Wood Joints - الوصلات الخشبية

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ΕϼλϮϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯΍ΰΟ΃ϭ ϊτϘΑ ϭ΃ ˬ (ήϴϣΎδϤϟ΍ ϭ΃ ϲϏ΍ήΒϟ΍ ) ΔϴϜϴϧΎϜϴϤϟ΍ ΕΎΘΒΜϤϟ΍ ϭ΃ ˬ ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ϞϴλϮΘϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϢΘϳϭ ˬ ΎϬπόΑ ϊϣ αΎϤΗ ϰϠϋ ΔϋϮοϮϣ ΔϴΒθΧ ϊτϗ ϦϴΑ ϞϴλϮΗ ϱ΃ ϲϫ . ϕήτϟ΍ ϩάϫ Ϧϣ ήΜϛ΃ ϭ΃ ϦϴϨΛ΍ ϱ΃ ϦϴΑ ΞϣΪϟΎΑ ϭ΃ ˬ ϲΗ΍Ϋ Ϟϔϗ Ε΍Ϋ

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  ΕΎΘΒΜϤϟ΍ ϥϷ) . ϯϮϗ΃ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ˬ κϗ ΓϮϗ ΢ΒμΗ ϥ΃ Ϧϣ ΕΎΘΒΜϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϰϠϋ ΔϘΒτϤϟ΍ ΓϮϘϟ΍ ΖΑήΘϗ΍ ΎϤϠϛ ϪϧΈϓ ˬ ΔϴϜϴϧΎϜϴϣ ΕΎΘΒΜϣ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΔΘΒΜϣ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ ϝΎΣ ϲϓ ‘ .1 . (˯ΎϨΤϧϼϟ ΎϬΘϣϭΎϘϣ Ϧϣ ήϴ ΜϜΑ ήΒϛ΃ κϘϠϟ ΔϣϭΎϘϣ ήϬψ˵Η ΔϴϜϴϧΎϜϴϤϟ΍ ΢τγ ϲϓ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϥ΃ ΎϤϟΎσ ) . ϯϮϗ΃ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ (ϦϴΘϴΒθΨϟ΍ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ αΎϤΘϟ΍ ΢τγ Ϯϫϭ ) ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ ΢τγ Ω΍ί ΎϤϠϛ ϪϧΈϓ ˬ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ΖϴΒΜΘϟ ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍ ϢΗ ϝΎΣ ϲϓ ‘ .2 . (ΎϬϠϜη ϰϠϋϭ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϑΪϬϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ήΛΆΗ ϻ αΎϤΘϟ΍ ΪΣ΃ ήδϛ Ϧϣ ΪΑϻϭ ˬ ϞϔϘϟ΍ έϮΤϣ ϖϓϭ ΎϬϜϓ ϦϜϤϤϟ΍ ήϴϏ Ϧϣ ΢Βμϳ ˬ ΎϬΘϴΒΜΗ ΪόΑ Ϫϧ΃ ϱ΃ ˬ ϞϗϷ΍ ϰϠϋ ΪΣ΍ϭ έϮΤϣ ϖϓϭ Ύ˱ϜϴϧΎϜϴϣ ϞϔϘΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϲϫ ϲΗ΍άϟ ΍ ϞϔϘϟ΍ Ε΍Ϋ ΔϠλϮϟ΍‘ .3 . ήΜϛ΃ ΔϗΩ ΝΎΘΤϳϭ ΐόλ΃ ϥϮϜϳ ΎϬϠϴϜθΗ ϦϜϟϭ ΔϳΩΎόϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ Ϧϣ Γ˱ ΩΎϋ ϯϮϗ΃ ϥϮϜΗ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ϩάϫ . ΎϬϜ˷ ϔϟ ΎϬ΋΍ΰΟ΃

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 Lap Joints Butt Joints Dado Joints Dovetail Joints Edge Joints Miter Joints Mortise & Tenon Rabbet Joints Splice Joints

ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΘϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ΔϴΒϛΎϨΘϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ϲοήόϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ Εϼλϭ /ΔϳέΎϔϨϐϟ΍/ ΔϴΒϴόϜΘϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ /ΔϓΎΤϟ΍ Εϼλϭ/ ΔοήόΘδϤϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ΐϴτθΘϟ΍ Εϼλϭ / Δ˷ϳϭ΍ΰϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ϥΎδϠϟ΍ϭ ήϘϨϟ΍ Εϼλϭ ΰϳήϔΘϟ΍ Εϼλϭ ΔϟΎτΘγϻ΍ Εϼλϭ

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A lap joint is one in which one member laps over the other. In the simplest form of lap joint, one piece is simply laid on top of the other and secured with glue, mechanical fasteners or both.

