Writing

Facebook is a social networking service launched in February 2004, owned and operated

by Facebook, Inc.[5] As of September 2012, Facebook Facebook has over one over one billion active users,[6] more than half of them using Facebook on a mobile device. device.[7] Users must register before using the site, after which they may create a personal profile, profile, add other users as friends friends,, and exchange messages, including automatic notifications when they update their profile. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other  characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People From W ork" or "Close Friends". Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University students Eduardo Saverin, Saverin Andrew  ,Andrew McCollum, McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. Hughes. [8] The website's membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, League, and Stanford University. University. It gradually added support for students at various other universities before opening to high school students, and eventually to anyone aged 13 and over. However, according to a May 2011 Consumer Reports survey, there are 7.5 million children under 13 with accounts and 5 million under 10, violating the site's terms of service. [9]  A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook as the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users. [10] Entertainment Weekly included the site on its endof-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "How on earth di d we stalk our exes, remember our coworkers' birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous of  Scrabulous before [11] [12] Facebook?" Critics Critics,, such as Facebook Detox, Detox, state that Facebook has turned into a national obsession in the United States, resulting in vast amounts of time lost and encouraging narcissism. Quantcast estimates Facebook has 138.9 million monthly unique U.S. visitors in May 2011.[13] According to Social Media Today , in April 2010 an estimated 41.6% of the U.S. population had a Facebook account.[14] Nevertheless, Facebook's market growth started to stall in some regions, with the site losing 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011.[15] The name of the service stems from the colloquial name for the book given to students at the start of the academic year by some university administrations in the United States to h elp students get to know each other. Facebook a llows any users who declare themselves to be at least 13 years old to become registered users of the site. [16] Twitter is an online social networking service and microblogging service that enables its users to

send and read text-based messages of up to 140 characters characters,, known as "tweets". It was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with over 500 over 500 million active users as of 2012, generating over 340 million [6][8][ 8][9] 9] tweets daily and handling over 1.6 billion search queries per day.[6][ Since its launch, Twitter has become one of the ten most visited websites on the Internet, and has been described as [5][10] 10] "the SMS of theInternet theInternet." ."[5][ Unregistered users can read tweets, while registered u sers can post tweets through the website interface, SMS, or a range of apps of  apps for mobile devices.[11] Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, Francisco, with additional servers and offices in New York City,, Boston City Boston,, and San Antonio. Antonio.

Twitter's origins lie in a "daylong brainstorming session" held by board members of  the podcasting company Odeo. Dorsey, then an undergraduate student at New York University, introduced the idea of an individual using an SMS service to communicate with a small group.[12] [13] The originalproject code name for the service was twttr , an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass,[14] inspired by Flickr and the five-character length of American SMS short codes. The developers initially considered "10958" as a short code, but later changed it to "40404" for  "ease of use and memorability."[15] Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 PM Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr".[1] "...we came across the word 'twitter', and it was just perfect. The definition was 'a short burst of  inconsequential information,' and 'chirps from birds'. And that's exactly what the product was."  – Jack Dorsey[16] The first Twitter prototype was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006. [7] In October 2006, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, Dorsey, and other members of Odeo formed Obvious Corporation and acquired Odeo and all of  its assets – including Odeo.com and Twitter.com – from the investors and shareholders. [17] Williams fired Glass who was silent about his part in Twitter's startup until 2011. [18] Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007.[19] The tipping point for Twitter's popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive (SXSWi) conference. During the event, Twitter usageincreased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. [20] "The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways,   Steven Levy. "Hundreds of  exclusively streaming Twitter messages," remarked Newsweek 's conference-goers kept tabs on each other via constant twitters. Panelists and speakers mentioned the service, and the bloggers i n attendance touted it." [21] Reaction at the conference was highly positive. Blogger Scott Beale said that Twitter "absolutely rul[ed] " SXSWi. Social software researcher danah boyd said Twitter "own[ed] " the conference. [22] Twitter staff received the festival's Web Award prize with the remark "we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less. And we just did!  A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on facilitating the building of social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. A social network service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereasonline community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to trust. Popular methods now combine many of  these, with American-based services Facebook, Google+, and Twitter widely used

worldwide; Nexopia in Canada;[1] Badoo,[2] Bebo,[3] VKontakte, Draugiem.lv (mostly in Latvia), Hi5, Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), iWiW (mostly in Hungary),Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland), Skyrock, The Sphere, StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), Tagged, Tuenti (mostly in Spain), and XING[4] in parts of Europe; [5] Hi5 and Orkut in South America and Central America; [6] LAGbook in Africa, In Nigeria Varpal;[7] and Cyworld, Mixi, Orkut, renren,weibo, and Wretch in  Asia and the Pacific Islands. [1]

 A syntactic category is a type of syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume. The traditional parts of speech (e.g. noun, verb, preposition, etc.) are syntactic categories, and inphrase structure grammars, the phrasal categories (e.g. noun phrase NP, verb phrase VP, preposition phrase PP, etc.) are also syntactic categories. Phrase structure grammars draw an important distinction between lexical categories and phrasal categories. Dependency grammars, in contrast, do not acknowledge phrasal categories (at least not in the traditional sense), which means they work with lexical categories alone. Many grammars also draw a di stinction between lexical categories and functional categories. In this regard, the terminology is by no means consistent. The one opposition (lexical category vs. phrasal category ) and the other  opposition (lexical category vs. functional category ) are orthogonal to each other.

