conservative force is zero. If it has come back to the same point from where it started. Ans. i) Work done on an object by conservative force depends only on initial and final positions and not on path followed. ii) An object comes to the same point where it is started. iii) Hence work done on an object by a conservative force is zero. Q.1

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Q. 2 Solve the numericals. 1) Energy of 2J is used to lift a block of 0.5 kg. How high will it rise? (g = 10 m/s2) Ans. : Given E = Energy = 2J m = mass = 0.5 kg g = 10 m/s2 h = ? E = mgh ˆ 2 J = 0.5 kg × 10 m/s2 × h 2J

ˆ h = 0.5 kg × 10m/s2 = 0.4 m (Height attained by the block = 0.4 m)

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Chapter 8 Power (Marks - 2, Marks with option 4) Introduction : In our daily life we use strength as power. But these two terms have different scientific meaning. If the same work is done for different time duration, then we say the power is different in scientific view. In this chapter we are going to study about power and its units and applications Previous knowledge : In previous standard we might have been studied about work and energy and their definitions and applications. We also know that the units of work and energy are same. viz. In CGS unit it is Erg, while in MKS unit it is Joule. A) Some important concepts, definitions and units : (The number in the bracket is page number from text-book) 1) Power : definition, unit (page 118) 2) Unit of work used in the industry. (page 119) B) Study thoroughly the following information and practice for solving numericals. 1) Table No. 1 Work, power, Energy units Physical quantity Work Power Energy Force

Symbol used W P E F

CGS Unit Erg. Erg/second Erg Dyne

MKS Unit Joule Joule/second i.e. watt Joule Newton

2) Other units of power : 1 kilowatt (KW) = 1000 Watt 1 Horse power (H.P.) = 746 Watt 3) In industry the unit of work, also energy is expressed as kilowatt-hour (K.W. hr.) For consumption of electricity it is also KW-hr and is called as unit. We know that 1 Kilowatt = 1000 Watts and 1 hour = 3600 seconds. 4) Study carefully the following. 1) Work = Force × displacement ˆ W = F × s Unit of force (F) In CGS system the unit of force is dyne and in MKS system it is Newton. 1 Newton = 105 dyne. Units of displacement : In CGS system unit of displacement is cm and in MKS system it is meter (m)

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If we lift any object through height 'h' (perpendicular) from ground level, in such case we use following formula for work. W = mgh m = mass g = gravitational acceleration h = height Work 2) Power = time

W t taking w = Fs we get P=

ˆP=

Fs t

We know

ˆP=F×

s t

s becomes t

=V P=F×V

N.B. Study carefully table No. 8.1 from the text book. Solved SampleQuesions A man draws a bucket of water from a well 10 m deep; in 20 seconds. If the mass of water drawn is 20 kg. Find the power used by the man? (g = 10m/s2) Ans. Given m = 20 kg, g = 10m/s2; s = 10m, t = 20s, P = power =?

1)

Formula = Power (P) =

ˆP=

2)

mgs t

20 kg × 10 m/s2 × 10 20 s

ˆ P = 100 W Power used by man = 100 W. [N.B. - Here for simplicity of calculations g = 10 m/s2 is given] Calculate the power of the crane which lifts the load of 600 kg to height of 10m in 2 minutes. (g= 9.8 m/s2) Given : m = 600 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2, h = 10 m t = 2 minutes = 120 seconds Power = ? mgh W = t t 600 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 10 m = 120 seconds

Power =

= 490 Watt power of crane = 490 Watt mgh Also note that in above formula P = t

and P =

mgs t (i.e. h = s)

··· Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (34) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 9 Sound (Marks - 3, Marks with option 5) 9.0 Previous knowledge : Sound is produced by a vibrating body. Vibrating tuning fork produces sound. Vibrating string, vibrating plates also produce sound. Harmonium and trumpet vibrate air and produce sound. These instruments are sources of sound. 9.1 Production of sound : Sound travels in the form of longitudinal waves consisting of alternate compression and rarefaction. Due to vibrations of an object when adjacent layers of air are pressed, compression is formed. When adjacent layers get seperated, rarefactions are formed. [Observe fig 9.2 in the text book). When these longitudinal waves in the air reach the ear, the ear drum is set into vibrations. These vibrations are communicated to brain and we get sensation of hearing. 9.2 Medium is essential for propogation of sound Previous knowledge : solid, liquid and gas are the media Points to study : i) Sound waves do not travel through vaccum. They need a medium for propogation. Refer to experiment on pg. 128 i.e. Sound waves need a medium. ii) The velocity of sound in air at 00C is 332 m/s. Velocity of sound is different in different media. Refer table no. (9.1) in the text book i.e. Velocity of sound in different media. 9.3 Propogation of sound in different media Previous Knowledge : The number of cycles or vibrations completed in one second is termed as the frequency of the vibrations. The MKS unit of frequency is Hertz. (i.e. Hz) Points to study : i) The sound which has frequency between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is audible sound. This frequency range is audible range for human beings. ii) The sound having frequency below 20 Hz and above 20,000 Hz cannot be heard by human being. iii) To understand how sound is propogated in air, refer experiment on page no. 129 in the text book. iv) Study of table no. (9.1) on page no. 130, we can understand that the velocity of sound is maximum in the solids, less in the liquids and least in the gases. Velocity of light is greater than velocity of sound that is why we see flash of lighting from the clouds before the thunder is heard although both occur simultaneously.

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9.4 Reflection of sound waves : Previous Knowledge : i) Some hill-stations have echo points, which attract the tourists. ii) When you shout into a well or inside an empty hall, you hear your own sound after some time. i.e. reflection of sound. Points to study : Echo effect means the reflection of same sound periodically. Sound is incident on plane surface and it gets reflected. This sound is called as reflected sound. Echo can be heard only if the reflected sound reaches the ear at 1/10th of a second after the direct sound is heard. Velocity of sound in air at ordinary temperatures is 340 m/s. The minimum distance covered within 1/10th second will be 340 ×

1 = 34 m 10

In other words echo is heard only if the reflecting surface is at least at a distance of 17 meters 9.5 Effect of wind, Temperature and Humidity on velocity of sound : Previous knowledge : Loudspeakers are used for announcements in the village fair and advertisements. Points to study : i) Wind - When sound travels in the direction of the wind, the velocity of sound is greater. When sound travels in a direction opposite to that of the wind. The velocity of sound lowers. ii) Temparature : Velocity of sound depends upon temperature. Increase in the temperature increases the velocity of sound in air. iii) Humidity : Humidity depends upon the water vapour present in air. The velocity of the sound in moist air is greater than the velocity of the sound in dry air. Increases in humidity increases the velocity of sound in air. 9.6 Intensity of sound : Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per second from the source of sound. Unit of intensity of sound is decibel (dB). For sound intensity of different sources, refer to table (9.2) on page no. 136 in the text book. 9.7 Sound pollution or noise : Noise is sound dumped into the atmosphere. 1) Children making noise in the classroom 2) Noise of fire crakers in Diwali. Unwanted sound is called noise. This unwanted sound makes sound pollution. Causes of noise : Noise is caused by various sources. 1) Internal sources. 2) External sources. Noise pollution is a health hazard.

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Refer to page 137 and 138 of textbook for effect of noise pollution and measures of noise control. Solved Sample Questions Q. 1 What is Echo? Ans. : Reflected sound is known as echo Q. 2 How the principle of echo is used to measure the depth of sea? Ans : The principle of echo is used in the (SONAR) system of ship to detect the depth of the sea. From the transmitter in the ship sharp pulses of sound are emitted. These pulses travel downword and get reflected from the sea bed. The reflected sound is detected by the receiver in the ship. The time interval between the production of sound and its reflection is recorded. Knowing the velocity of sound in water and time, the depth of sea can be determined by following formula Depth of sea = Velocity of sound in water ×

time 2

Q. 3 Whistle of a passing train is clearly heard on a quiet misty night. Ans : At night when humidity tends to rise, the sound travels faster. Hence sound can be heard more clearly on a quiet misty night. Hence whistle of a passing train is clearly heard on a quiet misty night (pg. no. 136) Q. 4 Define - Intensity of sound Ans Intensity is the amount of sound energy received per second from the source of sound. Q. 5 What is sound pollution? Ans. An unnecessary, unpleasant, intolerable or unwanted sound is called noise or sound pollution Illustrative Examples : Solve the following examples : 1) A person hears a thunder 6 seconds after a flash of lightning is seen, at what distance the lightning is struck neglecting speed of light? (Speed of sound in air is 340m/s) Solution - Speed of sound = 340m/s Time = 6s Distance = ? Distance = speed of sound × time = 340 × 6 = 2040 m (The lightning has struck at a distance 2040 m from the observer.) 2) A person observes a smoke from the cannon. After 3 seconds he hears the bang. The cannon is 1020 m away from the observer. Calculate the velocity of sound in air? Ans Solution Distance = 1020 m time = 3 s

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (37) Science and Technology Part I & II

Speed of sound = ? Distance = speed of sound × time 1020 = speed of sound × 3

ˆ Speed of sound = 1020 3

= 340 m/s (Speed of sound = 340 m/s)

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Chapter 10 Heat (Marks - 3, Marks with option 5) Previous knowledge : Heat is one of the forms of energy and it can be obtained by transforming any other form of the energy. Sun, wood, charcoal, cooking gas are some of the sources of heat. Heat can be produced by chemical reactions, flow of electric current and nuclear reactions. 10.1 Anomalous behaviour of water : Previous knowledge : Any substance when heated expands and contracts on cooling. Most of the liquids expand on heating and contract on cooling. But water shows a remarkable exceptional behaviour between OC0 to 40C When water is heated from 00C initially it contracts in volume upto 40C instead of expansion. The behaviour of the water between 00C to 40C is called anomalous expansion of water. The anomalous behaviour of water can be demonstrated with the help of Hope's apparatus. Practice the diagram of Hope's Apparatus. Refer pg no. 144 in the text book At 40C, the volume of water is minimum. Hence density of water is maximum at 0 4 C. Density of ice is less than water, therefore ice floats on water. If we take water in a glass and put some pieces of ice in it, we observe that ice floats on water. Following are some examples of anomalous expansion of water. i) In cold countries; fishes, acquatic animals and plants remain alive. ii) In cold countries sometimes water enters into the crevices of rocks. When temperature falls below 40C water expands and tremendous pressure is exerted on rocks. So these rocks crumble into pieces. iii) In winter, the pipe lines carrying water burst when the temperature of atmosphere falls below 40C 10.2 Humidity and dewpoint : i) The presence of the water vapour in the atmosphere plays an important role in everyday life. The amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere determines the nature of the weather. Before raining we perspire a lot. Then we say that humidity in air is increased and soon it will rain. Similarly the region nearby sea such as Bombay, Goa, Ratnagiri etc. percentage of humidity is more in these region. So we perspire more.

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ii) In winter, we observe dewdrops on grass and on vehicles. If we keep pieces of ice in stainless steel glass then we observe dewdrops on the outer surface of the glass. Because the water vapour which is in air gets condensed on the outer surface of the glass. Study the definitions of absolute humidity, relative humidity and dew point from text book (pg. no. 147, 148) 10.3 Units of Heat : Study the definitions of calorie, kilo calorie, specific heat capacity from text book (pg. no. 149, 150) 10.4 Specific heat capacity : This property changes from material to material (Refer to the experiment on pg. no. 149 in the text book) Specific heat capacity of water is highest (Study table no. 10.1 on pg no. 150. Study MKS and CGS unit of sp. heat capacity. 10.5 Principle of heat exchange : We know that for daily bathing we mix cold water to hot water. Here hot water provides heat to cold water and cold water absorbs heat from the hot water. When hot body and cold body is kept together the temperature of hot body goes on decreasing while that of the cold body goes on increasing until both the bodies attain the same common temperature within a short while. Formula : Heat lost by the hot body = Heat gained by the cold body. Using this formula solve the numerical examples. Solved Sample Questions Example : 1) Certain mass of water at 640C is mixed with an equal mass of water at 220C. What will be the resulting temperature of the mixture? Ans. Given, Let mass of water = m gm Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g0C t1 = 640C, t2 = 220C t3 =? (temp. of mixture) Formula : Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body mc (t1 – t3) = mc (t3 – t2) ˆ t1 – t3 = t3 – t2

ˆ 64 – t3 = t3 – 22 ˆ m is same for hot and cold water ˆ 2 t3 = (64 + 22)0C ˆ t3 =( 86 )0C 2

ˆ t3 = 430C Ans. The temperature of the mixture will be 430C.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (40) Science and Technology Part I & II

* *

Specific heat of water is 1 It is the highest than other most known liquids and solids. Due to high specific heat, hot water is used in the hot water bags and used for heating purposes.

···

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (41) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 11 Light (Marks - 5, Marks with option 9) Introduction : Light is a form of energy. Light is necessary to see the objects. We can hardly see anything in dark. Light is electromagnetic waves. A) Points to remember (text book page nos of the relevant topic in bracket) 1) Visible light (158) 2) Refraction of light (159) 3) Refraction of light through a glass slab (161) 4) Refractive index (163) 5) Laws of refraction (165) 6) Critical angle, total internal reflection (166) 7) Types of lenses (167) 8) Some terms used in connection with lenses. Centre of curvature, radii of curvature, optical axis, principal foci (167, 168) 9) Lens formula (176) 10) Focal length (f) of convex lens is positive and of concave lens is negative (fig. 11.13 (a) (b) page 175) 11) Cartesian sign conventions (174, 175) 12) Magnification and diopter (176, 177) 13) Passage of light through a prism (179,180) 14) Deviation and angle of minium deviation (181) 15) Defects of eye (185, 186, 187) 16) Persistence of vision (193) B) Draw and practice the ray diagrams i) Refraction of light through a glass slab (fig. 11.4, page 161) ii) Path of light through a prism (fig. 11.16, page 181) iii) A simple microscope (fig. 11.25 page 190) iv) A compound microscope (fig. 11.26, page 191) v) An astronimical telescope (fig. 11.27, page 193) C) Note that to construct an image of a given object placed in front of a lens by using any two of the three specialised rays. Read carefully instructions on page no 170 of the text-book. D) Go through the tables carefully Table no. 11.2 and 11.3 E) Draw and practice the ray diagram fig. 11.10(b) (page 173)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (42) Science and Technology Part I & II

Note : The image of an object placed anywhere in front of concave lens is always virtual erect and diminished. G) Differenciate Convex lens

Concave lens

1) Convex lens is also called as converging lens 2)

1) Concave lens is also called as diverging lens 2)

3) Convex lens is thicker at the centre than at the edges. 4) Focal length is positive 5) If any object is placed at F1 and beyond the image is real and inverted. If it is placed between F1 and O, the image is virtual and erect.

