Wisc Iv

 

Vãobcons fk Kvnhunocÿb y Fcnabÿstcoj Tscojhÿacoj C

Ksonhn fk Cbtkhcakbocn pnrn Bcþjs fk Qksomhkr ‟ Ounrtn Kfcocÿb (QC_O-CW)  Nbn _jgìn Nhjbsj Fjlìbaukz

LJBJAPNGÌN FK NF_OPCTOCßB CB PJF[OOCßB Hn Ksonhn fk Cbtkhcakbocn pnrn Bcþjs fk Qksomhkr ‟ Ounrtn Kfcocÿb (QC_O-CW) ks ub cbstrulkbtj ohìbcoj fk nphconocÿb cbfcvcfunh pnrn kvnhunr hn onpnocfnf ojabctcvn fk bcþjs kbtrk hjs 7y nþjs 4 lksks yojlpukstns >7 nþjs >> lksks. Hn `ntkrìn kh qukgubocjbnlckbtj ojlpjbk kh QC_O-CW jgrkok su`tksts pubtunocjbks quk rkprkskbtnb cbtkhkotunh kb fjlcbcjs ojabctcvjs kspkoìgcojs (pjr kiklphj, hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn), pkrj tnl`cãb ubn pubtunocÿb ojlpukstn quk rkprkskbtn hn onpnocfnf cbtkhkotunh akbkrnh (ks fkocr, kh Ojkgcockbtk Cbtkhkotunh Vjtnh). G[BFNLKB J_ KßPCOJ_ Fnvcf Qksomhkr, nutjr fkh QC_O-CW, ojbscfkrn quk ojbjokr hn cbtkhcakbocn ks kskbocnh pnrn kbtkbfkr oÿlj rksukhvk ubn pkrsjbn fcstcbtns sctunocjbks, bj sjhnlkbtk hn fk kvnhunocÿb. Hn cbtkhcakbocn ks fkgcbcfn pjr Mjwnrf Anrfkbkr ojlj kh pjtkbocnh `cjpscojhÿacoj fk hns pkrsjbns pnrn prjoksnr cbgjrlnocÿb, quk pkrlctk rksjhvkr prj`hklns j orknr prjfuotjs vnhcjsjs kb ubn ojlubcfnf j ouhturn fktkrlcbnfn. Ks ub nspkotj clpjrtnbtk fk hn pkrsjbnhcfnf fk ub fktkrlcbn su gjrln fk rkhnocjbnrsk ojb kh lkfcj. Nsì, hn cbtkhcakbocn tckbk hns cbfcvcfuj scauckbtksy onrnotkrìstcons9   Ks ub pjtkbocnh fk hns pkrsjbns quk gnochctn hn nfnptnocÿb, kh np nprkbfcznik, rkbfcznik, hn phnbcgconocÿb, hn rksjhuocÿb fk prj`hklns, hn orkntcvcfnf, kto.   Tjskk ub sustrntj `cjhÿacoj y bj ks kxohuscvn fk hn kspkock mu mulnbn lnbn   _u fksnrrjhhj kstî gukrtklkbtk rkhnocjbnfj n gnotjrks sjocnhks y ouhturnh ouhturnhks ks

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Vkbckbfj kstj kb oukbtn, hn kvnhunocÿb fk hn cbtkhcakbocn fk`k skr nfkounfn y iustn pnrn hjs cbfcvcfujs pkrtkbkockbtks n fcgkrkbtks ouhturns, yn quk ub ojlpjrtnlckbtj quk ks ojbscfkrnfj cbtkhcakbtk kb ub ojbtkxtj, pukfk bj skr vnhjrnfj ojlj tnh kb jtrj. Hn tkjrìn fk hjs trks kstrntjs fk hn cbtkhcakbocn [b lnroj ojbokptunh fk clpjrtnbocn kb hn trnfcocÿb pscojlãtrcon ks hn tkjrìn fk hn cbtkhcakbocn ghucfn y orcstnhcznfn, quk guk fksnrrjhhnfn cbcocnhlkbtk pjr Onttkhh (>371) y >

 

kxtkbfcfn pjr Mjrb (>3=;). Lîs tnrfk, Onrrjhh (>33?) tjlÿ hns cbvkstcanocjbks fk kstjs y jtrjs nutjrks y orkÿ hn Vkjrìn fk hjs Vrks Kstrntjs. Kstn tkjrìn kstn`hkok quk hn cbtkhcakbocn kstî ojlpukstn pjr9  N. ub prclkr kstrntj fk nptctufk nptctufkss lkbtnhks prclnrcns tnhks ojlj hn vcsunhczno vcsunhcznocÿb, cÿb, kh fkhktrkj, hn vkhjocfnf fk rknoocÿb, kh rnzjbnlckbtj ounbtctntcvj, kto., @. ub skaubfj kstrntj fk gnotjrks ojlphkijs, fjbfk sk cbohuykb hn cbtkhcakbocn ghucfn y orcstnhcznfn, hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj, hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn y jtrns nptctufks quk fktnhhnrkljs lîs nfkhnbtk, O. ub tkrokr kstrntj, kh fk hn cbtkhcakbo cbtkhcakbocn cn akbkrnh j gnotjr a , quk kbahj`n k cbghuyk kb hjs kstrntjs nbtkrcjrks. Kh fcskþj fk hns tnrkns n rksjhvkr kb kh QC_O-CW clphcoÿ kh kstufcj y nbîhcscs fk hns nptctufks nptct ufks fk cbtkhcakbocn fk noukrfj ojb hn tkjrìn fk Onttkhh-Mjrb-Onrrjhh y jtrjs nutjrks. N ojbtcbunocÿb sk fktnhhnb nhaubns fk hns mn`chcfnfks fkh skaubfj kstrntj pukstns kb iukaj kb hjs fcstcbtjs su`tksts.

Hn cbtkhcakbocn ghucfn Hn cbtkhcakbocn ghucfn nhufk n hns jpkrnocjbks lkbtnhks quk klphkn hn pkrsjbn ounbfj sk kbgrkbtn n tnrkns bukvns quk bj pukfkb rknhcznrsk fk ljfj nutjlîtcoj. Kstns jpkrnocjbks lkbtnhks pukfkb cbohucr hn gjrlnocÿb y rkojbjoclckbtj fk ojbokptjs, hn pkrokpocÿb fk rkhnocjbks kb pntrjbks fk kstìluhjs, hn kxtrnpjhnocÿb, y hn rkjranbcznocÿb y trnbsgjrlnocÿb fk hn cbgjrlnocÿb cbgjrlnocÿb.. Hns nptctufks kspkoìgcons fkh rnzjbnlckbtj ghucfj sjb9   Pnzjbnlckbtj skoukbocnh akbkrnh9 nptctuf pnrn pnrtcr fk rkahns kstn`hkocfns, prklcsns j ojbfcocjbks y skaucr ubj j lîs pnsjs pnrn hhkanr n hn sjhuocÿb fk ub prj`hkln bukvj.   Pnzjbnlckbtj cbfuotcvj9 nptctuf pnrn fksou`rcr u ubn bn onrnotkrìstcon onrnotkrìstc on su`ynokbtk quk aj`ckrbn ub prj`hkln j ojbiubtj fk lntkrcnhks.   Pnzjbnlckbtj bulãrcoj9 nptctuf pn pnrn rn rnzjbnr cbfuotcvn y fkfuotcvnlkbtk ojb ojbokptjs quk clphconb prjpckfnfks y rkhnocjbks bulãrcons.

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Hjs su`tksts rkhnocjbnfjs n kstns nptctufks sjb Lntrcoks y Ojbokptjs, ojrrkspjbfckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Pnzjbnlckbtj Tkrokptcvj5 _klkinbzns y Nfcvcbnbzns, ojrrkspjbfckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Ojlprkbscÿb Wkr`nh5 y Nrctlãtcon, ojrrkspjbfckbtk nh Ìbfcok fk Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn.

Hn cbtkhcakbocn orcstnhcznfn Hn cbtkhcakbocn orcstnhcznfn skþnhn hn nptctuf y prjgubfcfnf fkh ojbjoclckbtj nfqucrcfj pjr ubn pkrsjbn n pnrtcr fk hn ouhturn quk hj rjfkn, nsì ojlj hn nphconocÿb kgkotcvn fk ksk ojbjoclckbtj. Kstk ‘nhlnoãb fk ojbjoclckbtj“ (prcbocpnhlkbtk fk tcpj vkr`nh y hcbaøìstcoj) rkprkskbtn nqukhhns nptctufks quk kb kh pnsnfj mnb scfj kbvjhturn fk jtrns nptctufks usnfns kb hns ojbfuotns ksojhnrks y kb hn vcfn ojtcfcnbn. Kh QC_O-CW lcfk nspkotjs fcgkrkbtks fk hn cbtkhcakbocn orcstnhcznfn, tnhks ojlj9   Ojbjoclckbtj fk hns pnhn`rns y su scabcgc scabcgconfj onfj   Fksnrrjhh Fksnrrjhhj j fkh hkbaunik y ojlprkbscÿb fk pnhn`rns, grnsks y pîrrngjs   Cbgjrlnocÿb vkr`nh akbkrnh

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  Cbgjrlnocÿb ouhturnh

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Hjs su`tksts quk pukfkb rkhnocjbnrsk ojb kstns nptctufks sjb nqukhhjs quk ojrrkspjbfkb nh Ìbfcok fk Ojlprkbscÿb Wkr`nh9 _klkinbzns, Wjon`uhnrcj, Ojlprkbscÿb, Cbgjrlnocÿb y  Nfcvcbnbzns5  Nfcvcbnbz ns5 pkrj tnl`cãb nhaubjs ojrrkspjb ojrrkspjbfckbtks fckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Pnzjbn Pnzjbnlckbtj lckbtj Tkrokptcvj, ojlj hj sjb Ojbokptjs y Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns.

Kh prjoksnlckbtj vcsunh Kh prjoksnlckbtj vcsunh ks hn onpnocfnf quk akbkrn, pkroc`k, nbnhczn, scbtktczn, nhlnokbn, rkoupkrn, lnbcpuhn, trnbsgjrln y pckbsn pntrjbks y kstìluhjs vcsunhks. Tjfkljs lkbocjbnr trks nspkotjs fkh prjoksnlckbtj vcsunh9   Pkhnocjbks kspnocnhks9 nptctuf pnrn pkroc`cr y lnbcpuhnr pntrjbks kspnocnhks rkhntcvnlkbtk sclphks j lnbtkbkr hn jrckbtnocÿb ojb rkspkotj n j`iktjs kb kh kspnocj.   Ghkxc`chc Ghkxc`chcfnf fnf fk ohnusurn9 onpnocfnf pnrn kbojbtrnr, onptnr k cfkbtcgconr ubn gcaurn j pntrÿb vcsunh, quk kstî jouhtj kb ubn kstruoturn vcsunh ojlphkin, sn`ckbfj n prcjrc hn gjrln quk tckbk kh pntrÿb n `usonr.   Wcsunhcznocÿb9 nptctuf pnrn lnbcpuhnr lkbtnhlkbtk j`iktjs j pntrjbks vcsunhks pnrn clnacbnr quã gjrln tkbfrìnb fkspuãs fk nhaubns lnbcpuhnocjbks.

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Hjs su`tksts quk kvnhùnb nptctufks cbtkhkotunhks rkhnocjbnfns nh prjoksnlckbtj vcsunh sjb Ojbstruoocÿb ojb Ou`js y Ojbokptjs, ojrrkspjbfckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Pnzjbnlckbtj Tkrokptcvj.

Kh ojbjoclckbtj bulãrcoj Mnok rkgkrkbocn n hn onpnocfnf pnrn usnr cbgjrlnocÿb ounbtctntcvn y lnbcpuhnr sìl`jhjs bulãrcojs. _kþnhn kh nhlnoãb fk ojbjoclckbtjs lntklîtcojs nfqucrcfjs pjr hn pkrsjbn, cbohucfn hn onpnocfnf pnrn rknhcznr ojrrkotnlkbtk oîhouhjs lntklîtcojs. Ks fcgkrkbtk nh rnzjbnlckbtj bulãrcoj cbohucfj kb hn cbtkhcakbocn ghucfn, yn quk ãstk sjhj ks hn nptctuf pnrn rnzjbnr fkfuotcvn k cbfuotcvnlkbtk pnrn rksjhvkr oîhouhjs lntklîtcojs, kb tnbtj quk kh ojbjoclckbtj bulãrcoj kvnhùn kh rkbfclckbtj kb lntklîtcon. Kh QC_O-CW cbohuyk ub su`tkst su`tks t jptntcvj quk kvnhùn kstk nspkotj fk hn cbtkhcakboc cbtkhcakbocn, n, kh su`tkst fk Nrctlãtcon, cbohucfj kb kh Ìbfcok fk Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn.

Hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn Hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn ks hn mn`chcfnf fk lnbtkbkr cbgjrlnocÿb notcvn sckbfj ojbsockbtk fk khhj, rknhcznr nhaubn jpkrnocÿb j lnbcpuhnocÿb ojb khhn, y prjfuocr ub rksuhtnfj. Hns cbvkstcanocjbks notunhks mnb ljstrnfj quk hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn ks ub ojlpjbkbtk kskbocnh fkh rnzjbnlckbtj ghucfj y fk jtrjs prjoksjs ojabctcvjs fk jrfkb supkrcjr, nfklîs fk kstnr luy rkhnocjbnfn ojb kh rkbfclckbtj y ojb kh nprkbfcznik. Cbohuyk fjs nspkotjs gubfnlkbtnhks9   Nlphctuf fk lkljrcn9 onpnocfnf pnrn ntkbfkr y rkojrfnr tklpjrnhlkbtk khklkbtjs kstruoturnfjs, kb ubn skoukbocn jrfkbnfn y fkspuãs fk ubn ùbcon prkskbtnocÿb.   Lkljrcn n ojrtj phnzj9 onpnocfnf pnrn nprkmkbfkr y rktkbkr cbgjrlnocÿb fk ljfj cblkfcntj y usnrhn kb ub tcklpj ojrtj. Ks ub scstkln fk nhlnoãb hclctnfj, pukstj

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quk hn lnyjrìn fk hns pkrsjbns pukfkb rktkbkr sjhj fjs ‘pckzns“ fk cbgjrlnocÿb n hn vkz. Hjs su`tksts fkh QC_O-CW quk kvnhùnb lkljrcn jpkrntcvn sjb Pktkbocÿb fk Fìactjs, Hktrns y Bùlkrjs, y Nrctlãtcon, ojrrkspjbfckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn.

Hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj Hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj ks hn onpnocfnf pnrn rknhcznr ojb ghucfkz y nutjlîtconlkbtk tnrkns ojabctcvns, kspkocnhlkbtk ounbfj mny prkscÿb pnrn lnbtkbkr hn ntkbocÿb y hn ojbokbtrnocÿb. Hns cbvkstcanocjbks mnb ljstrnfj quk kstn nptctuf kstî fcbîlconlkbtk rkhnocjbnfn ojb hn onpnocfnf lkbtnh, ojb kh fksklpkþj y fksnrrjhhj fk hn hkoturn, hn ojbskrvnocÿb fk rkoursjs ojabctcvjs y ojb kh usj kgcockbtk fk hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn. Hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj pukfk skr kspkocnhlkbtk clpjrtnbtk kb hn kvnhunocÿb fk bcþjs fk`cfj n su rkhnocÿb ojb kh fksnrrjhhj bkurjhÿacoj, jtrns mn`chcfnfks ojabctcvns y kh nprkbfcznik. Tjfkljs nsulcr trks nptctufks kspkoìgcons fk hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj9   Wkhjocfnf pkrokptcvn9 nptctuf pnrn `usonr y ojlpnrnr ojb rnpcfkz sìl`jhjs j pntrjbks ojbjocfjs, prkskbtnfjs iubtjs j kb ub onlpj skpnrnfj.   Pkscstkbocn n hn gntcan9 onpnocfnf pnrn rknhcznr ojb rnpcfkz tnrkns rkhntcvnlkbtk

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gîochks j quk rkquckrkb fkocscjbks luy sclphks.   Gnochcfnf bulãrcon9 nptctuf pnrn lnbcpuhnr ojb rnpcfkz y prkocscÿb bùlkrjs, fksfk mn`chcfnfks sclphks fk rkoukbtj y rkojbjoclckbtj fk bùlkrjs, mnstn onpnocfnfks supkrcjrks fk hns ountrj jpkrnocjbks nrctlãtcons.

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Hjs su`tksts fkh QC_O-CW quk kvnhùnb kstn fclkbscÿb fk hn cbtkhcakbocn sjb Ohnvks, @ùsqukfn fk _ìl`jhjs y Nbclnhks, ojrrkspjbfckbtks nh Ìbfcok fk Wkhjocfnf fk Trjoksnlckbtj. NFLCBC_ PNOCßB S T[B [NOCßB Kh QC_O-CW ks ub cbstrulkbtj fk kvnhunocÿb ojlphkij kb ounbtj n su nflcbcstrnocÿb, su kvnhunocÿb y su fcnabÿstcoj. Kstî ojlpukstj pjr >; su`tksts, pkrj sjhj >4 sjb hjs quk bjrlnhlkbtk sk usnb pnrn j`tkbkr hns pubtunocjbks ojlpukstns y kh OC Vjtnh. Ks kh kxnlcbnfjr quckb fkocfcrî nflcbcstrnr su`tksts jptntcvjs pjr rnzjbks prîotcons j ohìbcons.  Nfklîs, onfn ubj fk hjs su`tksts tckbk onrnotkrìs onrnotkrìstcons tcons y gjrlns fk nflcbcst nflcbcstrnocÿb rnocÿb kspkoìgcons. Tjr khhj, ks luy clpjrtnbtk quk kh kxnlcbnfjr hjs ojbjzon ojb nbtkhnocÿb y mnyn hkìfj kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb ojb fktkbclckbtj. Vnl`cãb ks clpjrtnbtk tkbkr kh Lnbunh y hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj kb lnbj kb kh ljlkbtj fk hn nphconocÿb fkh tkst, n gcb fk nskaurnr ubn ojrrkotn nflcbcstrnocÿb. Hjs lntkrcnhks fk nflcbcstrnocÿb kstîbfnr sjb9   Kh iukaj ojlphktj fkh tkst, quk cbohuyk9 Ounfkrbj fk Kstìluhjs, bukvk ou`js rjijs y `hnbojs, ounfkrbchhj fk Ohnvks y ounfkrbchhj fk @ùsqukfn fk _ìl`jhjs.   Hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj, fjbfk crkljs nbjtnbfj kh fksklpkþj fkh bcþj y hjs tcklpjs fk nflcbcstrnocÿb. Fk`cfj n kstj, y n quk hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj tckbk hns rkspukstns

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ojrrkotns pnrn nhaubjs su`tksts, ksvcstn rkojlkbfn`hk onrpktn pnrn lnbtkbkrhn gukrn fk hn fkh bcþj. quk sk utchcok ub ounfkrbj j 6

 

  [bn hnpcokrn j hîpcz pnrn cr ojlphktnbfj hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj.   [b Hîpcz B´ 0 pnrn kh bcþj.   [b orjbÿlktrj. Ks rkojlkbfn`hk utchcznr ubj quk bj skn kh fkh tkhãgjbj, n gcb fk kvctnr fcstrnoocjbks j cbtkrrupocjbks furnbtk hn nflcbcstrnocÿb.   Kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb fkh QC_O-CW.

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Kstn`hkoclckbtj fk ub `ukb ohcln fk kvnhunocÿb y ojbscabn  Nbtks fk klpkznr kfk lpkznr hn skscÿb fk nflcbcstrnocÿ nflcbcstrnocÿb, b, skpkrj fk fk`kb `kb ojhjon ojhjonr hjs lntk lntkrcnhks rcnhks fkKhl lnbkrn nbkrn quk sknb gîoch nooksj pnrn kh nflcbcstrnfjr, gukrn fkh rnhonbok fkh bcþj. iukaj ojlphktj fkh tkst fk`k lnbtkbkrsk gukrn fk hn vcstn fkh kxnlcbnfj, pnrn quk pukfn ojbokbtrnr su ntkbocÿb kb hn tnrkn quk kstî mnockbfj. Kstj pukfk mnokrsk ojhjonbfj ubn schhn okron fkh kxnlcbnfjr, y sj`rk khhn kh lnhktìb j hn onin ojb hjs lntkrcnhks. Kstn`hkokr y lnbtkbkr ub `ukb ohcln fk kvnhunocÿb  ks ohnvk pnrn ojbtnr ojb hn ojjpkrnocÿb y kh ksgukrzj fkh bcþj. Ks luy clpjrtnbtk hn notctuf quk ljstrkljs mnocn ãh furnbtk hn tjln fkh tkst, pnrn hj ounh ks rkojlkbfn`hk n`jrfnrhj fk lnbkrn rkhninfn y ojbgcnfn, nsulckbfj quk ãh j khhn fcsgrutnrîb fk hns tnrkns y prj`hklns quk sk hks prkskbtnrîb. Kh nokronlckbtj pnrtcouhnr n onfn bcþj j nfjhksokbtk vnrcnrî skaùb hn kfnf, kh kbtjrbj y hn gnlchcnrcfnf ojb kh kxnlcbnfjr. _cb kl`nraj, pukfk nyufnr n kstn`hkokr ub nl`ckbtk rkhninfj kh cbcocnr hn skscÿb kstn`hkockbfj ubn ojbvkrsnocÿb cbgjrlnh nokron fk hns notcvcfnfks j cbtkrksks fkh bcþj. Kb kstk pubtj, ks kh skbtcfj ojlùb y hn kxpkrckbocn quk mnynljs tkbcfj ojb kh bcþj hj quk bjs aucnrî n hn mjrn fk fktkrlcbnr hn lnbkrn lîs kgkotcvn fk kstn`hkokr ubn `ukbn ojlubconocÿb ojb ãh j khhn. Kb kh ljlkbtj fk hn prkskbtnocÿb fkh tkst, fk`kljs fnrhk nh bcþj hn scauckbtk ojbscabn9 ‘Vk vjy ‘Vk vjy n pkfcr pkfcr quk quk mnans mnans fcvkrs fcvkrsnsojsns nsojsns ojlj,pjr ojlj,pjr kiklph kiklphj,ojbtk j,ojbtkstn stnr r nhaubnsprkaubtnsytrn`ninrojbou`js.Nhaubnsfkhnsojsnspukfkbskr luygîochkspnrnvjs,pkrjjtrnspukfkbskrluyfcgìochks.Hnlnyjrìnfkhns pkrsjbnsbjojbtkstnbfklnbkrnojrrkotntjfnshnsprkaubtnsbctkrlcbnb tjfnshnstnrk tjf nshnstnrknspkrj, nspkrj, pjr pjr gnvjr, gnvjr, trntîfk trntîfk mnokrhj mnokrhj lkijrqukpukfn lkijrqukpukfnskb skb tjfjshjskikrococjs.ºVkbãsnhaubnprkaubtn:“

Tukfkb mnokrsk nhaubns ljfcgconocjbks n hn ojbscabn kb ojbscfkrnocÿb n hn kfnf fkh bcþj j n su bcvkh sjocjouhturnh (pjr kiklphj, sc ojbscfkrnljs quk kh bcþj ks luy pkqukþj pnrn kbtkbfkr hn pnhn`rn ‘fcvkrsns“, pjfkljs utchcznr ‘fcgkrkbtks“ kb su huanr). _cb kl`nraj, ks gubfnlkbtnh quk sk rkspktk hn kstruoturn fk hn ojbscabn y quk sk `rcbfk tjfn hn cbgjrlnocÿb kb khhn prkskbtnfn. Vnl`cãb ks gubfnlkbtnh bj jlctcr hn prkaubtn gcbnh, yn quk hk fn hn jpjrtubcfnf nh bcþj fk kxprksnr sus fufns, sc hns tuvckrk. Fk`k kvctnrsk hn pnhn`rn ‘cbtkhcakbocn“, fnfj quk pukfk prjvjonr nbsckfnfks cbbkoksnrcns kb kh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk. Kb onl`cj, pjfkljs fkocrhk quk ojb hn pruk`n trntnrkljs fk fktkrlcbnr quã tnrkns mnok ojrrkotnlkbtk y quã tnrkns hk rksuhtnb lîs fcgìochks. Ks clpjrtnbtk skr scklprk scbokrjs y mjbkstjs ojb rkspkotj nh prjpÿsctj fk hn pruk`n y bj lkbtcr j ojbgubfcr nh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk kb rkhnocÿb n kstj. Hukaj fk fnfn hn ojbscabn y furnbtk hn nflcbcstrnocÿb, pukfkb suracr fcgkrkbtks fcgkr kbtks sctunocjbks pnrn hns quk kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb ks ohnrj rkspkotj n hn rkspukstn quk fk`k fnr kh kxnlcbnfjr. N ojbtcbunocÿb sk kxpjbkb nhaubns fk khhns9 ;

 

  _c kh bcþj prkaubtn sc ks ub tkst, ubn p pruk`n ruk`n j ub kx kxnlkb, nlkb, fkocljs ‘_ì, ks ubj bukvj y fcgkrkbtk n hjs fk hn ksoukhn“.   Tnrn kstcluhnr nh bcþj, fkocljs ‘Kstîs trn`ninbfj `ckb“ j ‘Kstîs mnockbfj ub `ukb trn`nij“.   _c hk vn kvcfkbtklkbtk lnh kb ub su`tkst, fkocljs ‘Ãstk guk fcgìoch, pkrj kh prÿxclj  pukfk skr lîs gîoch “. “.   _c kh bcþj fcok quk bj pukfk mnokr nhaj, fkocljs ‘Mnokhj hj lkijr quk pukfns“.

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  _c kh bcþj fcok quk bj quckrk mnokr nhaj, j pcfk nh nflcbcstrnfjr quk hj mnan pjr ãh, fkocljs ‘^uckrj vkr hj `ckb quk pjfãs mnokrhj sjhj“.

Jrfkb fk nflcbcstrnocÿb Ojlj fcicljs, kh QC_O-CW kstî ojlpukstj pjr >; su`tkst9 >4 prcbocpnhks y ; jptntcvjs. Hjs su`tksts prcbocpnhks, kb jrfkb fk nflcbcstrnocÿb, sjb9 >. Ojbstruoocÿb ojb Ou`js (OO)9 kh bcþj utchczn ou`js rjijs y `hnbojs pnrn rkprjfuocr kb ub tcklpj hclctnfj ub fcskþj quk vk kb ub ljfkhj nrlnfj pjr kh kxnlcbnfjr j prkskbtnfj kb kh Ounfkrbj fk Kstìluhjs. 0. _klkinbzns (_)9 nh bcþj sk hk fnb fjs pnhn`rns quk rkprkskbtnb j`iktjs ojlubks j ojbokptjs y ãstk fk`k fkocr kb quã sk pnrkokb. ?. Pktkbocÿb fk Fìactjs (PF)9 sk fcvcfk kb fjs pnrtks9  n. Pktkbocÿb fk fìactjs fcrkotn9 kh bcþj rkpctk hjs bùlkrjs kb kh lcslj jrfkb quk hk gukrjb prkskbtnfjs kb vjz nhtn pjr kh kxnlcbnfjr.  `. Pktkbocÿb fk fìactjs cbvkrsn9 kh bcþj rkpctk hjs bùlkrjs kb jrfkb cbvkrsj n hjs prkskbtnfjs kb vjz nhtn pjr kh kxnlcbnfjr.  6. Ojbokptjs (Oj)9 nh bcþj sk hk prkskbtnb prkskbtn b fjs j trks gchns fk fc`uijs y tckbk qu quk k khkacr ub fc`uij fk onfn gchn pnrn gjrlnr ub arupj ojb ubn onrnotkrìstcon kb ojlùb.  ;. Ohnvks (Oh)9 utchcznbfj ubn ohnvk, kh bcþj fc`uin onfn sìl`jhj kb su ojrrkspjbfckbtk gjrln j onschhkrj fkbtrj fk ub tcklpj hclctnfj. Fk noukrfj ojb hn kfnf, pukfkb nphconrsk fjs gjrlns9  n. Ohnvks N9 kh bcþj fk`k ojpcnr hjs sìl`jhjs quk kstîb klpnrkinfjs ojb gjrlns akjlãtrcons sclphks  `. Ohnvks @9 kh bcþj fk`k ojpcnr hjs sìl`jhjs quk kstîb klpnrkinfjs ojb bùlkrjs.  7. Wjon`uhnrcj (W)9 pnrn hjs ìtkls arîgcojs, kh bcþj tckbk quk bjl`rnr hjs fc`uijs quk sk hk prkskbtnb kb kh Ounfkrbj fk Kstìluhjs. Tnrn hjs ìtkls vkr`nhks, kh bcþj tckbk quk fkgcbcr hns pnhn`rns quk kh kxnlcbnfjr hkk kb vjz nhtn.  1. Hktrns y Bùlkrjs (HB)9 sk hkk nh bcþj ubn skoukbocn fk bùlkrjs y hktrns, y ãstk tckbk quk rkojrfnr hjs bùlkrjs kb jrfkb nsokbfkbtk y hns hktrns h ktrns kb jrfkb nhgn`ãtcoj.  =. Lntrcoks (L)9 kh bcþj j`skrvn ubn lntrcz cbojlphktn y fk`k skhkoocjbnr hn pnrtk gnhtnbtk kbtrk ocboj jpocjbks fk rkspukstn.  3. Ojlprkbscÿb (O)9 kh bcþj tckbk quk rkspjbfkr ubn skrck fk prkaubtns `nsîbfjsk kb su ojbjoclckbtj akbkrnh y kb sctunocjbks ojtcfcnbns y sjocnhks.   >4. @ùsqukfn fk _ìl`jhjs (@_)9 sk hk prkskbtn nh bcþj ubj j vnrcjs sìl`jhjs s ìl`jhjs y, fkbtrj fk ub tcklpj hclctnfj, tckbk quk cbfconr cbfcon r sc ojcbocfkb j bj ojb nhaubj fk hjs sìl`jhjs fk ub arupj fk `ùsqukfn.  Ounhquckr nhtkrnocÿb kb kh jrfkb fk nflcbcstrnocÿb fk`k `nsnrsk kb bkokscfnfks ohìbcons y bj kb hns prkgkrkbocns fkh kxnlcbnfjr. 7

 

Gcbnhlkbtk, hjs su`tksts jptntcvjs quk jgrkok kh QC_O-CW sjb9 >. Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns (OG)9  kh bcþj j`skrvn ub fc`uij y fk`k skþnhnr j lkbocjbnr ouîh ks hn pnrtk clpjrtnbtk quk hk gnhtn, fkbtrj fk ub tcklpj hclctnfj.  0. Nbclnhks (Nb)9 kh bcþj tckbk quk `usonr y lnronr, fkbtrj fk ub tcklpj hclctnfj, fktkrlcbnfjs fc`uijs kb ub ojbiubtj fk gcaurns fcstrc`ucfns fk lnbkrn kstruoturnfn y nh nznr.  ?. Cbgjrlnocÿb (C)9 kh bcþj tckbk quk ojbtkstnr ubn skrck fk prkaubtns quk sk rkgckrkb n ubn nlphcn anln fk tklns fk ojbjoclckbtj akbkrnh.   6. Nrctlãtcon (Nr)9 kh bcþj tckbk quk rksjhvkr lkbtnhlkbtk, y kb ub tcklpj hclctnfj, ubn skrck fk prj`hklns nrctlãtcojs prkskbtnfjs kb gjrln jrnh.   ;. Nfcvcbnbzns (Nf)9 kh bcþj tckbk quk cfkbtcgconr kh ojbokptj ojlùb quk sk fksorc`k kb ubn skrck fk pcstns.  Hjs su`tksts jptntcvjs pukfkb utchcznrsk pnrn rkklphnznr nhaubjs su`tksts prcbocpnhks kb onsj fk quk kh bcþj tkban nhaubn fcgcouhtnf ljtrcz, vcsunh, nufctcvn, kto. quk hk fcgcouhtk rknhcznr kh su`tkst prcbocpnh. Hn sustctuocÿb sk rknhczn ntkbcãbfjsk n hns scauckbtks rkahns9   _k pkrlctk sÿhj [BN sustctuocÿ sustctuocÿb b pjr ìbfcok.   [b su`tkst jp jptntcvj tntcvj pukf pukfk k rkklphnznr sÿhj n [B su`tkst prcbocpnh.   _CKLTPK sk lnbtckbk kh jrfkb kstîbfnr fk nflcbcstrnocÿ nflcbcstrnocÿb. b.

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  Bj sk pkrlctkb lîs fk FJ_ sustctuocjbks pnrn onhouhnr kh OC Vjtnh. Tnrn sn`kr quã su`tksts jptntcvjs sjb vîhcfjs pnrn sustctucr n onfn su`tkst prcbocpnh, rkourrcljs n hn scauckbtk Vn`hn, kxtrnìfn fkh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb9 _u`tkst Trcbocpnh

_ustctuocÿb _ustctuocÿ b vîhcfn

_klkinbzns Wjon`uhnrcj Ojlprkbscÿb Ojbstruoocÿb Ojbstruooc ÿb ojb Ou`js Ojbokptjs Lntrcoks Pktkbocÿb fk Fìactjs Hktrns y Bùlkrjs Ohnvks @ùsqukfn fk _ìl`jhjs

Cbgjrlnocÿb, Nfcvcbnbzns Cbgjrlnocÿb, Nfcvcbnbzns Cbgjrlnocÿb, Nfcvcbnbzns Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns Nrctlãtcon Nrctlãtcon Nrctlãtcon Nrctlãtcon

Tnutns akbkrnhks fk nflcbcstrnocÿb Hn nflcbcstrnocÿb fkh QC_O-CW rkquckrk luomn prîotcon pnrn gnlchcnrcznrsk ojb hjs prjokfclckbtjs fk nflcbcstrnocÿb, kh rkacstrj fk hns rkspukstns y hn pubtunocÿb fk hjs su`tksts. Hns scauckbtks pnutns sk nphconb n tjfn hn ksonhn kb akbkrnh, y sus ojbfcocjbks kspkoìgcons pnrn onfn su`tkst sk kboukbtrnb kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj y kb kh Lnbunh fk  Nflcbcstrnocÿb.  Nflcbcstrnocÿ b.