Syntactic categories are distributional not semantic One of the fundamental problems with the way traditional parts of speech are defined is that they are often a mixture of semantic and syntactic features, and the definitions are not usually explicit enough to be useful. For example, nouns are often said to be a ’person,  place, thing or idea’, while verbs are said to be ’actions or states of being’. We can immediately see various problems with this kind of definition. For example, in (1a) fighting is a verb, while in (1b), fighting is a noun. But semantically, it seems that fighting in both words is describing an action. The reason we say that the two words are of diff erent categories is because of their syntactic behaviour: in (1a) fighting combines with an auxiliary verbs might and be, while in (1b) it combines with a Determiner the. (1) a. John might be fighting with Bill.  b. The fighting was fierce. We can see another problem with the semantic definition of verbs as states of being if we compare verbs and adjectives, as in (2). In (2a) we cannot say that fear is an action, so it must be a state of being. But then we can’t distinguish (2a) from afraid (2b) w hich is also a state of being. But afraid is an adjective and not a verb. We can tell this again, by distributional properties: in (2a) fear agrees with the subject fears vs. fear, but in (2b) afraid can’t stand by itself without is. This is why (2c/d) are ungrammatical: in (2c) fear  as a verb can’t combine with is and afraid can’t behave like a verb by having agreement with the subject. (2) a. John fears ghosts.  b. John is afraid of ghosts. c. *John is fear ghosts. d. *John afraids of ghosts. 2 Ways of identifying syntactic categories Instead of semantic properties to determine syntactic categories, we will use groups of  distributional tests (not definitions) to determine the category of a word. Remember also, that words can fall into more than one category, so the category of a word is always relative

to the sentence it is in. The ghazal ( Arabic/Pashto/Malay/Persian/Urdu: ; Hindi:  गजल , Punjabi:     ઼ઝલ) is a poetic form consisting of  ় ল , Gujarati:ગ  ਗਜਲ , Turkish: gazel , Bengali: ়গ জ  rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The form is ancient, originating in 6th-century  Arabic verse. It is derived from the Arabian panegyric qasida. The structural requirements of the ghazal are simila r in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content it is a genre that has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central themes of l ove and separation. It is one of  the principal poetic forms which the Indo-Perso-Arabic civilization offered to the eastern Islamic world. The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate. Although the ghazal is most prominently a form of Dari poetry and Urdu poetry, today it is found in the poetry of many languages of the Indian sub-continent. Ghazals were written by the Persian mystics and poets Rumi (13th century) and Hafiz (14th century), the Azeri poet Fuzûlî (16th century), as well as Mirza Ghalib (1797–1869) and Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), both of whom wrote ghazals in Persian and Urdu. Through the influence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular  in Germany during the 19th century; the form was used extensively by Friedrich Rückert (1788– 1866) and August von Platen (1796–1835). The Indian Americanpoet Agha Shahid Ali was a proponent of the form, both in English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real ghazals in English". he ghazal not only has a specific form, but traditionally deals with just one subject: love, specifically an illicit and unattainable love. Ghazals from the Indian sub-continent have an influence of Islamic Mysticism and the subject of love can usually be interpreted for a higher  being or for a mortal beloved. The love is always viewed as something that will complete a human being, and if attained will lift him or her into the ranks of the wise, or will bring satisfaction to the soul of the poet. Traditional ghazal love may or may not have an explicit element of sexual desire in it, and the love may be spiritual. The love may be directed to either a man or a woman. The ghazal is always written from the point of view of the unrequited lover whose beloved is portrayed as unattainable. Most often either the beloved does not return the poet's love or returns it without sincerity, or else the societal circumstances do not allow it. The lover is aware and resigned to this fate but continues loving nonetheless; the lyrical impetus of the poem derives from this tension. Representations of the lover's powerlessness to resist his feelings often include lyrically exaggerated violence. The beloved's power to captivate the speaker may be represented in extended metaphors about the "arrows of his eyes", or by referring to the b eloved as an assassin or a killer. Take for example the following couplets from Amir Khusro's Persian ghazal Nami danam chi manzil buud shab: