Workbook Answers: Unit 1 Respiration

 

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 [ordaood geswbrs Remt 7 Qbspmrgtmoe Yopmn 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory systbl

Yopmn 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb

Bxbrnmsb 7.7 Ycb culge rbspmrgtory systbl

7

7

@bttbr G A N I B J K C H

1

@bttbr N I B J K C H

>

Juentmoe protbnts tcb `ueks wcbrb oxykbe kbts meto tcb aoiy wcbrb oxykbe kobs meto tcb a`ooi gei ngraoe imoxmib nolbs out ib`mvbrs gmr to tcb `ueks ngrrmbs gmr jrol tcb aroencus aroencus,, ibbp meto bgnc `uek

ms wrmttbe betmrb`y me tcb `bgrebr” `bgrebr”ss owe woris,, rgtcbr tcge nopmbi jrol tcb tbxt me woris tcb @bgrebr”s Aood or b`sbwcbrb

•

lbetmoes bgnc pgrt me tcb norrbnt sbqubenb

•

kmvbs g armbj ibsnrmptmoe oj bgnc pgrt.

Ycb betrmbs scou`i ab grrgekbi me oribr oj bmtcbr ibnrbgsmek or menrbgsmek aoiy lgss. Jor bxglp`b8

Lgllg`

Aoiy lg lgss me k

culge scbbp jox

36 666 :3 666 16 666

rrgga t amt lousb

76 >6 66 6 16

Yotg` surjgnb grbg oj gmr sgns me l1 ;6 :6 96

1 6.3 6.7

1

Ycb `grkbr tcb aoiy lgss, tcb `grkbr tcb totg` surjgnb grbg oj tcb gmr sgns. @bgrebrs lmkct g`so gii tcgt tcb rb`gtmoescmp ms eot proportmoeg`.

>

Ycb `grkbr ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oxykbe mt wm`` ebbi, abngusb mt wm`` noetgme lorb nb``s tcgt grb g`` rbspmrmek gei usmek up oxykbe. Cgvmek Cg vmek g `grkbr surjgnb grbg oj gmr sgns bega`bs lorb oxykbe to imjjusb meto tcb aoiy gt tcb sglb tmlb, wcmnc cb`ps to supp`y tcb iblgeis oj tcb rbspmrmek nb``s. nb``s. G smlm`gr grkulbet nou`i ab put jorwgri rb`gtmek to tcb ebbi to kbt rmi oj ngraoe imoxmib imoxmib proiunbi ay tcb rbspmrmek nb``s.

ngrrmbs to bgncgmr gmrjrol sgn tcb aroencmo`bs lgdbs soueis

@ood jor ge geswbr tcgt8 •

7

Eglb imgpcrgkl metbrnostg` lusn`b rma `uek gmr sgns aroencus aroencmo`b trgncbg (wmeipmpb) `gryex (vomnbaox)

Bxbrnmsb 7.1 Kgs bxncgekb

Yopmn 7.> Arbgtcmek Bxbrnmsb 7.>G Lbgsurmek `uek vo`ulbs 7

Rsb tcb lbgsurmek ny`meibr to lbgsurb g deowe vo`ulb oj wgtbr „ sgy 26 nl>. Vour tcb wgtbr meto tcb aott`b gei lgrd mts `bvb` gs rbprbsbetmek 26 nl>. Qbpbgt wmtc geotcbr deowe vo`ulb „ sgy geotcbr 26 nl> „ gei lgrd mts `bvb` gs 766 nl>. Dbbp iomek tcms uetm` tcby rbgnc tcb top.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1

Vbrsoe Aoy o orr [mei or kmr` strmek p`gybr 7 aoy wmei 1 aoy wmei > aoy wmei

9 2 : ; 3 =

kmr` aoy aoy kmr` kmr` kmr`

 Zo`ulb imsp`gnbi me nl> 1766 7=:2 1662

1

]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets cgvb ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge jor aoys wco p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets wmtc g vg`ub oj 7=63 nl>. ^mlm`gr`y, tcb kmr` wco p`gys g wmei mestrulbet imsp`gnbs 7=26 nl >, nolpgrbi wmtc tcb kmr` strmek p`gybrs wmtc ge gvbrgkb oj 7=66 nl>.

7=26 73:2 7=26 7=62 7=76 7332

>

No``bntmek lorb rbsu`ts jrol lorb pbop`b me tcb orncbstrg4 lgdmek tcrbb lbgsurblbets jor bgnc pbrsoe.

wmei strmek strmek strmek strmek strmek

>

(1766 + 7=:2 + 1662) û > < 161> nl >

9

(73:2 + 7=26) û 1 < 7=63 nl >

2

(7=62 + 7=76 + 7332) û > < 7=66 nl >

:

Bxbrnmsb 7.>N @uek vo`ulb gt imjjbrbet gkbs 7

Lbgsurmek lgey sglp`bs gei ng`nu`gtmek g lbge tgdbs gnnouet oj tcms vgrmgtmoe.

16>6 1616 1676

1

>.= il>

>

2.6 il> (lbe) „ >.3 il > (wolbe) < 7.1 il >

9

Ycb gvbrgkb gvbrgkb vo`ulb oj gmr puscbi out wmtc oeb arbgtc oj wolbe menrbgsbs stbgim`y stbgim`y ovbr tmlb uetm` mt pbgds gt tcb gkb-kroup >6„>=. Ycbe mt stbgim`y ibnrbgsbs.

2

Ge geswbr oj >.> il> to >.2 il> wou`i ab gnnbptga`b.

1666 7==6 7=36 Lbge vo`ulb imsp`gnbi me nl>

@ood jor tcb mibg tcgt tcbrb wm`` ab g `ot oj vgrmgtmoe me tcb `uek vo`ulbs oj meimvmiug` pbop`b oj tcb sglb gkb.

7=;6 7=:6

Yopmn 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe

7=26 7=96

Bxbrnmsb 7.9 Qbspmrgtmoe ay ybgst

7=>6 7=16

7

G lbgsurmek ny`meibr, ny`meibr, to lbgsurb out tcb ybgst gei sukgr so`utmoes.

1

Lgdb surb tcgt cbr bybs grb `bvb` wmtc tcb lbemsnus me tcb tcbrlolbtbr to rbgi tcb

7=76 7=66 aoys, wmei

kmr`s, wmei

aoys, kmr`s, strmekbi strmekbi

>

Bxbrnmsb 7.>A @oodmek gt igtg oe `uek vo`ulbs 7

1

tblpbrgturb. Ycb tblpbrgturb wm`` menrbgsb, abngusb rbspmrgtmoe rb`bgsbs bebrky. bebrky. ^olb oj tcms bebrky ms kmvbe ojj gs cbgt.

]bs. Aoys wco p`gy wmei mestrulbets imsp`gnb ge gvbrgkb oj 161> nl>, wcmnc ms krbgtbr tcge tcb oeb kmr` wco p`gys g wmei mestrulbet wmtc g imsp`gnblbet oj 7=26 nl >. Aoys wco p`gy strmekbi mestrulbets cgvb ge gvbrgkb oj 7=63 nl> wcm`b jor kmr` strmek p`gybrs tcms ms 7=66 nl>.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

9

2

^cb ebbis to cgvb geotcbr nup wcbrb tcbrb ms eo rbspmrgtmoe. Jor bxglp`b, scb nou`i cgvb g nup noetgmemek hust ybgst gei wgtbr wmtc eo sukgr, or g nup wmtc hust sukgr so`utmoe gei eo ybgst. ^cb nge tcbe nolpgrb tcb tblpbrgturb me tcb two nups. Rsb gt `bgst tcrbb imjjbrbet nups, bgnc wmtc g imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr so`utmoe. Ycb sukgr nou`i ab lbgsurbi ay lgss, or ^o﬇g nou`i put imjjbrbet eulabrs oj spooesju` oj sukgr meto bgnc nup nup.. Gii tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr to bgnc nup, gei tcb sglb vo`ulb oj tcb ybgst gei wgtbr lmxturb. Ycb memtmg` tblpbrgturb scou`i ab tcb sglb jor bgnc oeb. ^o﬇g nou`i tgdb tcb tblpbrgturb oj tcb `mqumi me bgnc nup gt sbt sb t tmlb metbrvg`s (jor bxglp`b bvbry two lmeutbs). ^cb nou`i p`ot g krgpc scowmek tblpbrgturb gkgmest tmlb, wmtc imjjbrbet `mebs jor bgnc nup.

Qbi a`ooi nb``s grb tcb lost gaueiget nb``s me tcb a`ooi. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to trgesport oxykbe  jrol tcb `ueks to g`` tcb nb``s me tcb aoiy tcgt grb rbspmrmek. Yo cb`p tcbl to io tcms, tcby noetgme g rbi pmklbet ng``bi cgblok`oame. [cmtb a`ooi nb``s, ue`mdb rbi a`ooi nb``s, noetgme g eun`bus. Ycbmr juentmoe ms to ibstroy pgtcokbes, sunc gs agntbrmg, tcgt kbt meto tcb aoiy. ^olb oj tcbl io tcms ay proiunmek ncblmng`s ncblmng`s ng``bi getmaoimbs, wcmnc gttgnc tcblsb`vbs to tcb pgtcokbes gei dm`` tcbl. Otcbr wcmtb a`ooi nb``s dm`` pgtcokbes ay tgdmek tcbl meto tcbmr nytop`gsl  gei imkbstmek tcbl.

Bxbrnmsb 7.2N Qgts gt g`tmtuib 7

Ycb eulabr oj rbi a`ooi nb``s lmkct menrbgsb. Gs tcbrb ms `bss oxykbe me tcb gmr, cgvmek lorb rbi a`ooi nb``s nou`i cb`p to kbt beoukc oxykbe to tcb aoiy nb``s.

1

G`tbregtmvb`y, scb nge `bgvb g`` tcb nups jor tcb sglb `bektc oj tmlb gei lbgsurb tcb tblpbrgturb gjtbr tcms sbt tmlb metbrvg`. ^cb nge tcbe p`ot tblpbrgturb gkgmest noenbetrgtmoe oj sukgr.

71

76

3 rgts gt sbg `bvb` :

Yopmn 7.2 A`ooi Bxbrnmsb 7.2G Ycb nolpoebets oj a`ooi 7

p`gslg

1

wcmtb a`ooi nb``s

>

g

rbi a`ooi nb``s

a

wcmtb a`ooi nb``s

n

p`gslg

Bxbrnmsb 7.2A Juentmoes oj a`ooi nolpoebets A`ooi noetgmes g pg`b yb``ow `mqumi, ng``bi p`gslg. Ycms `mqumi ngrrmbs rbi a`ooi nb``s gei wcmtb a`ooi nb``s grouei tcb aoiy. aoiy. Mt g`so trgesports sbvbrg` imjjbrbet suastgenbs me so`utmoe, men`uimek eutrmbets gei ngraoe imoxmib.

>

rgts gt cmkc g`tmtuib

Lbge rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet

6

9

3 71  Ymlb me igys

7:

>

Ycb cbmkct gaovb sbg `bvb` (g`tmtuib).

9

Ycb lbge rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet.

2

Ywo vgrmga`bs scou`i ab kmvbe. Jor bxglp`b8 tcb gkb oj tcb rgts, tcb jooi gei wgtbr provmibi, provm ibi, cow lunc bxbrnmsb tcb rgts imi, tcb vo`ulb oj tcb rgts” a`ooi tcgt wgs tbstbi.

:

77.2 ∑ :.2 < 2.6

;

2.6 û 7= < 6.1: pbr igy (Gnnbpt 2.6 û 16 < 6.12)

3

Ycbmr rbi a`ooi nb`` nouet wou`i rbture to eorlg`, gaout :.2 or ;.6 Ycby wou`i eo `oekbr ebbi tcb bxtrg rbi a`ooi nb``s, abngusb eow tcby wou`i ab surroueibi ay gmr wmtc g eorlg` noenbetrgtmoe oj oxykbe.

16

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Remt 1 Vropbrtmbs oj lgtbrmg`s Yopmn 1.7 Imsso`vmek Bxbrnmsb 1.7G Rsmek tcb norrbnt snmbetm﬇n tbrl

Bxbrnmsb 1.1A @oodmek gt tcb so`uam`mty oj tcrbb so`utbs 7

^o`utb G

G

lmxturb

1

^o`utb A

A

﬇`trgtb

>

N

so`utb or gnnbpt so`mi

]bs, Grue”s rbsu`ts io gkrbb wmtc Xgrg”s8 cb cgs tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb so`utbs me tcb sglb oribr gs cbr.

9

Grue usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg me cms mevbstmkgtmoe, so cb wgs ga`b to imsso`vb lorb so`utb.

2

Lgrnus cgs eot usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr jor bgnc oj cms tbsts. Cb usbi gaout gaout tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr jor so`utb G gs Xgrg imi gei cb kot tcb sglb rbsu`t gs scb imi. Jor so`utb A, cb usbi lorb wgtbr tcge Xgrg gei gaout tcb sglb vo`ulb gs Grue gei kot tcb sglb rbsu`t gs cml. Jor so`utb N, Lgrnus usbi lorb wgtbr

I so`vbet B

so`utmoe

Bxbrnmsb 1.7A [cgt ms tcb imjjbrbenb abtwbbe tcbsb tbrls? 7

1

>

Mj solbtcmek ms trgespgrbet, you nge sbb tcroukc mt. Jor Jor bxglp`b8 n`bgr p`gstmn or g so`utmoe oj noppbr su`jgtb ms trgespgrbet gei you nge sbb wcgt ms mesmib or abcmei mt. ^olbtcmek tcgt ms opgqub iobs eot g``ow `mkct tcroukc mt, jor bxglp`b, lm`d or g noetgmebr lgib oj nbrglmn or lbtg` iobs eot g``ow you to sbb wcgt ms mesmib. [cbe solbtcmek imsso`vbs, sunc gs sukgr me tbg, tcbrb t cbrb grb two suastgenbs mevo mevo`vbi8 `vbi8 tcb sukgr tcgt imsso`vbs gei tcb tbg tcgt mt imsso`vbs meto. [cbe solbtcmek lb`ts, oe`y tcgt oeb suastgenb ms mev mevo`vbi8 o`vbi8 mnb nrbgl oe g cot igy, jor bxglp`b. G so`utb ms solbtcmek tcgt imsso`vbs me g so`vbet to jorl g so`utmoe.

tcge Xgrg aut `bss tcge Grue gei cms rbsu`t wgs imjjbrbet jrol jrol aotc oj tcbmrs tcbmrs.. Lgrnus scou`i cgvb cg vb usbi tcb sglb vo`ulb oj wgtbr wcbe cb tbstbi bgnc oj tcb so`utbs. so`utbs. Cb ngeeot nolpgrb tcb so`uam`mty oj tcb tcrbb so`utbs abngusb cb imi eot lgdb cms tbst jgmr. Cb ncgekbi two tcmeks, tcb so`utb cb wgs usmek gei tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr wgtbr..

Bxbrnmsb 1.1N Lgdmek up g so`utmoe 7

Bxbrnmsb 1.7N Bxp`gmemek oasbrvgtmoes 7

716 k

1

[cbe tcb sg`t imsso`vbs me tcb wgtbr wgtbr,, mt iobs eot imsgppbgr, aut ms stm`` me tcb wgtbr, g`tcoukc you nge”t sbb mt gey lorb. ]ou cgvb giibi 16 k oj sg`t to 766 k oj wgtbr so tcbrb wm`` ab 716 k oj so`utmoe.

1

Yopmn 1.1 ^o`utmoes ^o`utm oes gei so`uam`mty so`uam `mty Bxbrnmsb 1.1G Rsmek tcb norrbnt snmbetm﬇n tbrl

9

7

meso`ua`b

1

noenbetrgtbi

>

sgturgtbi so`utmoe

9

so`ua`b

2

im`utbi

g

Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj so`utmoe S to 26 nl> wgtbr.

a

Grue scou`i gii 12 nl> oj so`utmoe S to ;2 nl> wgtbr  wgtbr.. (Gnnbpt Grue scou`i gii > 26 nl  oj tcb so`utmoe proiunbi me geswbr g to 26 nl> wgtbr.)

n

Grue scou`i gii 26 nl> oj tcb so`utmoe proiunbi me geswbr a to 26 nl > wgtbr.

Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe, men`uimek gnnurgtb lbgsurblbets usmek g sumtga` sumtga`bb lbgsurmek ny`meibr (meimngtb wcmnc smzb) gei ngrb tgdbe to ﬇`` gei rbgi gnnurgtb`y (ibtgm`s ebbibi).

Yopmn 1.> V`geemek g so`uam`mty mevbstmkgtmoe Bxbrnmsb 1.>G Imsso`vmek sg`t 7

^o﬇g prbimntbi tcgt tcb lorb wgtbr tcby usbi, usb i, tcb lorb sg`t wou`i imsso`vb me mt.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1

Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor 16 nl > wgtbr cgs abbe p`ottbi menorrbnt`y oe tcb krgpc (oe tcb 12 nl>  `meb). Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me rbi.

>

Ycb rbgimek tgdbe jor :6 nl > wgtbr, 1: k, `oods too cmkc gei ms tcb sglb gs tcb rbgimek jor ;6 nl> wgtbr  wgtbr.. Ycms scou`i ab nmrn`bi me a`ub oe tcb krgpc gei me tcb rbsu`ts tga`b.

9

Ycb `meb oj abst ﬇t scou`i pgss tcroukc or n`osb to g`` oj tcb p`ottbi pomets, gjtbr tcb two brrors cmkc`mkctbi me qubstmoe 1 cgs abbe norrbntbi gei tcgt me qubstmoe > cgs abbe mkeorbi.

2

Ycb krgpc scows tcgt tcgt tcb `grkbr tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi, tcb `grkbr `grkbr tcb lgss oj sg`t tcgt nge ab imsso`vbi.

:

]bs, ^o﬇g”s prbimntmoe wgs norrbnt.

;

Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t S gt 6 ¶N ms gaout 22 k/766 k wgtbr. wgtbr. Ycb so`uam`mty rmsbs s`ow`y gs tcb tblpbrgturb menrbgsbs to gaout ;6 ¶N, tcbe tcb krgpc `bvb`s ojj. Ycms scows tcgt gey menrbgsb me tblpbrgturb ovbr ;6 ¶N lgdbs eo imjjbrbenb to tcb qugetmty oj sg`t S tcgt nge imsso`vb.

3

^g`t ] cgs g so`uam`mty oj gaout >6 k/766 k wgtbr gt 6 ¶N. Ycb so`uam`mty oj sg`t ] tcbe rmsbs stbgim`y up to g tblpbrgturb oj 766 ¶N, ¶N, gt tcb sglb rgtb.

Yopmn 1.9 Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy Bxbrnmsb 1.9G [orisbgrnc L

O

@

B

E

Q

O

N

B

@

O

H

J

@

A

^

O

@

R

 Y

B

Y

^

N

K

[

Y

S

Bxbrnmsb 1.>A Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty oj two sg`ts 7

^

O

@

G

]

G

@

D 

G

^

@

V

M

B

E

@

N

C

Q

O

L

G

Y

O

K

Q

G

L

M

R

 Y

M

O

E

K

M

R

@

Q

D 

N

D 

7

Ycb typb oj sg`t.

B

 Y

R

I

B

Q

L

O

Q

V

G

M

L

Y

1

Cow lunc oj tcb sg`t imsso`vbs

I

M

@

R

 Y

B

A

Q

G

B

V

G

Y

B

^

O

@

Z

B

E

 Y

G

Y

L

C

^

B

G

>

Ycb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei tcb tblpbrgturb oj tcb wgtbr. wgtbr.

R

E

V

Q

]

Q

E

S

B

@

J

D 

^

D 

Z

I

B

L

^

G

[

N

I

^

H

G

^

C

I

M

D

I

M

^

^

O

@

Z

B

Y

L

Y

J

@

O

I

A

M

A

N

G

N

@

C

M

S

9

Ycb gnnouet scou`i novbr g`` tcb pomets cbrb gei mt scou`i ab possma`b to jo``ow tcb p`ge to nolp`btb tcb mevbstmkg mevbstmkgtmoe. tmoe. Lbgsurb g ﬇xbi vo`ulb oj wgtbr me two tbst tuabs or abgdbrs abgdbrs..

Bxbrnmsb 1.9A Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy 7

^o tcgt mt wm`` ab ngrrmbi n grrmbi up gs tcb wgtbr lovbs lovbs upwgris gei iobs eot lovb meto tcb wgtbr gt tcb aottol oj tcb abgdbr.

1

smx

>

Ycb tcmri pgtnc jrol tcb top scou`i ab

Ncbnd tcb tblpbrgturb ms tcb sglb me aotc. Gii sg`t S to oeb oj tcb tbst tuabs or abgdbrs uetm` eo lorb nge ab imsso`vbi. Lbetmoe lbgsurmek tcb qugetmty oj sg`t giibi (bmtcbr nouetmek tcb eulabr oj spgtu`gs giibi or usmek tcb top pge ag`genb to lbgsurb tcb lgss). Qbpbgt usmek sg`t ]. Mj `bgrebrs cgvb irgwe irgwe g imgkrgl, nrbimt tcb usb oj gpproprmg gpproprmgtb tb gppgrgtus, gppgrgtus, sunc gs g abgdbr wmtc tcbrlolbtbr, wgtbr gt tcb sglb `bvb`, spgtu`g oj sg`t abmek giibi. Ycb imgkrgl scou`i ab irgwe me pbenm`, usmek g ru`br wcbrb gpproprmgtb, gei scou`i ab ju``y `gab``bi.

9

nmrn`bi. Ycb snmbetmst ebbis to ncbnd tcgt scb kbts tcb sglb rbsu`t mj scb rbpbgts tcb tbst. ^cb g`so ebbis to ﬇ei out wcgt tcb no`ourmek ms, so tcgt mj mt ms cgrlju`, tcb nolpgey lgdmek tcb irmed nge ab givmsbi to stop usmek mt.

Bxbrnmsb 1.>N Nolpgrmek tcb so`uam`mty oj two sg`ts 1

2

2

36 ¶N

:

sg`t ]

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb 1.9N Vgpbr ncrolgtokrgpcy wmtc p`get lgtbrmg`

B „ spot wcbrb `mqumi wgs p`gnbi gt stgrt J „ so`vbet

7

Ycms cgppbebi abngusb tcb irmbi `mqumi wgs eot so`ua`b me wgtbr.

9

^o tcgt g slg`` spot oj `mqumi wou`i ab lorb noenbetrgtbi.

1

^o﬇g scou`i eow try usmek g imjjbrbet so`vbet sunc gs btcgeo`.

2

Mt ms g lmxturb abngusb tcbrb grb sbvbrg` spots oj imjjbrbet suastgenbs.

>

G „ k`gss roi or gey sbesma`b mtbl, sunc gs g pbenm` or spm`` to support tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy ncrolgtokrgpcy pgpbr). A „ so`vbet jroet p`gnb wcbrb so`vbet rbgncbi. N „ abgdbr I „ ncrolgtokrgpcy pgpbr

:

Ycb `mqumi imsso`vbi me tcb so`vbet. Ycb imjjbrbet suastgenbs cgvb imjjbrbet so`uam`mty. Gs tcb so`vbet lovbi up tcb ncrolgtokrgpcy pgpbr,, tcb so`utbs wbrb ngrrmbi up wmtc mt. Ycb pgpbr pgrtmn`bs oj tcb lorb so`ua`b suastgenbs grb ngrrmbi jurtcbr up tcge tcb pgrtmn`bs oj tcb `bss so`ua`b suastgenbs.

Remt > Jornbs gei bebrky Yopmn >.7 Jornbs gei lotmoe

Bxbrnmsb >.7N Ncgekmek imrbntmoe

Bxbrnmsb >.7G Ag`genbi jornbs

7

g

Amri ms fiymek gt g noestget spbbi gei gt g noestget cbmkct.

a

Jornb G menrbgsbs (nrbimt nge ab kmvbe to jornb N ibnrbgsmek, g`tcoukc mt nge ab pometbi out tcgt tcms ms `bss `mdb`y).

n

Jornb I menrbgsbs4 jornb A ibnrbgsbs.

7

^tgtblbet

E bibag`genbi? i jor jornbs tobab

Ywo jornbs lust ab tcb sglb smzb. Ywo jornbs lust ab imjjbrbet smzbs. Ywo jornbs lust ab me tcb sglb imrbntmoe. Ywo jornbs lust ab me opposmtb imrbntmoes. 1

g

jg`sb

a

trub

✞

grrow pometmek to tcb rmkct oj tcb pgkb

>

g

Grrow oe tcb strmek pometmek towgri tcb po`b `gab``bi J.

a

Grrow gt gt g tgekbet to tcb nmrn`b jrol tcb ag`` me tcb sglb imrbntmoe gs tcb rotgtmoe oj tcb ag`` `gab``bi I.

✞

Yopmn >.1 ^pbbi

jg`sb Jorwgri grrow gei agndwgri grrow oj gpproxmlgtb`y tcb sglb `bektc4 jorwgri grrow `gab``bi irmvmek jornb4 agndwgri grrow `gab``bi jrmntmoe. [bmkct [bmkct gei noetgnt jornb ebbi eot ab scowe gs tcby wbrb eot gsdbi jor.

n >

1

Bxbrnmsb >.7A Reag`genbi jornbs 7

Ymnds ay –g aogt wm`` s`ow iowe”, gei –g jootag`` wm`` ncgekb imrbntmoe”.

1

g

noetgnt jornb gei wbmkct

a

irmvmek jornb gei jrmntmoe

n

stgrt to lovb jorwgri/kbt jgstbr/spbbi wm``

Bxbrnmsb >.1G Remts oj spbbi 7

g

lbtrb

a

sbnoei

n

l/s

1

Mt trgvb`s g imstgenb oj :6 dl bvbry cour.

>

imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb < 1:6 666 Û 1 < 216 666 dl

menrbgsb

:

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

a

Bxbrnmsb >.1A Ng`nu`gtmek spbbi 7

1

  

g

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    (or norrbnt grrgekblbet) tmlb

a

l/s or lbtrbs pbr sbnoei

g

imstgenb spbbi <  ________   

  

;6tmlb <  ___   1

9

< >2 l/s

a

  

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    tmlb >6 <  ___   1 < 72 l/s

>

g

  

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    tmlb 926 <  ____    >66

Cms wg`dmek spbbi lgy eot ab noestget.

  

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    tmlb 2966 <  _____      : < =66 dl/c

 

Yopmn >.> Ibsnrmamek lovblbet 7 1

tcb spbbi oj ge oahbnt

g

N

a

A

Bxbrnmsb >.>A Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 1 7

g

Bxbrnmsb >.1N Ng`nu`gtmek imstgenb gei tmlb 7

1

g

imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb

a

imstgenb tmlb <  ________    spbbi

g

imstgenb < < 92 spbbi Û tmlb Û >6

     b      n      e      g       t      s       m       I

 

 Ymlb

a

< 7>26 l

a

>

g

     b      n      e      g       t      s       m       I

1 lmeutbs < :6 Û 1 < 716 s imstgenb < spbbi Û tmlb < 92 Û 716 < 2966 l

  

imstgenb tmlb <  ________    tmlb 716 <  ____     9

 

< >6 s

Ycb ngr ms `mdb`y to ab trgvb``mek s`owbr tcge tcms or ab stoppbi jor solb oj tcb tmlb, so to lgdb tcb gvbrgkb word out gt 12 dl/c, tcbrb ebbi to ab solb cmkcbr spbbis.

Bxbrnmsb >.>G Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs 7

< 7.2 l/s

9

  

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    tmlb 26 <  ___    1 < 12 dl/c

a

 

a

g

imstgenb trgvb``bi trgvb``bi ay ^o﬇g < spbbi Û tmlb < : Û :6 < >:6 l imstgenb trgvb``bi trgvb``bi ay Xgrg < spbbi Û tmlb < 9 Û :6 < 196 l imjjbrbenb < >:6 ∑ 196 < 716 l

 Ymlb

n      b      n      e      g       t      s       m       I

 Ymlb

;

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1

Bxbrnmsb >.9A Ng`nu`gtmek lolbets

     l    o    r     j    b    b   l    n    o    e    c    g    t    s     m     I

7

lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb (jrol pmvot)

1

g

lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb < 72 666 Û 2 < ;2 666 (E l)

a

m

wm`` menrbgsb tcb lolbet

mm

wm`` ibnrbgsb tcb lolbet

 Ymlb

>

>

     l    o    r    d    r     j    b   g    n    p    e   b    g    t    c    t    s     m     I

poueis joot / poueis jbbt / joot poueis

Bxbrnmsb >.9N Lolbets, jornb gei imstgenb 7

g

Bxbrnmsb >.>N Imstgenb/tmlb krgpcs >

< 166 E

a

g   9666    l    o    r    l     j >666    b    d    n    e    e    m 1666    g    t    G    s     m 7666     I 6

a

 

lolbet jornb

  

g

lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb < 266 Û 1 < 7666 El

a

lolbet < jornb Û imstgenb

 

 

< 366 dl/c

  

imstgenb spbbi <  ________    tmlb

 

>:66 <  _____      9

< =66 dl/c

< 1.2 l

Yopmn >.2 Vrbssurb abtwbbe so`mis Bxbrnmsb >.2G Ibsnrmamek prbssurb 7

3

7

Ymnds ebxt to8 puscmek g ioor opbe, twmstmek tcb top ojj g aott`b, gei puscmek tcb cgeis oj g n`ond grouei.

1

Ymnds ebxt to tcb tgp, kgtb kgtb gei ioor cgei`b cgei`b..

>

lolbet

 

jornb prbssurb <  _____  grbg 

1

tmnd me tcb aox ueibr scobs wmtc cmkc, scgrp cbb`

>

g

N

a

jornb prbssurb <  _____  grbg 

Yopmn >.9 Yuremek jornbs Bxbrnmsb >.9G Mibetmjymek turemek jornbs

 

lolbet jornb :66 <  _____    9.2

mm

 

 

Mt cgs tcb `grkbst grbg aut tcb jornb (or wbmkct) ms tcb sglb, so tcb prbssurb ms slg``br.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb >.2A Ng`nu`gtmek prbssur prbssurb b 7

G jornb oj 16 E gnts oe bgnc (7) nl1 oj grbg.

1

jornb prbssurb <  _____  grbg 

tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe abnolb `bss jrbqubet gei onnur wmtc `bss jornb. jornb.

 

Bxbrnmsb >.:N Yrbeis me prbssurb > 7

72 <  ___   :6

Vrbssurb mesmib tcb ag``ooe ibnrbgsbs4 pgrtmn`bs lovb s`owbr gt `owbr tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc tcb mesmib wg`` oj tcb ag``ooe

1

>

< 6.12 (E/nl ) jornb prbssurb 6 E

9

1

grbg (gt bei oj tcore) ms vbry slg``4 prbssurb jornb oe sdme wm`` ab `grkb4 prbssurb <  _____  grbg 4 otcbr pgrts oj stbl wou`i cgvb `grkbr grbg, so slg``br prbssurb oe sdme

a

`meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)

Yopmn >.; Vgrtmn`bs Vgrtm n`bs oe tcb t cb lovb

 

Bxbrnmsb >.;G Imjjusmoe me kgsbs gei `mqumis

1

grbg me noetgnt wmtc krouei ms `grkbr4 so jornb prbssurb ms slg``br4 prbssurb <  _____  grbg 

>

wmtc scgrp demjb, grbg me noetgnt wmtc arbgi ms jornb slg``br4 so prbssurb ms `grkbr4 prbssurb <  _____  grbg  Bei G cgs `grkb grbg to ibnrbgsb prbssurb oe tcula wcbe puscmek, so `bss `mdb` `mdb`y y to ab pgmeju`.

9

`meb stgrtmek jrol gaovb tcb ormkme gei s`opmek up (me gey lgeebr)

poueis pbr squgrb menc

Bxbrnmsb >.2N Zgrmga`bs gjjbntmek prbssurb 7

g

 

 

Bei A cgs slg`` grbg to menrbgsb prbssurb oe tcb surjgnb, so lorb `mdb`y to ko meto surjgnb.

Yopmn >.: Vrbssurb me `mqumis gei kgsbs

7

A`gnd nmrn`bs gei co``ow nmrn`bs rgeiol`y rgeiol`y,, gei roukc`y bvbe`y sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b noetgmebr4 sglb eulabr (76) oj bgnc typb oj pgrtmn`b.

1

A`gnd nmrn`bs rgeiol`y, gei roukc`y bvbe`y sprbgi tcroukcout tcb wco`b noetgmebr4 sglb eulabr (76) oj a`gnd nmrn`bs.

Bxbrnmsb >.;A Imjjusmoe 7

Ycb rgeiol lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs jrol ge grbg oj cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe to ge grbg oj `owbr noenbetrgtmoe.

1

g

pgrtmn`bs stgrt gt cmkc to noenbetrgtmoe gei sprbgi out rgeiol`y grbgs oj `owbr noenbetrgtmoe

Bxbrnmsb >.:G Yrbeis me prbssurb 7 7

prbssurb menrbgsbs

1

gt sbg `bvb`

>

prbssurb menrbgsbs

9

prbssurb menrbgsbs

a

=

Ycb prbssurb ms bqug` me g`` imrbntmoes. imrbntmoes.

1

Vrbssurb menrbgsbs wmtc ibptc me g `mqumi.

>

g

prbssurb ibnrbgsbs

a

Vgrtmn`bs lovb s`owbr gt `owbr tblpbrgturb4 no``msmoes oj pgrtmn`bs wmtc

imjjusmoe onnurs jgstbr gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb4 abngusb pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb

>

N`osb to tcb noetgmebr tcb pgrtmn`bs/arowe kgs ms gt cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe lbges tcb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr/tcbrb grb lorb pgrtmn`bs me tcb spgnb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs/ arowe kgs imjjusb4 jurtcbr gwgy jrol tcb noetgmebr,, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb jurtcbr gpgrt. noetgmebr

9

[cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, tcb lovblbet oj pgrtmn`bs cgs stoppbi4 jg`sb.

Bxbrnmsb >.:A Yrbeis me prbssurb 1 7

tcb pgrtmn`bs/tcb med imjjusb(s)4 tcb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

[cbe tcb krbbe no`our ﬇``s tcb aott`b, imjjusmoe cgs stoppbi4 trub.

1

Bxbrnmsb >.;N Zgrmga Zgrmga`bs `bs gjjbntmek imjjusmoe 7

g

a

Ycb pgrtmn`bs grb n`osbr tokbtcbr wcbe tcb nrystg` ﬇rst imsso`vbs4 tcb pgrtmn`bs grb me cmkc noenbetrgtmoe4 tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb eot ybt stgrtbi to imjjusb4 pgrtmn`bs rgeiol`y sprbgi out to grbgs oj `owbr noenbetrgtmoe4 wcbe ju``y sprbgi out, tcb pgrtmn`bs grb jurtcbr gpgrt.

Imjjusmoe cgppbes jgstbr gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb4 pgrtmn`bs lovb jgstbr gt cmkcbr tblpbrgturb4 tcb pgrtmn`bs jrol tcb cot nojjbb wm`` ncgekb jrol abmek g `mqumi to abmek g kgs jgstbr/wm`` bvgporgtb jgstbr4 tcbrb wm`` ab g cmkcbr noenbetrgtmoe oj nojjbb pgrtmn`bs me tcb gmr hust gao gaovb vb tcb cot nojjbb n ojjbb tcge tcb no`i4 pgrtmn`bs jrol tcb tcb nups cot nojjbb wm`` eosb. t gdb `bss tmlb tgdb to trgvb` jrol to Xgrg”s

>

Ycb noenbetrgtmoe oj pgrtmn`bs ngusmek tcb slb`` wm`` ab cmkcbr n`osbr to tcb jooi4 mj tcb gemlg` lovbs n`osbr to tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm`` kbt stroekbr4 mj tcb gemlg` lovbs gwgy gwgy jrol tcb jooi, tcb slb`` wm`` kbt `bss/wbgdbr `bss/wbgdbr..

9

Mj g`` tcb Km`g wooipbndbrs gei km`ibi fimndbrs imbi out, tcbrb wou`i ab eo co`bs lgib me tcb

Gey two jrol8 menrbgsmek tcb tblpbrgturb4 usmek lorb purp`b nrystg`s4 usmek g slg``br vo`ulb oj wgtbr wgtbr..

Remt 9 Bnosystbls Yopmn 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt Bxbrnmsb 9.7 Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt bnosystbl

76

7

Ycb ^oeorge Ibsbrt, wcmnc ms vbry iry iry,, gei tcb tblpbrgturb ebvbr kobs ab`ow 6 ¶N

1

Mt cgs wmib-sprbgimek, scg``ow roots to gasora wgtbr wcbe mt rgmes. Mt cgs eo `bgvbs to rbiunb wgtbr `oss ay bvgporgtmoe. bvgporgtmoe. Mt cgs spmebs to stop gemlg`s bgtmek mt.

>

Mt ms too no`i. Ycby imb mj tcb tblpbrgturb jg``s ab`ow 6 ¶N, abngusb tcbmr nb``s grb dm``bi mj tcby jrbbzb.

sgkugro ngntm, so otcbr gemlg`s tcgt usb tcbsb t cbsb co`bs wou`i eot ab ga`b to usb tcbl. Ycms nou`i lbge tcgt tcb popu`gtmoe oj amris sunc gs b`j ow`s lmkct ibnrbgsb. Mj g`` tcb sgkugro ngntm imbi out, g`` tcb amris tcgt usb tcbl jor ebstmek (Km`g wooipbndbrs, km`ibi fimndbrs, b`j ow`s, Cgrrms cgwds) wou`i eot ab ga`b to arbbi, so tcbmr popu`gtmoes wou`i ibnrbgsb. Agts wou`i eot cgvb g sournb oj po``be gei ebntgr jrol tcb ngntm, so, ue`bss tcby nou`i swmtnc to jbbimek oe otcbr p`gets, tcbmr popu`gtmoe lmkct g`so ibnrbgsb. Gemlg`s tcgt bgt tcb ngntus jrumts nou`i g`so imb out.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

2

Ycb ngntm grb proaga`y uega`b to nolpbtb wmtc otcbr p`gets tcgt grb spbnm﬇ng``y gigptbi to survmvb me wbttbr p`gnbs. Jor bxglp`b, otcbr p`gets grb `mdb`y to ab ga`b to krow jgstbr tcge sgkugro ngntm, gei proiunb g `ot oj `bgvbs. Ycby wou`i ovbrscgiow tcb ngntm, rbiunmek tcb `mkct jg``mek oeto tcbl, so tcgt tcby wou`i

>

Ycb lgssbs jor g`` spbnmbs grb `owbr wcbrb tcbrb grb eo lgekrovbs. Ycb amkkbst imjjbrbenb ms jor yb``owtgm`, wcbrb tcb lgss ms `bss tcge cg`j oj tcgt wcbrb tcbrb grb lgekrovbs oe tcb scorb.

9

[cbe eo lgekrovbs lgekrovbs grb prbsbet, tcbrb ms eo cgamtgt jor tcb agay ﬇sc to ibvb`op sgjb`y jrol prbigtors, so jbwbr agay ﬇sc krow to abnolb giu`ts, gei tcbrb grb jbwbr giu`t ﬇sc oe tcb norg` rbbj.

eot ab ga`b to pcotosyetcbsmsb.

Yopmn 9.1 Imjjbrbet bnosystbls Bxbrnmsb 9.1G G tropmng` rgmejorbst bnosystbl

Yopmn 9.> Metruibrs me ge bnosystbl

Yropmng` rgmejorbsts krow wcbrb tcb tblpbrgturb ms g`wgys g`wg ys cmkc gei tcbrb ms p`bety oj rgmejg``. Lgey imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj p`get krow me tcb rgmejorbst.

Bxbrnmsb 9.>G Abgvbrs me ^outc Glbrmng 7

strbgls gei rmvbrs me Eortc Glbrmng

Ycb rgmejorbst provmibs cgamtgts gei jooi jor lgey imjjbrbet spbnmbs oj gemlg`.

1

Ycby lgdb igls, wcmnc wcmnc ngusb ibbp poo`s to jorl. Ycby nut iowe trbbs.

Oe tcb jorbst fioor, juekm arbgd iowe ibgi `bgvbs gei wgstb jrol tcb gemlg`s. Ycbsb juekm grb ibnolposbrs.

>

Ycb abgrs wou`i g`lost nbrtgme`y cgrl otcbr egtmvb spbnmbs (men`uimek culges) gs wb`` gs dm``mek abgvbrs.

Ycb juekm rb`bgsb eutrmbets jrol tcb ibgi `bgvbs gei wgstb, wcmnc cb`p tcb p`gets to krow. G`` oj tcb p`gets, gemlg`s gei juekm metbrgnt wmtc oeb geotcbr. Ycby g`so metbrgnt wmtc tcb eoe-`mvmek pgrts oj tcbmr bevmroelbet.

Bxbrnmsb 9.>A [gtbr cygnmetc 7 cbramvorb8 ge gemlg` tcgt bgts (oe`y) p`gets mevgsmvb spbnmbs8 g spbnmbs tcgt cgs abbe mevgsmvb metroiunbi meto ge bnosystbl wcbrb mt ms eot egtmvb,, gei tcgt cgs sprbgi wmib`y gei me egtmvb `grkb eulabrs

Ycms ebtword oj metbrgntmoes lgdbs up tcb tropmng` rgmejorbst bnosystbl.

Bxbrnmsb 9.1A Cyirotcbrlg` vbets 7

Ycbrb ms eo `mkct, so tcby ngeeot pcotosyetcbsmsb.

1

Jor bxglp`b8 agntbrmg ➙ zoop`gedtoe ➙ sbg gebloebs ➙ nrgas

>

agntbrmg

9

Jrol ncblmng`s imsso`vbi me tcb cot wgtbr tcgt nolbs out oj tcb vbet.

2

Jor bxglp`b8 mesmib g tuab worl4 me tcb cot wgtbr grouei tcb vbet4 oe tcb sbg fioor.

Bxbrnmsb 9.1N Lgekrovbs gei ﬇sc 7

gqugtmn8 `mvmek me wgtbr

1

[gtbr cygnmetcs grb egtmvb to ^outc Glbrmng, gei tcbrb grb sbvbrg` cbramvorbs me tcb bnosystbls tcbrb tcgt bgt wgtbr cygnmetc gei dbbp mts eulabrs ueibr noetro`.

>

Ycb wgtbr cygnmetcs stop oxykbe kbttmek meto tcb wgtbr, wgtbr, so egtmvb p`gets gei ﬇sc grb dm``bi. Ycby lgdb mt imj﬇nu`t jor ﬇scbrlbe to lgdb g `mvmek, abngusb tcb aogts ngeeot lovb bgsm`y tcroukc tcb wgtbr cygnmetc gei tcb ebts ngeeot ngtnc ﬇sc.

Bxbrnmsb 9.>N Ngeb togis me Gustrg`mg 7

Ycbrb wm`` ab otcbr spbnmbs spbn mbs me tcbmr egtmvb nouetry tcgt dbbp ngeb togi eulabrs ueibr noetro` „ jor bxglp`b, prbigtors tcgt nge bgt tcbl wmtcout abmek pomsoebi. Me Gustrg`m Gustrg`mg, g, eo spbnmbs nge bgt tcbl sgjb`y.

1

Ycb rbsbgrncbrs scou`i oatgme g `grkb eulabr oj quo``s, gei dbbp tcbl g`` me tcb sglb noeimtmoes.. Ycby scou`i jbbi ngeb togi noeimtmoes sgusgkbs to cg`j oj tcbl, gei sgusgkbs tcgt io

cgamtgtt „ tcb p`gnb wcbrb ge orkgemsl `mvbs cgamtg bnosystbl „ g ebtword oj metbrgntmoes abtwbbe `mvmek gei eoe-`mvmek tcmeks prbigtor „ ge gemlg` tcgt dm``s gei bgts otcbr gemlg`s

1

77

yb``owtgm`

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

eot noetgme ngeb togi to tcb otcbr cg`j. (Ycms ms tcb meibpbeibet vgrmga`b.) vgrmga`b.) Ycby scou`i tcbe kmvb bgnc quo`` tcb ncgenb to bgt g ngeb togi, gei rbnori wcbtcbr or eot tcb quo`` trmbs to bgt mt. (Ycms ms tcb ibpbeibet vgrmga vgrmga`b.) `b.) Mj tcb cypotcbsms ms norrbnt, tcb rbsu`ts scou`i scow tcgt tcb quo``s tcgt cgvb cgvb bgtbe ngeb togi sgusgkbs try to bgt jbwbr ngeb togis, tcge tcb quo``s tcgt cgvb oe`y bgtbe sgusgkbs tcgt io eot noetgme ngeb togi.

;

Bxbrnmsb 9.9A Amgs 7

7

tmey pmbnbs oj p`gstmn `bss tcge 2 ll `oek

1

^olb nolb jrol `grkb pmbnbs oj p`gstmn tcgt arbgd up meto slg`` pmbnbs. Otcbrs grb lgeujgnturbi gs lmnrop`gstmns, usbi me proiunts sunc gs jgnb nrbgls gei tootcpgstb.

>

^olb smed to tcb aottol abngusb tcby grb ibesbr tcge wgtbr. ^olb ko meto tcb aoimbs oj gemlg`s gei lgy ab ngrrmbi to tcb aottol wcbe tcb gemlg` imbs.

9

2

:

g

29

a

72: ∑ 29 < 761

Gs tcby jbbi, tcby tgdb me lmnrop`gstmns tcgt grb fiogtmek me tcb wgtbr. Ycbrb lgy g`so ab solb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb aoimbs oj tcb zoop`gedtoe tcgt tcby bgt. Amognnulu`gtmoe ms tcb aum`i-up oj suastgenbs me ge orkgemsl”s aoiy ovbr mts `mjbtmlb, abngusb tcb suastgenb iobs eot arbgd iowe me mts aoiy.

71

Ycb nolpgey wgets to lgdb loeby ay sb``mek mts proiunt, so mt lmkct try to lgdb tcb rmsd posbi ay usmek tcb sprgy sbbl `bss mlportget tcge mt rbg``y ms.

1

]bs. Oenb gkgme, tcb nolpgey tcgt sb``s tcb prbigtors wgets to lgdb loeby, so mt lmkct p`gy iowe tcb rmsd (rbprbsbet mt gs `owbr tcge mt rbg``y ms) to otcbr spbnmbs posbi ay usmek tcb prbigtors.

>

Eo iglgkb ms ioeb to orkgemsls tcgt `mvb me tcb grbg.

9

Ycms nou`i rbiunb tcb popu`gtmoes oj otcbr mesbnts gei, me solb ngsbs, nou`i lgdb tcbl abnolb bxtment. ^olb oj tcbsb nou`i ab usbju`8 tcby nou`i ab po``megtors, jor bxglp`b. Ycms nou`i, me ture, gjjbnt tcb popu`gtmoes oj p`gets tcgt rb`y oe po``megtors.

2

Ycb ncblmng`s me tcb sprgy aum`i up me bgnc orkgemsl tcgt ms bxposbi to mt. Ycb jurtcbr up tcb jooi ncgme ge gemlg` ms, tcb lorb oj tcb ncblmng`s mt wm`` tgdb me ovbr mts `mjbtmlb, gs mt bgts lgey gemlg`s tcgt noetgme tcb ncblmng`s ncblmng`s..

:

Eo, tcby ngeeot ab gaso`utb` gaso`utb`y y surb, aut tcby nge nbrtgme`y trust tcms mejorlgtmoe lorb tcge tcb mejorlgtmoe jrol tcb nolpgembs nolpgembs..

;

Ncbndmek jor amgs ms imj﬇nu`t, aut mt nou`i mevo`vb `oodmek gt tcb rbsu`ts oj gey tbsts tcgt cgvb cgvb abbe ioeb, so tcgt tcby nge sbb jor tcblsb`vbs wcbtcbr tcb rbsu`ts lgtnc tcb stgtblbets lgib ay tcb gkrmnu`turb ibpgrtlbet.

Yopmn 9.9 Amognnulu`gtmoe Bxbrnmsb 9.9G Lmnrop`gstmns

^bg`s bgt lgey ﬇sc me tcbmr `mjbtmlbs, gei g`` oj tcb lmnrop`gstmns me tcb ﬇sc tcgt tcby bgt krgiug``y aum`i up me tcbmr aoimbs.

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Remt 2 Lgtbrmg`s gei nyn`bs oe Bgrtc 1

Yopmn 2.7 Ycb strunturb oj tcb gtol

Ycb rbsu`ts oj Qutcbrjori” utcbrjori”ss bxpbrmlbet to`i cml tcgt tcb gtol wgs lost`y blpty spgnb, aut wmtc g ibesb/so`mi eun`bus. eun`bus.

Bxbrnmsb 2.7G @gab``mek tcb strunturb oj tcb gtol

Yopmn 2.1 Vurmty

7 gei 1

Bxbrnmsb 2.1 Vurmty 7

Mt lbges tcgt g`` tcb gtols me tcb b`blbet grb tcb sglb. ^o purb sm`vbr cgs oe`y sm`vbr gtols gtols..

1

Imgloeis grb lgib oj ngraoe gtols. [cbe imgloeis grb no`ourbi, tcby cg cgvb vb gtols oj imjjbrbet b`blbets lmxbi me wmtc tcb ngraoe gtols. [cbe tcby cgvb aoroe gtols tcb imgloeis wm`` ab g a`ub no`our. Mj imgloeis cgvb emtrokbe gtols lmxbi wmtc tcb ngraoe gtols,, tcb imgloei wm`` ab g yb``ow no`our. gtols Ycb rgrbst no`our oj imgloei ms krbbe. Krbbe imgloeis cgvb emtrokbe, emndb` or cyirokbe lmxbi me wmtc tcb t cb ngraoe gtols.

Ebutroes cgvb lorb lgss tcge b`bntroes.

>

=1.2%

Bxbrnmsb 2.7A Loib`s oj tcb strunturb oj tcb gtol

9

g

>;.2%

a

=7.;%

n

23.>%

b`bntroe ebutroe eun`bus oj  tcb gtol protoe

++

blpty spgnb

>

Ycb jo``owmek stgtblbets scou`i ab tmndbi B`bntroes cgvb `bss lgss tcge protoes. B`bntroes cgvb g ebkgtmvb b`bntrmng` ncgrkb.

7

posmtmvb`y ncgrkbi lgttbr

∑ ∑ ∑

∑ ∑

+ + ++ + + +

∑ ∑

∑

b`bntroes

posmtmvb`y ncgrkbi lgttbr

∑ ∑

∑

∑

∑ ∑

H. H. Ycolpsoe

1

b`bntroes

Qutcbrjori

Me H. H. Ycolpsoe”s loib`, tcb pgrtmn`bs cb debw gaout, b`bntroes gei posmtmvb`y ncgrkbi pgrtmn`bs, grb sngttbrbi rgeiol`y tcroukcout tcb gtol gei ms eo eun`bus. Meb`bntroes Qutcbrjori”s tcbrbtcbrb ms g eun`bus gei tcb grb loib`, rgeiol`y sngttbrbi tcroukcout tcb rbst oj tcb spgnb me tcb gtol.

>

2

Nrbimt gey oj tcb snmbetmsts eglbi, sunc gs Hglbs Ncgiwmnd or Emb`s Aocr.

19

7>

Ycb imgkrgl scou`i ab nolp`btbi ay irgwmek lost pgrtmn`b pgtcwgys pgssmek strgmkct tcroukc tcb jom`. G jbw scou`i ab scowe abmek rbfibntbi agnd or ibfibntbi jrol tcb ko`i jom`.

766.6

Cgriebss me gramtrgry uemts 36 =6 716 96

>6

:

Nrbimt8 g sumtga`b sng`b oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms4 tcb pomets p`ottbi gnnurgtb`y gei ebgt`y4 ebgt`y4 g abst-﬇t `meb irgw irgwe. e.

;

Ycb gssmstget kgvb ge opmemoe. Ycb snmbenb scows tcgt 73 ngrgt ko`i ms lunc cgribr tcge purb ko`i. G`tcoukc tcb otcbr sglp`bs grb cgribr tcge purb ko`i, tcby grb eot cgribr tcge 73 ngrgt ko`i, so mt ms lost`y eot me `meb wmtc tcb snmbenb.

3

Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb tcgt tcb cgriebss oj tcb ko`i menrbgsbs up to 73 ngrgt ko`i gei tcbe ibnrbgsbs gt vg`ubs krbgtbr tcge 73 ngrgt.

Bxbrnmsb 2.7N Qutcbrjori”s ko`i jom` bxpbrmlbet 7

Vurmty oj Vurmty oj ko`i g``oy me ko`i g``oy me ngrgts pbrnbetgkb = >;.2 79 23.> 73 ;2.6 11 =7.;

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

=

Ycms lgy ab iub to tcb jgnt tcgt tcb otcbr lbtg` usbi me tcb g``oys ms eot tcb sglb.

Bxbrnmsb 2.>N [bgtcbr igtg 7

Igtg scou`i ab p`ottbi gs mestruntbi wmtc tcb igtb gei tmlb g`oek tcb cormzoetg` gxms gei tcb tblpbrgturb up tcb vbrtmng` gxms. Nrbimt g sumtga`b sng`b, `gab``bi gxbs, gnnurgtb`y p`ottbi pomets gei tcb pomets homebi –tblpbrgturb sty`b”, tcgt ms pomet-to-pomet.

1

Mt ms imj﬇nu`t to sbb gey pgttbre me tcbsb rbsu`ts aut `bgrebrs lgy spot tcgt kbebrg``y tcb tblpbrgturb gt 66866 ms `owbr tcge tcgt jor tcb rbst oj tcb igy. igy. Ycb tblpbrgturb ojtbe rmsbs iurmek tcb igy gei jg``s g `mtt`b ovbr emkct. Ycby scou`i kmvb bxglp`bs. Ycby lgy ab ga`b to `med tcb slg`` jg`` me tblpbrgturb to tcb jgnt tcgt Mnb`gei cgs g vbry `oek igy `bektc. Mj tcby jgm` to sbb g pgttbre, kmvb tcbl nrbimt mj tcby kmvb bxglp`bs.

lbtboro`oky ➙ tcb stuiy oj wbgtcbr

>

Ycb oe`y –pgttbre” me tcb wbbd ms tcgt tcb tblpbrgturbs grb jgmr`y noestget.

Bxbrnmsb 2.>A [bgtcbr or n`mlgtb?

9

Ycb tblpbrgturb oe tcms igy rblgmebi noestget jrol 6:.66 to 73.66 gei tcgt wgs eot

Aotc sm`vbr or noppbr nge ab usbi. Ycb igtg io eot sgy wcmnc ms usbi me bgnc ngsb.

Yopmn 2.> [bgtcbr gei n`mlgtb Bxbrnmsb 2.>G [oris gei lbgemeks tblpbrgturb ➙ cow cot mt ms culmimty ➙ cow lunc wgtbr vgpour vgpour tcbrb ms me tcb gtlospcbrb prbnmpmtgtmoe ➙ rgme, cgm` or seow wcmnc jg``s jrol n`ouis vmsmam`mty ➙ cow jgr you nge sbb4 mt ibpbeis oe tcb gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes or igrdebss gtlospcbrb ➙ tcb `gybr oj kgsbs grouei tcb Bgrtc

7

1

Ycb wbgtcbr ms tcb gtlospcbrmn noeimtmoes ovbr tcb scort tbrl, jrol lmeutb to lmeutb, cour to cour or igy to igy. N`mlgtb ms tcb gvbrgkb wbgtcbr oj ge grbg ovbr g lunc `oekbr tmlb, usug``y gt `bgst >6 ybgrs. Nrbimt gpproxmlgtb gpproxmlgtb grbgs, sunc gs Getgrntmng, eortcbre Ngegig, Krbbe`gei gei eortcbre Qussmg, aut aotc Vo`bs lust ab men`uibi gei `gab``bi.

>

Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb po`gr zoeb ms vbry no`i gei iry g`` ybgr.

9

Nrbimt gpprox gpproxmlgtb mlgtb grbgs, grbgs, sunc gs nbetrg nbetrg`` Glbrmng, soutc Glbrmng (bgst oj tcb Geibs) nbetrg` Gjrmng, soutc-bgst Gsmg, tcb eortc-bgst tmp soutc-bgst strmp oj noetmebet Gustrg`mg, autgei tropmng` zoeb menogstg` lorb tcge oeb lust ab scowe gei `gab``bi.

79

2

Ycb n`mlgtb me tcb tropmng` zoeb ms cot gei wbt g`` ybgr.

:

Lbtboro`okmsts rbnori tcb wbgtcbr me so lunc ibtgm` abngusb tcby grb `oodmek jor pgttbres to sbb mj tcby nge prbimnt wcgt wm`` cgppbe me tcb juturb. Deowmek wcgt tcb wbgtcbr wm`` ab `mdb cgs g amk bjjbnt oe tcb gkrmnu`turb, trgesport, cbg`tc gei otcbr meiustrmbs.

typmng` oj otcbr igys iurmek tcb wbbd.

2

Ycb ibsnrmptmoe oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb ms no`i gei iry iry..

:

Ycms wbbd tcb wbgtcbr me Mnb`gei wgs eot vbry no`i gei tcbrb wgs rgme, wcmnc ms eot typmng` oj tcms n`mlgtb zoeb.

;

Nrbimt mibgs gaout Mnb`gei abmek ge ms`gei me tcb lmii`b oj ge onbge gei g `oek wgy jrol gey otcbr `gei. Ycby lgy g`so rbg`msb or ﬇ei out tcgt tcb wmeis gei wbgtcbr systbls lovb qumnd`y me tcms grbg gei grb mefiubenbi ay tcb Ku`j ^trbgl.

Yopmn 2.9 N`mlgtb gei mnb gkbs Bxbrnmsb 2.9G [orisbgrnc

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NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb 2.9A ^om` norbs 7

g a

n

1

Ycb o`ibst pbgt ms jrol tcb aottol oj tcb aok.

noeimtmoes grb gnmimn. ^nmbetmsts copb to ﬇ei out wcmnc p`gets wbrb krowmek me tcgt grbg tcousgeis oj ybgrs gko. Mj tcby nge mibetmjy tcb p`gets jrol tcbmr po``be, tcby nge tcbe word out wcgt tcb n`mlgtb wgs `mdb gt tcgt tmlb.

g

Ycbsb pbrmois grb tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois.

a

Ycbsb pbrmois grb ng``bi metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois.

7

Ycb krgpc scou`i ab `gab``bi wmtc tcb pbgds gs metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois gei tcb troukcs gs k`gnmg` pbrmois pbrmois..

1

Gaout ;2 666 ybgrs gko. Mt `gstbi jrol gaout ;2 666 666 ybgrs gko uetm` gaout 12 666 ybgrs gko, so mt `gstbi gaout 26 666 ybgrs.

>

Me ge metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi tcb gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs grb kbebrg``y gaovb jrbbzmek rbgncmek gs cmkc gs 16 ¶N.

2

[cbe tcb tblpbrgturbs grb wb`` ab`ow jrbbzmek jor g `oek tmlb, lost `mvmek orkgemsls ngeeot survmvb.

`oek gei wgs jo``owbi ay 12 666 ybgrs oj g k`gnmg` pbrmoi. Ycb sbnoei k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi ;6 666 ybgrs tcb sbnoei metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi wgs wgrlbr gei `gstbi `oekbr tcge tcb ﬇rst. Ycb tcmri k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi 16 666 ybgrs so tcb k`gnmg` pbrmois sbbl to ab kbttmek scortbr. Iurmek tcb tcmri metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi (gaout 112 666 ybgrs gko) tcbrb wgs g scort, scgrp imp me tcb gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs. Ycb ebxt k`gnmg` pbrmoi wgs `oekbr gei tcb ebxt metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi cgi vbry cmkc gvbrgkb tblpbrgturbs, tblpbrgturbs, tcb cmkcbst oj g`` tcb metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois me tcms tmlb spge, gei `gstbi uetm` gaout ;2 666 ybgrs gko.. Ycb lost rbnbet k`gnmg` pbrmoi `gstbi gko gaout 26 666 ybgrs gei wb cgvb abbe me

Ycb bvmibenb wb cg cgvb vb nolbs jrol norb som` sglp`bs jrol pbgt aoks gei jrol tcb bvmibenb me tcb `geisngpb jrol tcb bjjbnt oj k`gnmbrs.

Yopmn 2.2 Gtlospcbrb gei n`mlgtb Bxbrnmsb 2.2G

Me tcb ﬇rst am``moe ybgrs gjtbr tcb Bgrtc jorlbi tcbrb wbrb `ots oj vo`ngeobs. Ycbsb proiunbi t cb gtlospcbrb. Ycb kgsbs, wcmnc lgib up tcb wgtbr vgpour tcgt wgs proiunbi noeibesbi, to jorl `gdbs gei onbges. Ycb bgr`y gtlospcbrb wgs lgme`y lgib up oj ngraoe imoxmib kgs. Ycbrb wgs `mtt`b or eo oxykbe kgs. Ycms ms `mdb tcb gtlospcbrb oj tcb p`gebt Zbeus toigy. Gs p`gets abkge to krow oe Bgrtc, tcby usbi usb i up tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs gei proiunbi jooi ay tcb pronbss oj pcotosyetcbsms. Ovbr am``moes oj ybgrs tcb ngraoe me tcb ngraoe imoxmib kgs abnglb `ondbi up gs jossm` jub`s, sunc gs om` gei nog` gei gs ngraoegtbs me sbimlbetgry ronds sunc gs `mlbstoeb. Ycms ngusbi tcb `bvb`s oj ngraoe imoxmib me tcb gtlospcbrb to jg``.