3) Concave lens is thinner at the centre than at the edges. 4) Focal length is negative. 5) Image is always virtual erect, diminished.

A simple microscope 1) Consists of a convex lens

2) An object is placed within the focal length of convex lens 3) We get magnified image 4) It is used by watch makers, jewellers and while reading small font words.

A compound microscope 1) Consists of two convex lenses. (Objective and eye piece) 2) An object is placed just beyond the focal length of the objective lens. 3) We get highly magnified image. 4) It is used to observe plant cell, animal cells, bacteria etc.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (43) Science and Technology Part I & II

Short sightedness

Long sightedness

1) Defect is due to slight elongation of the eye ball or bulging of the eye lens. 2) A person suffereing from this defect can see nearby objects clearly but unable to see objects at long distances. 3) The image of the distant object is in front of retina.

1) Defect is due to slight flattening of the eye ball in the horizontal direction. 2) A person suffering from this defect can see distant objects clearly but unable to see nearby objects. 3) The image of the nearby object is formed behind the retina. 4) It can be corrected by using convex lens of suitable focal length.

4) It can be corrected by using concave lens of suitable focal length. Remember the formulae :

Real depth i) Reflactive index of glass = Apparent depth

∠

i = angle of incidence,

∠

=

sin i sin r

r = angle of refraction

Real depth ii) Refractive index of water in a tank = Apparent depth iii) Lens formula : 1 1 – = v u

1 f

v = image distance u = object distance f = focal length iv) Magnification (m) : m =

q p

v = u

m = magnification q = height of the image p = height of the object

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (44) Science and Technology Part I & II

v) Power of a lens P = 1 f P = Power of the lens in diopters f = focal length in meters vi) If two lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact with each other, their combined focal length is given by, 1 1 = f f1

+

1 f2

,

P = P1 + P2

P1 =

1 f1

, P2 =

1 f2

P = Power

Note : Go through the topics 'Persistence of vision' and 'Perception of colour' (page nos. 193, 194, 195) Solved Sample Questions Q. 1 Give scientific reason 1) Rapid movement of burning incense stick appears as a complete circle of red light. Ans. Principle : The impression of image formed on retina lasts for 1/16 of a second evern after the object is removed. This effect is called Persistence of vision. (1 mark) Explanation : While the successive positions of the burning tip are being seen by you, the images of the previous positions are still there on the retina and you get the illusion of the complete circle of red light. (1 mark) Solve the numerical. An image of a object placed in front of a convex lens at a distance 20 cm is formed at a distance of 60 cm from the lens. The image is real. Then find : 1) focal length of the lens 2) size of object is 6 cms, find the size of the image i) u = – 20 cm v = 60 cm (Image is real) Find f = ? By using

ˆ ˆ

1 1 – = v u 1 – 1 = 60 (– 20) 1 1 + = 60 20

1 f 1 f 1 f

1 mark 2

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (45) Science and Technology Part I & II

ˆ1+3 = 1 ˆ

60 4 60

ˆ

f

f 1 = f 60 = 4

= 15 cm

ˆ The focal length of lens is 15 cms. ii) size of object (P) = 6 cm size of image (q) = .........? ˆ ˆ ˆ

q P q 6

=

v u

60 – 20 60 × 6 q = – 20

1/2 mark

1/2 mark

=

= – 18 cm

– sign shows the image is inverted image. Size of the image is 18 cms. What is power of accomodation ? 2 marks We see objects when its image is formed on retina. In normal human eye retina to lens distance does not change. So for different object distance (u) the focal length (f) is adjusted such that the image distance (v) remains constant. This ability of the eye lens of adjusting the focal length is known as Power of accomodation. For observing distant objects the lens becomes thin and while observing nearer objects it becomes slightly bulging. This is brought about by the ciliary muscles.

ˆ

4) Ans

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (46) Science and Technology Part I & II

Chapter 12 Modern Physics (Marks - 3, Marks with option 5) Introduction : In modern technological world, research in every walk of life is going on. Cancer can be cured by using radiotherapy. X-rays are gift of science to the human being. Bones can be screened with the help of x-rays. If a child swallows a coin, x-rays can pinpoint the location of the coin and surgeon can take out the coin with minimum effort. By exposing the vegetables and other food stuffs to radiation by radioisotopes, their life can be increased. Research in modern physics helps the mankind in material comforts. A) Important points / concepts i) Radioactivity - definition (page 200) ii) Concept of nuclear fission (page 207) iii) chain reaction (page 208) iv) concept of nuclear fusion (page 210) v) Law of radioactivity (page 211) vi) half life period (page 211) vii) Carbon dating (page 213) B) Read carefully following table Sr. No. 1 2 3 4

Name of the scientist Bequerel Pierre and Madam Curie W.C. Rontgen Otto Hahn and Strassman

discovery Radioactivity of uranium salt Discovery of radious, polonium Discovery of x-ray Nuclear fission of U - 235

C) Study table 12.1 on page 203 and answer the following questions: i) Nature and charge of α, β particles and gamma rays ii) Compare – α, β particles (4 points) iii) Compare – α, β particles gamma rays (4 points) iv) Compare ,, β particals, gamma rays (4 points) v) Name the particles, rays having highest and lowest penetrating power. vi) Effect of radioactive transformation on radioactive elements. D) Draw and lable the diagrams : i) Production of α, β, γ radiations (fig. 12.1 page 201) ii) Production of cathode rays (fig. 12.2 page 204)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (47) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii) Production of X-rays (fig. 12.3 page 206) iv) Chain reaction (fig. 12.4 page 209) E) Study properties and uses of the following : i) Cathode rays (page 204) ii) X rays (page 206, 207) iii) Radio isotopes (page 212) 235 F) Write the equation of reaction, when 92 U is bombarded with thermal neutrons (page 208) G) Write the equation of reaction taking place in the sun. (page 210) H) What is the use of carbon dating ? (page 213) I) Study the illustrative examples (page 214, 215) Solved Sample Questions Q. 1 Give scientific reason (2 marks each) 1) γ - radiations are not deflected by electric field. γ - radiations are neutral means they have no charge, hence they are not deflected by electric field. 2) X-rays are invisible X-rays are electromagnetic waves having very short wavelength (almost 5 × 10–8m) Therefore they are invisible. Q. 2 Write short note Uses of Cathode rays 1) Cathode rays produce fluorescence in many substances. This property is used in Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) and computer monitor. 2) C.R.O. is used to measure A.C. and D.C. Voltage frequency, phase etc. 3) The picture tube of television is a Cathode ray tube in which a beam of Cathode rays incident on the screen, and produces a picture on the screen. 4) Cathode rays are used to produce X rays Q. 3 Solve the following numerical (2 mark) Uraniumm of mass number 238 and atomic number 92 emits 5 α particles and 2 β particles and gets converted into polonium. Find the mass number and atomic number of polonium. Ans Emission of 1 α particle from the atom its mass number reduces by 4 and atomic number reduces by 2. 1) ˆ By emission of 5 α particles, the mass number is reduced by 5 × 4 = 20 and atomic number is reduced by 5 × 2 = 10. 2) Emission of 1β particle from the atom its mass number remains the same and atomic number increases by 1 ˆ by emmision of 2β particles atomic number increases by 2 ˆ Total loss in mass number is 20 and total loss in atomic number is 10 and

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (48) Science and Technology Part I & II

.

increase in atomic number is 2. ˆ mass number of polonium = 238 – 20 = 218 Atomic number of polonium = 92 – 10 + 2 = 84 ˆ mass number of polonium is 218 and atomic number is 84 238 92

U

–5α –2β

218 84

Po

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (49) Science and Technology Part I & II

···

Part II - Self Study Material Chapter 1 : Metals and non - metals (Mark - 5, Marks with option - 8) Metals and non - metals and metalloids are the three types of elements. Most of the metals are in solid state (except mercury). Almost all metals have lustre. They have high density. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are malleable and ductile. The properties of non - metals are exactly opposite. There is a marked difference in their chemical properties. Most metals react with dilute acids to form hydrogen (H2) gas. Oxides of metals are basic in nature whereas oxides of non - metals are acidic. Oxides of a few metals are amphoteric in nature. Important concepts and principles are as follows : (Page no. of textbook given in brackets) 1. Difference between metals and nonmetals (Pg. no. 1) 2. Minerals (definition) (Pg. no. 4) 3. Ores (definition) (Pg. no. 4) 4. Steps involved in extraction of metal (Pg. no. 5) a) preliminary treatment b) chemical reduction c) refining 5. Ores of iron and Aluminium (Pg. no. 4) 6. Reduction of Iron oxides by Blast Furnace (Pg. no. 7) 7. Reactions in the Blast Furnace (Pg. no. 8) 8. Extraction and Reduction of Aluminium (Pg. no. 9) 9. Electrolytic Reaction of Alumina (Pg. no. 10) 10. Alloys (definition) (Pg. no. 10) Properties and commercial use (Pg. no. 11) Table 1.3 11. Sulphur - Occurence, Allotropes flower of sulphur (Pg. no. 12, 13) 12. Uses of sulphur (Pg. no. 14) 13. Gases :

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (50) Science and Technology Part I & II

a) b) c)

H2S - Preparation, Properties, Uses (Pg. no. 15, 16, 17) (Pg. no. 18, 19) CO2 - Preparation, Properties, Uses Ammonia (NH3) Preparation, Properties, Uses (Pg. no. 20, 21, 22)

Points to remember :
Minerals are non - renewable natural resources.
Physical and chemical properties of metals and non - metals are different.
Metallurgy is the science and technology of metals.
Usually metals exist in their ores in combined state.
There are three main steps in the extraction of a metal from its ore :a) Preliminary treatment b) Chemical reduction c) refining
Principal ores of iron are : haemetite, limonite, magnetite and siderite.
Blast furnace is used for extraction of iron.
Bayer’s Process is used for extraction of aluminium.
A homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and non - metal is called alloy.
Rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur are the main allotropes of crystalline sulphur.
Sublimate of sulphur is called ‘flower of sulphur’. N. B. : Study of metals and non - metals, it means their physical properties, such as state, colour, melting point, boiling point, density, etc; chemical properties and their uses in industry as well as domestic.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (51) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved sample questions Ques. 1 Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option : (each ½ mark) . (1) The metal existing in liquid state at room temperature is (Pg. 1) a) mercury b) copper c) bromine d) chlorine Ans. The metal existing in liquid state at room temperature is mercury. Ques. 2 State whether the following statements are true or false : if false, write the correct statement. (each ½ mark) (1) Iodine is a lustrous metal. (Pg. 1) Ans. False Correct statement : Iodine is a lustrous non - metal. Ques. 3 Rewrite Column II and Column III so as to match Column I (each ½ mark) Column I

Column II

Column III

1

Ammonium chloride

a

Heavier than air

i

slag

(Pg.22)

2

Calcium silicate

b

fungicide

ii

(Pg. 8)

3

Hydrogen sulphide

c

CaSio3

iii

vulcanisation of rubber dry cell

4

Sulphur

d

White fumes

iv

reducing agent

(Pg.14)

(Pg.16)

Ans. Column I

Column II

Column III

1

Ammonium chloride

a

White fumes

i

dry cell

2

Calcium silicate

b

CaSiO3

ii

slag

3

Hydrogen sulphide

c

heavier than air

iii

reducing agent

4

Sulphur

d

fungicide

iv

vulcanisation of rubber

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (52) Science and Technology Part I & II

Ques. 4 (1) Ans. electrons

Give scientific reasons : (each 2 marks) Metals have electropositive character. (Pg. 2) In the electronic configuration of atoms, metals have less than four in the outermost orbit. The atoms of metals form ions by losing their valence electrons. As a result, the positive charge increases and so atoms form positive ions. Hence metals have electropositive character.

Ques. 5 Distinguish between : (each 2 marks) (1) Metals and Non metals

(Pg. 1)

Ans. Metals

Non Metals

(i) Metals are solid at ordinary temperature (except mercury) (ii) Metals have lustre.

(i) Non metals are solid, liquid and gaseous at ordinary temperature. (ii) Non metals do not have lustre. (iii) Metals are good conductors (iii) Non metals are poor of heat and electricity. conductors of heat and electricity. (except graphite) (iv) Metals are malleable and (iv) Non metals are not malleable ductile. or ductile.

Ques. 6 Write balanced equations for the following : (each 2 marks) (1) Zinc powder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid. Ans. When zinc powder is treated with dilute sulphuric acid, zinc sulphate is formed and hydrogen gas is evolved. ZnSO4 + H2 ↑ (Pg. 3) Zn + 2H2SO4 Ques. 7 Write the chemical formula : (each ½ mark) (i) Sodium bicarbonate Ans. Sodium bicarbonate - NaHCO3

(Pg. 19)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (53) Science and Technology Part I & II

Ques. 8 (Define) or write the definition : (each 1 mark) (i) Reduction (Pg. 5) Ans. The chemical reaction in which oxygen is separated from a compound in the oxide form is called reduction. Ques. 9 Write any two chemical properties of ammonia ( 2 marks)(pg.21) Ans. (i) Ammonia is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion. (ii) Ammonia reacts at high temperature with oxygen and oxidises to nitric oxide. Ques. 10 Write any two uses of sulphur (2 marks) Ans. (i) Sulphur is used in fireworks. (ii) Sulphur is used as an antiseptic in ointments.

(Pg. 14)

Ques. 11 Which two substances are used in the laboratory for the preparation of ammonia gas? What is their proportion? What is the method of collection of the gas? Write the reason. ( 4 marks) Ans. In the labnoratory, ammonium chloride and slaked lime is taken in a ratio of 3 : 2 for the preparation of ammonia gas. Ammonia gas is collected by the downward displacement of air. Because ammonia is lighter than air. (Pg. 20)

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2 : Compounds of Metals and non - metals (Mark - 5, Marks with option - 8) Introduction Most of the compounds which are very useful to us in our day to day life are the products of chemistry. In this chapter we will study some compounds. 2.1 Sodium bicarbonate; (NaHCO3) : Baking soda Properties, uses (Pg. 28) 2.2 Sodium carbonate : Na2CO3, 10H2O (washing soda) Properties, uses (Pg. 29) The process in which salts lose their water of crystallisation on exposure to air is called ‘efflorescence’ (Pg. 29) 2.3 Calcium carbonate : CaCO3 (limestone) Properties, uses (Pg. 29, 30) 2.4 Ferrous sulphate : FeSO4, 7H2O (Green Vitriol) Properties, uses (Pg. 30) 2.5 Copper sulphate (Blue Vitriol) CuSO4, 5H2O Properties, uses (Pg. 31) 2.6 Potassium Aluminium Sulphate (Alum) : [K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3, 24H2O] Properties, uses (Pg. 32) Potash alum when heated strongly swells and loses all molecules of water of crystallization and anhydrous alum is formed. Anhydrous alum is called ‘burnt alum. (Pg. 32) 2.7 Plaster of Paris : (CaSO4)2 H2O (POP) Properties, uses (Pg. 32,33) 2.8 Chloride of lime CaOCl2 (Bleaching powder) Properties, uses (Pg. 33) Summary : Comparative table of properties and (Pg. 35,36) uses of compounds

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (55) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1

Ans.

Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct options : (each ½ mark) i) Sodium Carbonate is known as ....................... . Sodium carbonate is known as washing soda. (Pg. 28)

Q.2

Rewrite the second column to match the first column (each ½ mark) Column I Column II i) Sodium carbonate a) Baking soda ii) Calcium carbonate b) Washing soda iii) Sodium bicarbonate c) Blue Vitriol iv) Copper sulphate d) Limestone

Ans.

i) ii) iii) iv)

Q.3

Identify the odd one out of the group (½ mark each) 1) Na2CO3, CaCO3, FeSO4, CuSO4 CaCO3 Insoluble in water (Pg 28, 29, 30, 36)

Ans. Q.4

Ans.

Q.5

Sodium carbonate Calcium carbonate Sodium bicarbonate Copper sulphate

a) b) c) d)

Washing soda Limestone Baking soda Blue Vitriol

(Pg (Pg (Pg (Pg

28) 29) 28) 30)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement if the given statement is false. (½ mark each) i) Baking soda is used for softening hard water to soft water. False Correct statement : Washing soda is used for softening hard water to soft water. (Pg 28, 29) Give scientific reasons (each 2 marks) i) Baking powder is used in the preparation of cakes and breads.

(Pg 28)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (56) Science and Technology Part I & II

Ans. On heating baking powder, CO2 gas is evolved. Due to CO2 gas. cakes and bread become light and spongy. Therefore baking powder is used in the preparation of cakes and breads. Q.6 Ans.

Q.7

Ans.

Distinguish between the following pairs (2 marks each) 1. Baking soda and washing soda Baking Soda Washing Soda(Pg 28, 29) i) Amorphous powder i) Crystalline substance ii) On heating it decomposes ii) on heating it gives out water of crystallization, and to give out CO2 gas soda ash is formed. iii) It is used to make cakes and iii) It is used as a cleansing bread light and spongy. agent in washing clothes.

Write balanced equations of the following reactions (2 marks each) i) Sodium bicarbonate is heated (Pg 28) Heat Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
1 mark 2NaHCO3 On heating it decomposes to form sodium carbonate, water and carbon-di-oxide. 1 mark

Q.8 Ans.

Write any two properties of lime stone (1 mark) i) It is a white amorphous powder which is insoluble in water. (Pg 29) ii) On heating strongly it decomposes into lime and CO2.

Q.9 Ans.

Give two uses of Blue Vitriol (1 mark each) i) It is used in preparing Bordeaux mixture which is a pesticide, a mixture of copper sulphate and lime. ii) It is used in electroplating and electro-refining of metal.

Q.10 Ans.

What is soda ash ? (2 marks) On heating washing soda, it loses water of crystallization to form Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (57) Science and Technology Part I & II

white amorphous substance called anhydrous substance. Anhydrous sodium carbonate which does not contain any water of crystallization is called soda ash. (Pg 29) Q.11 Ans.

What is burnt alum? How is it prepared? (4 marks) Burnt alum : potash alum when heated strongly swells and loses all molecules of water of crystallization and anhydrous alum is formed. 2 marks (Pg 32) Heat K SO Al (SO4)3 + 24H2O ↑ K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24H2O Strongly 2 4 2 Crystalline alum Burnt alum Anhydrous alum is called burnt alum. Molecular formula - K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 Burnt alum is used as an ingredient in medicines.

1 mark 1 mark

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (58) Science and Technology Part I & II

3 : Chemistry of Carbon Compounds (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 5) Introduction We use many organic compounds in our day to day life. Organic compounds mostly contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. These compounds are obtained from animals and plants. They can also be synthesized in the laboratory. The study of these compounds is called ‘organic chemistry’. In this lesson, we are going to study the carbon - carbon bond formed in carbon compounds, their types, the large number of compounds formed and their commercial uses. 3.1 Catenation - Definition, straight chain, branched chain and (Pg 39) ring compounds 3.2 Hydrocarbon - Definition, chain compounds types (Pg 40) (Pg 39, 40) 3.3 Open chain Hydrocarbon - (CnH2n+2) Saturated and (CnH2n) Unsaturated hydrocarbon and their examples 3.4 Aromatic hydrocarbon, cyclic hydrocarbon, homologus series (Pg 41) 3.5 Petroleum and its constituents - rock oil, (Pg 41,42) mineral oil, fossil fuel Petrochemicals - definition (Pg 42) Green house effect - Green house gases (Pg 42) Global warming (Pg 42) 3.6 Commercial importance of some organic compounds (Pg 43) Methane, Methyl alcohol, Ethylene Polymerisation - Definition, chemical reaction (Pg 43) Freon, Acetaldehyde, Acetic acid (Pg 43,44) Points to remember :
Carbon has four valence electrons. Each carbon atom links with other elements and forms infinite number of compounds.
Two or more carbon atoms link with each other to form straight chain, branched chain or ring compounds.
The types of bonds formed between two carbon atoms are C - C (single bond), C = C (double bond) or C ≡ C (triple bond). Many examples of such compounds are used commercially.
Green house effect - it leads to global warming. Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (59) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1

Ans.

Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct options : (each ½ mark) i) The valency of carbon element is ....................... . (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 4 (Pg 39) ii) ..................... is used as a preservative. (a) pickle (b) sauce (c) vinegar (d) alcohol vinegar (Pg 44)

Q.2

Distinguish between : (2 marks)

Ans.

Saturated Hydrocarbon

Ans.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

1. All four valencies of each carbon atom are satisfied by single bonds.

1. Valencies of two carbon atoms are not satisfied by single bonds.

2. All bonds in this compound are single bonds.

2. The bonds are double or triple.

3. They show less chemical activity.

3. They show greater chemical activity.

4. General formula is

4. General formula is CnH2n-2

[ Cn H2n + 2 ] Q.3

(Pg 39, 40)

or [ Cn H2n ]

Give scientific reasons : (2 marks) 1. Carbon forms a large anumber of compounds. (Pg 38) (i) The atomic number of carbon is 6. Two electrons are present in K shell and four electrons are present in L shell. (ii) Carbon can share its four valence electrons with other elements like H, O, N, Cl, Br, etc. (iii) Carbon has the property of catenation. Hence carbon can link with other carbon atoms to form single, double or triple covalent bonds. Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (60) Science and Technology Part I & II

4 : Food and Food Adulteration (Marks - 4, Marks with option - 7) Introduction All living organisms require food for their growth and maintenance. Food is the basic necessity of the body. All the energy required for carrying out the physiological processes of the body is obtained from food. All the elements (such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) required for the body are obtained from food. Hence, to get all the nutrients and energy required for our daily activities, our daily diet must contain the nutrients in the proper proportion. 4.1 Food - Concept and principles (Pg 47) Calorie, Food calorie, Food as source of elements (Pg 47) Food and energy (Pg 48) 4.2 Definition of food, food from plants and animals (Pg 48, 49) Food groups and their functions - Table 4.1 (Pg 50) Food pyramid, proportion of nutrients in our daily diet (Pg 52) 4.3 Balanced diet - definition (Pg 51) Energy required for different groups of people. Table 4.2 (Pg 51) 4.4 Food preparation - Safety measures to be taken to ensure (Pg 52,53) food safety and cleanliness during food preparation 4.5 Food adulteration - definition (Pg 53) Milk as complete food, sources of milk and (Pg 53, 54) proportion of nutrients, Table 4.3 Other important food stuffs, their proportion and uses, (Pg 54, 55) food adulterants table (Pg 59) 4.6 Standardisation of food - Prevention of Food (Pg 55) Adulteration Act, Indian Standardisation Institution (ISI) and Agricultural Marketing (AGMARK) 4.7 Harmful effects of food adulteration and diseases caused (Pg 56) 4.8 Chemical tests for Identification of adulterated food stuffs (Pg 57)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (61) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1 Ans.

Answer the following briefly : (4 points, 2 marks) i) What are the harmful effects of not maintaining food hygiene? The harmful effects of not maintaining food hygiene are as follows : a) Through food; germs, poisonous substances, smoke, dust and other harmful substances may enter the body. b) Contamination of food takes place due to the germs. c) Consumption of such contaminated food is dangerous to health. d) Consumption of contaminated food leads to food poisoning, (pg53) vomitting, diarrhoea and stomach pains.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (62) Science and Technology Part I & II

5 : Nutrients (Marks - 4, Marks with option - 6) Introduction Food plays an important role for growth and to maintain good health. Food is necessary to stay warm, to carry out our daily activities and to build up tissues. Food supplies all the necessary chemical nutrients to carry out these functions. 5.1 Nutrients - definition (Pg. 62) Classification of nutrients (Pg. 62) 5.2 Carbohydrates - sources, functions (Pg. 62, 63) 5.3 Protein - classification, sources and functions (Pg. 63, 64) 5.4 Fats - chemical structure, classification (Pg. 65) Sources and functions 5.5 Vitamins - Definition, types (Pg. 66, 67, 68, 69) Sources and functions 5.6 Minerals - Necessity, sources (Pg. 69) functions, mineral nutrients Table 5.1 5.7 Water - importance, functions and necessity (Pg. 69) Points to remember :
The important components of human food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.
65 - 80% of the required energy is obtained from carbohydrates.
Proteins are important for the building up of the cells and tissues.
Enzymes produced in the various organs of the body are proteins. Proteins carry out a variety of functions in the body.
Fats as hormones carry out important functions.
Vitamins are important support for the life. Vitamins are necessary for the growth, maintenance and good health of the body.
Minerals and water are also important for good health.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (63) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1

Complete the following table (5 marks) Column I i) ii) iii) iv) v)

Q.2

Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin K Disaccharide sugar

Ans.

Retinol Ascorbic acid Tocopherol Phylloquinone Lactose

Column III Vision Collagen Antioxidant Blood Clotting Milk sugar

Distinguish between :

(Pg. (Pg. (Pg. (Pg. (Pg.

66) 68) 67) 67) 62)

(Pg. 66)

Water Soluble Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

1. Chemically unstable 2. Nutritional value decreases when exposed to heat, light and air. 3. Excess vitamins cannot be stored in the body. 4. Excess vitamins are excreted through urine. 5. Consumption of excess vitamins is not harmful. 6. Should be consumed daily.

1. Chemically stable 2. Nutritional value is stable as they are fat based.

7. Vitamins B amd C Q.3

Column II

3. Excess vitamins are stored in fatty tissues. 4. Excess vitamins are not excreted. 5. Consumption of excess vitamins is harmful. 6. Not necessary to be consumed daily. 7. Vitamins A, D, E and K

Give scientific reasons (4 points, 2 marks each) (i) Carbohydrates are known as protein sparing nutrients. (a) Proteins are major constituents of our cells and tissues. They are necessary for the maintenance and growth. Proteins are enzymes and hormones, hence important. Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (64) Science and Technology Part I & II

(b) If carbohydrates and fats are not consumed sufficiently, then proteins are oxidised to provide energy. (c) At such times, there may be a shortage of proteins in carrying out important body functions. (d) If carbohydrates are taken in sufficient amounts then due to the energy obtained from their oxidation, proteins are spared to carry out other important functions. Hence, carbohydrates are called as protein sparing nutrients. (pg.63)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (65) Science and Technology Part I & II

6 : Food Spoilage and Wastage (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 6) Introduction Food is the basic need of life. Food is of either plant or animal origin. In daily life different food items are included in diet. Wheat, rice (cereals) and some legumes are preserved for longtime. Milk is preserved for few hours. Vegetables, fruits and cooked food spoil in a day. Each food item has different preservation period. Various factors causing spoilage of food - some of these factors are within the food itself and are called intrinsic factors while some are external factors or extrinsic factors. 6.1 Definition i) food spoilage (Pg. 76) ii) undesirable changes (Pg. 76) 6.2 Factors causing food spoilage (Pg. 77) Intrinsic, extrinsic factors; Examples. (Pg. 77) Factors affecting growth of micro - organisms, chemical changes (Pg. 78,77) 6.3 Principles of food preservation (Pg. 79) Explanation, preventing self - decomposition of food, (Pg. 79, 80) methods of food preservation 6.4 Food wastage : storage and handling (Pg. 81) 6.5 Ways of Quantitative wastage of food (Pg. 81) a) Defective post - harvest practices b) Defective methods of storage and distribution c) Traditional customs (Pg. 81, 82, 83) 6.6 Control of quantitative loss of food (Pg. 83) proper distribution system, storage (Pg. 83) 6.7 Qualitative loss of nutritive value and different methods. (Pg. 84) The dropouts of food pipe line (Pg. 83)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (66) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1

Ans.

Fill in the blanks (1 mark) i) .......... is the most accepted method of preserving the milk. (Pg. 80) ii) Degradation of ..... materials, fruits become soft. (Pg. 78) iii) Sprouting of onions, potatoes can be stopped by .... radiations.(Pg. 80) i) pasteurisation ii) pectic iii) Gamma

Q.2

Rewrite the Columns II and III so as to match Column I (2 marks) Column I

Column II Treatment

Food a) b) c) d)

milk eggs fruits onions & potatoes

i) irradiation ii)preparation of jam iii) pasteurization iv) preparation of powder

Column III Principle 1) Drying 2) heat kills micro organisms

(Pg. 86)

3) sugar in high concentration inhibit the growth of micro organisms 4) prevents sprouting

Ans.

a) - iii - 2

b) - iv - 1

c) - ii - 3

d) - i - 4

Q.3

State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement if the given statement is false by changing the underlined words / phrase. i) Temperature in the range of 50C - 190C is most suitable for

growth of the micro - organisms. (Pg. 87) Ans. False 200C to 500C is most suitable for growth of the micro - organisms. ii) Use of baking soda destroys vit. B complex. (Pg. 87) Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (67) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.4 Ans.

Ans.

True Give scientific reasons (2 marks) 1) Dried food grains remain unspoiled for long periods. i) Micro organisms require a lot of water for their growth. The growth of micro organism is prevented in dry foods due to absence of water. (Pg. 78) ii) Natural food contain active enzymes. Enzymes decompose food in presence of water. Water is absent in dry food so dried food grains remain unspoiled. 2) Buttermilk should not be kept in brass & copper container. i) Lactic acid is present in buttermilk. (Pg. 77) ii) Acid reacts with metal container leading to undesirable changes.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (68) Science and Technology Part I & II

7 : Diseases and DIsorders - I (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 6) Introduction The factors affecting human health are disease, illness and sickness. When human health is affected by external factors, it is known as disease. These diseases disturb the body physiologically or psychologically. When the internal structure of the cells is changed, it is known as disorder. Diseases and disorders definitely affect human health. This chapter provides the necessary and important information about these diseases and disorders, their preventive measures, treatment and how to maintain good health. 7.1 Disease - definition (Pg. 88) 7.2 Causes of diseases (Pg. 88) Triad model of environment (Pg. 89) Causative agent and host Causative factors of diseases (Pg. 89, 90, 91, 92) Table 7.1 7.3 Origin of diseases - cellular causes (Pg. 92, 93) microbial causes, air borne diseases, water borne diseases 7.4 Molecular causes - Anaemia Sickle shaped RBC - Fig. 7.1 (Pg. 94) Genetic causes, environmental causes (Pg. 94, 95) Chromosomal disorders, Down Syndrome (Pg. 95) Monogenic disorders - albinism (Pg. 96) Multifactorial disorders (Pg. 96) 7.5 Environmental diseases (Pg. 96, 97) Vehicle borne diseases 7.6 Effects of Tobacco (Pg. 97) Effects of smoking (Pg. 97) Effects of Toabcco chewing (Pg. 97)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (69) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Q.1

Ans.

Q.2 Ans.

Give scientific reasons i) The consumption of tobacco causes many diseases / disorders. (2 marks) (Pg. 97) i) Tobacco contains nicotine, a poisonous substance. ii) Tobacco smoke contains compounds like pyridine, ammonia, aldehyde, furfurol, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide which are cancer causing chemicals. iii) These carcinogens act on cells leading to uncontrolled cell division. iv) In whichever organs, carbon particles stick to the inner sides, it leads to cancer in the organs. How does coccidioidomycosis spread ? (2 marks) (Pg. 93) i) This disease spreads through air borne transmission of fungal spores. ii) The spores may be present in the dust of hospital wards and living rooms. iii) Thus the disease is carried by infected dust.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (70) Science and Technology Part I & II

8 : Diseases and Disorders - II (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 6) Introduction In the last chapter we have studied origin and causes of diseases. Which were dangerous to human health. In this chapter we shall study some commonly occurring diseases that seriously affect social and individual health. 8.1 Cancer - Properties and Causative agents (Pg. 100) Radiant energy, chemical agents (Pg. 100) Viruses, other miscellaneous factors (Pg. 101) 8.2 Leprosy - Causes, forms, types (Pg. 101, 102) stages of the signs of leprosy (Pg. 102) Preventive and control measures (Pg. 102) 8.3 Malaria - Cause plasmodium vivax (Pg. 102) infection of parasite due to female anopheles mosquitos carrying plasmodium (Pg. 103) Three successive stages, preventive measures (Pg. 103) 8.4 Ascariasis - caused by contaminated water and foodstuff (Pg. 103) Spread, treatment, prevention (Pg.103, 104) and control measures 8.5 Hepatitis - Types, causes (Pg. 104) Hepatitis A - Communicable disease (Pg. 104) Preventive measures Hepatitis B - Preventive measures (Pg. 105) 8.6 Aids - set of chronic disorders seriousness form, (Pg. 105) Retrovirus - RNA, DNA, Copy of DNA (Pgs. 104, 105) Signs - Major and minor (Pg. 106, 107) Modes of transmission, preventive (Pg. 107) and control measures 8.7 Awareness about sexual (Pg. 108) behaviour - health education

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (71) Science and Technology Part I & II

Points to remember : Table Disease

* *

Causative organism

Symptoms

Mode of Transmission

Cancer is caused due to uncontrolled cell division Awareness about radiant energy, chemicals, virus, smoking, consumption of tobacco, alcohol consumption, wearing tight clothes are the factors about which awareness is essential. ***

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (72) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Questions Q.1

Give scientific reasons (2 Marks) Water should not be allowed to collect around the house. (Pg. 103) i) Mosquito lays eggs in the water collected around the house. ii) Malaria is caused by female mosquito iii) Malarial parasite lives in the RBCs. iv) Infection of this parasite to human beings occurs by the bite of the female anopheles mosquito carrying plasmodium. In order to prevent mosquito from breeding, water should not be allowed to collect around the house.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (73) Science and Technology Part I & II

9 : Dietary Deficiency Disease (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 5) Introduction If any nutrient required in the diet is lacking, the individual suffers from a disease. In this lesson, we are going to see which disease is caused due to the deficiency of which nutrient. Balanced diet : The diet which includes all the required nutrients in appropriate proportions is known as a balanced diet. (Pg. 112) Approximate nutritive value of the balanced diet. (Pg. 112) 9.1 Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) - definition (Pg. 112) Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are the most serious forms of PEM according to ICMR A) Kwashiorkor - characteristics (Pg. 113) caused due to deficiency in quality (Pg. 113) and quantity of proteins. B) Marasmus - characterized by severe wasting (Pg. 114) Difference between kwashiorkor and Marasmus - Table 9.1 (Pg. 114) C) Treatment of PEM - Table 9.2 (Pg. 114) D) Preventive Measures : 1) Health Promotion 2) Specific Protection (Pg. 115) 3) Early Diagnosis and Treatment E) Protein Deficiency in Adults (Pgs. 115, 116) 9.2 Deficiency of Minerals - 24 mineral elements : Ca, P, Fe, Na K, Mg, I (Pg. 116) Zn, Cl, F and others. Trace Elements : Fe, I, F, Zn, Cu, Co, Mo, (Pg. 117) Deficiency of calcium, Phosphorus Sodium and Magnesium (Pg. 116) Iron, Deficiency : Causes, signs and Symptoms, (Pg. 117) Treatment and Prevention Iodine deficiency - disorders, prevention (Pg. 118)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (74) Science and Technology Part I & II

9.3 9.4

9.5 9.6 9.7

Fluorine deficiency - disorders, prevention Deficiency of zinc, copper, molybdenum Deficiency of vitamins - diseases, Preventive measures Malnutrition : Four forms Factors of Insufficiency of Nutrients (I) Host factors (II) Agent Factors (III) Environmental Factors Enrichment of food various Programmes Beverages - Three groups Fast foods - Explanation and examples. Vitamin deficiency diseases - Table

(Pg. 118) (Pg. 118) (Pgs. 118, 119, 120) (Pg. (Pg. (Pg. 121, (Pg. 122,

121) 121) 122) 123)

(Pg. 123, 124) (Pg. 124) (Pg. 126)

Solved Question Give scientific reason (2 Marks) Excess intake of Vitamins B and C does not cause any disease(Pg. ) i) Vitamins B and C are water soluble vitamins. ii) If excess of vitamins B and C is consumed, they are thrown out of the body through urine or sweat. iii) Hence excess intake of Vitamins B and C does not couse any disease.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (75) Science and Technology Part I & II

10 : Diseases due to Overintake of Some Nutrients (Marks - 2, Marks with option - 4) Introduction In this Chapter we are going to study the effects of overintake of saturated fats vitamins, salts and minerals causing various diseases. 10.1 Excessive intake of calories (Pg. 130) Obesity, Body Mass Index (Pg. 130) Broca index (Pg. 131) increased morbidity, increased mortality (Pg. 131) The preventive and control measures (Pg. 131) 10.2 Excessive intake of saturated fats (Pg. 132) Arteriosclerosis Hypertension (Pg. 132, 133) Coronary Heart disease - Prevention 10.3 Excessive intake of fluorine Dental Fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis (Pg. 134) 10.4 Excessive intake of vitamins, (Pg. 134) Hypervitaminosis of vitamin A and D (Pg. 135) 10.5 Disadvantages of excessive intake of nutrients 10.6 Controlling measures of excessive intake of nutrients (Pg. 135) Solved Question Give scientific reason (2 Marks) Regular exercise is essential. i) Excessive consumption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in our diet may cause many diseases. ii) Digestion and assimilation of these nutrients is necessary. iii) Failing to do so will lead to obesity. iv) Hence regular exercise is essential.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (76) Science and Technology Part I & II

11 : Human Health and Hygiene (Marks -2, Marks with option - 4) Introduction Hygienic habits cannot be learnt from books, but they must be developed and practised in daily routine. The value of health is not fully understood until it is lost. 11.1 Concept of health. (Pg. 140) Health is fundamental human right Changing concepts (Pg. 140) Biomedical, Ecological, Psychosocial, Holistic concepts, (Pg. 140) Old and new concepts of health fig. 11.1 (Pg. 141) 11.2 Definitions of health (Pg. 141) 11.3 Necessity and General measures (Pg. 142) Health for all HSR (Pg. 142, 143) 11.4 Personal Hygiene (Pg. 143) Hygiea, community Hygiene Personal Hygienic Habits (Pg. 143, 144) 11.5 Community Hygiene Health care for the people, Health care by the people (Pg. 145) 11.6 Preventive measures Pollution Definition, control of environmental pollution for good health. (Pg. 145, 146) 11.7 Prophylaxis against infectious diseases (Pg. 146) 11.8 Proper Education Definition (Pg. 147) Main objectives : (a) informing people (b) motivating people (Pg. 147) (c)Guiding into action. 11.9 Population control definition (Pg. 148) Population education a) Direct measures (sterilization, operation) b) Indirect or Educational Measures (Pg. 148)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (77) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Questions Q.1

Give scientific reasons 1) Tight fitting clothing should be avoided (Pg.145) Ans. All tight fitting clothing should be avoided as they interfere with normal circulation of blood, respiration, digestion and the action of muscles.

Q.2

Write short Note 1) Environmental Pollution hazards (Pg. 146) Ans. Environmental pollution causes many health hazards as given below : i) The air pollutants like oxides of sulphur cause headache, conjunctivitis, Pneumonia, coma etc. ii) Nitrogen oxide causes lung diseases. iii) The hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. iv) Metals like Pb, Cd, Hg etc. cause anaemia, damage to RBCs liver and kidney infection, fatigue anxiety, hypertension, cancer etc.

Q.3

Give the various primary health care measures. (Pg. 142) Ans. : 1) According to the declaration of Alma Ata conference the primary health care measures are i) Education about existing health problem and methods of preventing and controlling them. ii) Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition. iii) An adequate supply of safe drinking water and basic sanitation. iv) Maternal and child health care including family planning. v) Immunization against infectious diseases. vi) Prevention and control of endemic diseases/ vii) Appropriate treatment of common disease and injuries. viii) Provision of essential drugs.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (78) Science and Technology Part I & II

12 : Biotechnology (Marks - 3, Marks with option - 5) Introduction Modern age is the age of information and technology. Biotechnology is an important branch of modern science; develops rapidly for the welfare of human being. This chapter deals with impact of biotechnology on agriculture, health and environment. Previous knowledge In std IX DNA is discussed. In the discussion it is stated that DNA molecule decides hereditary characterization of living beings. Study the important concepts/terms. (Text book page no. of relevant matter is given in the bracket) 1) Experiment carried out by scientist Frederick Griffith of ‘Transforming Principle;. (Page nos. 151, 152) 2) Diagrammatic representation of DNA and gene (Page 153) 3) Biotechnology in agriculture (Page 153, 154) 4) Biotechnology and health (Page 154) 5) Protein products and their uses. (Table 12.1, Page 154) 6) How vaccination is useful to enhance the resistance (Page 154, 155) 7) Explanation : why transgenic protatoes cannot be cooked ? (Page 155) 8) Detailed information about ‘interferon’. (Page 155) 9) How biotechnology is useful to maintain ecological balance ? (Page 156) 10) Information bioremediation. (Page 156)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (79) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Fill in the blanks the correction option from the bracket. 1) The experiment of Transforming Principle was carried out by scientist ......... 2) In DNA, nitrogen molecule contains four bases named ......... 3) Herbicide ......... is used to kill the herbs. 4) Indian Agriculture Research Institute has developed ......... variety of mustard. 5) Protein product ......... is used for treating viral infections. (Pusa Sona, interferon, ACGT, WXY, Glyphosphate, Frederick Griffith, Pseudomonas) [(i) Frederick Griffith (ii) ACGT (iii) Glyphospate (iv) Pusa Sona (v) Interferon] Q. 2

Give reasons. 1) Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked. (Pg. 155) Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked, because cooking would destroy the ‘protein’ of the disease causing bacteria.

Q. 3

Write Note on (Pg. 156) Biotechnology to maintain ecological balance. Many of the environmental problems can be solved using modern biotechnology. In fact traditional procedure of waste - water treatment and solid waste treatment through waste decomposition are very good examples of microbial biotechnology.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (80) Science and Technology Part I & II

Solved Sample Questions Write scientific reasons (Each 2 Marks) 1) Protein injection is better than vaccination. Expected Answer. Ans. i) In order to enhance the resistance to a particular disease a method called vaccination is used. ii) In this process a disease causing virus bacteria are either killed or weakened. iii) These microbes are injected in the body. iv) In case of typhoid and cholera vaccine, killed bacteria are used. However in some cases these vaccines can cause the disease and harm the individual. v) Now it is possible to change the genetic characteristics of bacteria so that these bacteria would produce viral or bacterial proteins in large quantities. vi) Hence protein injection is better than vaccination. Write shorts notes 1) Haemophilia (Factor VIII) Expected Answer i) It is a hereditary disease. This disease carries hereditary characters from one generation to the next generation. ii) It is not curable because it is developed from the change in the genes. (They are caused due to faulty genes) iii) In haemophilia disease, there is defect in the gene which controls the function-blood clotting. Therefore, there is no process of blood clotting. After that, if one gets injured who is transformed from haemophilia disease then blood does not clot, it remains bleeding. iv) Factor VIII is useful for the treatment of haemophilia, which is a product of biotechnology.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (81) Science and Technology Part I & II

Write short answers. 1) What are the functions of gene ? Expected Answer Ans. i) A particular part under the DNA chain is called as gene. ii) It stores the genetic information. iii) It determines the hereditary characters of human being.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (82) Science and Technology Part I & II

Types of Questions I Objective type questions : 1)

Rewrite the following statements by selecting the correct option.

2)

Rewrite the second column so as to match the first Column

3)

Rewrite the columns II and III so as to match column I

4)

Consider the relation between column I and II and fill in the column IV to match the column III

6)

Form pairs from the group of words / phrases having same relationship.

7)

Fill in the blanks with proper term from the bracket at the end of the statement

8)

Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option from bracket

9)

State whether the following statements are true or false

10)

State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement if the given statement is false.

11)

State whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false correct the statement by changing the underlined phrase.

12)

Fill in the blanks

13)

Identify the odd one out

14)

Identify the odd one out with reason

15)

According to given property identify the odd one out.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (83) Science and Technology Part I & II

II. Short answer type questions 21) Give scientific reasons. 22) Distinguish between. 23) Distinguish between : Give any two points 24) Distinguish between : With respect to two given points. 25) Solve the numericals. 26) Write balanced equations for the following 27) Describe with diagram - formation of ion/molecule 28) Write short answers 29) Write short notes. 30) Write definitions of 31) Write laws 32) Write properties / characteristics/ symptoms of 33) Write uses of 34) Write formulae of 35) Write units of 36) Give examples of 37) Give peculiar characteristics of 38) Give names of 39) Draw and label the diagram 40) Short answer type questions.

III) Long answer type questions. 51) Explain in detail. 52) Write notes on 53) Describe process/ procedure/ technique. 54) Describe the apparatus with following points i) principle ii) diagram iii) construction 55) Describe the experiment with following points i) title ii) apparatus iii) diagram v) observation vi) inference

iv) working

v)uses.

iv) procedure

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (84) Science and Technology Part I & II

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY- PART I / II NATURE OF QUESTION-PAPER Time -2 Hours

Max. marks 40

N.B.

i) All questions are compulsary. ii) All questions carry equal marks. iii) Draw labelled diagram wherever necessary

Q.1.

A) Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option (4 statements)

(02)

B) Match the Pairs (4 pairs)

(02)

C) Complete the table/select the option/right or wrong (4 statments)

(02)

D) Fill in the blanks/odd one out (4 statements)

(02)

A) Give scientific reasons (2 out of 4)

(04)

Q.2.

B) Differenciate/properties/uses/ examples/ characteristics/ laws/ symptoms/ working etc. (2 out of 4) (04) Q. 3

Q.4.

Q. 5.

A) Solve the numericals/Give balanced equation of (2 out of 4)

(04)

B) Long answer type question (1 out of 2)

(04)

A) Draw and label the diagrams ( 2 out of 4)

(04)

B) Long answer type question (1 out of 2)

(04)

A) Short answer type questions ( 4 out of 6)

(04)

B) Long answer type question ( 1 out of 2)

(04)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (85) Science and Technology Part I & II

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECODARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION, SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE-411 005 SUB : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : PART ONE NAME OF THE CENTRE : NAME OF THE CANDIDATE : REGISTRATION NO. : ADDRESS : DATE OF BOOKLET RECIEVED : DATE OF SUBMISSION : N.B.: Write the answer of each question sary, attach separate sheets for answer. Q. Marks Q. Marks No. No. 1 11

in the space provided. If necesQ. No. 21

Marks

Q. No. 31

2

12

22

32

3

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34

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35

6

16

26

36

7

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37

8

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38

9

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29

39

10

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30

40

Marks

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (86) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. Marks No. 41

Q. No. 55

Marks

Q. No. 69

Marks

Q. No. 83

42

56

70

84

43

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85

44

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86

45

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Marks

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (87) Science and Technology Part I & II

Science and Technology - Part I Exercise Section Chapterwise Serial numbers of questions. Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Name of the chapter Classification of Elements Electrolysis Strength of solutions Current Electricity Effects of Electric Current Energy Sources Types of Energy Power Sound Heat Light Modern Physics

Question nos. from - to 01 10 17 23 36 46 52 59 62 68 73 83

to to to to to to to to to to to to

09 16 22 35 45 51 58 61 67 72 82 90

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (88) Science and Technology Part I & II

Exercise Section 1. Classification of elements Q. 1) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option i) ................. is more reactive than sodium a) Lithium b) potassium c) Hydrogen d) Magnesium. ii) The valance shell of halogen contain ................. electrons. a) 1 b) 0 c) 7 d) 8 iii) On the basis of electronic configuration of elements the periodic table is divided into ................. blocks. a) 16 b) 7 c) 4 d) 18 iv) The elements of s-bolck and f-block together (except zero group) are called the ................. elements. a) Inert b) transition c) Inner transition d) normal Q. 2) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column Column I Column II i) Group - 1 a) rare gases ii) Group - 2 b) family of halogen iii) Group - 17 c) family of alkaline earth metals iv) Group - 18 d) Family of alkali metals v) zig-zag line e) family of metalloids Q. 3) Complete the following table Element

Symbol

Period

9 i) Fluorine F .............. ii) Neon .............. 3 29 iii) .............. Cu 6 58 iv) Cerium Ce .............. Silicon .............. 3

Electronic

Type of elements

2, 7 .............. .............. 2,8,18,18,8,4 2,8,4

Q. 4) Find the odd one out (1 mark each) i) carbon, sodium, Nitrogen, Neon ii) Redon, Chloirne, zenon, Argon iii) Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, Silicon iv) Boron, Carbon, Sulphur, Polonium v) Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Francium

→ → → → →

.............. Neutral element/rare gases Transition element .............. ..............

.............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

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Q. 5) Give reasons. i) Valency of element of 2nd group is two. (Page no. 7)

ii) All the elements in group B are called transition elements (Page no 10)

iii) Most non-metals have four or more electrons in their outermost shell (page no. 10)

iv) Sodium is more reactive than Lithium, while potassium is more reactive than sodium. (Page no. 7)

v) The valency of halogen is one. (page no. 7)

Q. 6) Write the difference between the following. i) Mendeleev's Periodic table and Modern Periodic table (132)

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ii) Group VII A (group 17) and zero group (group 18) (page 7 & 8)

iii) Group I A and group II A (Page 6 & 4)

iv) d-block elements and f-block elements (page no. 8)

v) s-block elements and p-block elements (page no.8)

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Q. 7) Give two names of each i) Alkaline earth metals (page no.7)

ii) Metalliods (page no. 8 & 9)

iii) Subatomic particle with charge -e (page no. 9)

iv) normal elements (page no. 8)

v) Alkali metals (page no. 6)

Q. 8) Classify the elements on the basis of electronic configuration (page no. 8)

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Q. 9) Describe four blocks of the periodic table based on the electronic configuration of elements (page 8)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (93) Science and Technology Part I & II

2. Electrolysis Q. 10) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option i) When an electric current passes through copper chloride solution ................. gas is collected at anode. (page no. 17) a) Oxygen b) hydrogen c) Chlorine d) Carbon dioxide ii) Electrolytic conductors conduct electricity by movement of ................. (page no. 13) a) ions b) electrons c) protons d) atoms iii) Proper functioning of living cell requires ................. ................. ................. inside the cell (page 20) a) high concentration of K+ and high concentration of Na+ b) high concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+ c) low concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+ d) low concentration of K+ and high concentration of Na+ Q. 11) Find the odd one out (give reason) i) Benzene. Alcohol, Kerosene, liquid sodium chloride (page 15)

ii) sugar, urea, sodium hydroxide, glycerine

iii) Nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulphuric acid (page 15)

Q. 12) State whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it and rewrite it. i) Most of the non-electrolytes are electrovalent compounds. (page 15)

ii) Anode is that electrode at which electrons enter the electrolyte. (page 15)

iii) In anodising technique carbonic acid is used as an electrolyte.

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Q. 13) Write two points of difference each of the following. i) Electoplating and Anodising (page 18,19)

ii) Anode and Cathode (page 15)

iii) Electrolytes and non electrolytes (page 15)

Q. 14) Give scientific reasons. i) Aqueous solution of sugar is non-electrolyte. (page 15)

ii) Aqueous solution of HCl can conduct electric current but its solution in benzene cannot. (page 15)

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iii) During electroplating, the anode has to be replaced periodically. (page 18)

Q. 15) Explain in brief "Anodising technique".

Q. 16) Draw the labelled diagrams. i) Electrolysis of copper chloride (page 16)

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ii) Electric conduction of electrolytes (page 14)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (97) Science and Technology Part I & II

3. Strength of Solutions Q. 17) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket. i) Basicity of acid depends upon ................. (page no. 27) ii) In neutralisation reaction, volumes of acid and base are always ................. proportional to their normality. (page 30) iii) Brass is the example ................. type. (directly, inversely, no. of H+ ions, no. of H– ions, solid + solid, solid + liquid) Q. 18) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first coloumn. Column I Column II i) Monobasic acid a) NaOH ii) Diabasic acid b) HCl iii) Tribasic acid c) H2SO4 d) H3PO4

Q. 19) Write the names only i) Aqueous solutions of hydroxides of first group metals .............. (page 28)

ii) The solution whose concentration is accurately known ..............(page 28)

iii) The acids which dissociate to a lesser extent and give less number hydrogen ions in solution ..............(page 26)

Q. 20) Give reasons. i) Potassium hydroxide is a strong base (page 26)

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ii) Equivalent weight and molecular mass of nitric acid is same. (page 27)

iii) Brass is an alloy. (page 25)

Q. 21) Explain neutralisation reaction. (page 26)

Q. 22) Solve the following. i) NaOH solution is 0.2 N, 10 ml of 0.05 M H2SO4 is required for complete neutralisation. Find the volume of NaOH required. (Basicity of H2SO4 = 2) (Ans - 5ml)

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ii) 100g. of NaOH is dissolved in 5 litres of its solution. Find the normality of the solution. (Ans - 0.5N)

iii) How many gram of KOH will be present in 0.1 M solution of KOH of volume 500 ml. (Ans. - 2.89)

iv) Find gm/litre of 0.1 N solution of sodium hydroxide (Equivalent weight of NaOH = 40) (Ans - 4)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (100) Science and Technology Part I & II

4. Current Electricity Q. 23) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) The S.I. unit of potential difference is ................. (page 44) a) Ampere b) Volt c) Ohm d) Joule ii) Electric current is measured with the help of a device called ................. (page 43) a) an ammeter b) a voltmeter c) a galvonometer d) a calorimeter iii) ............. substance is used as insulator. a) Iron b) Copper c) Gold d) Plastic

Q. 24) Consider the relation between column (I) and (II) and fill in the column IV to match the column III. No

Column I

Column II

i) ii) iii) iv)

Copper 1 Volt Electric charge –ve terminal

Conductor 1 J/1 s Coulomb Cathode

Column III Rubber 1 ampere Resistance +ve terminal

Column IV – -

pg 38 43 44 39

Q. 25) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket : (ampere, smaller, greater, Ohms, Coloumbs, random, computer) i) The equivalent resistance of a parallel combination is .............. than the each of the individual resistance.(pg. 53) ii) Diode does not obey .............. law.(pg. 48) iii) S.I. unit of electric current is .............. (pg. 43) iv) In conductors electrons are always in the state of .............. motion (pg 40) v) Superconductors are used in .............. (pg. 49)

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Q. 26) State whether the following statement are true or false. i) Diode obeys Ohm's law. (pg. 48)

ii) A conducting wire offers resistance to flow of electrons. (pg 40)

iii) In a superconductor as temperature decreases, resistance of that material increases. (pg. 48)

Q. 27) Find odd one out i) Copper, Silver, Mica, Graphite (pg. 38) ii) Ammeter, Voltmeter, Galvanometer, Thermometer (pg 43) iii) Germanium, Silicon, Porcelein, Gallium. (pg. 38) Q. 28) Give scientific reasons. i) The plates of heating devices such as a toaster, an electric iron are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal. (pg. 45)

ii) Parallel combination of resistances decrease effective resistance of circuit. (pg. 53)

iii) Metals are good conductors. (pg. 40)

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Q. 29) Distinguish between : give any two points. i) Voltmeter and Ammeter (pg. 46, 47)

ii) Resistances in series and Resistances in parallel combination. (pg. 51,52,53)

iii) E.M.F. and P.D. (pg. 49,50)

Q. 30) Draw and label the diagram : i) Atoms of hydrogen and lithium. (pg. 38)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (103) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Simple Voltaic cell (pg. 39)

iii) Connection diagram of three resistances in series. (pg 51)

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iv) Connection diagram of three resistances in parallel. (pg. 52)

Q. 31) Solve the following numericals. i) Calculate the potential difference (v) across a 12 ohm resistor carrying current of 0.2 A. (Ans. 2.4 Volt)

ii) Calculate the resistance of the resistor, P.D. across two points being 4 volt and carrying a current of 250 mA. (Ans. 16 ohm)

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iii) 12 ohm and 6 ohm resistors are connected in parallel combination and 5 ohm resistance is connected in series combination with them. Find the combined resistance. (Ans : 9 ohm)

iv) Three resistances of each 9 ohm are connected first in series combination, then in parallel combination. Calculate their equivalent resistance in each case. (Ans. In series = 27 ohm, In parallel = 3 ohm)

N. B. For solving above numericals carefully study the illustrative examples from self study section. Q. 32) Define the following. i) Ampere (pg. 43)

ii) volt (pg.42)

iii) Ohm (pg. 44)

iv) Potential difference (pg. 42)

iv) E.M.F. (pg. 49)

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Q. 33) Draw the symbols of the following components. (P.g. 43, Table No. 4.1) i) Resistance

ii) Electric cell

iii) Variable resistance

iv) Voltmeter

v) Closed key

vi) Tap key open

Q. 34) Obtain an expression for equivalent resistance of three resistances connected in series combination. (pg. 51)

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Q. 35) Obtain an expression for equivalent resistance of three resistances connected in parallel combination. (pg 52, 53)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (108) Science and Technology Part I & II

5. Effects of Electric Current Q. 36) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) The quantity of heat generated in a conductor depends on ................. (pg. 62) a) Square of the current (I2) b) resistance of the conductor (R) c) time for which the current flows. (t) d) I2Rt. ii) Telephone ear piece works on the principle of ................. effect of electric current. (page 72) a) Magnetic b) heating c) chemical d) optical iii) The magnetic field produced at the centre of circular wire is directly proportional to the ................. (pg. 69) a) radius of the loop. b) magnitude of the current passing through it. c) resistance of the wire. d) time for which the current passes through it. Q. 37) Fill in the blanks with proper terms from the bracket : (magnetic field, 50 cycles per second, Right hand rule, Newton, calorie, area, radius) i) Heat energy produced is expressed in terms of ...............(pg. 62) ii) Orested proved that when current passes through a conducting wire it produces ...............(pg. 67) iii) The direction of the magnetic field produced by a conductor can be determined by .............. (pg. 69) iv) In India, frequency of A.C. is .............. (pg 71) v) The magnetic field produced at the centre of a circular wire is inversely proportional to .............. (pg. 70) Q. 38) State whether the following statements are true or false. i) Like magnetic poles attract each other, unlike magnetic poles repel (pg. 67) ii) Fuse is made of wire having high melting point (pg 64) iii) If fire is caused by sparking, the main switch should be switched off immediately. (pg. 74) Q. 39) Identify the odd one of the following group. i) Geyser, Heater, Electric iron, Refrigerator (pg. 64)

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ii) Magnet, Solenoid, Compass needle, Oven. (pg 71)

iii)

I2 R t 4.18

,

V I t 4.18

,

V2 t 4.18R

,

IR t 4.18

(pg. 62,63)

Q. 40) Give scientific reasons. i) Most of the electrical appliances need earthing. (pg. 74)

ii) Filament of incandescent lamp is made of tungsten. (pg. 64)

iii) Fuse is made of material having low melting point. (pg. 64)

Q. 41) Solve the following numericals. i) Calculate the heat generated in a coil of resistance 500 ohm in 30 seconds, when 0.2 amp. current passed across it. Calculate heat in Joules. (Ans. 600 J)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (110) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Calculate the heat generated in calories in a coil of resistance 418 ohm in 3 minutes, when 500 mA current passes through it. (Ans. 4500 cals.)

iii) Calculate the heat generated in an electric iron, when P.D. of 209 Volts is applied for 2 minutes, when 0.4 amp current is passed across it. (Ans : 2400 cal)

iv) Find the resistance of 25 Watt, 240 Volt electric bulb. (Ans : 2304 ohm)

v) 80 J heat is generated in a conductor of resistance 50 ohm and time is 40 sec. Calculate the P.D. applied across it to produce above heat.(Ans. 10 Volt)

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vi) Find the resistance of 60 Watt, 240 volt bulb. (Ans. 960 ohm.

Q. 42) Answer the following questions i) What is the function of earth wire? Why it is necessary to earth metallic appliances? (pg. 74,75)

ii) Mention any four applications of heating effects of electric current. (pg. 64)

Q. 43) State the following laws. i) Joule's law of heating effect of electric current (pg. 62)

ii) Right hand rule. (pg. 69)

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Q. 44) Draw and label the diagram. i) Heating effect of electric current. (verification of Joule's law.) (pg. 61)

ii) Telephone ear piece. (pg. 73)

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Q. 45) Write any two precautions a) while using electrical appliance. (pg. 75)

b) against bad insulation (pg 74)

c) against improper earthing (pg. 74,75)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (114) Science and Technology Part I & II

6. Energy Sources Q. 46) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) Energy obtained from ................. is pollution free. (pg. 90) a) Petrol b) Coal c) nuclear reactor d) solar cell ii) Calorific value of ................. is highest amongest fuels. (page 97) a) Hydrogen b) Methane c) LPG d) Biogas iii) To remove moisture from grapes we use ................. (pg. 90) a) solar water heater b) solar cooker c) solar cell d) solar dryer iv) A device which converts solar energy into electrical energy is known as solar ................. (pg. 90) a) Cooker b) dryer c) heater d) cell Q. 47) State whether the following statement are true or false. Correct the false statement i) Children use solar energy to fly kites (pg. 81)

ii) The inner surface of solar cooker box is red (pg 88)

iii) The efficiency of chulha is less than 15% (pg. 92)

iv) Wind mills convert wind energy into electrical energy. (pg. 82)

Q. 48) Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column. Column I Column II 1) Biomass a) flowing water 2) Renewable energy b) artificial satellites 3) Non-renewable energy c) Forests 4) solar cell d) Natural gas (pg. no. 92,85,81,90)

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Q. 49) Give scientific reasons. i) Farmers winnow the grains. (pg. 82)

ii) Solar energy is dilute source of energy (pg. 87)

iii) Windmills require specific location. (pg. 82)

Q. 50) Distinguish between. i) Renewable energy source - Non renewable energy source (pg. no. 81,82)

ii) Biomass - Biogas (pg. no. 92)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (116) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 51) Draw labelled diagrams i) Solar cooker (fig. no. 9) (Pg. no. 88)

ii) Biogas (fig. no. 6.12) (pg. No. 93)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (117) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii) Nuclear fission (fig. no. 6.11) (pg. No. 91)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (118) Science and Technology Part I & II

7. Types of Energy Q. 52) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) Energy ................. (pg. 101) a) is the stored ability to do work b) can be created or can be destroyed c) cannot be convered from one form into another d) Exists only in mechanical form ii) SI unit of energy is ................. (pg. no. 106) a) erg b) Newtan c) Joule d) Kw-hr iii) ................. possesses kinetic energy. a) running water b) water in lake at sea level c) water in a dam d) stones at the foot of hill Q. 53) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statement i) Total energy of an isolated system is constant.

ii) While charging, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. (pg 113)

iii) Potential energy is always mechanical in nature.

Q. 54) Rewrite the columns II and III so as to match the first column. Column I Column II Column III Device/ Source Conversion of Conversion to 1) Bulb Potential energy sound energy 2) Dam Electrical energy Kinetic energy 3) Fire crackers Chemical energy light energy

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (119) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 55) Give scientific reasons. i) We use pulley to draw water from the well.

ii) Water stored in dam is used to generate electricity.

iii) Electric fan blades rotate when we put on the switch.

Q. 56) Distinguish between. i) Potential energy and Kinetic energy

Q. 57)a) State the law of conservation of energy.

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (120) Science and Technology Part I & II

b) Explain the relation between joule and erg.

Q. 58) Solve the following numericals. i) A rocket of mass 100 tons is propelled vertically with velocity 1km/s. Calculate its kinetic energy. (Ans. = 5 × 1010 J)

ii) An object of mass 10 kg is kept 10m above the ground. Calculate potential energy possessed by the object. (take g = 9.8 m/s2) (Ans = 980J)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (121) Science and Technology Part I & II

8. Power Q. 59) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) 1 HP = ................. a) 746 Watts b) 36 × 105 J c) 1000 watts d) 1000 erg/s ii) ................. is a scalar quantity. a) force b) velocity c) Acceleration d) power iii) The SI unit of power is ................. a) HP b) W c) Nm d) erg iv) Power ................. a) is always positive. b) can be positive or negative. c) is a vector quantity . d) cannot be added. Q. 60) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements i) Power is the rate of performing work.

ii) All persons use the same power to climb equal heights

iii) Power used depends upon the direction of displacement in comparison to the applied force.

iv) If a machine has more output power than another machine, it will do the work faster.

Q. 61) Solve the following numericals. i) If a 60 Watt bulb is put on for 6 hours, how much electrical energy is consumed? (Ans. 0.36 kw.hr = 0.36 units)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (122) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) A 30 HP car is moving with uniform velocity of 54km/hr. Find the forword force exerted by its engine. (Ans. 1492N)

iii) A car of mass 1000kg is driven along levelled road against a constant resistance of 200N. The output of engine of the car is 8kW. Find the acceleration of the car when its speed is 10m/s. (Ans = 0.6m/s2)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (123) Science and Technology Part I & II

9. Sound Q. 62) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) The pattern of the disturbance which travels through medium is known as ................. (Pg. 127) a) compression b) rarefaction c) wave d) sound ii) Sound waves do not travel through ................. (pg. no. 128) a) vaccum b) air c) water d) solid iii) The velocity of the sound in air at 00C is ................. (pg. no. 129) a) 331 m/s b) 332 m/s c) 340 m/s d) 360 m/s iv) The velocity of sound is maximum in the ................. medium. (pg. no. 130) a) solid b) liquid c) gaseous 63) Fill in the blanks. i) In the fresh water the speed of sound is ................. m/s. ii) In sea water the speed of sound is ................. m/s. iii) In iron, the speed of sound is about .................m/s. iv) An increase in the temperature of air by 10C will increase the velocity of sound by .............m/s v) Unit of intensity of sound is .................. vi) An increase in humidity ................. the velocity of sound in air. (pg. no. 135, 136) Q. 64) Give scientific reasons. i) The flash of lightning is seen from clouds before the thunder is heard although both occur simultaneously. (pg. 130)

ii) Inside auditorium curtains are used. (pg. 131)

iii) Every hill station has an echo point. (pg. 132)

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iv) In fairs or at tourist spots people prefer to use megaphone.

Q. 65) Write notes on. i) Causes of noise (pg. 137)

ii) Measures of noise control (pg. 137)

Q. 66)Draw labelled diagram. i) Sound waves need a medium. (pg. 128)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (125) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Reflection of sound waves (pg. 131)

Q. 67) Solve the following numericals. i) A person hears a thunder 8 seconds after a flash of lightning is seen. At what distance the lightning is struck neglecting speed of light? (Speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.) (Ans. = 2720 m.)

ii) A person observes a smoke from the cannon. After 6 seconds, he hears the bang. If the cannon is 2040 m. away from the observer, calculate the velocity of sound in air. (Ans = 340 m/s.)

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10. Heat Q. 68) Fill in the blanks. i) The behaviour of the water between .................0C to ................. 0C is called behaviour of the water. (Pg. 143) ii) Density of water is maximum at .................0C (pg. 143) iii) The dampness or moisture in air, due to water vapour content is called ................. (pg. 147) iv) If relative humidity exceeds .................% we feel that the air is moist. (pg 148) v) When the water vapour in air is condensed a ................. is formed. (pg. 148) Q. 69) Define. i) Dew point (Pg. 147)

ii) Absolute humidity (pg. 147)

iii) Relative humidity (pg. 148)

iv) Specific heat capacity (pg. 150)

Q. 70) Draw labelled diagrams. i) Hope's apparatus (pg. 144)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (127) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 71) Write short notes on. i) Anomalous behaviour of water (pg. 143, 146)

Q. 72) Give scientific reasons. i) In winter, sometimes the pipe lines carrying water burst when the temperature of atmosphere falls below 40C (pg. 146)

ii) In cold countries rocks crumble into pieces in winter (pg. 146)

iii) Water cannot be used in thermometer (pg. 152)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (128) Science and Technology Part I & II

iv) A white trail may be seen behind high flying aircraft. (pg. 148)

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (129) Science and Technology Part I & II

11. Light Q. 73) Rewrite the following statement by choosing the correct option. i) When a glass slab is kept on the letters on a paper the letters appear to be ................. (pg. 165) a) shifted to the right b) shifted to the left c) raised slightly d) shifted to the lower side ii) The distance between optical centre and principal focus of a lens is called ................. (pg. no. 168) a) focal length b) optical axis c) radius of carvature d) centre of curvature iii) According to cartesian sign convention ................. (pg. 174) a) all distances parallel to the optical axis are measured from principal focus. b) distances measured in the opposite direction of the incident ray of light are taken as positive c) all distances are taken as positive d) distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are taken as positive. Q. 74) Fill in the blanks. i) When a beam of white light passses through a prism ................. ray of light is deviated most. (pg. 181) ii) Presbyopia occurs due to weakening of ................. (187) iii) ................. shaped cells of the retina are sensitive to the intensity of light. (pg. 194) iv) Simple microscope is also called as ................. (pg. 189) v) ................. has maximum refractive index with respect to vacuum. (pg 165) Q. 75) Give scientific reasons. i) The bottom of the water tank appears to be raised. (pg. 165)

ii) A convex lens is called converging lens. (pg. 169)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (130) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii) Some people are colour blind. (pg 195)

iv) The distant objects appear small. (pg. 189)

v) A person suffering from myopia uses a spectacle having concave lens of suitable focal length. (pg. 185)

Q. 76) Distinguish between the following. i) Reflection of light and refraction of light. (pg. 158, 159)

ii) Simple microscope and compound microscope. (pg. 189, 190)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (131) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii) Converging lens and diverging lens (pg. 167, 169)

Q. 77) Solve the following numericals. (N.B. : Learn the illustrative examples given in the text book, all formulae and cartesian sign convention) i) A focal length of a lens is +20 cm. Find the power of the lens; also write the type of the lens. (See the example given on page 188) (Ans. 5D, convex lens)

ii) An object is kept at a distance of 30 cm in front of a concave lens and its image is formed at a distance of 20 cm from it. Find 1) The focal length of the lens. 2) Position of the image formed. (see the example on page 177) (Ans - f = 12, other side of the object)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (132) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii) Two convex lenses of focal lengths 10cm and 5cm are kept in contact. Find the focal length of the combined lens. 10 (See the solve example on page 179) (Ans = ) 3

iv) The refractive index of glass is 1.6 with respect to air. Find the refractive index of air with respect to glass. (use formula 11.2 given on page 163) (Ans - 0.625)

v) The focal length of a convex lens is 30cm. An object of height 2 cm is kept at a distance of 45cm from it. Find 1) Distance of the image from the lens 2) height of the image 3) Magnification of the lens 4) Nature of the image (see the solved example no. 11.2 on page 177) (Ans. 1) 90 cm 2) 4 cm 3) 2 4) real and magnified)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (133) Science and Technology Part I & II

vi) Velocity of light in air is 3 × 108 m/s. Find the velocity of light when it passes through a slab of flint glass having refractive index 1.6. (see the formula given on page 163) (Ans. = 1.87 x 108)

vii) The power of the lens in 4 diopters. Find the focal length of the lens. (See the solved example on page 179) (Ans. 0.25 m or 25 cm)

Q. 78) Draw and label the diagrams. i) Refraction of light through a glass slab. (page 161)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (134) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed beyond 2F1 (pg. 171)

iii) Compound microscope (pg 191)

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iv) Image formed by a convex lens when an object is placed on 2F1. (page 171)

v) Dispersion of light, by a prism. (pg. 182)

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Q. 79) Answer in short i) What is least distance of distinct vision? (pg. 184)

ii) Write new cartesion sign conventions. (pg. 174)

iii) What is dispersion of light? (pg. 181, 182)

Q. 80) Write short notes. i) Cataract (pg. 188)

ii) Persistence of vision (pg. 193)

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iii) Power of accommodation (pg. 184)

iv) Colour blindness (pg. 195)

v) Hypermetropia (pg. 185)

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Q. 81) Define i) Diopter (pg. 177)

ii) Magnification (pg. 175)

iii) Centre of curvature of a lens (pg. 167)

iv) Refraction of light (pg. 159)

v) Angle of deviation (pg 181)

Q. 82) Write the specific function of the following parts of the eye. i) Aqueous humor (pg. 183)

ii) Pupil (pg. 183)

iii) Eye lens (pg. 183)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (139) Science and Technology Part I & II

iv) Ciliary muscles (pg. 183)

v) Optic nerve (pg. 184)

···

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (140) Science and Technology Part I & II

12. Modern Physics Q. 83) Rewrite the following statement by selecting the correct option. i) ................. has highest penetrating power. (pg. 203) a) α particle b) β particle c) x-rays d) gamma rays ii) ................. is not a ratioactive element. (pg. 200) a) Uranium b) Sodium c) Thorium d) Radium iii) The property of radioactivity is first discovered by ................. (pg. 200) a) Enrico Fermi b) Becquerel c) Pierre Curie d) Rontgen iv) The picture tube of television is a ................. ray tube. (pg. 204) a) alpha b) gamma c) x-ray d) cathode v) Real diamonds can be distinguished from artificial ones by observing their characteristics under ................. (pg 207) a) beta rays b) gamma rays c) x-rays d) alpha rays Q. 84) Rewrite the IInd Column to match the Ist Column. Column I Column II 1) Nuclear fission a) Cancer 2) x-rays b) Archaeology 3) cobalt - 60 c) Source of energy 4) Radio isotopes d) To detect fracture of bones 5) Carbon dating e) food preservation (see answers on pages 09, 212, 213, 207)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (141) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 85) Fill in the blanks with proper term from the bracket. (x-rays, radioactivity, controlled chain reaction, P-32, half life, isotope, Nuclear fusion) i) ................. is the time required by a given radioactive substance containing 235 atoms to reduce to half of its number. 92 ii) For tracing locations of tumors ................. isotope is used. iii) ................. is the basis of atomic reactor. iv) The property of emmision of high energetic and high penetrating radiations is known as ................. (find answers on pages 211, 222, 212, 205, 210) Q. 86) State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement. i) When a nitrogen atom is bombarded by neutrons C–14 isotope is formed. (pg. 213)

ii) The radiation emitted by a radioactive substance and which is deflected towards negative plate is called β radiation (pg. 201)

iii)

α particles are helium nuclei. (pg. 202)

iv) Cathode rays can produce x-rays (page 204)

235

v) The amount of energy equivalent to 400 MeV is liberated in fission of one U 92 atom (pg 208)

Q. 87) Give scientific reasons. i) X-rays are used to detect fracture of bones in the body. (pg. 206, 207)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (142) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Controlled chain reaction is a source of useful energy. (pg. 210)

iii) In an electric field s (pg 195)

α particles are less deflected than β particle

iv) X-rays are invisible. (pg. 206)

v) Cathode rays are used in Cathode ray oscilloscope. (pg. 204)

Q. 88) Distinguish between the following. i) α particles and gamma particles (pg. 203)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (143) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion (pg. 207, 210)

Q. 89) Draw and label the diagrams. i) Production of α, β, γ radiations (pg. 201)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (144) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii) Production of x-rays (pg. 206)

iii) Chain reaction (pg. 209)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (145) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 90) Write short notes on the following. i) Four properties of x-rays (page 206)

ii) Uses of x-rays (page 207)

iii) Uses of radio isotopes in medicine (page 212)

iv) The laws of radioactive transformation. (pg. 203)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (146) Science and Technology Part I & II

v) Uses of cathode rays (pg. 204)

···

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (147) Science and Technology Part I & II

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SECODARY AND HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION, SHIVAJINAGAR, PUNE-411 005 SUB : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : PART TWO NAME OF THE CENTRE : NAME OF THE CANDIDATE : REGISTRATION NO. : ADDRESS : DATE OF BOOKLET RECIEVED : DATE OF SUBMISSION : N.B.: Write the answer of each question sary, attach separate sheets for answer. Q. Marks Q. Marks No. No. 1 11

in the space provided. If necesQ. No. 21

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (148) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. Marks No. 41

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Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (149) Science and Technology Part I & II

Science and Technology Part II Exercise Section Chapterwise Serial numbers of questions Sr. No.

Name of the Chapter

1. 2.

Metals and Non-Metals Compounds of Metals and Non-Metals Chemistry of Carboon Compounds Food and Food Adulteration Nutrients Food Spoilage and Wastage Diseases and Disorders I Diseases and Disorders II Dietary Deficiency Diseases Diseases due to Overintake of Some Nutrients Human Health and Hygiene Biotechnology

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Question nosFrom - to 01 To 11 12 21 26 31 35 38 44 52

To To To To To To To To

20 25 30 34 37 43 51 63

64 To 69 70 To 75 76 To 85

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (150) Science and Technology Part I & II

EXERCISE SECTION 1. Metals and Non-Metals Q.1) Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option. 1) The metal existing in the solid state at ordinary temperature is __________ (Pg. 1) a) mercury b) Copper c) bromine d) Chlorine 2) The electronic configuration of sodium is ________ (Pg. 2) a) 2, 8, 4 b) 2, 8, 1 c) 2, 8, 3 d) 2, 8, 5 3) The sublimate of sulphur is called ________ (Pg. 13) a) allotropes b) milk of sulphur c) flower of sulphur d) crown ring 4) ________ is used as a fungicide on fruit trees and grape vines. (Pg. 14) a) ammonia b) Carbon - dioxide c) hydrogen sulphide d) sulphur 5) _________ is the ore of aluminium. a) bauxite b) haemetite c) Limonite d) siderite Q.2) State the i) ii)

whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite correct statement if the given statement is false. Hydrogen sulphide has smell of rotten eggs. (Pg. 16) Ammonia gas is collected by the upward displacement of air. (Pg. 20) iii) Red litmus paper turns blue in ammonium hydroxide. (Pg.21) iv) Molten slag of iron after solidification is used for road building. (Pg. 8)

Q.3

Rewrite column II and III so as to match column I. Column I Column II Column III i) Al2O3, 2H2O, (Pg. 4, 12) 1. Sulphur (a) Limonite ii) FeS2 2. Iron (b) Bauxite iii) 2Fe2O3, 3H2O 3. Aluminium (c) Pyrite

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (151) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 4.

Give scientific reasons : 1) The valency of sodium is 1 (Pg. 2)

2) Sulphur powder is dusted on fruit trees and grape vines. (Pg. 14)

3) Ammonia gas is collected in gas jar by passing it through a lime tower (Pg. 20)

4) We can obtain a fountain of ammonia gas. (Pg. 21)

Q. 5.

Distinguish between : 1) Haemetite and Cryolite.

(Pg. 4, 9)

2) Carbon di-oxide and Ammonia. (Pg. 19, 21)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (152) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 6.

Explain with the help of balanced chemical equations : 1) Action of dil hydrochloric acid on zinc. (Pg. 3)

2) Copper and Sulphur are heated together. (Pg. 14)

3) Calcium oxide is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. (Pg. 3)

4) Magnesium ribbon is burnt in a gas jar containing carboon dioxide. (Pg. 19)

Q. 7.

Write the formulae : 1) Ammonium hydroxide

(Pg. 21)

2) Sulphuric acid

(Pg. 17)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (153) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 8.

3) Sodium meta aluminate

(Pg. 3)

4) Calcium silicate

(Pg. 8)

Write the definitions : 1) Reducing agent

(Pg. 5)

2) Oxidation

(Pg. 3)

3) Metalloid

(Pg. 2)

4) Alloy

(Pg. 10)

5) Charge

(Pg. 7)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (154) Science and Technology Part I & II

9. Draw neat labelled diagrams of : 1) Blast furnace

(Pg. 7)

2) Kipp’s Apparatus

(Pg. 16)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (155) Science and Technology Part I & II

3) Laboratory Preparation of hydrogen sulphide (Pg. 15)

4) Laboratory preparation of ammonia

(Pg. 20)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (156) Science and Technology Part I & II

5) Ammonia fountain

Q. 10. Write the properties : 1) Two chemical properties of ammonia

2) Two physical properties of sulphur

(Pg. 21)

(Pg. 21)

(Pg. 16)

3) Two chemical properties of carbon dioxide (Pg. 18, 19)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (157) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 11. Write two uses of : 1) Carbon dioxide

(Pg. 19, 20)

2) Sulphur

(Pg. 14)

3) Ammonia

(Pg. 22)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (158) Science and Technology Part I & II

2. Compounds of Metals and Non-metals Q. 12. Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option. 1) _________ is used as an antacid in medicine to neutralise the acidity in the stomach. (Pg. 28) a) Baking soda b) washing soda c) Blue vitriol d) Bleaching powder 2) ________ is a variety of calcium carbonate a) Glass b) Paper c) marble d) Black ink (Pg. 29) 3) Crystalline salt of copper sulphate is ______ in colour. a) green b) white c) blue d) brown (Pg. 30,31) Q.13

Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column. . Column I Column II (Pg. 28) 1) Sodium Carbonate a) FeSo4 7H2O (Pg. 28) 2) Sodium bicarbonate b) Na2CO3 (Pg. 30) 3) Blue vitriol c) CuSO4 5H2O (Pg. 30) 4) Green vitriol d) NaHCO3

Q. 14. Identify the odd one out of the group. 1) Baking soda, washing soda, Benzene, Blue vitriol. (Pg. 34, 35)

2) Lime stone, Blue vitriol, Carbon-di-oxide, Plaster of Paris (Pg. 34, 35)

3) Lime stone, marble, Chalk, Mohr’s salt. (Pg. 29)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (159) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 15. State whether the following statements are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement if the given statements is false. 1) Burnt alum is used as an ingredient in medicines. (Pg. 32)

2) Mohr’s salt is used in Daniel Cell. (Pg. 30, 31)

3) Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum. (Pg. 32)

Q. 14. Give scientific reasons. 1) On heating crystaline copper sulphate, white anhydrous copper sulphate forms. (Pg. 31)

2) Plaster of Paris is used in making statues. (Pg. 33)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (160) Science and Technology Part I & II

3) Due to Ferrous sulphate, acidified potassium permanganate solution of purple colour becomes colourless. (Pg. 30)

Q. 17. Distinguish between the following pairs. 1) Green vitriol and Blue vitriol (Pg. 30)

2) Lime stone and alum

(Pg. 29, 31)

Q. 18. Write balanced equations for the following reactions. 1) Potash alum heated strongly. (Pg. 32)

2) Reaction of baking soda with hydrochloric acid. (Page 28)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (161) Science and Technology Part I & II

3) Gypsum is heated. (Pg. 32)

Q. 19. Write two uses of each of the following. 1) Lime stone (Page 30)

2) Green vitriol

(Page 30)

3) Bleaching powder (Pg. 33)

Q. 20. State any two properties of the following. 1) Plaster of Paris (Pg. 32)

2) Washing Soda (Pg. 28)

3) Sodium bicarbonate (Pg. 28)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (162) Science and Technology Part I & II

3. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Q. 21. Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column. Column I Column II (Pg. 40) 1) Alkane a) C3 H6 2) Alkene b) Cn H2n-2 3) Alkyne c) Cn H2n+2 4) Cyclopropane d) Cn H2n e) C6 H6

Q. 22. Write the definitions. 1) Catenation

(Pg. 38)

2)

Homologus series

(Pg. 41)

3)

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

(Pg. 40)

4)

Polymerization

(Pg. 43)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (163) Science and Technology Part I & II

5)

Global warming

(Pg. 42)

Q. 23. Write short notes : 1) Petrochemicals

(Pg. 42)

2)

Green house effect

Q. 24. Give the commercial importance. 1) Methane

2)

Methyl alcohol

(Pg. 42)

(Pg. 43)

(Pg. 43)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (164) Science and Technology Part I & II

3)

Acetaldehyde

(Pg. 43, 44)

4)

Acetic acid

(Pg. 44)

25. Answer briefly : 1) Give the classification of hydrocarbons.

2)

Explain the reaction of Polymerisation.

(Pg. 40)

(Pg. 43)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (165) Science and Technology Part I & II

4. Food and Food Adulteration Q. 26. Complete the following table. Food Stuff Adulterant 1) ----------a) Paper pulp 2) Mustard oil b) --------------3) ----------c) Dried papaya seeds 4) Coffee d) --------------Q. 27. Fill in the blanks. 1) Each cell is made up of different _______ (Pg. 47) Such as proteins, nucleic acid etc. 2) Carbohydrates and _______ are energy rich foods. (Pg. 51) 3) If turmeric coated with ______ is consumed toxic symptoms of lead poisoning are seen. (Pg. 56) 4) The ultimate source of energy for all living system is _______ (Pg. 48) Q. 28. Write the definitions : 1) Growth of a body

(Pg. 48)

2)

food

(Pg. 48)

3)

Balanced diet

(Pg. 51)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (166) Science and Technology Part I & II

4)

Food adulteration

(Pg. 53)

Q. 29. Answer briefly : 1) Write the important functions of water in the body. (Pg. 52)

2)

Write a note on ‘Epidermic Dropsy. (Pg. 56)

3)

Measures undertaken by the Government to prevent food adulteration. (Pg. 55)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (167) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q. 30. Give scientific reasons : 1) Food should always be kept well - covered. (Pg. 53)

2)

Requirement of balanced diet may be different for different people. (Pg. 51)

3)

Kesari Dal is soaked in; for several changes of hot water. (Pg. 56)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (168) Science and Technology Part I & II

5. Nutrients Q. 31. Fill in 1) 2) 3) 4)

the blanks. _________ is the rich source of sucrose sugar. (Pg. 62) Most of the proteins act as ________ in the cell. (pg. 63) Vitamin ______ plays an important role in vision. (Pg. 66) Vitamin A is also known as _____ (Pg. 67)

Q. 32. Find the odd one out. 1) Vitamin A, D, C and K (Pg. 66)

2)

Rice, moong, wheat, bajra. (Pg. 62)

3)

Coconut, groundnut, almond, sugarcane. (Pg. 65)

Q. 33. Give scientific reasons. 1) Our daily diet should contain water soluble vitamins. (Pg. 68)

2)

Our diet should contain food with insoluble fibres. (Pg. 63)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (169) Science and Technology Part I & II

3)

Every person should drink sufficient amount of water. (Pg. 69)

Q. 34. Answer the following : . 1) Write the important functions of proteins (Pg. 64)

2)

Give the importance of iodine in our diet. (Pg. 71)

3)

Give the important functions of phosphorus. Mineral nutrient. (Pg. 70)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (170) Science and Technology Part I & II

6. Food spoilage and Wastage Q. 35. Define the following. 1) Food spoilage

(Pg. 76)

2) Pasteurisation

(Pg. 80)

3) Putrefaction

(Pg. 78)

Q. 36. Write short answer. 1) Name the factors affecting growth of micro organisms (Pg.77,78)

2)

Give the types of undesirable changes in food.

(Pg. 76)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (171) Science and Technology Part I & II

3)

How food is spoiled due to improper handling.