Tubtjs fk ojlckbzj Hjs pubtjs fk ojlckbzj sk cbfconb kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj, y sjb fcgkrkbtks pnrn onfn su`tkst skaùb hn kfnf. Cbfkpkbfckbtklkbtk fk khhjs, nhaubjs su`tksts tckbkb ìtkls fk lukstrn j fk prîotcon quk sk nflcbcstrnb n tjfjs hjs kxnlcbnfjs5 kstjs ìtkls bj sk oukbtnb pnrn hn pubtunocÿb. 1

 

Ìtkls fk khclcbnocÿb  Npnrkokb sÿhj kb k khh su`tkst fk Hktrns y Bùlkrjs (HB). _k n nflcbcstrnb flcbcstrnb n hjs bcþ bcþjs js fk 7 y 1 nþjs pnrn nskaurnr quk tckbkb hn onpnocfnf quk sk rkquckrk pnrn ojlphktnr hn tnrkn. _c kh bcþj bj rknhczn hjs ìtkls ojrrkotnlkbtk, kh su`tkst bj sk nflcbcstrn. Kb kstk onsj, hjs ìbfcoks ojrrkspjbfckbtks n kstk su`tkst (Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn y OC Vjtnh) bj pukfkb onhouhnrsk n lkbjs quk sk nflcbcstrk kh su`tkst jptntcvj Nrctlãtcon (Nr) kb su huanr.

Pkahns fk rktrjarkscÿb _k nphcon sÿhj n hjs su`tksts ojb pubtjs fk ojlckbzj kb kfnfks kspkoìgcons. Hjs ìtkls prkvcjs n hjs pubtjs fk ojlckbzj kspkoìgcojs ks pkoìgcojs pnrn ubn kfnf sk hhnlnb ìtkls fk nphconocÿb cbvkrsn½ yn quk sk nflcbcstrnb fk n`nij mnocn nrrc`n pnrtckbfj fkh pubtj fk ojlckbzj. Hns rkahns fk rktrjarkscÿb kstn`hkocfns kb kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb sjb9 >. _c kh bcþj j`tckbk pubtunocÿb pkrgkotn> kb hjs fjs prclkrjs ìtkls nflcbcstrnfjs, sk jtjran hn lîxcln pubtunocÿb n tjfjs hjs ìtkls fk nphconocÿb cbvkrsn quk bj gukrjb nflcbcstrnfjs. 0. _c kh bcþj bj j`tckbk pubtunocÿb pkrgkotn kb bcbaubj fk hjs fjs prclkrjs ìtkls nflcbcstrnfjs, kbtjboks sk nflcbcstrnb hjs ìtkls nbtkrcjrks kb skoukbocn cbvkrsn mnstn quk kh bcþj j`tkban pubtunocjbks pkrgkotns kb fjs ìtkls ojbskoutcvjs. ?. _c kh bcþj j`tckbk pubtunocÿb pkrgkotn kb kh prclkr ìtkl nflcbcstrnfj pkrj bj kb kh skaubfj, sk nflcbcstrnb hjs ìtkls nbtkrcjrks nbtkrc jrks kb skoukbocn cbvkrsn mnstn quk kh bcþj j`tkban pubtunocjbks pkrgkotns kb fjs ìtkls ojbskoutcvjs. _cb kl`nraj, kb kstk onsj sk fk`k ojbscfkrnr kh prclkr ìtkl nflcbcstrnfj nh nphconr kh orctkrcj fk rktrjarkscÿb, ks fkocr, ojbscfkrîbfjhj ojlj sc gukrn kh prclkr ìtkl fk hjs ìtkls fk nphconocÿb cbvkrsn.

Pkahns fk cbtkrrupocÿb Hns rkahns fk cbtkrrupocÿb cbfconb kh orctkrcj n utchcznr ounbfj sk fk`k ojbohucr ojb hn nflcbcstrnocÿb fk ub su`tkst, y sk hns khn`jrÿ pnrn lnbtkbkr ub `ukb ohcln y lcbclcznr kh tcklpj fk kvnhunocÿb. _jb fcstcbtns pnrn onfn su`tkst, pkrj kb akbkrnh clphconb hn nouluhnocÿb fk pubtunocjbks 4 kb ub bùlkrj fktkrlcbnfj fk ìtkls ojbskoutcvjs. Hns ojbfcocjbks pnrtcouhnrks fk onfn ubj kstîb cbfconfns kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj y kb kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb. Ks clpjrtnbtk rkojrfnr qukpnrn hns pubtunocjbks j`tkbcfns kb hjs ìtkls fk nflcbcstrnocÿb cbvkrsn sk tckbkb kb oukbtn kstn`hkokr kh orctkrcj fk cbtkrrupocÿb. _c kh kxnlcbnfjr tckbk fufns sj`rk oÿlj pubtunr ub ìtkl, sk nflcbcstrnb nflcbcstr nb ìtkls nfcocjbnhks pnrn kstnr skaurj fk quk mny quk cbtkrrulpcr hn tjln. _c nh gcbnh rksuhtn quk sì mn`ìn quk cbtkrrulpcrhn kb ksk ìtkl, sk nbuhn kh pubtnik j`tkbcfj kb nqukhhjs ìtkls quk kstîb lîs nhhî fkh pubtj ojrrkotj fk cbtkrrupocÿb. Kb kh onsj kspkoìgcoj fk hjs su`tksts Pktkbocÿb fk Fìactjs y Hktrns y Bùlkrjs, onfn ìtkl kstî ojlpukstj pjr fjs j trks cbtkbtjs. Kbtjboks, kh bcþj fk`k j`tkbkr pubtunocjbks fk 4 kb tjfjs hjs cbtkbtjs quk sk cbohuykb kb ub ìtkl, bj pubtunocjbks fk 4 kb vnrcjs ìtkls ojbskoutcvjs. >

 Hn pubtunocÿb pkrgkotn ks kh lîxclj pubtnik pjsc`hk pnrn onfn ìtkl, y vnrìn skaùb kh su`tkst. =

 

Kb hns pîacbns ?3 y 64 fkh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb fk QC_O-CW pukfk kbojbtrnrsk ubn tn`hn quk rksulk hjs orctkrcjs fk Ojlckbzj, Pktrjarkscÿb k Cbtkrrupocÿb kspkoìgcojs fk onfn su`tkst. Kb hn pîacbn ?> sk lukstrnb hjs cojbjs quk npnrkokb kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj pnrn cbfconr kstn cbgjrlnocÿb.

Pkacstrj fkh tcklpj Tnrn hjs su`tksts quk bj tckbkb tcklpj hìlctk, kspkrnljs kbtrk >4 n ?4 skaubfjs pnrn quk kh bcþj klpckok n rkspjbfkr. _c ãstk mn tkbcfj ub rkbfclckbtj pj`rk, hj nhkbtnljs n quk hj mnan nùb fkspuãs fk ojbohucfj ksk tcklpj. _c kh bcþj bj rkspjbfk, ojbtcbunljs ojb kh ìtkl scauckbtk y fkocljs ‘Wnljs n trntnr ojb jtrj“. Cbohusj sc kh bcþj mn tkbcfj ub `ukb rkbfclckbtj, hn pnutn fk hjs ?4 skaubfjs bj fk`k nphconrsk kstrcotnlkbtk. Tnrn hjs su`tksts quk rkquckrkb rkacstrj fk tcklpj kxnotj, kh orjbjlktrnik ojlckbzn fkspuãs fk mn`kr fcomj hn ùhtcln pnhn`rn fk hn ojbscabn, y sk fktckbk ounbfj kh bcþj mnyn fnfj su rkspukstn. Bj sk jtjranb pubtjs n hjs ìtkls quk sk ojlphktnrjb fkspuãs fkh tcklpj hìlctk. Kh tcklpj fk kikouocÿb fkh bcþj sk nbjtn kb skaubfjs kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj. Kxokptj kb onsjs kspkoìgcojs, sk pukfkb rkpktcr hns cbstruoocjbks sc kh bcþj hj sjhcoctn. _cb kl`nraj, bj sk fk`k pnrnr kh orjbjlktrnik pnrn nohnrnr j rkpktcr hns cbstruoocjbks, y kstk tcklpj sk cbohuyk kb kh tcklpj kstn`hkocfj pnrn onfn ìtkl. Hjs su`tksts ojb rkacstrj fk tcklpj kxnotj sk cfkbtcgconb kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj ojb ub cojbj kb gjrln fk rkhji/orjbÿlktrj (vkr pîacbn 6> fkh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb fk QC_O-CW).

Trkaubtns Hns prkaubtns sk usnb pnrn j`tkbkr cbgjrlnocÿb nfcocjbnh n hn rkspukstn fnfn pjr kh bcþj. Mny fjs onsjs kb quk sk utchcznb kstns prkaubtns9 ounbfj kh bcþj fn ubn rkspukstn vnan, y ounbfj kh ìtkl pjr sì lcslj rkquckrk fk nohnrnocÿb. Tjfkljs fkocr ‘º^uã qukrãs fkocr:“ j ‘Fkoclk nhaj lîs nokron fk kstj“. Kb kh su`tkst fk Ojlphktnlckbtj fk Gcaurns, kh bcþj pjfrìn skþnhnr ub khklkbtj quk gnhtn kb kh ìtkl pkrj bj ks kh quk kstnljs `usonbfj quk skþnhk. Kb ksjs onsjs, kh kxnlcbnfjr fk`krìn fkocr p nrtk lîs clpjrtnbtk quk gnhtn:“. N vkoks, kh bj prkaubtnr pukfk hhkvnr ‘_ì, pkrj ºouîh ks hn pnrtk h hkvnr n ubn su`kstclnocÿb fk hn onpnocfnf fkh bcþj. Hns rkspukstns quk rkquckrkb prkaubtns j pkfcfjs fk nohnrnocÿb npnrkokb cbfconfns ojb ubn T  kb hns hcstns fk kiklphjs fk rkspukstn quk sk cbohuykb kb kh Lnbunh fk  Nflcbcstrnocÿb  Nflcbcstrnocÿ b y Tubtuno Tubtunocÿb. cÿb. Kb kh su`tkst fk Ojlphktn Ojlphktnlckbtj lckbtj fk Gcaurns, hjs ìtkls ojb rkspukstns quk rkquckrkb prkaubtns sk fksorc`kb ojb ub nstkrcsoj (*) kb kh Lnbunh y kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj.

Cbfconocjbks _k utchcznb pnrn kbskþnrhk j rkojrfnrhk nh bcþj hn tnrkn fkh su`tkst5 y ounbfj hns utchcznljs, nbjtnljs ubn C kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj.

Pkpktcocÿb fk ìtkls Ojbscstk kb hn rkpktcocÿb fk hn ojbscabn fk onfn ìtkl, y scrvk pnrn rkfcrkoocjbnr hn ntkbocÿb fkh bcþj mnocn hn tnrkn y anrnbtcznr hn ojlprkbscÿb fkh ìtkl. Kb akbkrnh ks `ukbj rkpktcr hns 3

 

cbstruoo cjbks sc kh bcþj bj rkspjbfk fkbtrj fk hjs ;->4 skaubfjs hukaj fk fnfn hn ojbscabn cbstruoocjbks pjr prclkrn vkz. Hns rkpktcocjbks sk lnronb ojb ubn P kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj. Hns rkpktcocjbks bj sk nphconb n hjs su`tksts fk Pktkbocÿb fk Fìactjs y Hktrns y Bùlkrjs, y sc kh bcþj pcfk rkpktcocÿb, fkocljs ‘Mnokhj hj lkijr quk pukfns“. Kb hn pîacbn 6? fkh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb fkh QC_O-CW pukfk kbojbtrnrsk ubn tn`hn ojb hns n`rkvcnturns rkojlkbfnfns pnrn nbjtnocjbks kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj.

Tnutns akbkrnhks fk pubtunocÿb Tnrn hn lnyjrìn fk hjs su`tksts fkh QC_O-CW, hn pubtunocÿb fk rkspukstns ks ub prjoksj j`iktcvj y rkquckrk pjon j bcbaubn cbtkrprktnocÿb fk hjs orctkrcjs fk pubtunocÿb. Kb onl`cj, pnrn hjs su`tksts _klkinbzns, Wjon`uhnrcj, Ojlprkbscÿb, Cbgjrlnocÿb y Nfcvcbnbzns sk rkquckrk kh iucocj orìtcoj fkh kxnlcbnfjr. Tnrn pubtunr hns rkspukstns n kstjs su`tksts, fk`kljs ojlpnrnr hns rkspukstns fkh bcþj ojb hns quk sk fktnhhnb kb kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb ojlj kiklphj fk onfn ìtkl, y ojb kh orctkrcj fk pubtunocÿb akbkrnh pnrn onfn su`tkst. Kb prclkr huanr, sk cbtkbtn kqucpnrnr pjr sklkinbzn j kxtrnpjhnocÿb hn rkspukstn fkh bcþj ojb hjs kiklphjs fk rkspukstns. Ounbfj kstj bj ks pjsc`hk, sk nphcon kh orctkrcj fk pubtunocÿb akbkrnh. Pkspkotj fk hn pubtunocÿb fk rkspukstns quk rkquckrkb ubn prkaubtn nfcocjbnh , sk pjbk kb iukaj kh iucocj orìtcoj fkh kxnlcbnfjr. Ojlj rkahn akbkrnh, sk kvnhùn hn rkspukstn ojlphktn (hn pnrtk fnfn fk lnbkrn kspjbtîbkn y hn `rcbfnfn fkspuãs fk hn prkaubtn), y sk nphconb hns scauckbtks pnutns9   _c hn rkspukstn nbtk hn rkprkaubtn ks fkh lcslj vnhjr quk hn `rcbfnfn kspjbtîbknlkbtk, sk ojl`cbnb nl`ns rkspukstns y sk ojhjon hn pubtunocÿb sulnfn.   _c hn rkspukstn `rcbfnfn fkspuãs fk hn prkaubtn nfcocjbnh bj lkijrn hn rkspukstn kspjbtîbkn fkh bcþj, pkrj tnlpjoj fklukstrn ub ojbokptj krrÿbkj krrÿb kj nokron fkh ìtkl, ks ojbscfkrnfn ubn rkspukstn pj`rk y sk lnbtckbk hn pubtunocÿb jrcacbnh.   _c hn khn`jrnocÿb fkh bcþj hukaj fk hn prkaubtn nfcocjbnh rkvkhn ub ojbokptj gubfnlkbtnh krrÿbkj nokron fkh ìtkl, ks ojbscfkrnfn ubn rkspukstn buhn. Kb tnhks rkspukstns, sk jtjran ubn pubtunocÿb fk 4. Tukfk jourrcr quk kh bcþj fk rkspukstns lùhtcphks. Kb kstjs onsjs, sk scaukb hns scauckbtks rkahns fk pubtunocÿb9 

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  _c kh bcþj sk nu nutjojrrca tjojrrcak, k, sk hk jtjran hn pubtunocÿb nprjpcnfn n hn ojrrkoocÿb.   _c kh bcþj fn fjs rkspukstns, ubn ojrrkotn y jtrn cbojrrkotn, hk prkaubtnljs ouîh ks hn rkspukstn quk fkskn fnr y sk jtjran pubtunocÿb n ksn rkspukstn.   _c hns rkspukstns fkh bcþj vnrìnb nlphcnlkbtk kb onhcfnf pkrj bcbaubn nbuhn hn rkspukstn kb su ojbiubtj, sk jtjran pubtunocÿb n hn lkijr rkspukstn fkh ojbiubtj.   _c kh bcþj nbuhn fk nhaùb ljfj ubn rkspukstn nokptn`hk, yn skn fk lnbkrn kspjbtîbkn j fkspuãs fk jtrn prkaubtn, sk jtjran 4 pubtjs.

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>4

 

Hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj Hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj ks bukstrn prcbocpnh mkrrnlckbtn ojlj kxnlcbnfjrks furnbtk hn nflcbcstrnocÿb, nflcbcstrn ocÿb, y fk`kljs ojlphklkbtnr su usj ojb kh Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb. Lîs quk ubn mjin, ks ubn sukrtk fk ounfkrbchhj, y kstî fcskþnfn pnrn gnochctnr hn nflcbcstrnocÿb y pubtunocÿb fkh tkst. Vckbk kspnocjs pnrn rkacstrnr hns rkspukstns fkh bcþj y pnrn jtjranrhks pubtunocÿb, k cbohuyk cbgjrlnocÿb tnh ojlj pubtjs fk ojlckbzj, rkahns fk rktrjarkscÿb, rkahns fk cbtkrrupocÿb y tcklpj hìlctk. Kb su ùhtcln pîacbn, pjfrkljs kbojbtrnr ub kspnocj pnrn rkacstrnr j`skrvnocjbks ojbfuotunhks rknhcznfns furnbtk hn kvnhunocÿb k cbgjrlnocÿb pkrtcbkbtk sj`rk kh kxnlcbnfj. Hn prclkrn pîacbn fk hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj ks hn Mjin fk Pksulkb. Kstn mjin prjpjrocjbn kspnocjs pnrn onhouhnr hn kfnf fkh bcþj y pnrn rkacstrnr hns pubtunocjbks fk onfn su`tkst, nsì ojlj tnl`cãb hns pubtunocjbks ojlpukstns. Nfklîs, sk pukfkb rknhcznr pkrgchks fk hjs su`tksts y fk hns pubtunocjbks ojlpukstns. Ojbjokr hn kfnf orjbjhÿacon kxnotn fkh bcþj ks gubfnlkbtnh fk`cfj n quk kb kh QC_O-CW hns bjrlns arupnhks fk cbtkrprktnocÿb kstîb fcvcfcfns kb cbtkrvnhjs fk 6 lksks. Kh oîhouhj fk`k skr rknhcznfj ojb suln ntkbocÿb y scauckbfj hns scauckbtks cbfconocjbks9 >. Nbjtnr hn gkomn fk nflcbcstrnocÿb y hn gkomn fk bn bnoclckbtj oclckbtj fkh bcþj kb hjs kspnocjs ojrrkspjbfckbtks ojrrkspjbfck btks fk hn Mjin fk Pksulkb. _c kh bcþj tuvj hn pruk`n kb fjs skscjbks, utchcznn sjhj hn gkomn fk hn prclkrn kh oîhouhj. fkh bcþj, tkbckbfj kb 0. sk Pkstnr hn gkomn fk nflcbcstrnoc nflcbcstrnocÿb ÿbkvnhunocÿb hn gkomn fkkbbnoclckbtj oukbtn hns scauckbtks cbfconocjbks9 n. _k rknhczn fk fkrkomn n czquckrfn (ojlkbznbfj pjr hjs fìns) `. Vjfjs hjs lksks sk ojbscfkrnb fk ?4 fìns o. Hns kfnfks bj sk rkfjbfknb mnocn kh prÿxclj lks j nþj. _c tkbkljs sukrtk, pukfk quk bjs tjquk ub oîhouhj sclphk, ojlj kh scauckbtk9  Nþj Gkomn fk nflcbcstrnocÿb 04>3 Gkomn fk bnoclckbtj 04>4 Kfnf 3

Lks 7 0 6

Fìn >0 ; 1

Kb kstk onsj, hn kfnf fkh bcþj skrìn fk 3 nþjs, 6 lksks y 1 fìns. _cb kl`nraj, pukfk jourrcr quk hn gkomn fk nflcbcstrnocÿb oncan kb ub bùlkrj fk fìn lksks  cbgkrcjr nh fìn fk bnoclckbtj fkh bcþj. Kb ksk onsj, skrî bkoksnrcj  pkfcrhk fìns n hjs lksks fk hn scauckbtk lnbkrn9  Nþj Gkomn fk nflcbcstrnocÿb 04>3 Gkomn fk bnoclckbtj 04>4 Kfnf 3

Lks 7 ; 0 ?

Fìn 60 >0 >= 06

Kbtjboks, kb kstk onsj, hn kfnf fkh bcþj skrìn fk 3 nþjs, ? lksks y 06 fìns. Fkh lcslj ljfj, pjfrìn jourrcr quk kh lks fk bnoclckbtj fkh bcþj skn supkrcjr nh lks fk hjs nþjs, tkbckbfj kb oukbtn quk onfn nflcbcstrnocÿb. Kb ksk onsj, hk pkfcrkljs lksks n hjs nþj tckbk >0 lksks, fk hn scauckbtk lnbkrn9

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 Nþj Gkomn fk nflcbcstrnocÿb 04>3 04>= Gkomn fk bnoclckbtj 04>4 Kfnf =

Lks >4 00 >0 >4

Fìn >0 ; 1

Kb kstk onsj, kh bcþj tkbfrìn = nþjs, >4 lksks y 1 fìns. [bn vkz onhouhnfn hn kfnf orjbjhÿacon fkh bcþj, pjfkljs ojbtcbunr ojlphktnbfj hn Mjin fk Pksulkb scauckbfj hjs scauckbtks pnsjs9 >. J`tkbkr hns Tubtunocjbks Fcrkotns Vjtnhks9 hn pubtunocÿb fcrkotn fk ub su`tkst ks hn suln fk hns pubtunocjbks fk hjs ìtkls. Tnrn onfn su`tkst, fk`kb sulnrsk hns pubtunocjbks pnrn onfn ìtkl, cbohucfjs hjs ìtkls fk nphconocÿb cbvkrsn y hjs ìtkls bj nflcbcstrnfjs nbtkrcjrks nh pubtj fk ojlckbzj, y nbjtnr kh rksuhtnfj kb kh onschhkrj ojrrkspjbfckbtk. 0. Ojbvkrscÿb fk Tubtunocjbks Fcrkotns kb Ksonhnrks 9 pnrn onhouhnr hns Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks fk`kljs tkbkr kb oukbtn hn kfnf fkh kxnlcbnfj y hn Vn`hn  N.> pnrn pj`hnocÿb nrakbtcbn nrakbtcbn,, quk sk kboukbt kboukbtrn rn k kb b hn pîacbn 040 fkh Lnbun Lnbunhh Vãob Vãobcoj coj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb. Hn kfnf fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk kb nþjs y lksks fktkrlcbn quã pîacbn fk hn Vn`hn N.> fk`krî usnrsk. ?. J`tkbocÿb fk hns sulns fk Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks 9 hjs ìbfcoks fk onpnocfnfks cbtkhkotunhks kspkoìgcons y kh OC Vjtnh sk j`tckbkb sulnbfj hns Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks fk hjs su`tkst quk hjs ojlpjbkb9 n. Ojlprkbscÿb Wk Wkr`nh9 r`nh9 _klkinbzns, Wjon`uhnrcj y Ojlprkbscÿb `. Pnzjbnlckbtj Tkrokptcvj9 Ojbstruoocÿb Ojbstruooc ÿb ojb oou`js, u`js, Ojbokptjs y Lntrcoks o. Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn9 Pktkbocÿb fk fìactjs y Hktrns y Bùlkrjs f. Wkhjocfnf fk Trjoksnlckbtj9 Ohnvks y @ùsqukfn fk _ìl`jhjs k. OC Vjtnh9 ks hn sulntjrcn fk hns pubtunocjbks ksonhnrks fk hjs fckz su`tksts prcbocpnhks. _c sk nflcbcstrnb hjs su`tksts jptntcvjs, jptntc vjs, ãstjs bj fk`kb sulnrsk n hns pubtunocjbks fk hjs su`tksts prcbocpnhks n lkbjs quk mnynb scfj sustctutjs fk ub su`tkst prcbocpnh. 6. Oîhouhj fk hns Tubtunocjbks Ojlpukstns9 sk trnbsgckrkb hns pubtunocjbks fk hjs ìbfcoks y kh OC Vjtnh n hn ojhulbn fk _uln fk Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks kb hn Vn`hn fk Ojbvkrscÿb fk hns _ulns fk Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks kb Tubtunocjbks Ojlpukstns. _k utchcznb hns Vn`hns N.0 n N.7 pnrn onhouhnrhjs, y onfn Vn`hn tnl`cãb cbohuyk hjs pkrokbtchks k cbtkrvnhjs fk ojbgcnbzn (34% j 3;%). ;. Pkprkskbtnocÿb fk hn pubtunocÿb kb pkrgchks9 hjs rksuhtnfjs fk hns pubtunocjbks pukfkb rkprkskbtnrsk arîgconlkbtk kb kh hnfj fkrkomj fk hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj. Tnrn mnokrhj, sjhj fk`k mnokrsk ub pubtj kb hn pubtunocÿb quk ojrrkspjbfn y trnznr ubn hìbkn kbtrk hns lnrons. Kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj kbojbtrnrkljs fjs pkrgchks9 n. Tkrgch fk Tubtunocjbks Ksonhnrks9 cbfcon arîgconlkbtk hn pubtunocÿb ksonhnr j`tkbcfn kb onfn su`tkst. `. Tkrgch fk Tubtunocjbks Ojlpukstns9 cbfcon arîgconlkbtk hn sulntjrcn fk pubtunocjbks ksonhnrks kb onfn ìbfcok.