ΪΣ΃ ΎϬϴϓ ΐϛ΍ήΘϳ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϲϫ ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΘϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ . ήΧϵ΍ ήμϨόϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ήλΎϨϋ ϭ΃ ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΎϬπόΑ ϊϣ ήλΎϨόϟ΍ ΖϴΒΜΗ ϢΘϳ /ήϴϣΎδϤϟ΍ϭ ϲϏ΍ήΒϟ΍ / ΔϴϜϴϧΎϜϴϤϟ΍ ΕΎΘΒΜϤϟ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ . Ύ˱όϣ ΎϤϬϠϴϜΑ ϭ΃

Normally the thickness of each piece is reduced, usually by one-half. When this is done with a rabbet at the end of each piece the result is the i

 joint. If the rabbet on one piece is replaced with a dado, the result is the  joint, sometimes called a , or  Dadoes on both pieces produce the i


  joint. The pieces don't have to be at a right angle. As we can see in picnic table legs. If the dadoes are cut on the edges of the pieces rather than on the face, you have the  joint.

ΔϟϮλϮϤϟ΍ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ϊτϘϟ΍ ΔϛΎϤγ ιΎϘϧ· ϢΘϳ Ύϣ Γ˱ ΩΎϋ . ΎϬπόΑ ϰϠϋ ΎϬΒϴϛήΗ ϞΒϗ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϲϓήσ ϰϠϋ ϞϴλϮΘϟ΍ϭ ΔϛΎϤδϟ΍ ιΎϘϧ· ϢΘϳ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϳ ϦϴΒϣ Ϯϫ ΎϤϛ ˬ ΎϤϫϼϛ ϭ΃ ΎϤϫ΍ΪΣ· ςγϭ ϭ΃ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ . ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϢΘϳ ϰΘΣ ΓΪϣΎόΘϣ ϊτϘϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ϥ΃ ΓέϭήπϟΎΑ βϴϟ . ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΗ ΔϠλϮΑ ΎϬϠϴλϮΗ ϊτϘϟ΍ ϪΟϭ ϰϠϋ ΐϛ΍ήΘϟ΍ ϢΘϳ ϥ΃ ΓέϭήπϟΎΑ βϴϟ . ΎϬΒϧ΍ϮΟ ϰϠϋ ϥϮϜϳ Ϊϗ ΎϤϧ·ϭ

If the sides of the dado are angled along the face of the pieces, you have the    , a lock joint.

ϲϫϭ ˬ ΔϳέΎϔϨϏ ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΗ ΔϠλϭ ήϴΧϷ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϦϴΒϳ . ϲΗ΍Ϋ Ϟϔϗ Ε΍Ϋϭ Γ˯ΎδΟ ήΜϛ΃

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Butt joints are those where one piece is simply butted up against another.

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ΐϛΎϨΘΗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ϲϫ ΔϴΒϛΎϨΘϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ . ΎϬπόΑ ΐϧΎΟ ϰϟ· ϯΫΎΤΘΗ ϭ΃ ϰϠϋ ϰϟϭϷ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϑήσ ΐϛΎϨΘϳ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϳ ϭ΃ ϲΒϧΎΠϟ΍ ΎϬΤτγ ϰϠϋ ϭ΃ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϑήσ . ΎϬϬΟϭ ϰϠϋ

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The end of one piece may butt against the face of the other, or against the edge . The joint may be used at the ends of both pieces, as shown, or at other points.

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ˬ ϲΗ΍Ϋ Ϟϔϗ ΔϴϠϤϋ ϱ΃ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϢπΗ ϻ ϭ΃ ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϦϴΘϤΗ ϢΘϳ ϲϟΎΘϟΎΑϭ ΔϠϴγϭ ϱ΄Α ϭ΃ ΔϴδϘΘϟ΍ ι΍ήϗ΄Α ϭ΃ ήϴΑ΍ϮΨϟΎΑ . ΔϴϜϴϧΎϜϴϤϟ΍ ΕΎΘΒΜϤϟΎϛ ˬ ϯήΧ΃

This joint could be reinforced by glue, by dowels, by biscuits, or by other means. The flat butt joint occurs in cabinet face frames, where it is often reinforced by pocket screws.

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ΐΒδΑ Δϔϴόο ΔϠλϭ ΔϴΒϛΎϨΘϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ ˬ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϦϴΑ αΎϤΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΔΣΎδϣ ήϐλ Εϼλϭ ϦϴΑϭ ΎϬϨϴΑ ΞϣΪϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΎϬϤϴϋΪΗ ΐΠϳϭ . ϯήΧ΃

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A groove is cut along the length of the grain. A dado is cut across the grain.

‘ *+ ‘' ()‘& ϦϴΑϭ ˬ (groove ) ΩϭΪΧϷ΍ ϦϴΑ ΰϴϴϤΘϟ΍ ΐΠϳ . (dado) ϲοήόϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϝϮσ ϰϠϋ /ΩϭΪΧϷ΍/ ϝϭϷ΍ ΪΘϤϳ ΚϴΣ /ϲοήόϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍/ ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ϊτϘϳ ΎϤϨϴΑ ˬ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ϕϭήόϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϱΩϮϤϋ ϞϜθΑ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ . (ΎϬϴϓ ήΒϛϷ΍ ΪόΒϟ΍ ϩΎΠΗΎΑ ϥϮϜΗ ΎϣΪϨϋ) ΔότϘϟ΍ ϲϓ

In the  joint, the dado is cut in one piece and the end of the second piece is set into it. The dado is the same width as the thickness of the second piece. It is a common joint in such things as bookcases or cabinets. It's major disadvantage is its appearance. In trying to avoid that, the dado is stopped short of the edge of the first piece and a corresponding notch is cut in the end of the second piece. Cutting a rabbet on the piece that fits into the dado, and decreasing the width of the dado by a corresponding amount gives the
  joint. This joint is more rigid than the dado joint. Cutting one edge of the dado at an angle, with a matching cut on the mating pi ece produces the    joint. It also adds rigidity, plus it is a locking joint. If both edges of the dado are angled, you get the    , or      joint.

ϊτϗ ϢΘϳ ˬ ΔτϴδΒϟ΍ ϲοήόϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ΔϠλϭ ϲϓ Ϫοήϋ ϥϮϜϳ ΚϴΤΑ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϯΪΣ· ϲϓ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ΰϴϛήΗ ϢΘϳϭ ˬ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ΔϛΎϤγ ϱϭΎδϳ . ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ϦϤο ΓήϴΧϷ΍ ϱΩΎϔΘϟϭ . ΎϬ΋ϭΎδϣ Ϣϫ΃ ΪΣ΃ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϩάϫ ήϬψϣ ήΒΘόϳ ήϴϏ ϰϟϭϷ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲοήόϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ϞόΠϧ ϚϟΫ ϝϮσ έ΍ΪϘϤΑ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΰΟ ϢϠΜ˵ϳϭ ϞϣΎϛ . ϞϣΎϛ ήϴϐϟ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲϘΒΘϤϟ΍ ˯ΰΠϟ΍ (rabbet ) ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϑήσ ΰϳήϔΗ ϢΘϳ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϳ . ΔϠλϮϠϟ ήΒϛ΃ Γ˯ΎδΟ ˯ΎτϋϹ ΔότϘϠϟ ΰϳήϔΘϟ΍ ϲΤτγ ϼϛ ϭ΃ ΪΣ΃ Δϟ Ύϣ· ϦϜϤϳ ΎϤϛ ΔότϘϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϯήΠϤϠϟ ϱί΍Ϯϣ ϥϼϴϣ ϊϣ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ Ϟϔϗ Ε΍Ϋ ΎϬϠόΟϭ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ Γ˯ΎδΟ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ ϚϟΫϭ ϰϟϭϷ΍ ϯήΠϤϟ΍ ΔϠλϭ ϭ΃ ΔϘϟΰϨϤϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϰϤδΗϭ ˬ ϲΗ΍Ϋ . ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϤϛ ˬϱέΎϔϨϐϟ΍ ϲοήόϟ΍

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>,-.‘ ‘ The dovetail joint is an advanced joint used most often to join two pieces at a right angle. Each piece has a combination of recesses and projections. On one piece the projections are called pins, on the other tails.

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Pins

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Tails

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  joint, both the pins and tails extend entirely through the mating piece. End grain is visible on both pieces. The    joint hides the end grain on the tails, leaving end grain visible on only one surface of the joint. This joint is also called a     . If neither the pins nor the tails extend all the way through, you get the     joint. When assembled, this joint appears to be a rabbet joint.

ΔϠλϭ ϲϫ (dovetail ) ΔϳέΎϔϨϐϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΔϴΒϴόϜΘϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ΔϧΎΘϤϟ΍ϭ ίΎΠϧϹ΍ ϲϓ ΔϗΪϟ΍ ΚϴΣ Ϧϣ ϡΪϘΘϣ ϯϮΘδϣ ϰϠϋ . ςϘϓ ϦϴΗΪϣΎόΘϣ ϦϴΘότϗ ϦϴΑ ϞμΗ ϲϫϭ ˬ ϡϼΛ΃ ϰϠϋϭ) Ε΍ίϭήΑ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ϰϠϋ Δότϗ Ϟϛ ϱϮΘΤΗ ϥ· (Pins) ϊΑΎλ΃ Ε΍ίϭήΒϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϰϤδΗ ˬ (ΎϬϨϋ ΔΠΗΎϧ ϱΩϮϤϋ ϞϜθΑ ΎϬϴϟ· ήψϨϟ΍ ΪϨϋ Δϳί΍ϮΘϣ ΎϬϓϭήΣ ΖϧΎϛ ΎϬϓϭήΣ ΖϧΎϛ ϥ· (Tails) ΔϳέΎϔϨϏ Ε΍ίϭήΑ ϰϤδΗϭ ΎϬϴϟ· ήψϨϟ΍ ΪϨϋ (ή΋Ύτϟ΍ ϞϳΫ ϪΒθϳ ϞϜη Ε΍Ϋ) ΔϠ΋Ύϣ . ϞϜθϟ΍ ϦϴΒϳ ΎϤϛ ˬ Ύ˱ϳΩϮϤϋ ςδΑϷ΍ ϲϫϭ ˬ ΓάϓΎϧ ΔϳέΎϔϨϏ ΔϠλϭ ϦϴΒϳ ϝϭϷ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍ ΔϳέΎϔϨϏ ΔϠλϭ ϦϴΒϳ ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϭ . Ύ˱όϴϨμΗ ϞϬγϷ΍ϭ ϰϠϋ κϘϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΠΗΎϨϟ΍ ΔϴΒθΨϟ΍ ϕϭήόϟ΍ ϲϔΨΗ ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΗ ΔϳέΎϔϨϏ ΔϠλϭ ϦϴΒΑ ΚϟΎΜϟ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϭ . ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϯΪΣ· ϲϔΨΗ ΎϬϨϜϟϭ Ύ˱όϴϨμΗ ΐόλϷ΍ ϲϫϭ ΔϘϠϐϣ ΔϴΒϛ΍ήΗ ˬ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϼϛ ϰϠϋ κϘϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΠΗΎϨϟ΍ ΐθΨϟ΍ ϕϭήϋ . ΰϳήϔΗ ΔϠλϭ ΎϬϧ΄ϛ ΝέΎΨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϬψΗϭ ΔΒόλ ΎϬϨϜϟϭ ΔϳϮϗ ΔϠλϭ ϲϫ ΔϳέΎϔϨϐϟ΍ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ΐθΨϟ΍ ϊτϗ ϞϴλϮΗ ϲϓ ϡΪΨΘδΗ ΖϧΎϛϭ ϞϴϜθΘϟ΍ .Δϋ΍ήΒϟ΍ έΎϬχϹ ϡΪΨΘδΗ ΎϤϛ ˬ ΓΩϮΠϟ΍ ΔϴϟΎόϟ΍ Γήϴϐμϟ΍ ΕΎηέϮϟ΍ ϲϓ ΕϼλϮϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϊϴϨμΗ ϢΘϳ ( jigsaw Δϗ΍˲ήΨϟ΍ ) ϱΩΩήΘϟ΍ έΎθϨϤϟ΍ ϡ΍ΪΨΘγΎΑ

Dovetail joints are very strong, but also very difficult to form. They were used on high quality pieces because of their strength. In the small workshop dovetails are usually made using a router and a dovetail jig.

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‘ 0 67‘&0‘ + "5)‘  ϞϴλϮΗ ϢΘϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ ΔοήόΘδϤϟ΍ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϧ ˬ ΎϤϬπόΑ ϊϣ ϦϴΘότϘϠϟ ϦϴϘϴπϟ΍ ϦϴϴΒϧΎΠϟ΍ ϦϴΤτδϟ΍ ϝϮμΤϠϟ ϱϮΘδϣ ΢τγ ϞϤόϟ Ϛϟ Ϋ ϥϮϜϳ Ύϣ Ύ˱ΒϟΎϏϭ . ϪΑΎη Ύϣ ϭ΃ ΏΎΑ ϭ΃ ΔϟϭΎσ ΢τγ ϰϠϋ . ˯΍ήϐϟ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ Γ˱ ΩΎϋ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϞϴλϮΗ ϢΘϳ

Edge joints occur when the narrow faces of two pieces are joined, usually to make a panel for a table top, door, or similar use. In the simplest form the joint is simply glued. The joint may be reinforced with dowels, or biscuits.

ΎϬϤϴϋΪΗ ϢΘϳ ϯϮϗ΃ ΔϠλϮϟ΍ ϞόΠϟ ΔΟΎΣ ΩϮΟϭ ΪϨϋϭ ϲϓ ΎϤϛ ˬ ήϴΑ΍ϮΨϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΓΎδϘ˵Ϥϟ΍ ι΍ήϗϷ΍ Δτγ΍ϮΑ . ϞϜθϟ΍ ϊοϭϭ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϼϛ ϲϓ ΩϭΪΧ΃ κϗ ϢΘϳ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϳ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϳϭ ϦϴΘότϘϟ΍ ϞλϮϟ ϦϳΩϭΪΧϷ΍ ϦϴΑ ϥΎδϟ ΩϭΪΧϷ΍ ϥϮϜϳ ΎϣΪϨϋ ΐϧΎΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΍˱ήϫΎχ ϪϠόΠϧ . ϞϣΎϛ ήϴϏ ΩϭΪΧϷ΍ ϥϮϜϳ ϥ΄Α Ύ˱ϴϔΨϣ ϭ΃ ΍˱ήϤΘδϣ . ΐϘΜϣ ϭ΃ ήΗϭ΍έ Δϟ΁ Δτγ΍ϮΑ ΩϭΪΧϷ΍ ϞϤϋ ϢΘϳ

A groove can be cut in each piece and a spline inserted in the grove (   ) If the grooved are stopped short of the ends, the spline won't show (      

    Equal size rabbets can be cut on opposing faces of the pieces (
 If rabbets are cut on both faces of one piece and a groove is cut down the center of the edge on the other piece, you have a  
 joint.

ΎϤϛ ˬ ϦϴϠΑΎϘΘϤϟ΍ ϦϴΤτδϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΓΰϳήϔΗ κϗ ϦϜϤϳ αΎϤΘϟ΍ ΢τγ ΓΩΎϳΰϟ ˬ ήϴΧϷ΍ ϞϜθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϦϴΒϣ Ϯϫ . ΔϠλϮϠϟ Γ˯ΎδΠϟ΍ ΓΩΎϳίϭ ϦϴΤτδϟ΍ ΪΣϷ ϦϴΘϬΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΓΰϳήϔΗ κϗ ϝΎΣ ϲϓϭ ΔϠλϭ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϧ ήΧϵ΍ ΢τδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞΑΎϘϣ ΩϭΪΧ΃ϭ . ϥΎδϠϟ΍ϭ ήϘϨϟ΍

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Miter joint is a butt joint connecting the end grain of two pieces, each of which is cut at an angle. It has the advantage of hiding the end grain, giving a better appearance. It is usually found in picture frames, and on door and window casings.

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