Bxbrnmsb 2.2A 7

36%

1

76%

>

6.6>3%

9

Mt ibnrbgsbi vbry qumnd`y gt tcb stgrt gei tcbe noetmeubi to ibnrbgsb, aut gt g lunc s`owbr rgtb.

2

Ycb `bvb` oj ngraoe imoxmib cgs menrbgsbi

Ycbrb cgvb abbe jour k`gnmg` gei ﬇vb metbrk`gnmg` pbrmois ovbr tcb pgst 926 666 ybgrs. Ycb ﬇rst metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi wgs 32 666 ybgrs

72

:

Ycb p`get lgtbrmg` cgs eot rottbi abngusb tcb noeimtmoes me tcb aok s`ow iowe ibngy. Ycbrb ms eot beoukc oxykbe gei tcb

Bxbrnmsb 2.9N N`mlgtb nyn`bs

9

tcb nurrbet metbrk`gnmg` pbrmoi jor gaout 12 666 ybgrs.

qumtb irglgtmng``y ovbr tcb pgst 166 ybgrs ybgrs.. Ycms ms abngusb, gs meiustry ibvb`opbi, lorb jossm` jub`s wbrb auret to provmi provmibb bebrky jor jgntormbs gei trgesport. Lorb jorbsts cgvb abbe nut iowe to usb tcb wooi gei lgdb rool jor pbop`b, nrops gei jgrl gemlg`s, so tcms lbges `bss ngraoe imoxmib jrol tcb gtlospcbrb ms abmek usbi up.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb 2.2N 7

Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol tcb mnb norbs gaout tcb wgy tcb mnb wgs jorlbi ovbr tmlb.

Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb cgvb jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib tcb jo``o jo``owmek8 wmek8

Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj ge menrbgsb me tcb rgtb gt wcmnc tcb po`gr mnb ngps gei k`gnmbrs grb lb`tmek. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb oj tcb sbg `bvb`s menrbgsmek.

Ycbrb ms bvmibenb tcgt mroe oxmib wgs jorlbi me ronds gjtbr tcb pbrmoi 1.7 to 1.6 am``moe ybgrs gko, eot abjorb. abjorb. Ycbrb ms bvmibenb jrol tcb pondbts oj gmr trgppbi me tcb mnb norbs jrol Krbbe`gei gei Getgrntmng. [b cgvb lbgsurblbets oj tcb pbrnbetgkb oj kgsbs me tcb gtlospcbrb ovbr tcb pgst 766 or so ybgrs.

1

>

Ycb geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe wcgt `bgrebrs cgvb cgvb jouei out, aut gs g lmemlul scou`i men`uib tcb jo``o jo``owmek8 wmek8

Ycb bvmibenb jrol g `oek tmlb gko ms eot imrbnt bvmibenb, aut cgs abbe mejbrrbi jrol otcbr tcmeks, wcbrbgs tcb rbnoris ovbr tcb pgst 766 ybgrs wbrb tgdbe imrbnt`y gei tcbrb grb `ots oj rbnoris rbnoris.. Cowbvbr, Cowbvbr, bvbe wmtc tcb t cb lorb rbnbet rbnoris wb ngeeot ab surb oj tcb wgy me wcmnc tcby wbrb tgdbe ue`bss tcby wbrb tgdbe gei rbnoribi ay projbssmoeg`s tcgt wb nge trust.

Remt : @mkct n menmibet rgy

Yopmn :.7 Qbfibntmoe

p`geb lmrror eorlg`

m    r 

Bxbrnmsb :.7G Lgdmek rbfibntmoes 7

figt lmrror

1

aouenmek

>

g

menmibet rgy

a

rbfibntbi rgy

n

eorlg`

m    r 

g

eorlg` p`geb lmrror

1

Bxbrnmsb :.7A Qgy imgkrgls 7

rbj`bntbi rgy

menmibet rgy

g

`meb irgwe gt gt =6¶ to tcb lmrror surjgnb gt tcb pomet wcbrb tcb `mkct rgy lbbts tcb surjgnb4 `meb nge ab igscbi or so`mi gei lgy pgss tcroukc tcb lmrror surjgnb

a

gek`b oj menmibenb < 26¶

eorlg` rbj`bntbi rgy m    r 

p`geb lmrror

a

menmibet rgy

eorlg`

p`geb lmrror

 

m  r 

rbj`bntbi rgy

7:

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb :.7N Gnnurgtb rgy imgkrgls 7

g

p`geb lmrror

>

menmibet rgy

[cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe pgssmek jrol gmr meto k`gss, tcms ms ng``bi rbjrgntmoe.

Bxbrnmsb :.1A Vrbimntmek rbjrgntmoe

m 

eorlg`

7

[cbe `mkct ncgekbs spbbi (ngusbi ay) pgssmek jrol oeb trgespgrbet suastgenb/lbimul to geotcbr.

1

g

imgloei

a

gmr gei imgloei

n

nore om` gei k`ynbr k`ynbro` o`

r 

rbfibntbi rgy

p`geb lmrror

a

>

r  m 

1

[cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb mt s`ows iowe, tcb `mkct abeis towgris  tcb eorlg`. [cbe `mkct pgssbs meto g lbimul wcbrb mt spbbis up, tcb `mkct abeis gwgy jrol tcb eorlg`.

eorlg` rbj`bntbi rgy

[cbe `mkct ncgekbs imrbntmoe, tcb ncgekb me imrbntmoe nge ab ngusbi ay g ncgekb me spbbi.

menmibet rgy

Jmrst gek`b oj menmibenb me rgekb 16„1>¶. Jmrst gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab bqug` to tcms. ^bnoei gek`b oj menmibenb scou`i ab slg``br tcge ﬇rst. ^bnoei gek`b oj rbfibntmoe scou`i ab bqug` to sbnoei gek`b oj menmibenb.

9

Qgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct4 rgmeirops grb nurvbi4 Qgmeirops rgmeirops rbjrgnt `mkct me imjjbrbet imrbntmoes. imrbntmoes.

Bxbrnmsb :.1N Qbjrgntmoe rgy imgkrgls 7

g

rgy oj `mkct eorlg`

p`geb lmrror

gek`b oj menmibenb

menmibet rgy

gmr k`gss

gek`b oj rbjrgntmoe rbjrgntbi rgy

p`geb lmrror

Yopmn :.1 Qbjrgntmoe Bxbrnmsb :.1G Ngusbs oj rbjrgntmoe

7;

gek`b oj rbjrgntmoe gmr wgtbr

7

lbimul

1

g

[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol gmr meto wgtbr, tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.

a

[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol k`gss meto gmr, tcb `mkct spbbis up.

n

a

eorlg` rbjrgntbi rgy gek`b oj menmibenb

menmibet rgy

[cbe `mkct pgssbs jrol wgtbr meto k`gss, tcb `mkct s`ows iowe.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

n

Yopmn :.9 No`ours oj `mkct Bxbrnmsb :.9G Giimek prmlgry no`ours

r

gmr

gmr

No`ours oj `mkct tcgt ngeeot ab lgib ay giimek otcbr no`ours no`ours..

1

g

Giimek rbi `mkct gei krbbe `mkct lgdbs

a

yb``ow `mkct. Giimek krbbe `mkct gei a`ub `mkct lgdbs nyge `mkct.

r

m

1

7  

m

k`gss

gmr

n

k`gss rbjrgntbi rgy

>

eorlg`

G`` sbvbe no`ours grb kmvbe out tokbtcbr4 g`` sbvbe no`ours grb oj (gppro (gpproxmlgtb` xmlgtb`y) y) bqug` armkctebss4 g`` sbvbe no`ours lmx to kmvb wcmtb `mkct.

Bxbrnmsb :.9A ^uatrgntmek no`ours oj `mkct

menmibet rgy

7

Yopmn :.> Lgdmek rgmeaows

g

gey oeb jrol orgekb, yb``ow, a`ub, meimko, vmo`bt

a

Ycb krbbe `mkct cgs abbe gasorabi ay tcb rbi ﬇`tbr. Qbi `mkct pgssbs tcroukc tcb ﬇`tbr abngusb rbi `mkct ms trgeslmttbi ay tcb ﬇`tbr.

g

a`ub G`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt a`ub grb suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblo vbi jrol tcb wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y a`ub rblgmes.

a

Ycb rblgmemek a`ub `mkct wm`` ab gasorabi ay tcb krbbe ﬇`tbr.

Bxbrnmsb :.>G No`ours oj tcb rgmeaow 7

spbntrul

1

rbi, orgekb, yb``ow, krbbe, a`ub, meimko, vmo`bt

>

g

wcmtb

a

imspbrsmoe

n

Bgnc no`our lbrkbs meto tcb ebxt oeb wmtc eo spgnb.

1

>

Bxbrnmsb :.>A Lgdmek g spbntrul 7 7

g

trmgeku`gr prmsl

a

vmo`bt4 abngusb vmo`bt abeis tcroukc tcb `grkbst gek`b

n

m

Lovb tcb snrbbe n`osbr to tcb prmsl.

mm

Ycb no`ours kbt n`osbr tokbtcbr / lbrkb tokbtcbr lorb.

Bxbrnmsb :.>N Lgdmek g spbntrul 1 7

Zmo`bt `mkct s`ows tcb lost wcbe pgssmek jrol gmr meto p`gstmn4 vmo`bt ms rbjrgntbi tcb lost4 vmo`bt trgvb`s s`owbst me p`gstmn4 rbi `mkct trgvb`s jgstbst me p`gstmn gei ms rbjrgntbi tcb `bgst4 otcbr 2 no`ours `mstbi me oribr oj spbbi, bmtcbr menrbgsmek or ibnrbgsmek (menrbgsmek spbbi stgrts wmtc vmo`bt, ibnrbgsmek spbbi stgrts wmtc rbi).

73

Giimek rbi `mkct, krbbe `mkct gei a`ub `mkct lgdbs wcmtb `mkct.

G yb``ow ﬇`tbr ms usbi4 g`` otcbr no`ours bxnbpt yb``ow grb suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblo suatrgntbi/gasorabi/rblovbi vbi jrol tcb wcmtb `mkct, so oe`y yb``ow ms trgeslmttbi.

Bxbrnmsb :.9N ^bbmek no`ours 7

g

Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt rbfibnts oe`y krbbe `mkct. Ycb krbbe Y-scmrt gasoras g`` tcb otcbr no`ours oj `mkct.

1

>

a

a`gnd

g

rbi or wcmtb

a

a`ub

n

rbi or a`ub

g

A`gnd iobs eot rbfibnt `mkct oj gey no`our / a`gnd ms tcb gasbenb oj `mkct.

a

[cmtb rbfibnts g`` no`ours bqug``y / wcmtb `mkct noetgmes g`` no`ours.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Yopmn :.2 Kg`gxmbs

Yopmn :.: Qonds me spgnb

Bxbrnmsb :.2G Our owe kg`gxy

Bxbrnmsb :.:G Ibsnrmamek gstbromis

7

7

Gstbromis grb lgib jrol rond. Gstbromis nge cgvb mrrbku`gr scgpbs.

1

Abtwbbe tcb oramts oj Lgrs gei Hupmtbr.

>

oramt

1

>

g

Lm`dy [gy

a

tmnd ueibr ﬇rst pmnturb (spmrg`)

g

tcb ^ue

a

lorb tcge 7 666 666 666

Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj iust abtwbbe tcb stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.

Bxbrnmsb :.:A Gstbromis gei p`gebts 7

Gey two jrol8 gstbromis grb slg``br tcge Bgrtc4 gstbromis cgvb eo gtlospcbrb4 gstbromis gstb romis cgvb eo onbges4 (lgey) gstbromis cgvb ge mrrbku`gr scgpb scgpb..

1

Ycbrb grb too lgey gstbromis/eot g`` cgvb cgvb abbe imsnovbrbi/imj﬇nu`ty imsnovbrbi/imj ﬇nu`ty tb``mek tcbl gpgrt ay gppbgrgenb.

Ycbrb ms g slg`` qugetmty oj kgs abtwbbe tcb stgrs me our kg`gxy4 trub.

Bxbrnmsb :.2A Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 7 7

g

Remvbrsb

a

Ycby noetgme stgrs4 stgrs kmvb out tcbmr owe `mkct.

1

spmrg`, b``mptmng`, mrrbku`gr

>

^nmbetmsts cgvb lgib ge bstmlgtb oj cow lgey kg`gxmbs tcbrb grb me totg`. Ycms eulabr lgy eot ab gnnurgtb/bxgnt.

Bxbrnmsb :.2N Kg`gxmbs me spgnb 1 7

1

g

kgs, stgrs, p`gebts/so`gr systbls

a

Bgnc pgrtmn`b oj iust ngusbs g slg`` jornb oj krg krgvmty4 vmty4 tcbrb grb vbry lgey pgrtmn`bs oj iust4 tcb krgvmty jrol g`` oj tcbl giis up to g `grkb jornb.

g

stgrs

a

Gey two jrol8 tcby io eot rbfibnt `mkct4 tcby gasora `mkct4 tcby io eot kmvb out `mkct.

>

Gey two tcby jrolwm`` jrol8 8 jbwbr wm`` ab sbbe4 tcby wm`` ab imllbr4 gppbgr slg``br.

9

g  Nouet tcb eulabr oj krgmes me g slg`` vo`ulb / vo`ulb kmvbe, jor bxglp`b 6.7 nuamn nbetmlbtrb4 tcbe bstmlgtb tcb vo`ulb oj sgei oe tcb wco`b abgnc ay lu`tmp`ymek lu`tmp` ymek `bektc Û wmitc Û ibptc4 noevbrt aotc vo`ulbs to tcb sglb uemt4 imvmib tcb vo`ulb oj tcb sgei oe tcb wco`b abgnc ay tcb vo`ulb oj tcb slg`` sglp`b4 lu`tmp`y tcb nouetbi eulabr oj krgmes ay tcb rbsu`t oj tcms ng`nu`gtmoe.

a

7=

 

2666    < 266 dl >  _____  76

Bxbrnmsb :.:N Gstbromis gei p`gebts 7

Gey two jrol8 jrol8 aotc oramt tcb ^ue4 aotc grb pgrt oj tcb ^o`gr ^ystbl4 aotc noetgme rond.

1

Gstbromis grb too slg``/krg slg``/krgvmty vmty jrol gstbromis ms too `ow to gttrgnt/co`i g looe.

>

Ycbrb wgs eot beoukc krgvmty abtwbbe tcbl to jorl g p`gebt4 tcbrb wbrb eot beoukc oj tcbl to jorl g p`gebt.

9

Geswbr nge rbjbr to8 poor qug`mty/`ow rbso`utmoe oj tcb pcotokrgpc4 `gnd oj bvmibenb tcgt g`mbes bxmst4 ibsmrb to gttrgnt gttbetmoe to tcb wbasmtb/lgdb g sbesgtmoeg` n`gml4 `mkct rbfibntmek ojj g nrgtbr ms lorb `mdb`y/lorb rbg`mstmn4 g`mbe aum`imek ms bxnmtmek aut eot rbg`mstmn bxp`gegtmoe4 wm`` cg cgvb vb bxpbrts `oodmek gt tcbuemvbrsmtmbs pmnturb4 meibpbeibet wbasmtb lgy eot cgvb bxpbrts noetrmautmek4 opmemoes nge vgry oe metbrprbtmek pcotokrgpcs4 rbjbrbenb to opmemoe or jgnt.

Ycb totg` eulabr ngeeot ab nouetbi gnnurgtb`y4 tcb lbtcoi jor aotc bstmlgtbs ms tcb sglb4 aotc lbtcois gssulb tcb spgnmek oj oahbnts ms uemjorl.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Remt ; Imbt gei krowtc Yopmn ;.7 Eutrmbets Bxbrnmsb ;.7G Eutrmbets gei tcbmr juentmoes

Bxbrnmsb ;.7A Geg`ysmek mejorlgtmoe gaout eutrmbets 7

ncmndbe

1 >

orgekb 3k

9

^o﬇g ms rmkct. Argzm` euts noetgme :6 k oj jgt, aut oe`y 7:.73 k oj otcbr eutrmbets eutrmbets..

2

Argzm` euts, abngusb tcby noetgme tcb lost ng`nmul.

➙

protbme  jor krowtc (lgdmek ebw nb``s) vmtglme G ➙ to cb`p wmtc emkct vmsmoe ng`nmul ➙ jor stroek aoebs gei tbbtc ngraocyirgtb ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb bebrky mroe ➙ to lgdb cgblok`oame vmtglme I ➙ to cb`p us to gasora ng`nmul, jor stroek aoebs gei tbbtc

G`tbregtmvb`y, `bgrebrs lgy sukkbst lm`d. Ycms cgs tcb sbnoei cmkcbst qugetmty oj ng`nmul, aut `bgrebrs lgy tcmed mt ms bgsmbr to imkbst tcge argzm` euts. Mt g`so cgs `bss jgt gei om`, wcmnc tcby lgy tcmed lgdbs mt g abttbr ncomnb.

jgt gei om` ➙ to usb me rbspmrgtmoe to rb`bgsb bebrky,, gei to lgdb ge bebrky storb ueibr tcb sdme bebrky vmtglme N ➙ to dbbp sdme stroek gei ga`b to cbg` qumnd`y

Bxbrnmsb ;.7N ^ullgrmsmek juentmoes gei sournbs oj imjjbrbet eutrmbets Gnnbpt gey oeb or two juentmoes gei sournbs.

Eutrmbet protbme

Juentmoe me tcb aoiy krowtc4 lg lgdmek eb ebw nb nb``s `s44 rb rbpgmrmek ig iglgkbi tmssubs4 lgdmek cgblok`oame gei getmaoimbs jgtt gei jg gei om om`` jorr beb jo bebrk rky4 y4 gs g `gy `gybr br ue ueib ibrr tcb tcb sd sdme me,, mtmt jorl jorlss ge bebrky storb gei provmibs mesu`gtmoe ngraoc ngr aocyir yirgtb gtb jor be bebr brky ky,, wcmn wcmnc c ms ms rb`b rb`bgs gsbi bi ay rb rbspm spmrgt rgtmoe moe

vmtg vm tglm lme eG vmtglme N

jor koo jor kooi i vms vmsmo moe, e, bs bspb pbnm nmg` g``y `y gt em emkc kct4 t4 cb cb`p `pme mek k wcmtb a`ooi nb``s to ﬇kct pgtcokbes dbbps sdme stroek

vmtglme I ng`nmul mroe

cb`ps us to gasora ng`nmul stroek tbbtc gei aoebs lgdmek cgblok`oame

wgtbr

g so`vbet jor lgey imjjbrbet ncblmng`s

Yopmn ;.1 G ag`genbi imbt

1

16

Jmarb cb`ps to dbbp jooi lovmek bgsm`y tcroukc tcb g`mlbetgry ngeg`. Ncmndbe, bkks, ﬇sc gei luttoe „ tcgt ms, joois jrol gemlg` sournbs.

auttbr, lgrkgrmeb, noodmek om`s, jrmbi joois, lbgt, bkks krgmes krg mes (b. (b.k. k. rmn rmnb, b, wcb wcbgt, gt, ogt ogts, s, nore nore), ), potgtobs, swbbt potgtobs, pgstg, arbgi krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ngrrots, igmry proiunts (joois lgib jrol lm`d) nmtrus jrumts, potgtobs, abrrmbs sue`mkct oe sdme igmry proiunts, sbbis lbgt, igrd krbbe vbkbtga`bs, ﬇sc, scb``﬇sc, euts gei sbbis gey irmed tcgt noetgmes wgtbr  

>

166 k oj ncmndbe noetgmes eo ﬇arb. 166 k oj rmnb noetgmes 1 Û > < : k. 766 k oj spmegnc noetgmes : k. Yotg` < : + : < 71 k.

9

Agr ncgrts wm`` vgry gnnorimek to tcb tbe joois gei agr wmitcs ncosbe.

Bxbrnmsb ;.1G Jmarb me jooi 7

^olb kooi sournbs lbgt, ﬇sc, pu`sbs

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

•

Ycb eglbs oj tcb joois scou`i ab wrmttbe abebgtc tcb agrs.

•

Ycb agrs scou`i ab ngrbju``y irg irgwe we usmek g ru`br. Ycby scou`i ab irgw irgwe e gnnurgtb`y Ycby scou`i g`` ab oj bqug` wmitc. Mt ms prbjbrga`b mj tcby io eot tounc.

•

Ycb sbqubenb oj joois me tcb ncgrt scou`i cgvb solb `okmn abcmei mt „ jor bxglp`b, jrol `owbst `owbst to cmkcbst ﬇arb noetbet, or jrol cmkcbst to `owbst ﬇arb noetbet, or g`` gemlg` joois kroupbi tokbtcbr gei tcbe p`get joois.

Yopmn ;.> Krowtc, ibvb`oplbet gei cbg`tc Bxbrnmsb ;.>G Metbrprbtmek igtg gaout slodmek 7

rbspmrgtory imsbgsbs

a

imsbgsbs oj tcb imkbstmvb systbl

1

>=%

>

1 Û >= (or geswbr to qubstmoe 1) < ;3

9

17%

Bxbrnmsb ;.1A Bebrky rbqumrblbets

2

2 Û 17 (or geswbr to qubstmoe 9) < 762

7

ngraocyirgtb gei jgt

:

1

Cms wbmkct wm`` menrbgsb. Ycb bxnbss eutrmbets wm`` ab turebi meto jgt, gei storbi me cms aoiy

Ycb agr ncgrt scows tcgt tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj ibgtcs iub to slodmek wbrb krbgtbr jor lbe tcge jor wolbe OQ slg``br jor wolbe tcge jor lbe.

>

g  1.3 LH

;

Gnnbpt gey bxp`gegtmoe tcgt sukkbsts tcgt lorb lbe tcge wolbe grb slodbrs, slodbrs, or tcgt lbe slodb lorb tcge wolbe, or tcgt lbe grb lorb susnbptma`b to tcosb imsbgsbs.

a

1.3 LH (tcb geswbr ms tcb sglb gs g)

n

Aotc aoysbspbnmg``y grb `mdb`yjor to usb g `ot oj gei bebrky bgnc igy, lovblbet krowtc. Cowbvbr, ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i aoy cgs jbwbr nb``s me cms aoiy tcge g tbbegkb aoy „ cms aoiy lgss ms slg``br. Mt ms tcb nb``s tcgt usb bebrky, so mj you cgvb jbwbr oj tcbl, you usb `bss bebrky. Mj `bss bebrky ms usbi, tcbe `bss bebrky ebbis to ab tgdbe me.

i

Bxbrnmsb ;.>A ^lodmek stgtmstmns 7

Geswbrs wm`` ibpbei oe tcb nouetry tcgt `bgrebrs ncoosb.

1

Ycb agr ncgrt scou`i cgvb8 cgvb8

@bgrebrs io eot cg cgvb vb gey spbnm﬇n deow`bikb to bega`b tcbl to geswbr tcms, so gey rbgsoega`b sukkbstmoe scou`i ab gnnbptbi. Jor bxglp`b8 wolbe, oe gvbrgkb, cgvb g `owbr aoiy lgss tcge lbe4 wolbe lgy ab `bss gntmvb tcge lbe.

Bxbrnmsb ;.1N V`geemek g imbt @ood jor8 •

17

g

joois tcgt noetgme g`` smx eutrmbets (men`uimek vmtglmes G, N gei I, ng`nmul gei mroe) gei solb ﬇arb „ wmtc tcb eutrmbets noetgmebi me gt `bgst solb oj tcb joois ibsnrmabi

•

metbrbstmek, ag`genbi lbg`s tcgt wou`i gppbg` to ge bmkct-ybgr-o`i

•

gttbetmoe kmvbe to tcb qugetmty oj bebrky bebrky me tcb imbt

•

eot too lunc jgt or om`

>

•

–Nouetry” oe tcb cormzoetg` gxms, wmtc meimvmiug` agrs `gab``bi wmtc tcb eglb oj tcb nouetry

•

imjjbrbet sty`b agrs jor lbe gei wolbe, meimngtbi wmtc g dby

•

wolbe gei lbe jor tcb sglb nouetry scowe gs agrs n`osb tokbtcbr, tokbtcbr, or touncmek

•

agrs jor imjjbrbet nouetrmbs g `mtt`b jurtcbr gpgrt, eot touncmek

•

bgnc agr irgwe wmtc g ru`br ru`br,, g`` tcb sglb wmitc gei norrbnt`y p`ottbi.

•

–Vbrnbetgkb oj pbop`b wco slodbi” oe tcb vbrtmng` gxms

•

g sng`b oe tcb vbrtmng` gxms rueemek jrol 6 to gt `bgst :2 me sbesma`b stbps (b.k. me ﬇vbs or tbes)

g  Ncm`b g

Meioebsmg

a

Meioebsmg

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb ;.>N @oodmek gt igtg oe kmvmek up slodmek 7

@bgrebrs nou`i ncoosb to imsp`gy gey oj tcbsb sbts oj igtg igtg88 •

tcb pbrnbetgkbs oj lbe lbe gei wolbe wco cgvb kmvbe up slodmek g`rbgiy, gei tcb

Yopmn ;.9 Lovmek tcb aoiy Bxbrnmsb ;.9G Ycb sdb`btoe gei jornbs 7 1

pbrnbetgkbs oj tcosb wco grb trymek to kmvb up slodmek

1

•

tcb rbgsoes jor sunnbssju``y kmvmek up slodmek

•

tcb rbgsoes jor jgm`mek to kmvb up slodmek.

g ebgt`y irgw irgwe e ncgrt wmtc ru`bi no`ules gei rows

•

n`bgr cbgimeks wmtc uemts

•

norrbnt betrmbs, wmtc eo uemts men`uibi me tcb aoiy oj tcb ncgrt.

>

Ycb ncosbe lbtcoi oj imsp`gy scou`i ab n`bgr`y prbsbetbi gei `gab``bi, so tcgt mt ms bgsy to ueibrstgei.

9

Ycb geswbr scou`i men`uib solb oj tcb jo``owmek pomets8 •

•

•

11

Jornb me E Qmkc Qm kctt cg cgei ei @b @bjt jt cg cgei ei 1; 12 13 12 11 7= 17 7: 7= 7;

tcula ﬇rst ﬇ekbr sbnoei ﬇ekbr tcmri ﬇ekbr `mtt`b ﬇ekbr

@ood jor8 •

^o﬇g, 13 E

Bxbrnmsb ;.9A Getgkoemstmn lusn`bs me tcb `bk 7 gei >

pb`vms

jblur

ag`` gei sondbt homet

tmamg

rbjbrbenb to tcb jgnt tcgt pbop`b ﬇ei kmvmek up slodmek imj﬇nu`t abngusb emnotmeb ms giimntmvb

1  cmekb homet

rbjbrbenb to tcb pbrnbetg pbrnbetgkb kb oj pbop`b pbop`b wcosb rbgsoes jor slodmek gppbgr to ab rb`gtbi to giimntmoe (`bgrebrs scou`i rbjbr imrbnt`y to tcb igtg cbrb, jor bxglp`b, 29% oj pbop`b sgy tcby wbet agnd to slodmek abngusb tcby nou`i eot lgegkb wmtcout nmkgrbttbs)

2  Mt wm`` wm`` strgmkctbe „ tcb `owbr `bk wm`` ab pu``bi

tcb mibg tcgt b-nmkgrbttbs supp`y usbrs wmtc emnotmeb, so tcby wm`` stm`` kbt tcb iruk to wcmnc tcby grb giimntbi, aut nge krgiug``y krgiug`` y rbiunb tcb glouet oj emnotmeb me tcb b-nmkgrbttbs uetm` tcby grb –slodmek” emnotmeb-jrbb b-nmkgrbttbs.

9  Ycb `bk wm`` abei gt tcb debb. jorwgri.

:  G gei A4 N gei I

Bxbrnmsb ;.9N Ncoosmek g cypotcbsms gaout aoebs to mevbstmkgtb 7

Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge tcme aoebs. @oek aoebs arbgd lorb bgsm`y tcge scort aoebs.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

1

g

Ycbrb scou`i ab g n`bgr stgtblbet oj bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss or `bektc oj tcb strgw (ibpbeimek oe tcb ncosbe qubstmoe).

a

Ycb jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw.

n

@ood jor gt `bgst two norrbnt geswbrs. Ycby scou`i ab tcmeks tcgt t cgt wou`i gntug``y

j

gjjbnt tcb rbsu`ts mj tcby wbrb g`tbrbi, jor bxglp`b8 tcb `bektc oj tcb strgw (mj tbstmek tcb tcmndebss)4 tcb tcmndebss oj tcb strgw (mj tbstmek tcb `bektc)4 tcb posmtmoe oj tcb cood oe tcb strgw4 tcb gek`b gt wcmnc tcb jornb lbtbr ms pu``bi4 tcb lgtbrmg` jrol wcmnc tcb strgw ms lgib.

i

b

Ycb rbsu`ts ncgrt scou`i ab irgwe wmtc g ru`br gei g pbenm`. Ycb ﬇rst no`ule (or row) scou`i ab cbgibi wmtc tcb vgrmga`b tcgt wm`` ab ncgekbi (bmtcbr tcb tcmndebss or `bektc oj tcb strgw) wmtc tcb gpproprmgtb uemt. Ycb sbnoei no`ule (or row) scou`i ab cbgibi Jornb ebbibi to abei tcb strgw me ebwtoes. `bgrebrs lgy ibnmibngsb to lgdb rbpbgt^olb lbgsurblbets, me wcmnc tcby wm`` ebbi to men`uib no`ules (or rows) jor bgnc oj tcb jornb lbgsurblbets, gei geotcbr no`ule (or row) jor tcb ng`nu`gtbi lbge.

k

Ycb ibsnrmptmoe scou`i stgtb n`bgr`y wcgt tcb `bgrebr wou`i io, me g sumtga`b sbqubenb. G kooi lbgsurb oj sunnbss ms wcbtcbr solboeb b`sb nou`i jo``ow tcbsb mestruntmoes wmtcout cgvmek to gsd jor jurtcbr kumigenb. Ycms ms g `ow rmsd bxpbrmlbet. Ngrb scou`i ab tgdbe eot to pu``lbtbr, suiibe`y oe tcb jornblbtbr/ebwtoe lbtbr , wcmnc nou`i abnolb ibtgncbi jrol tcb strgw s trgw gei suiibe`y fiy upwgris.

Gnnbpt gey prbimntmoe tcgt rb`gtbs to tcb stgtbi cypotcbsms. Mt iobs eot cgvb to ab g –norrbnt” prbimntmoe. Jor bxglp`b, jor tcb ﬇rst qubstmoe, gey oj tcbsb prbimntmoes wou`i ab gpproprmgtb8 •

Ycmnd aoebs grb stroekbr tcge tcme aoebs.

•

Ycmnd aoebs grb eot stroekbr tcge tcme aoebs.

•

Ycme aoebs grb stroekbr tcge tcmnd aoebs.

•

Ycbrb ms eo imjjbrbenb me tcb strbektc oj tcmnd aoebs gei tcme aoebs.

Remt 3 Ncblmng` rbgntmoes Yopmn 3.7 Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes Bxbrnmsb 3.7G Mevbstmkgtmek ge bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoe 7

tcb `bektc oj tcb lgkebsmul rmaaoe

1

tcb ncgekb me tblpbrgturb t blpbrgturb

>

tcb typb oj gnmi usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi4 nrbimt gey otcbr sbesma`b noetro` vgrmga`bs

9

2

1>

@bektc oj rmaaoe me nl 6.2 7.6 7.2

^tgrt tblpbrgturb me ¶N 7=.6 7=.6 7=.6

Bei tblpbrgturb me ¶N >:.6 >:.6 >:.2

Ycb rbsu`ts scow tcgt ncgekmek tcb `bektc oj lgkebsmul usbi lgdbs vbry `mtt`b imjjbrbenb to tcb bei tblpbrgturb tblpbrgturb..

Yblpbrgturb ncgekb me ¶N 7;.6 7;.6 7;.2

:

Eo. Ycby cgvb cgvb oe`y usbi g vbry slg`` rgekb oj `bektcs oj lgkebsmul.

;

6.2 nl

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

3

G `grkbr metbrvg` me `bektc. Abngusb tcbe gey imjjbrbenbs me tcb tblpbrgturb rmsb wm`` ab lorb oavmous.

=

Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b eulabr jrol 2 upwgris.

76 Nrbimt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoe to rbiunb cbgt `oss to tcb rool. Mibgs sunc gs wrgppmek tcb tbst tuab me solb sort oj g hgndbt grb tcb lost `mdb`y,, aut tcbrb scou`i ab solb nollbet `mdb`y gaout stm`` abmek ga`b to rbgi tcb tcbrlolbtbr.

Bxbrnmsb 3.7N Bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes wmtc lbtg`s potgssmul + wgtbr

1

tcbrlg`, `mkct gei souei bebrky

>

[bgr sgjbty k`gssbs gei ngrry out tcb rbgntmoe abcmei g sgjbty snrbbe.

9

Lbgsurb gey menrbgsb me tcb tblpbrgturb oj tcb wgtbr. wgtbr. @bgrebrs scou`i lgdb solb nollbet gaout mt abmek imj﬇nu`t to lbgsurb tcb glouet oj `mkct gei/or souei bebrky.

2

@bgrebrs scou`i men`uib tcb jo``o jo``owmek wmek pomets8

77 Ycby nge rbpbgt tcb mevbstmkgtmoe wmtc bgnc `bektc oj lgkebsmul rmaaoe rmaaoe gt `bgst twmnb.

Bxbrnmsb 3.7A Mevbstmkgtmek bxotcbrlmn rbgntmoes abtwbbe lbtg`s gei gnmi su`jurmn   gnmi

 lgkebsmul + cyirokbe su`jgtb

7

lgkebsmul +

1

g

Ycby ebbibi to ncgekb tcb lbtg` tcby p`gnb meto tcb gnmi.

a

Ycb vgrmga`bs tcby cgvb cgvb dbpt tcb sglb grb

↑

tcb gnmi usbi,tcby tcb vo`ulb usbitypb geioj tcb lbtcoi usbi. oj gnmi

n

Ycb vgrmga`b tcby scou`i cgvb dbpt tcb sglb ms tcb lgss oj tcb lbtg` usbi (S ms ibsnrmabi gs –slg``”, aut ] ms eot).

i

]ou ngeeot jorl g rb`mga`b noen`usmoe wmtc tcbsb rbsu`ts abngusb tcby cgvb eot usbi tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`.

b

Ycby nou`i mlpro mlprovb vb tcbmr mevbstmkg mevbstmkgtmoe tmoe gei lgdb tcb rbsu`ts lorb rb`mga`b ay usmek tcb sglb lgss oj bgnc lbtg`. Qbpbgtmek Qbpbg tmek tcbmr bxpbrmlbets sbvbrg` tmlbs, so tcgt tcby g``ow jor gey brrors, wou`i g`so mlprovb tcb rb`mgam`mty rb`mgam`mty oj tcb rbsu`ts.

 potgssmul + cyirokbe cyiroxmib

7

:

↑

•

Rsb tcb sglb gnmi, usb tcb sglb vo`ulb oj gnmi.

•

Rsb tcb sglb lgss oj tcb imjjbrbet lbtg`s lbtg`s..

•

Ycb lbgsurbi vo`ulb oj gnmi scou`i ab p`gnbi me g tbst tuab, tcb tblpbrgturb tgdbe gei rbnoribi gei tcbe tcb lbtg` giibi.

•

Ycb tblpbrgturb ms tgdbe gkgme gjtbr tcb rbgntmoe cgs ﬇emscbi. (Lbetmoe nou`i ab lgib tcgt tcb rmsb me tblpbrgturb ms wcgt ms rbqumrbi, so mj tcbrb grb s`mkct`y imjjbrbet stgrtmek tblpbrgturbs, mt ms eot smkem﬇nget.)

•

^gjbty gspbnts sunc gs wbgrmek sgjbty k`gssbs.

Ycb rbsu`ts scou`i ab prbsbetbi gs g agr ncgrt, abngusb tcb tblpbrgturb rmsbs grb jor jour imjjbrbet lbtg`s (tcb typb oj lbtg` ms g imsnrbtb vgrmga`b) vgrmga `b) so mt ms abst eot to usb g `meb krgpc.

Yopmn 3.1 Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes Bxbrnmsb 3.1G Bebrky ncgekbs 7

Qbgntmoe

G A N I

19

1

beiotcbrlmn

>

bxotcbrlmn

^tgrt tblpbrgturb me ¶N 17 73 7= 73

Jmeg` tblpbrgturb me ¶N 92 11 7: 16

Bxotcbrlmn or beiotcbrlmn

bxotcbrlmn bxotcbrlmn beiotcbrlmn bxotcbrlmn

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb 3.1A Bxotcbrlmn or beiotcbrlmn? 7

g

a

>

Bxbrnmsb 3.> [cy iobs mroe rust? 7

mroe oxmib

Mt wgs sbesma`b to usb po`ystyrbeb nups rgtcbr tcge tbst tuabs or k`gss abgdbrs abngusb po`ystyrbeb ms g kooi mesu`gtor, mesu`gtor, so tcgt `bss oj tcb cbgt bebrky proiunbi me tcb rbgntmoe wgs `ost to tcb bevmroelbet. Ycbrb wou`i ab g lorb gnnurgtb tblpbrgturb rbgimek tgdbe.

1

Ycb egm` me tuab A wm`` ko rusty.

>

Ycb wgtbr cgs abbe aom`bi to rblovb gey gey imsso`vbi gmr gei tcb `gybr oj om` oe tcb top oj tcb wgtbr prbvbets gey lorb gmr jrol betbrmek.

9

g

Eo, tcms ms eot ge bxpbntbi rbsu`t.

a

Nrbimt gey usbju` proiunt, sunc gs sb`j-cbgtmek

Ycb egm` me tcb iry gmr lgy cgvb koeb rusty abngusb Xgrg cgs eot put tcb

jooi or irmed nges. Nrbimt gey sbesma`b ormkmeg` mibgs.

stoppbr meto tcbjrol tuabtcb ﬇rl`y beoukc gei solb lomsturb gmr cgs betbrbi.

Nrbimt gey mibgs, sunc gs –ncblmng` mnb-pgnds” or sb`j-noo`mek irmeds.

Bxbrnmsb 3.1N Beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoes gei pronbssbs 7

1

12

Yopmn 3.> Lbtg`s gei tcbmr rbgntmoes wmtc oxykbe

Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb so`utmoe gei lgkebsmul powibr cgs tcb `grkbst tblpbrgturb ncgekb.

n

1

Ycb rbgntmoe abtwbbe soimul cyirokbengraoeg cy irokbengraoegtb tb gei nmtrmn gnmi ms beiotcbrlmn. Ycb rbgntmoes abtwbbe soimul cyiroxmib cyiroxmib gei su`jurmn gnmi, abtwbbe cyironc`ormn cyironc`ormn gnmi gei zmen, gei abtwbbe noppbr su`jgtb gei lgkebsmul powibr grb bxotcbrlmn.

bebrky trgesjbrrbi jrol tcb surroueimeks surroueimeks,, tcby bsngpb tcb jornbs co`imek tcbl tokbtcbr me tcb `mqumi gei ncgekb meto kgs gei bvgporgtb. bvgporgtb. ^menb tcb bebrky to io tcms nolbs jrol tcb surroueimek wgtbr me tcb aow`, tcms wgtbr noo`s iowe gei dbbps tcb aott`bs oj soig noo`.

Me ge beiotcbrlmn rbgntmoe, g ncblmng` rbgntmoe tgdbs p`gnb wmtc ebw proiunts abmek jorlbi. Bebrky ms tgdbe jrol tcb bevmroelbet, so tcbrb ms g ibnrbgsb me tblpbrgturb. Ge bxglp`b ms tcb rbgntmoe oj soimul cyirokbe ngraoegtb wmtc nmtrmn gnmi to proiunb soimul nmtrgtb, wgtbr gei ngraoe imoxmib. Me ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss, bebrky ms g`so tgdbe me jrol tcb bevmroelbet, aut tcbrb grb eo ebw proiunts jorlbi. Jor bxglp`b, mnb lb`tmek tgdbs me bebrky jrol tcb bevmroelbet, so mt ms beiotcbrlmn, aut smenb eo ebw proiunts grb jorlbi (wgtbr lbrb`y ncgekbs stgtb) mt ms ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss. (Nrbimt gey otcbr sumtga`b bxglp`bs sunc gs potgssmul nc`ormib imsso`vmek me wgtbr gs ge beiotcbrlmn pronbss.) Ycb wgtbr me tcb aow` sogds meto tcb n`otc ovbr tcb soig aott`bs. Ycb `mqumi wgtbr bvgporgtbs gs mt cbgts up me tcb cot wbgtcbr. Ycb pgrtmn`bs me tcb `mqumi wgtbr lovb lovb g`` tcb tmlb gei nge s`mib pgst bgnc otcbr gs tcby oe`y cgvb wbgd jornbs co`imek tcbl me p`gnb. Ycb lorb bebrky tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb, cgvb, tcb lorb tcby nge lovb. [cbe tcb pgrtmn`bs cgvb beoukc

2

Nrbimt gey two sbesma`b mibgs, sunc gs pgmetmek, kg`vgemsmek or nogtmek wmtc gey otcbr sumtga`b lgtbrmg`, sunc gs p`gstmn or krbgsb.

:

Ycb p`ge jor tcb mevbstmkgtmoe scou`i n`bgr`y stgtb tcb vgrmga`b tcb `bgrebr wm`` ncgekb, tcb tblpbrgturb tblpbrgtu rb oj tcb egm`. Ycms nge ab ioeb me g vgrmbty oj wgys. Gs `oek gs tcb lbtcoi ms n`bgr gei wordga`b, nrbimt mt. G sukkbstmoe lgy ab to p`gnb ebw scmey egm`s oj tcb sglb scgpb, smzb gei nolposmtmoe meto tbst tuabs noetgmemek wgtbr gt imjjbrbet tblpbrgturbs. Nrbimt `bgrebrs mj tcby kmvb g sumtga`b sumtga`b rgekb oj tblpbrg tblpbrgturbs turbs.. @bgrebrs lgy ibnmib to dbbp tcb tbst tuabs me g wgtbr agtc to lgmetgme tcb imjjbrbet tblpbrgturbs. Ycbrb lust ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb vgrmga`bs vgrmga `bs to ab noetro``bi, n oetro``bi, sunc gs tcb typb gei smzb oj tcb egm`, tcb vo`ulb oj wgtbr usbi gei tcb tmlb jor tcb bxpbrmlbet. Ycbrb scou`i g`so ab g n`bgr meimngtmoe oj tcb ibpbeibet vgrmga`b (rustmek) gei cow tcby wm`` lbgsurb mt. Ycms wm`` proaga`y proaga`y ab ay byb gei g nolpgrmsoe oj tcb rust oe tcb egm`s gjtbr g kmvbe tmlb. Nrbimt scou`i ab kmvbe to g p`ge tcgt noesmibrs tcb prgntmng`mty oj tcb gpprognc.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Yopmn 3.9 Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s wmtc wgtbr

77 Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr. Ycms ms wcy mt ms usbi jor pmpbs ngrrymek wgtbr. Mroe iobs eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr bmtcbr aut mt iobs rbgnt wmtc oxykbe mj mt ms me tcb prbsbenb oj wgtbr. ^o tcb mroe me tcb pmpbs wou`i rbgnt wmtc gey imsso`vbi oxykbe me tcb wgtbr gei rust. Mroe oxmib wou`i jorl. Ycms wou`i rbsu`t me tcb wgtbr abmek

Bxbrnmsb 3.9 Qbgntmoes wmtc wgtbr gei stbgl 7

Me oribr stgrtmek wmtc tcb lost rbgntmvb8

1

potgssmul4 lgkebsmul4 zmen4 noppbr. potgssmul potgssmul + wgtbr  + cyirokbe cyiroxmib

>

soimul or `mtcmul

9

Noppbr nge ab usbi jor roojs abngusb mt iobs eot rbgnt wmtc wgtbr. wgtbr. Lgkebsmul rbgnts s`ow`y wmtc wgtbr, so wou`i eot ab usbi jor g rooj, gs mt wou`i rbgnt wcbe tcbrb ms rgme or seow.

2 :

no`ourbi rbiimsc arowe wmtc tcb mroe oxmib, oxmib, gei tcb pmpbs wou`i bvbetug``y no``gpsb.

↑

ng`nmul + wgtbr ruaabr auek

↑

Yopmn 3.2 Qbgntmoes Qbgntmo es oj lbtg`s wmtc im`utb gnmis Bxbrnmsb 3.2G Mevbstmkgtmek rbgntmvmty 7

Ycb tbst tuab wmtc lbtg` N cgs `bss gnmi tcge tcb otcbrs, so mt ms eot g jgmr tbst. G`` tcb tbst tuabs scou`i cgvb tcb sglb vo`ulb oj gnmi. Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi lust ab oeb oj tcb noetro` vgrmga`bs.

1

Ycby cgvb put oe sgjbty k`gssbs.

>

Abngusb tcb tuab wmtc lbtg` G noetgmes g imjjbrbet gnmi, emtrmn gnmi4 tcb otcbrs cg cgvb vb cyironc`ormn gnmi. Ycb typb oj gnmi lust ab oeb oj tcb noetro` vgrmga`bs. vgrmga`bs.

9

Eo, abngusb tcb pmbnb oj lbtg` A ms `grkbr tcge tcb pmbnbs oj tcb otcbr lbtg`s. Ycb smzb oj tcb pmbnbs pmbnbs oj lbtg` lust lust ab oeb oj tcb noetro` vgrmga`bs.

2

cow rbgntmvb imjjbrbet lbtg`s grb wmtc im`utb gnmis

ng`nmul  + cyirokbe cyiroxmib

aom`mek tuab

stbgl nbrglmn woo`

pmbnb oj lbtg`

;

cyirokbe

:

tcb typb oj lbtg` usbi

3

Ycb tbst jor cyirokbe cyirokbe kgs ms to p`gnb g `mkctbi sp`met me tcb kgs to sbb wcbtcbr mt lgdbs g squbgdy pop souei wcbe mt aures.