>0

 

OJB_CFKPNOCJBK_ OJB_CFKPNOCJ BK_ TNPN KH NBÎHC_C_ K CB KPTPK NOCßB Kh nbîhcscs `îscoj fkh pkrgch Kh nbîhcscs fkh pkrgch fk ub bcþj j nfjhksokbtk ojlckbzn ojb hn akbkrnocÿb fk mcpÿtkscs `nsnfns kb kh pntrÿb fk pubtunocjbks j`tkbcfns. Kstns mcpÿtkscs sjb hukaj ojrrj`jrnfns j rkgutnfns ojb jtrjs rksuhtnfjs fk kvnhunocÿb, cbgjrlnocÿb fk nbtkokfkbtks u j`skrvnocjbks fk ojlpjrtnlckbtj fcrkotns. _ckl`rk fk`kljs cbtkbtnr j`tkbkr hn lnyjr onbtcfnf fk fntjs, cbohuykbfj cbgjrlnocÿb sj`rk kh bnoclckbtj y fksnrrjhhj fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk, mcstjrcn lãfcon, nbtkokfkbtks gnlchcnrks y ouhturnhks, mcstjrcn sjocnh y kfuontcvn, y kvnhunocjbks nbtkrcjrks. Kstn cbgjrlnocÿb fk`k ojbscfkrnrsk kb hn cbtkrprktnocÿb fkh rkbfclckbtj fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk k cbojrpjrnrsk kb hjs cbgjrlks fk rksuhtnfj fkh tkst rknhcznfj. Kh nbîhcscs fkh pkrgch pukfk rknhcznrsk fksfk9   [bn pkrspkotcvn cbtrn-cbfc cbtrn-cbfcvcfunh, vcfunh, lkfcnbtk ubn ojlpnrnocÿb kbtrk ssìì fk hns fcgkrkbtks pubtunocjbks j`tkbcfns pjr kh bcþj   [bn pkrspkotcvn cbtkr-cbfcvcfunh, ojlpnrnbfj pntrjbks fk pubtunocÿb ojb hjs fkh arupj bjrlntcvj nprjpcnfj.

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Fksfk hn oîtkfrn nfjptnljs klcbkbtklkbtk hn prclkrn, scb kl`nraj rksuhtn cbkvctn`hk hn ojlpnrnocÿb kstnfìstcon yojlj bjrlntcvn bcþj ounbfj mn`hnljs fk ub cbstrulkbtj fk kvnhunocÿb kstnbfnrcznfj hj ks khfkh QC_O-CW. Ounhquckrn skn hn pkrspkotcvn, hns ojlpnrnocjbks fk mn`chcfnf pukfkb nyufnr nh kxnlcbnfjr n cfkbtcgconr ojbgcaurnocjbks fk gjrtnhkzns y fk`chcfnfks, hj ounh ks clpjrtnbtk pnrn fksorc`cr trnstjrbjs fcsgubocjbnhks y pnrn fcskþnr y prkpnrnr prjykotjs kfuontcvjs j prjarnlns fk kstcluhnocÿb ojabctcvn.

Tnsj >9 Fksorcpocÿb fkh Ìbfcok fk Ojlprkbscÿb Wkr`nh (COW) Kh COW ks ubn lkfcfn fk hn gjrlnocÿb fk ojbokptjs, fkh rnzjbnlckbtj vkr`nh y kh ojbjoclckbtj nfqucrcfj fkh kbtjrbj fkh cbfcvcfuj. Hns pubtunocjbks `nins kb kstk Ìbfcok mnb scfj nsjocnfns nsjoc nfns ojb ubn vnrckfnf fk ojbfcocjbks ohìbcons y fk kbtjrbj. Tjr kiklphj, hjs bcþjs ojb trnstjrbjs bkurjhÿacojs pukfkb j`tkbkr ubn kb kh COW n fcgcouhtnfks kb kh prjoksnlckbtj fk hnfktkrcjrnfns. cbgjrlnocÿb kb khpubtunocÿb mklcsgkrcj`nin czquckrfj, qukfk`cfj sk lnbcgckstnb kb onpnocfnfks fkh hkbaunik Hjs bcþjs prjvkbckbtks fk kbtjrbjs sjocnhks onÿtcojs j fkprcvnfjs tnl`cãb pukfkb j`tkbkr pubtunocjbks fk COW `nins fk`cfj n hns pjons jpjrtubcfnfks pnrn fksnrrjhhnr kh nspkotj ouhturnh.

Tnsj 09 Fksorcpocÿb fkh Ìbfcok fk Pnzjbnlckbtj Tkrokptcvj (CPT) Kh CPT ks ubn lkfcfn fkh rnzjbnlckbtj pkrokptcvj ghucfj, kh prjoksnlckbtj kspnocnh y hn cbtkarnocÿb vcsjljtjrn. [b CPT `nij pukfk kstnr rkhnocjbnfj ojb ubn vnrckfnf fk ojbfcocjbks ohìbcons, cbohucfjs hjs trnstjrbjs fkh nprkbfcznik bj vkr`nh y kh sìbfrjlk fk Vurbkr. _cb kl`nraj, bj bkoksnrcnlkbtk cbfcon ub prj`hkln fk fksnrrjhhj kspkoìgcoj, tnl`cãb pukfk rkghkinr ubn vnrcnocÿb bjrlnh kb kh fksnrrjhhj fk hns mn`chcfnfks nsjocnfns n ãh, ojb rkspkotj n jtrns mn`chcfnfks ojabctcvns. >?

 

Tnsj ?9 Fksorcpocÿb fkh ìbfcok fk Lkljrcn Jpkrntcvn (CLJ) Kh CLJ prjpjrocjbn ubn lkfcfn fk hns mn`chcfnfks fk hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn fkh bcþj. Hns tnrkns fk hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn rkquckrkb fk hn mn`chcfnf pnrn rktkbkr tklpjrnhlkbtk cbgjrlnocÿb kb hn lkljrcn, fksklpkþnr nhaubn jpkrnocÿb j lnbcpuhnocÿb ojb khhn y prjfuocr ub rksuhtnfj. Hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn cbvjhuorn hn ntkbocÿb, hn ojbokbtrnocÿb, kh ojbtrjh lkbtnh y kh rnzjbnlckbtj. [b CLJhkbaunik. `nij pukfk rkhnocjbnfj ojbfcocjbks ohìbcons ojljkhtrnstjrbjs fk hnkb hkoturn y fkh Hjskstnr prjoksjs fk hn ojb lkljrcn jpkrntcvn gnochctnb nprkbfcznik ubn vnrckfnf fk ksgukrzjs nonfãlcojs y kh rkbfclckbtj pj`rk kb kstns tnrkns fk`k ojbscfkrnrsk ojlj ub gnotjr fk rcksaj pnrn hns fcgcouhtnfks nonfãlcons y fk nprkbfcznik. [bn pubtunocÿb fk CLJ `nin pukfk suakrcr hn bkokscfnf fk ubn kvnhunocÿb lîs ojlphktn fk hns fcgcouhtnfks fk nprkbfcznik.

Tnsj 69 Fksorcpocÿb fkh ìbfcok fk Wkhjocfnf fk Trjoksnlckbtj (CWT) Kh CWT prjpjrocjbn ubn lkfcfn fk hn mn`chcfnf fkh bcþj pnrn kxphjrnr, skoukbocnr j fcsorclcbnr fk lnbkrn rîpcfn y ojrrkotn cbgjrlnocÿb vcsunh sclphk. Vnl`cãb lcfk hn lkljrcn vcsunh n ojrtj phnzj, hn ntkbocÿb y hn ojjrfcbnocÿb vcsjljtjrn. Kb hns tnrkns quk ojlpjbkb hjs su`tksts quk cbtkarnb kstk ìbfcok tnl`cãb sk cbvjhuorn ub ojlpjbkbtk fk nprkbfcznik j ubn tjln fk fkocscÿb ojabctcvn. Hns cbvkstcanocjbks cbfconb ubn ojrrkhnocÿb scabcgcontcvn kbtrk hn vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj y hn mn`chcfnf ojabctcvn ojabct cvn akbkrnh. Kh prjoksnlckbtj fk cbgjrlnocÿb cbgjrlno cÿb lîs rîpcfj pukfk ojbskrvnr hjs rkoursjs fk hn lkljrcn jpkrntcvn, hc`krnbfj hjs fk tcpj ojabctcvj pnrn prjoksjs fk bcvkh supkrcjr tnhks ojlj rjtnocÿb lkbtnh, lnbcpuhnocÿb lkbtnh j rnzjbnlckbtj n`strnotj. Hns pubtunocjbks fk CWT `nins mnb scfj nsjocnfns ojb ojbfcocjbks ohìbcons tnhks ojlj  NFMF, trnstjrbjs fkh nprkbfcznik nprkbfcznik y fnþj okrk` okrk`rnh rnh trnulîtcoj. _cb kl kl`nraj, `nraj, ks clpjrt clpjrtnbtk nbtk quk kh kxnlcbnfjr tkban kb oukbtn ounhquckr cbghukbocn fk hn ojjrfcbnocÿb vcsjljtjrn sj`rk kh CWT.

Tnsj ;9 Nbîhcscs fkh Ojkgcockbtk Cbtkhkotunh Vjtnh (OCV) Kh OCV usunhlkbtk sk ojbscfkrn hn pubtunocÿb lîs rkprkskbtntcvn fkh gnotjr a , j lkfcfn fk onpnocfnf cbtkhkotunh akbkrnh. Hn cbtkrprktnocÿb fk kstn lkfcfn fkpkbfk fk hn cbgjrlnocÿb ohìbcon rkojpchnfn sj`rk kh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk, nsì ojlj tnl`cãb fk hns ojlpnrnocjbks kbtrk ìbfcoks. Vnl`cãb fk`k kvnhunrsk hn vnrcn`chcfnf kb hns pubtunocjbks ksonhnrks fk hjs su`tksts fkbtrj fk hjs ojlpukstjs. Fksfk ubn pkrspkotcvn cbtkr-cbfcvcfunh, pukfk mnokrsk ubn fksorcpocÿb ounhctntcvn fkh OCV fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk, ljstrnbfj su bcvkh fk rkbfclckbtj kb rkhnocÿb n sus pnrks fk hn lcsln kfnf. Hns ohnscgconocjbks fksorcptcvns fkh OCV sjb hns quk sk lukstrnb kb hn scauckbtk tn`hn, kxtrnìfn y nfnptnfn fk hn Vn`hn 1.? fkh Lnbunh Vãobcoj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb (pîa. >64)9 OCV (Ojlpukstj) (Ojlpukst j)

Ohnscgconocÿb Ohnscgconocÿ b

Ourvn bjrlnh tkÿrcon

Lukstrn rknh (@s. Ns.)

>?4 y supkrcjr >04->03 >>4->>3

Luy supkrcjr _upkrcjr Lkfcj nhtj

0.0 7.1 >7.>

>.3 ;.3 >3.;

>6

 

34->43 =4-=3 14-13 73 k cbgkrcjr

Lkfcj Lkfcj `nij Cbgkrcjr Kxtrklnfnlkbtk `nij

;4.4 >7.> 7.1 0.0

;>.6 >6.> ;.0 0.4

Hjs rksuhtnfjs fkh tkst pukfkb fksorc`crsk fk lnbkrn ounhctntcvn kb gjrln sclchnr nh scauckbtk kiklphj, fk ub bcþj fk >0 nþjs quk j`tuvj ub OCV fk =?9 ‘Kbojlpnrnocÿbojbhjsbcþjsfksulcsln ‘Kbojlpnrnocÿbojbhjs bcþjsfksulcslnkfnf,kstkbcþjnotunhlkbtkgubocjbn kfnf,kstkbcþjnotunhlkbtkgubocjbn fkbtrjfkhrnbajfkcbtkhcakbocnonhcgconfjojlj lkfcj `nijkbubnlkfcfnfk mn`chcfnfcbtkhkotunhkstnbfnrcznfn“.

Tnsjs nfcocjbnhks Bjrlnhlkbtk, fksfk hn oîtkfrn sk ojbscfkrn quk ub nbîhcscs mnstn kh pnsj ; rksuhtn sugcockbtk pnrn ojlprkbfkr hns mn`chcfnfks cbtkhkotunhks fk ub bcþj j nfjhksokbtk, scklprk quk ãstk skn ojlphklkbtnrcj n ub kstufcj fcbîlcoj fk su pkrsjbnhcfnf, vcfn kljocjbnh y nspkotjs cbojbsockbtks. _cb kl`nraj, kxcstkb onsjs pnrtcouhnrks kb hjs quk hjs pubtniks kxtrklnfnlkbtk `nijs j vnrcnfjs pukfkb rkqukrcr ubn ojlpnrnocÿb lîs kspkoìgcon y fktnhhnfn kbtrk hns lkfcfns j`tkbcfns pjr ub suiktj. Tnrn khhj, sk kstn`hkokb hjs scauckbtks pnsjs n skaucr, quk bj skrîb prjgubfcznfjs kb kstk trn`nij pkrj pukfkb skr ojbsuhtnfjs kb kh onpìtuhj 1 fkh Lnbunh Vãobcoj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb9   Tnsj 79 Nbîhcscs fk hns ojlpnrnocjbks fk hns fcsorkpnbocns kbtrk ìbfcoks   Tnsj 19 Kvnhunocÿb fk hns gjrtnhkzns y hns fk`chcfnfks   Tnsj =9 Kvnhunocÿb fk hns ojlpnrnocjbks fk hns fcsorkpnbocns kbtrk su`tksts   Tnsj 39 Kvnhunocÿb fkh pntrÿb fk pubtunocjbks fkbtrj fk onfn su`tkst 







Tubtunocjbks fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtk y Sj Thîstcoj Hns pubtunocjbks fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtk rkprkskbtnb hn kfnf prjlkfcj, kb nþjs y lksks, kb hn quk ks lîs ojlùb j`tkbkr ubn fktkrlcbnfn pubtunocÿb fcrkotn. Kstns pubtunocjbks sk rkpjrtnb kb hn Vn`hn N.3 fkh Lnbunh Vãobcoj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb. Kstn lkfcfn ojlpnrntcvn rksuhtn ùtch pnrn fksorc`cr kh gubocjbnlckbtj ojabctcvj fk ub bcþj kb ojlpnrnocÿb ojb hn lkfcnbn j kh gubocjbnlckbtj tìpcoj fk bcþjs fk vnrcns kfnfks.  Nfklîs, kb ub cbtrn-cbfcvcfunh, fksfk hn oîtkfrn sk ojbscfkrn ùtchj kh usj fk hns pubtunocjbks fk nbîhcscs kfnf kqucvnhkbtk pnrn fktkrlcbnr kh Sj Thîstcoj Thîst coj fkh bcþj nfjhksokbtk. Hn phnstcocfnf ks hn onpnocfnf fk nfnptnocÿb fk hjs rkoursjs fk noukrfj n hns ocroubstnbocns fkh lkfcj, k cbfcon ubn lnyjr gjrtnhkzn fkh Sj. [b Sj cfknhlkbtk phîstcoj, fk noukrfj ojb Hc`krlnb, ks nqukh quk cbstrulkbtn sus mn`chcfnfks y gubocjbks kb onfn ktnpn vctnh fk lnbkrn nfkounfn n su kfnf. Kh Sj Thîstcoj pukfk skr nbnhcznfj kb fjs kiks9   Ounbtctntcvj9 lckbtrns lîs rkoursjs tkban ub Sj, lîs phîstcoj skrî.   Ounhctntcvj9 tckbk quk vkr ojb kh arnfj fk rcacfkz y ghkxc`chcfnf kb hn cbstrulkbtnocÿb fk rkoursjs, kb hn lkfcfn kb quk kh Sj pukfk cr nfnptîbfjsk n hns sctunocjbks y n onfn ktnpn vctnh.

 

Kh fcspkrscarnln ks hn rkprkskbtnocÿb arîgcon fkh Sj Thîstcoj. Bjs pkrlctk vcsunhcznr kb quã kfnfks kqucvnhkbtks sk u`con kh suiktj kb rkhnocÿb n hj quk ks ojbscfkrnfj kspkrn`hk >;

 

n su kfnf (ub nþj pjr kbocln y ub nþj pjr fk`nij fk su kfnf orjbjhÿacon kxnotn) y n su fksklpkþj kb onfn ubj fk hjs su`tksts. Nfklîs, lukstrn kh arnfj fk fcspkrscÿb fk ksk fksklpkþj. Kh fcspkrscarnln sk ojbstruyk utchcznbfj ubn mjin lchclktrnfn pnrn lnyjr prkocscÿb. Hjs pnsjs n skaucr sjb hjs scauckbtks9 >. Kb ub arîgcoj fk fjs kiks, sk ojhjon kb kh kik S (vkrtconh (vkrtconh)) hjs bjl`rks fk hjs su`tkst y kb kh kik ] (mjrczjbtnh) hns kfnfks kqucvnhkbtks kqucvnhk btks tnh ojlj npnrkokb kb hn Vn`hn N.3. 0. Tnrn cbfconr hn kfnf orjbjhÿacon fkh bcþj, sk trnzn ubn hìbkn vkrtconh fk ojhjr y sk ksorc`k hn kfnf sj`rk kh kik ]. ?. Kh Sj phîstcoj n`nron kxnotnlkbtk ub nþj nbtkrcjr y ub nþj pjstkrcjr n hn kfnf orjbjhÿacon. Kstj sk cbfcon trnznbfj hìbkns vkrtconhks fk pubtjs kb onfn ubj fk hjs hnfjs, cbfconbfj hn kfnf ojrrkspjbfckbtk. 6. Tjr onfn su`tkst, sk lnron ojb ub pubtj hn kfnf kqucvnhkbtk n hns pubtunocjbks fcrkotns j`tkbcfns pjr kh bcþj. Tnrn khhj, utchcznr hn Vn`hn N.3 fkh Lnbunh. ;. Tjr ùhtclj, sk trnzn ubn hìbkn quk ubn tjfjs hjs pubtjs lnronfjs kb kh pnsj nbtkrcjr. Kh rksuhtnfj fk`krî skr nhaj sclchnr nh scauckbtk kiklphj9

[bn vkz rknhcznfj kh fcspkrscarnln, pjfrkljs mnokr ub nbîhcscs ounbtctntcvj  fk hjs rkoursjs fkh bcþj sc ojbjokljs nqukhhns nptctufks quk sjb bkoksnrcns pnrn rksjhvkr hns tnrkns quk phnbtknb hjs su`tksts fkh QC_O-CW9

>7

 

_[@VK_V_ FK OJLTPKB_CßB WKP@NH _u`tkst

_klkinbzns

Fcskþnfj pnrn lkfcr… Pnzjbnlckbtj vkr`nh y gjrlnocÿb fk ojbokptjs

Wjon`uhnrcj

Ojbjoclckbtj fk pnhn`rns quk kbk kh suiktj y gjrlnocÿb fk ojbokptjs vkr`nhks

Ojlprkbscÿb

Gjrlnocÿb fk ojbokptjs, rnzjbnlckbtj vkr`nh, kxprkscÿb y ojlprkbscÿb vkr`nh, y mn`chcfnf pnrn kvnhunr y uhcznr hn kxpkrckbocn Onpnocfnf fkh bcþj pnrn nfqucrcr, rktkbkr y rkoupkrnr ojbjoclckbtjs ojbjoclckbt js fk mkomjs akbkrnhks quk sk hjarnb kb hn ksoukhn y kb kh kbtjrbj. Pnzjbnlckbtj vkr`nh

(Cbgjrlnocÿb)

(Nfcvcbnbzns)

Vnl`cãb lcfk… Ojlprkbscÿb nufcvn, lkljrcn, fcsbocÿb kbtrk onrnotkrìsons onrnotkrìsons kskbocnhks y skoubfnrcns, kxprkscÿb vkr`nh, fksnrrjhhj fkh hkbaunik, ojbjoclckbtj fk pnhn`rns y rnzjbnlckbtj cbfuovj. Pcqukzn fk ojbjoclckbtjs, onpnocfnf fk nprkbfcznik, nprkbfczni k, lkljrcn n hnraj phnzj, arnfj fk fksnrrjhhj hcbaøìsoj, gjrlnocÿb vkr`nh fk ojbokptjs, pkbsnlckbtj n`strnotj y kxprkscÿb vkr`nh. Onpnocfnf pnrn lnbkinr cbgjrlnocÿb prîoon, ojbjoclckbtj fk kstîbfnrks ojbvkbocjbnhks fk ojlpjrtnlckbtj, iucocj sjocnh, skbfj ojlùb, cbgjrlnocÿb vkr`nh akbkrnh y fksnrrjhhj fkh hkbaunik. Tkrokpocÿb Tkrokpoc ÿb y ojlprkbscÿb nufcvn, gjrlnocÿb vkr`nh fk ojbokptjs, pkbsnlckbtj n`strnotj, kxprkscÿb vkr`nh, lkljrcn n hnraj phnzj k cbgjrlnocÿb vkr`nh akbkrnh. Ojlprkbscÿb vkr`nh, onpnocfnf fk rnzjbnlckbtj akbkrnh y nbnhÿacoj, n`strnoocÿb vkr`nh, ojbjoclckbtjs, nptuf pnrn cbtkarnr y scbtkznr fcgkrkb fcgkrkbtks tks pjs fk cbgjrlnocÿb y mn`chcfnf pnrn akbkrnr ojbokptjs nhtkrbnvjs.

