Word Formation

WORD FORMATION İsimden sıfat yapan ekler

-less (-sız, -siz) home → homeless sleepless wireless useless harmless aimless careless soilless agriculture restless endless fearless flawless priceless worthless helpless thankless hopeless jobless stateless person lifeless planets merciless ruthless assassin genderless tireless fruitless painless lawless reckless

ful (-lı, -li) care → careful harmful joyful beauty → beautiful blissful stressful fearful faithful powerful fruitful gainful handful helpful hopeful painful pity → pitiful mercy → merciful skillful successful thankful lawful wishful youthful wonderful

-al / -ical (ilgili)

-ary (ilgili)

-some (sebep olan)

accident → accidental region → regional nature → natural brute → brutal person → personal universe → universal globe → global family → familial marriage → marital norm → normal logic → logical origin → original function → functional

example → exemplary custom → customary moment → momentary honor → honorary money → monetary diet → dietary caution → cautionary mort → mortuary order → ordinary anniversary comment → commentary contemporary heredity → hereditary library [Lt. libri = book] sum → summary voluntary [Lt. velle = wish]

fear → fearsome awe → awesome tire → tiresome lone → lonesome

-ish (kökenli, ait, gibi) fool → foolish childish Turkish Ireland → Irish selfish stylish yellowish* [sıfattan sıfat] reddish* brownish

-ic (kökenli, ait, gibi) economy → economic poet → poetic metal → metallic Turk → Turkic German → Germanic period → periodic allergy → allergic academy → academic acid → acidic acrobat → acrobatic angel → angelic cosmos → cosmic diabetes → diabetic history → historic archaic [Gr. arkhaios = ancient] chronic [Gr. khronos = time] lingua → linguistic metre → metric dogma → dogmatic aqua → aquatic nomad → nomadic

-ical (kökenli, ait, gibi) alphabet → alphabetical biology → biological history → historical geology → geological physics → physical psyche → psychological type → typical policy → political symmetry → symmetrical myth → mythical chronological magical tropical

-y (-lı, li) cloud → cloudy snow → snowy rain → rainy wind → windy sun → sunny star → starry ice → icy oil → oily taste → tasty dirt → dirty worth → worthy

-ly (ilgili) day → daily friend → friendly month → monthly cost → costly dead → deadly night → nightly west → westerly life → lively body → bodily hour → hourly

-ous / ious (-lı, -li) danger → dangerous glory → glorious nerve → nervous wonder → wondrous care [cura] → curious fury → furious space → spacious luxury → luxurious poison → poisonous right → righteous court → courteous nutrient → nutritious disaster → disastrous fable → fabulous adventure → adventurous anonym → anonymous fame → famous miracle → miraculous mountain → mountainous number → numerous prosperity → prosperous tremendous [tremble] generous [Lt. genus = race]

-like (benzeri) life → lifelike child → childlike war → warlike ape → apelike cave → cavelike earth → earthlike god → godlike hair → hairlike human → humanlike sun → sunlike tumor → tumorlike weed → weedlike sword → swordlike

Fiilden sıfat yapan ekler

-able / -ible (-ebilir) accept → acceptable agree→ agreeable comfort → comfortable adore → adorable renew → renewable incredible enjoy → enjoyable arable [Lt. arare = plow] edible [Lt. edere = eat] drink→ drinkable wearable technology afford→ affordable do→ doable viable [Lt. vie, vita = live] feasible [possible] reasonable / sensible forget → forgettable understandable available audible [Lt. audire = hear] durable [Lt. durare = last] visible [Lt. videre = see] read → readable regret → regrettable notice → noticeable permit → permissible desire → desirable tolerate → tolerable terror → terrible break→ breakable consider → considerable foresee → foreseeable advise → advisable punish → punishable expend → expendable

WORD FORMATION -ant / -ent (yapan) please → pleasant resist → resistant consult → consultant serve → servant descend → descendant ascend → ascendant apply → applicant defend → defendant contest → contestant protest → protestant inhabit → inhabitant occupy → occupant rely → reliant reside → resident urge → urgent excel → excellent depend → dependent urge → urgent arrogant [Lt. arrogare] tenant [Lt. tenere] [kiracı] dormant [Lt. dormire= sleep]

-ing (yapan/ -cı, ci) relax → relaxing bore → boring tire → tiring surprise → surprising amuse → amusing confuse → confusing excite → exciting satisfy → satisfying shock → shocking terrify → terrifying exhaust → exhausting annoy → annoying convince → convincing entertain → entertaining charm → charming interest → interesting tempt → tempting encourage → encouraging disappoint → disappointing fascinate → fascinating challenge → challenging overwhelm→overwhelming

İsimden/sıfattan fiil yapan ekler

-ty (durum, hal)

-en (hale getirmek)

cruel → cruelty safe → safety certain → certainty loyal → loyalty subtle → subtlety novel → novelty

short → shorten large → enlarge courage → encourage heart → hearten light → lighten tight → tighten deep → deepen hard → harden strength → strengthen wide → widen broad → broaden bright → brighten awake → awaken loose → loosen sharp → sharpen soft → soften height → heighten sweet → sweeten Sıfattan isim yapan ekler

-ive (sebep olan, yapan) act → active attract → attractive create → creative prevent → preventive conserve → conservative preserve → preservative select → selective elect → elective destroy → destructive construct → constructive distinct → distinctive adapt → adaptive invade → invasive possess → possessive sense → sensitive collect → collective defend → defensive offend → offensive decide → decisive lucrative [Lt. lucrum = gain] include → inclusive exclude → exclusive compete → competitive extend → extensive exceed → excessive progress → progressive deceive → deceptive compare → comparative explode → explosive evade → evasive expend → expensive adhere → adhesive conclude → conclusive exhaust → exhaustive affirm → affirmative

-ed (-mış halde) relax → relaxed bore → bored tire → tired surprise → surprised amuse → amused confuse → confused excite → excited satisfy → satisfied shock → shocked terrify → terrified exhaust → exhausted annoy → annoyed convince → convinced entertain → entertained charm → charmed interest → interested tempt → tempted encourage → encouraged disappoint → disappointed fascinate → fascinated challenge → challenged overwhelm →overwhelmed

-ness (-lık, -lik)

V3 (-mış halde) forbid → forbidden break → broken freeze → frozen eat → eaten [half-eaten] grow → grown [homegrown] fall → fallen fry → fried love → loved cut → cut [cut flower] brew → brewed [coffee] rot → rotten [tomatoes]

active → activity stupid → stupidity curious → curiosity real → reality mobile → mobility

happiness madness loneliness awareness blindness craziness darkness fitness wellness illness joblessness shortness weakness sickness freshness homelessness sadness

-ity (durum)

-ism (uygulama/akım) real → realism human → humanism conservatism imperial → imperialism