Q. 37. What is meant by food spoilage ? What are the causes of food spoilage ?

(Pg. 82)

(Pg. 77)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (172) Science and Technology Part I & II

7. Diseases and Disorders - I Q.38. i)

ii) iii)

Rewrite the statements by choosing the correct option : __________ showed that the cause of anthrax was bacteria. (Pg. 88) a) Louis Pasteur b) Mac Mahon c) Paugh d) Robert Koch (Pg. 88, 89) Chickunguniya is caused by _______ a) bacteria b) virus c) algae d) fungus 1 Micron = ________ m (Pg. 92, 93) a) 1000 b) 106 c) 10-6 d) 10-3

Q.39. i)

Give scientific reasons. Uncontrolled rate of division of cells is dangerous. (Pg. 92)

Q.40. i)

Only write the name of the disease : (Pg. 89-92) Caused by snail ii) Caused by virus

iii)

Caused by bacteria

v)

Caused by cold (winter) vi) Caused by fungus

Q.41. i)

iv)

Caused by protozoa

Answer briefly : Write the symptoms of Mongolism. (Pg. 95)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (173) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii)

Which important part of the body is affected by sickle - cell anaemia ? Why ? (Pg. 94)

iii)

What is meant by ‘Genetic diseases’ ? Write the symptoms of one such disease. (Pg. 94)

iv)

What precautions will you take to prevent water - borne diseases? (Pg.93)

Q.42. i)

iii)

Q.43.

Write the definitions : Disease (Pg. 88) ii)

Epidemological triad. (Pg. 89)

Illness (Pg. 88)

Sickness (Pg. 88)

iv)

i)Name the two types of tumours

(Pg. 92)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (174) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii)

What is ‘droplet nuclei’ ? Explain briefly. (Pg. 92, 93)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (175) Science and Technology Part I & II

8. Diseases and Disorders - II Q.44. Rewrite the statements by choosing the correct option i) Wearing of tight clothes may lead to ________ (Pg.101) a) Leprosy b) Cancer c) Hepatitis d) Ascariasis ii) There is no vaccine for _______ (Pg.107) a) HAV b) HBV c) Cancer d) Typhoid iii) There is no cure for the disease ________ (Pg.105) a) HAV b) Malaria c) HBV d) Typhoid Q.45. i) ii) iii) iv) v)

Q.46. i)

Rewrite the second column so as of match the first column Column A Kaposi’s sarcoma Yellow eyes lnsensitive patch Stomach pain Uncontrolled cell division

Column B a) Ascariasis b) Cancer c) HAV d) AIDS e) Leprosy

Give scientific reasons : One should follow habits of cutting nails regularly (Pg. 104)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (176) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii)

One should avoid sharing toothbrushes and clothes. (Pg. 105)

iii)

One should avoid immoral sexual contact. (Pg. 105)

iv)

Before blood transfusion, the blood must be checked for HIV. (Pg. 108)

Q.47.

Draw a neat, well-labelled diagram of the structure of HIV. (Pg. 106)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (177) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.48. Answer briefly : i)

Which factors are responsible for cancer ? (Pg. 100, 101)

ii)

Explain the two main types of leprosy. (Pg. 101)

iii)

Explain the three stages of malaria. (Pg. 103)

iv)

Write the symptoms of ascariasis. (Pg. 103, 104)

v)

Write the minor signs of AIDS (Pg. 107)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (178) Science and Technology Part I & II

vi)

How does the transmissions of HBV virus take place ? (Pg. 105)

vii) Which drugs should be taken for prevention/Suppression of the malaria ? (Pg. 103)

Q.49.i)Write the control and preventive measures of leprosy. (Pg. 102)

ii)

How can ascariasis be prevented ? (Pg. 103)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (179) Science and Technology Part I & II

iii)

Name two examples of communicable diseases. Write their preventive measures. (Pg. 104)

Q.50.

Why should everyone be aware of their sexual behavior ? (Pg. 108)

Q.51. i)

Write short notes : Three stages of Leprosy (Pg. 102)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (180) Science and Technology Part I & II

ii)

Three stages of Malaria (Pg. 103)

iii)

Antihelminth Drugs (Pg. 104)

iv)

Treatment for Malaria (Pg. 103)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (181) Science and Technology Part I & II

9. Dietary Deficiency Disease Q.52.Fill in the blanks from the words given in the bracket. i) In Kwashiorkor, the swollen belly is due to the enlargement of _________ (Pg. 113) ii) In Marasmus, ________ face does not occur. (Pg. 114) iii) The decrease in ______ level in the body causes muscular cramps. (Pg. 116) iv) Dental caries occur due to deficiency of _______ (Pg. 118) v) Deficiency of vitamin ______ leads to blood clotting. (Pg. 120) [K.E., liver, sodium chloride, moon, fluorine] Q.53. i) ii) iii) iv) v)

Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column Column A Column B Kawashiorkor a) Rickets Deficiency of Vitamin A b) Moon face Marasmus c) Growth retardation Deficiency of Thiamine d) Night blindness Deficiency of Vitamin D e) Beriberi f) Dental caries

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (182) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.54. i)

Give scientific reasons : It is essential to eat fatty substances so that vitamin-A proves useful to the body. (Pg. 118)

ii)

Deficiency of Vitamin K does not occur normally. (Pg. 120)

iii)

Deficiency of iron leads to anaemia. (Pg. 117)

iv)

Deficiency of calcium and phosphorous in adult leads to osteomalacia. (Pg. 116)

Q.55.

Give the difference between : Kwashiorkor and Marasmus. (Pg. 114)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (183) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.56.Name the disease caused due to the following deficiencies : (Pg. 113 to 120) i) Proteins ii) Vitamin C iii) Vitamin D iv) sodium v) Molybdenum vi) Thiamine viii) Niacin viii) Vitamin K ix) Vitamin E x) Fluorine

Q.57.Give the definitions : (Pg. 112) i) Balanced diet ii) Malnutrition

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (184) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.58.Which are the four types of malnutrition. Explain each briefly. (Pg. 121)

Q.59.Explain how social factors are responsible for malnutrition. (Pg. 122)

Q.60.Which programmes are initiated by the Government of India for the enrichment of food ? (Pg. 123,124)

Q.61.Why are aerated drinks harmful ? (Pg. 124)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (185) Science and Technology Part I & II

Q.62.Give two examples of each : (Pg. 116 to 125) i) Fast food ii) Non-fermented drinks iii) Aerated drinks iv) Cooking practices v) Protein enriched food vi) International committees vii) Diseases caused due to deficiency of copper viii) Organs affected by deficiency of Iodine.

Q.63.i) Give the symptoms of anaemia (Pg. 117)

ii)

Which disease is caused by deficiency of iodine ? (Pg. 118)

iii)

Name five trace elements. (Pg. 117)

iv)

Give four causes of iron deficiency. (Pg. 117)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (186) Science and Technology Part I & II

10. Disease due to Overintake of Some Nutrients Q.64.Rewrite the statement by selecting the correct option. i) Broca Index = __________ (Pg. 131) b) weight/height c) Height (m) - 100 a) weight/Height2 d) 100 - Height (cm) ii) Diabetes is _______ deficient disease. (Pg. 131) a) sugar b) Carbohydrates c) insulin d) Proteins iii) About _____ % of fluorine is found in bones and teeth. (Pg. 134) a) 90 b) 80 c) 69 d) 96 Q.65. 1) a) b) c) d)

According to the given property identify the odd one out. hypertension diabetes Coronary heart disease atherosclerosis

Insulin deficient disease

(Pg. 138)

the one which is not fat soluble

(Pg. 138)

2) a) b) c) d)

Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin

A B D K

a) b) c) d)

arterioselerosis hypertension dental fluorosis coronary heart disease

3) disease not related with excessive intake of fat

(Pg. 138)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (187) Science and Technology Part I & II

4) a) b) c) d)

headache delayed healing wound fever cough

symptom of diabetes

(Pg. 138)

a) b) c) d)

weight reduction regular physical activity dental fluorosis habitual smoking

responsible factor for hypertension

(Pg. 138)

5)

Q.66. 1)

2)

Give scientific reasons. Diabetes is insulin deficient disease. (Pg. 131)

Hypertension of any type is harmful to body health. (Pg. 133)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (188) Science and Technology Part I & II

3)

Smoking should be avoided. (Pg. 134)

Q.67. i)

Define Body mass index (BMI)

Q.68. i)

Write short answers Give the main symptoms of diabetes. (Pg. 132)

2) Hypertension (Pg. 130, 133)

ii)

What is arterioscleroisis ? Which precautions should be taken to avoid arterioscleroisis ?

iii)

State the prevention of hypertension. (Pg. 133)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (189) Science and Technology Part I & II

iv)

What are the causes of coronary heart disease ? (Pg. 133)

v)

Give symptoms of dental fluorosis ? (Pg. 134)

Q.69. a)

b)

Write short notes on Hypervitaminosis of vitamin A.

(Pg. 135)

Give the disadvantages of excessive nutrient intake. (Pg. 135)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (190) Science and Technology Part I & II

c)

Obesity. (Pg. 130)

Self Study Booklet (English Medium) (191) Science and Technology Part I & II

11. Human Health and Hygiene Q.70.Rewrite the statements by selecting the correct option. 1) The air pollutants like _______ causes pneumonia. a) sulphur dioxide b) Carbondioxide c) Methane d) Hydrogen sulphide 2) The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the animal’s body is called ______ a) Control b) Prophylaxis c) infection d) pollution 3) _______ is a process that informs motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and life styles. (Pg. 147) a) proper education b) population education c) health education d) Hygiene Q.71. i) ii) iii) iv) v)

Rewrite the second column so as to match the first column. Column I Column II Ecological concept a) an understanding of health Biomedical concept b) Synthesis of all the concepts of health Psychosocial concept c) equilibrium between man and environment. Holistic concept d) health is biological and social phenomenon. Changing concept e) absence of disease (Pg. 140)

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Q.72. Form pairs from the group of words/phrases having same relationship. i) Educational measures ii) Population control measures iii) Infectious under risk iv) immunization v) Inclusion of population education vi) Direct measures vii) Monetary gains to people viii) Sterilization operation (Pg. 148)

Q.73. State whether the following statement are true or false. Rewrite the correct statement, if the give statement is false. i) The minimum age for marriage is 15 years for girls. (Pg. 148)

ii)

Anger should be controlled by an exercise or walk.

(Pg. 144)

iii)

Primary health approach has been described as health by the people and placing people’s health in peoples hands. (Pg. 142)

iv)

WHO defines health as the condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit, especially freedom from physical diseases or pain. (Pg. 141)

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74) Give scientific reasons. i) Smoking and chewing of tobacco is harmful to health. (Pg.144)

ii)

Body should be rubbed with certain vegetable oil.

iii)

In hot weather light or white colour clothes are suitable.(Pg.145)

Q.75) i)

ii)

(Pg.144)

Write short notes on Prophylaxis against infectious diseases. (Pg. 146)

Need of health service research. (Pg. 143)

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12. Biotechnology Q.76.Rewrite the statement by selecting the correct option. i) Fern pteris vittata absorbs _______ from soil. a) Arsenic b) Selenium c) Copper d) Iron ii) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by defect in gene in ______ cells. a) liver b) somatic c) sperm cells d) pancreas iii) _______ is required to produce interferon. a) blood of horse b) bacteria c) lot of human blood d) vaccine iv) Genetically engineered produced potatoes ______ diseases causing bacteria. (Escherichia coli) Produce protein. a) Cholera b) interleukin c) factor VIII d) Interferon. v) Protein ______ is used for haemophilia disease. a) somatostatin b) interleukin c) interferons d) factor VIII (See Pg. No. 156, 156, 155, 155, 154) Q. 77.

Rewrite the column II so as to match column I. Column I Column II i) Herbicides a) haemophilia ii) Transgenic potatoes b) liver of animal iii) Factor VIII c) group of proteins iv) Insulin d) glyphosphate v) Interferon e) Bacteria of cholera (See Pg. No. 153, 155, 154, 151, 155)

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Q. 78. Form pairs from the group of words/phrases having same relationship. i) Insulin ii) Haemophilia iii) Somatostatin, iv) Diabetes v) Dwarfism vi) anaemia vii) Factor VIII viii) Erythropoietin ix) liver x) Phenylketonuria (PKU) For example - vi) liver - Phenyl ketonuria (See Pg. No. 154)

Q.79. i)

Give Scientific reasons Waste water is treated before its release.

(Pg.156)

ii)

Transgenic potatoes cannot be cooked.

(Pg.155)

iii)

Hereditary diseases are non curable.

(Pg.155)

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iv)

Transgenic tobacco is developed at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. (Pg.155)

v) In earlier days, the insulin was very costly and put out of reach of to middle class people. (Pg. No. 156, 155, 155, 155, 151)

Q. 80) Write short notes on (i) Edible vaccines

(Pg.155)

(ii) Waste water treatment

(Pg.156)

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(iii) Biotechnology in agriculture

(iv) Vaccination

(Pg.153)

(Pg. 154, 155)

(v) Biotechnology and health (Pg. No. 155, 156, 153, 154, 155, 154)

Q. 81) Write short answer i) State the components of DNA molecude.

(Pg. 152)

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ii)

What problems are solved by microbial biotehnology ?(Pg.155)

iii) State the purpose for which especially pseudomonas bacteria are useful. (Pg.156)

iv)

Why genetically engineered bacterium Escherichia Coli cannot be used to produce interferons?

v) What causes phenylketonuria (PKU) ? (See Pg. No. 153, 156, 155, 156, 156)

(Pg.155)

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Q.82) i)

Define the following terms (any two) Vaccination

(Pg.154)

ii)

Transgenic potatoes

(Pg.155)

iii)

Somatic cells

iv)

Gene

v)

Bio-remediation (See Pg. No. 154, 155, 156, 153, 156)

(Pg. 156)

(Pg.153)

Q. 83) Write the names 1) The improved varieties of new mustard developed by Indian Agriculture Research Institution. (Pg.154)

2)

Write the names of two herbicides.

(Pg.153)

3)

Write four fields of modern biotechnology.

(Pg.156)

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4)

Write the names of components of DNA molecule.

5)

Write 4 names of plants which stores the minerals (metals) in it.

Q. 84) Write the brief notes on i) Vaccination

ii)

Describe in detail the experiment carried out by Frederick Griffith. (Pg. No. 154 - 155, 151 - 152)

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Q. 85) Write brief answer i) Explain the advantages of biotechnology in agriculture.

ii)

Explain with suitable example - Many of the environmental problems can be solved using modern biotechnology. (Pg. No. 153, 156)

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