;

tcb glouet oj auaa`mek/eulabr oj auaa`bs tcbrb grb wcbe tcb lbtg` rbgnts wmtc tcb gnmi

3

Ycb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi, tcb typb oj gnmi usbi, tcb lgss oj lbtg` usbi. Nrbimt g`so –tcb sglb tblpbrgturb”, gei gey lbetmoe oj tcb jorl tcb lbtg` ms me, m.b. powibr powibr,, `ulp or rmaaoe, wcmnc wou`i scow g cmkc ibkrbb oj ueibrstgeimek.

lgkebsmul + stbgl

= 76

↑

lgkebsmul

 + cyirokbe

oxmib tbst tuab auaa`bs oj kgs

Bxbrnmsb 3.2A Qbgntmoes oj lbtg`s wmtc im`utb gnmis 7

Ycby nge tb`` tcgt g rbgntmoe cgs tgdbe p`gnb mj tcbrb ms g no`our ncgekb, auaa`bs oj kgs grb kmvbe ojj or mj tcbrb ms g ncgekb me tblpbrgturb.

1

Ycby nge tb`` wcmnc lbtg` ms lorb rbgntmvb ay nolpgrmek tcb eulabr oj auaa`bs kmvbe ojj me g kmvbe tmlb or nolpgrmek tcb tblpbrgturb ncgekbs. No`our ncgekb ms eot g rb`mga`b or prgntmng` wgy to nolpgrb rbgntmoes.

abgdbr wgtbr jueeb` lbtg`

1:

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

>

9

Ycby ngeeot usb tcbmr oasbrvgtmoes to nolpgrb noppbr, g`ulmemul, g`ulmemul, zmen gei `bgi abngusb tcb two aoys cgvb cgvb usbi imjjbrbet gnmis. Ycb gnmis grb g`so oj imjjbrbet noenbetrgtmoes gei imjjbrbet vo`ulbs. Ycb p`ge scou`i usb tcb noenbpt tcgt tcb oe`y vgrmga`b vgrmg a`b to ab ncgekbi ms tcb typb oj lbtg`. Ycb typb, vo`ulb gei noenbetrgtmoe oj tcb gnmi usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb me bgnc tbst. Ycb lgss oj lbtg` usbi scou`i ab tcb sglb. Ycbrb scou`i ab ge meimngtmoe oj cow tcbsb vgrmga`bs wm`` ab lbgsurbi to besurb tcby grb tcb sglb me bgnc ngsb. Jor bxglp`b, tcb usb oj g lbgsurmek ny`meibr to lbgsurb tcb vo`ulb vo`ulb oj tcb gnmi. Ycbrb scou`i ab solb meimngtmoe oj cow tcb eulabr or vo`ulb oj auaa`bs oj cyirokbe kmvbe ojj wm`` ab nolpgrbi. Ycms nou`i ab ay iomek tcb tbsts gt tcb sglb tmlb gei nolpgrmek ay byb. Ycbrb scou`i ab ge bqumplbet `mst or meimngtmoe oj wcgt bqumplbet wm`` ab rbqumrbi. ^gjbty mejorlgtmoe, sunc gs wbgrmek sgjbty k`gssbs gei cow to usb rbgkbet aott`bs, rbp`gnmek stoppbrs

1

Noppbr iobs eot rbgnt me im`utb gnmi.

>

@bgrebrs scou`i irgw g agr ncgrt, wmtc tcb agrs me oribr oj cbmkct, tcb tg``bst agr jurtcbst `bjt.

9

Gnnbpt gey sbesma`b sukkbstmoes, jor bxglp`b8 scb lmkct cgvb lmsrbgi tcb tmlbr, or eot stoppbi mt gt bxgnt`y tcb rmkct tmlb4 scb lmkct cgvb kot tcb lgss oj lbtg` wroek, or lmxbi up wcmnc lbtg` scb wgs usmek.

2

@bgrebrs nou`i lbetmoe tcb imj﬇nu`tmbs oj dbbpmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab me p`gnb so tcgt eo cyirokbe ms `ost4 kbttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab agnd me p`gnb me tcb noemng` figsd gjtbr giimek tcb lbtg`4 abmek bxgnt`y surb wcbe tcb tuab ms nolp`btb`y ju`` oj kgs.

:

Gnnbpt sbesma`b sukkbstmoes to mlprovb gnnurgny4 io eot gnnbpt rbpbgtmek tcb bxpbrmlbets wmtc bgnc lbtg`, gs tcms mlprovbs mlprovbs tcb rb`mgam`mty, eot tcb gnnurgny. ^ukkbstmoes tcgt lmkct ab bxpbntbi gei wcmnc wou`i provmib provm ib bvmibenb tcgt `bgrebrs cg cgvb vb tcoukct

gei so oe, scou`i ab men`uibi. Ycb p`ge scou`i ab prbsbetbi me g `okmng` sbqubenb gei lgeebr.

ngrbju``y gaout tcb prgntmng` mevbstmkgtmoe mevbstmkg tmoe grb8 oeb pbrsoe gspbnts giimek oj tcbtcb lbtg` gei geotcbr pbrsoe puttmek tcb ib`mvbry tuab agnd4 usmek g krgiugtbi tuab or lbgsurmek ny`meibr or lgrdmek tcb tbst tuab so tcgt mt ms bgsmbr to sbb wcbe tcb kgs rbgncbs g pgrtmnu`gr `bvb`.

Bxbrnmsb 3.2N Cow rbgntmvb grb tcbsb lbtg`s? 7

Ycb lgss oj lbtg` usbi4 tcb vo`ulb oj gnmi usbi4 tcb typb oj gnmi gei mts noenbetrgtmoe. G`so, tcb mevbrtbi tbst tuab lust g`wgys g`wgys ab nolp`btb`y ju`` oj wgtbr gt tcb stgrt oj tcb mevbstmkgtmoe4 mevbstmkg tmoe4 tcb tmlbr lust ab stgrtbi gt tcb sglb pomet me tcb mevbstmkgtmoe8 wcbe wcbe tcb ib`mvbry tuab ms agnd me p`gnb, jor jor bxglp`b4 tcb tbst tuab oj kgs lust ab nolp`btb`y ju`` wcbe tmlmek ms stoppbi.

 

Remt = Lgkebtmsl Yopmn =.7 Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is Bxbrnmsb =.7G Lgkebtmn ﬇b`i pgttbres 7

a

g

^

S me bmtcbr oj tcb posmtmoes scowe.

E S

1;

S

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc © Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

n

[ me gey oj tcb posmtmoes scowe. [

Bxbrnmsb =.7N Metbrgntmoe oj lgkebtmn ﬇b`is 7

[

Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs grb me opposmtb imrbntmoes4 rbpb`. Ycb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs abtwbbe tcb two po`bs grb me tcb sglb imrbntmoes4 gttrgnt.

[

1

[

1

V`gnb two lgkebts oe g surjgnb wmtc tcb two soutc po`bs jgnmek4 p`gnb g pmbnb oj pgpbr ovbr aotc lgkebts4 sprmed`b mroe ﬇`meks oe tcb pgpbr.

Yopmn =.1 Ycb Bgrtc gs g kmget lgkebt

g

Bxbrnmsb =.1G Ycb Bgrtc” Bgrtc”ss lgkebtmn ﬇b`i E

^

a

E

E

Bxbrnmsb =.7A Lgkebtmn ﬇b`is 7

1

g

Ycb grbg grouei g lgkebt wcbrb tcb bjjbnt oj tcb lgkebt nge ab ibtbntbi.

a

G lgkebtmn nolpgss wm`` ture gnnorimek to tcb posmtmoe oj g lgkebtmn oahbnt4 tcb ebbi`b wm`` pomet me tcb imrbntmoe oj lgkebtmn ﬇b`i `mebs.

7

Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn po`bs cgvb eot g`wgys abbe me tcb sglb posmtmoes. Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn lgkebtmn po`bs grb smlm`gr to tcb po`bs oj g agr lgkebt.

1

Ycb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i onnurs g`` grouei tcb Bgrtc.

>

g

norb

a

mroe gei emndb`

Bxbrnmsb =.1A Imrbntmoe oj tcb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7

towgri kbokrgpcmn eortc

1

soutc

>

g

^trodb tcb ebbi`b wmtc tcb lgkebt4 usb ^trodb tcb sglb po`b oj tcb lgkebt4 strodb sbvbrg` tmlbs4 strodb me tcb sglb imrbntmoe bgnc tmlb.

a

Gey lbtcoi tcgt wm`` g``ow tcb ebbi`b to rotgtb jrbb`y, sunc gs fiogt oe g nord me wgtbr or suspbei cormzoetg``y usmek g tcrbgi.

9

g

kbts wbgdbr

a

kbts wbgdbr (to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt) tcbe kbts stroekbr gkgme

Gttgnc tcb strmek to tcb lmii`b oj tcb lgkebt usmek tcb gicbsmvb tgpb4 cgek tcb agr lgkebt so mt ms cormzoetg` gei supportbi jrol tcb wooibe n`glp stgei4 g``ow tcb lgkebt to ture. Ycb lgkebt wm`` g`mke n`osb to tcb kbokrgpcmn eortc-soutc imrbntmoe4 tcb eortc po`b oj tcb lgkebt wm`` pomet n`osb`y to kbokrgpcmn eortc.

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc

13

© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

     

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb =.1N ^trbektc oj tcb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7

1

Ycb strbektc oj tcb lgkebtmn ﬇b`i 7 nl jrol tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt. Qbgsoe8 tcb Bgrtc”s lgkebtmn ﬇b`i wm`` eot lgdb g pgpbrn`mp lovb, aut wcbe 7 nl jrol tcb bei oj g agr lgkebt,

Bxbrnmsb =.>A B`bntrolgkebts 1 7

Gey two jrol8 `mjtmek/sortmek snrgp lbtg`4 togstbr4 b`bntrmn ab``4 b`bntrmn lotor4 co`imek ioors opbe.

1

g

g pgpbrn`mp wm`` lovb. g 9

a

a

1266

n

n

26 666

:2 666

S

>6 666

7

Bmtcbr8 armek g lgkebtmn nolpgss n`osb to tcb bei4 mj tcb nolpgss pomets towgris tcb bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms soutc4 soutc4 mj tcb nolpgss pomets gwgy jrol tcb bei oj tcb egm`, mt ms eortc4 OQ armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr lgkebt to tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj mt gttrgnts mt ms soutc4 mj mt rbpb`s, mt ms eortc.

g

Mt nou`i ab g soutc po`b.

a

Armek tcb eortc po`b oj g agr lgkebt towgri tcb bei oj tcb egm`4 mj tcby rbpb`, tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g eortc4 mj tcby gttrgnt, tcbe tcb bei oj tcb egm` ms g soutc (gnnbpt bxp`gegtmoe usmek soutc po`b wmtc opposmtb bjjbnts).

n

Qbvbrsb tcb nurrbet me tcb nom`/rbvbrsb tcb Qbvbrsb nb`` me tcb nmrnumt4 rblovb tcb egm` jrol tcb nom` gei mesbrt tcb otcbr wgy rouei / wmei tcb nom` me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe.

[

>6 666

Ycb `bgrebr”s posmtmoe scou`i ab norrbnt`y mibetm﬇bi4 mj tcb `bgrebr”s `ongtmoe ms abtwbbe two `mebs tcbe gey vg`ub abtwbbe tcb vg`ubs oj tcosb `mebs nge ab kmvbe.

Yopmn =.> B`bntrolgkebts Bxbrnmsb =.>G B`bntrolgkebts 7 7

to tcb egm`. [cbe nurrbet stops fiowmek, tcb egm` ms eo `oekbr lgkebtmsbi4 tcb pmes wm`` eo `oekbr ab gttrgntbi to tcb egm`.

Bxbrnmsb =.>N B`bntrolgkebts >

i

b

[cbe nurrbet fiows, tcb egm` ms lgkebtmsbi4 tcb pmes grb lgkebtmn gei wm`` ab gttrgntbi

Yopmn =.9 Mevbstmkgtmek b`bntrolgkebts

g

wmrb to lgdb tcb nom`4 mroe or stbb` roi/egm` jor tcb norb

Bxbrnmsb =.9G ^trbektc oj b`bntrolgkebts 7

a

stbb` pgpbrn`mps

7

1

stbb` gei mroe

>

Ycb b`bntrolgkebt usbs b`bntrmnmty/nurrbet to word4 tcb b`bntrolgkebt nge ab swmtncbi oe gei ojj.

g

Gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe tcb nom` menrbgsbs, tcb eulabr oj pgpbrn`mps `mjtbi menrbgsbs. Ycms lbges tcb b`bntrolgkebt kbts stroekbr gs tcb eulabr oj tures oe tcb nom` menrbgsbs.

a

16 tures/2 pgpbrn`mps

n

rbpbgt mt/io mt gkgme (eot ncbnd mt)

i

smzb oj tcb pgpbrn`mps4 nurrbet me tcb nom`4 lgtbrmg` me tcb norb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc

1=

© Nglarmikb Remvbrsmty Vrbss 1617

 

NGLAQMIKB @O[BQ ^BNOEIGQ] ^NMBENB 38 YBGNCBQ”^ QB^ORQNB

Bxbrnmsb =.9A ^trbektc oj b`bntrolgkebts 1 7

g

lgtbrmg` me tcb norb4 eulabr oj tures me tcb nom`4 sglb smzb pgpbr n`mps

a

m

Nb``s nge rue out/rue `ow, `ow, wcbrbgs tcb powbr supp`y wm`` eot/powbr supp`y

1

a

slg`` pgpbrn`mps4 g abttbr rgekb oj vg`ubs nge ab lbgsurbi/lbgsurblbet ms me slg``br metbrvg`s/nge ibtbnt slg``br ncgekbs me b`bntrolgkebtmn strbektc

g

Ycb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm`` ibnrbgsb4 tcb mroe a`ond wm`` ab gttrgntbi up to tcb b`bntrolgkebt4 tcb jornb oj gttrgntmoe oe tcb a`ond ms me tcb opposmtb imrbntmoe to tcb wbmkct oj tcb a`ond4 tcb jornb iowe oe tcb ag`genb ms `bss.

a

Gs tcb nurrbet me tcb b`bntrolgkebt menrbgsbs, tcb rbgimek oe tcb ag`genb wm`` kbt slg``br/ibnrbgsb slg``br/ibnrbgsb..

n

Eo, tcms ms eot norrbnt4 mj tcb noeebntmoe ms rbvbrsbi, tcbe tcb nurrbet wm`` ab rbvbrsbi4 tcb po`bs oe tcb b`bntrolgkebt wm`` ab rbvbrsbi4 wcmncbvbr po`b ms n`osb to tcb mroe a`ond wm`` stm`` gttrgnt tcb a`ond bqug``y. bqug``y.

ms lorb rb`mga`b4 bgsmbr to ncgekb tcb nurrbet wmtc tcb powbr supp`y tcge noeebntmek/imsnoeebntmek nb``s nb``s..

n

mm

Ycb wmrb me tcb nom` kbts too cot.

m mm

26 pmes 71 or 7> pmes (eot 71.2)

Bxbrnmsb =.9N ^trbektc oj b`bntrolgkebts > 7

g

nurrbet me tcb nom` gei lgtbrmg` me tcb norb

Nglarmikb @owbr ^bnoeigry ^nmbenb 3 „ Lgry Hoebs, Imgeb Jb``owbs-Jrbblge & Lmncgb` ^lytc