_[@VK_V_ FK PNYJBNLCKBV P NYJBNLCKBVJ J TKPOKTVCWJ Ojbstruoocÿb ojb ou`js

Ojbokptjs Lntrcoks (Ojlphktnlckbtj fk ﬎aurns)

Mn`chcfnf pnrn nbnhcznr y scbtkznr ksluhjs vcsunhks n`strnotjs.

Pnzjbnlckbtj n`strnotj y gjrlnocÿb fk ontkajrìns Cbtkhcakbocn Cbtkhcakbo cn ffucfn y onpnocfnf lkbtnh akbkrnh Jranbcznocÿb y pkrokpocÿb vcsunh, ojbokbtrnocÿb, y rkojbjoclckbtj rkojbjoclckb tj vcsunh fk fktnhhks kskbocnhks fk hjs j`iktjs.

>1

Gjrlnocÿb fk ojbokptjs bj vkr`nhks, jranbcznocÿb jranbcznoc ÿb y pkrokpocÿb vcsunh, prjoksnlckbtj scluhtîbkj, ojjrfcbnocÿb vcsjljtjrn, onpnocfnf fk nprkbfcznik y onpnocfnf pnrn skpnrnr hn ﬎aurn fkh gjbfj kb ksluhjs vcsunhks. Pnzjbnlckbtj cbfuovj k cbgjrlnocÿb cbgjrlnocÿb vkr`nh akbkrnh. Pnzjbnlckbtj skoukbocnh akbkrnh (fkfuovj) y rnzjbnlckbtj rnzjbnlckbtj cbfuovj. Trjoksnlckbtj Trjoksnlckbt j vcsunh, ffkxc`chcfnf fk ohnusurn (hky akstîhon fk ockrrk) k cbgjrlnocÿb vkr`nh akbkrnh.

 

_[@VK_V_ FK LKLJPCN JTKPNVCWN Pktkbocÿb fk fìactjs

Hktrns y bùlkrjs

(Nrctlãon)

Lkljrcn nufcvn fk ojrtj phnzj, mn`chcfnf pnrn skoukbocnr, ntkbocÿb y ojbokbtrnocÿb.

Gjrlnocÿb fk skoukbocns, lnbkij lkbtnh fk cbgjrlnocÿb, ntkbocÿb, lkljrcn nufcvn fk ojrtj phnzj, gjrlnocÿb fk clîakbks vcsjkspnocnhks y vkhjocfnf fk prjoksnlckbtj. Lnbkij lkbtnh fk hn cbgjrlnocÿb y onpnocfnf fk rnzjbnlckbtj bulãrcoj

Lkljrcn n ojrtj phnzj, lkljrcn jpkrnvn, nprkbfcznik fk hn rkpkocÿb lkoîbcon, ntkbocÿb, ojfc﬎onocÿb fk hn cbgjrlnocÿb, prjoksnlckbtj nufcvj, trnbsgjrlnocÿb trnbsgjrlnoc ÿb fk cbgjrlnocÿb, lnbkij lkbtnh, clnacbnocÿb vcsjkspnocnh, ffkxc`chcfnf ojabcvn y nhkrtn lkbtnh. Lkljrcn n ojrtj phnzj y lkljrcn fk trn`nij.

Ojbokbtrnocÿb, ntkbocÿb, lkljrcn fk Ojbokbtrnocÿb, ojrtj y hnraj phnzj, nhkrtn lkbtnh, mn`chcfnf pnrn kstn`hkokr skoukbocns, rnzjbnlckbtj ffucfj y rnzjbnlckbtj hÿacoj.

_[@VK_V_ FK WKHJOCFNF FK TPJOK_NLCK TPJOK_NLCKBVJ BVJ Ohnvks

@ùsqukfn fk sìl`jhjs

(Nbclnhks)

Onpnocfnf fk nprkbfczni nprkbfcznik, k, pkrokpocÿb vcsunh, ojjrfcbnocÿb vcsunh y ljtjrn, mn`chcfnf fk skhkoocÿb vcsunh, ffkxc`chcfnf ojabcvn. Lkljrcn vcsunh fk ojrtj phnzj, ojjrfcbnocÿb vcsunh y ljtjrn, ffkxc`chcfnf ojabcvn, fcsorclcbnocÿb vcsunh y ojbokbtrnocÿb. Ntkbocÿb skhkovn vcsunh,

Pkscstkbocn n hn gnan y vkhjocfnf

oucfnfj y fksoucfj vcsunh.

pkrokpvn.

Ntkbocÿb, ljvnocÿb, lkljrcn fk ojrtj phnzj, prjoksnlckbtj prjoksnlckbtj skoukbocnh y vcsunh y rkscstkbocn n hn gnan.

Ojlprkbscÿb nufcvn, jranbcz jranbcznocÿb nocÿb pkrokpvn y onpnocfnf fk nprkbfcznik y phnbknlckbtj.

Tjr ùhtclj, n pnrtcr fkh fcspkrscarnln pjfrkljs mnokr tnl`cãb ub nbîhcscs ounhctntcvj fk hjs rkoursjs fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk sc tkbkljs kb oukbtn hn fcspkrscÿb fk hns kfnfks kqucvnhkbtks kb kh arîgcoj. _c hjs su`tksts kstîb u`confjs fkbtrj fkh rnbaj fkh Sj Thîstcoj, sk ojbscfkrn quk kh bcþj cbstrulkbtn sus rkoursjs nfnptntcvnlkbtk, fk lnbkrn kspkrn`hk n su kfnf. Tukfk jourrcr quk bjs kbojbtrkljs ojb arîgcojs luy fcspkrsjs. Kh nbîhcscs fkh fcspkrscarnln kb kstjs onsjs sk rknhczn fksfk ub pubtj fk vcstn fcbîlcoj. Tnrn khhj, ojbscfkrnljs quk9   _c kbojbtrnljs luomjs su`tksts u`confjs pjr gukrn fkh Sj Thîstcoj, kstjs bjs cbfconb nspkotjs fkh fksklpkþj cbtkhkotunh ngkotnfjs pjr hn nbaustcn y hn fkgkbsn. Kb jtrns pnhn`rns, bjs cbfconb pubtjs fk ojbghcotj.

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>=

 

  _c ub su`tkst kstî u`confj n hn czquckrfn fkh Sj Thîstcoj, ks fkocr, su pubtunocÿb fcrkotn ojcbocfk ojb ubn kfnf kqucvnhkbtk cbgkrcjr n hn fkh bcþj pjr lîs fk ub nþj, bjs kstî cbfconbfj ub îrkn kb hn quk hns fkgkbsns bj sjb sugcockbtks pnrn lctcanr hn nbaustcn, y, pjr khhj, kh bcþj grnonsn kb su fksklpkþj.   _c ub su`tkst sk u`con n hn fkrkomn fkh Sj Thîstcoj, ks fkocr, su pub pubtunocÿb tunocÿb fcrkotn ojcbocfk ojb ubn kfnf kqucvnhkbtk supkrcjr n hn fkh bcþj pjr lîs fk ub nþj, bjs cbfcon îrkns fk sj`rknfnptnocÿb.

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Ks pjsc`hk kbojbtrnr tnl`cãb fcspkrscarnlns luy ojbokbtrnfjs n hn czquckrfn j n hn fkrkomn fkh Sj Thîstcoj. Kb kstjs onsjs, skrî bkoksnrcj rknhcznr kh nbîhcscs cbtkarnbfj kh pkrgch j`tkbcfj kb hn Mjin fk Pkacstrj, ojb hn cbgjrlnocÿb ohìbcon rkojpchnfn y ojb kh fksklpkþj kb jtrns tãobcons, pnrn fktkrlcbnr kh fcnabÿstcoj fkh bcþj.

Hclctnocjbks fkh usj fk hns pubtunocjbks fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtk  N pksnr fk su utchcfnf, kh usj fk hns pubtuno pubtunocjbks cjbks fk kfnf kqucvnh kqucvnhkbtk kbtk prkskbtn vnrcns hclctnocjbks9   Trjpjrocjbn pjon cbgjrlnocÿb nokron fk hn pjscocÿb fkh bcþj j nfjhksokbtk kb rkhnocÿb ojb jtrjs fk su lcsln kfnf   Hjs onl`cjs pkqukþjs kb hn pubtunocÿb fcrkotn p pukfkb ukfkb jrcacbnr onl`cjs rkhkvnbtks kb hns pubtunocjbks fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtk.   Hns pubtunocjbks fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtks bj sjb ojlpnrn`hks kb tjfjs hjs su`tksts.  Nsì, hjs pkrokbtchks fk ub bcþj kb fjs su`tksts kb hjs quk j`tckbk hn lcsln kfnf kqucvnhkbtk pukfkb skr sustnbocnhlkbtk fcgkrkbtks.   [bn pubtunocÿb fk kfnf kqucvnhkbtk kxtrkln bj scabcgcon quk kh gubocjbnlckbtj ojabctcvj fkh bcþj skn sclchnr nh gubocjbnlckbtj kxtrklj fkbtrj fk ksk arupj fk kfnf.

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Fk`cfj n kstns hclctnocjbks, kh Lnbunh Vãobcoj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb rkojlckbfn kh usj rkstrcbacfj fk kstns pubtunocjbks, hns ounhks fk`kb skr cbtkrprktnfns ojb onutkhn. Hjs fcnabÿstcojs bubon fk`kb `nsnrsk ùbconlkbtk kb hns pubtunocjbks fk kfnf bc kb bcbaùb jtrj tcpj fk pubtunocÿb, scbj kb ub nbîhcscs ahj`nh fkh pkrgch fkh suiktj tkbckbfj kb oukbtn jtrns tãobcons nfklîs fkh QC_O-CW. PK_[LKB Hn cbtkhcakbocn ojbstctuyk ub nspkotj kskbocnh fk hn pkrsjbnhcfnf y fktkrlcbn hn gjrln kb quk ub cbfcvcfuj sk rkhnocjbn ojb kh lkfcj. _u kvnhunocÿb fk`k tkbkr kb oukbtn hns fcgkrkbocns sjocnhks y ouhturnhks quk cbghuykb kb su fksnrrjhhj. Kh QC_O-CW ojbstctuyk ubn tãobcon ojlphkin kb su nflcbcstrnocÿb, pubtunocÿb y nbîhcscs, pjr hj ounh rkquckrk fk ub kstufcj y prîotcon kxmnustcvjs nbtks fk su nphconocÿb, y ubn kspkocnh ntkbocÿb y oucfnfj nh ljlkbtj fk rknhcznr fcnabÿstcojs `nsnfjs kb sus rksuhtnfjs. Kh usj ojrrkotj fk kstn tãobcon `rcbfn cbgjrlnocÿb ojlphktn y prkocsn nokron fkh pkrgch cbtkhkotunh fkh suiktj, jgrkockbfj nh pscojfcnabjstconfjr fcgkrkbtks gjrlns fk nbîhcscs fkh lcslj. Hn ojl`cbnocÿb fk kstn cbgjrlnocÿb ojb hn j`tkbcfn n trnvãs jtrns tãobcons pkrlctcrî ojbgjrlnr ub fcnabÿstcoj ohnrj fk hn pkrsjbnhcfnf fkh kbtrkvcstnfj. >3

 

@C@HCJAPNGÌN Lkbãbfkz fk Yulkr, L.N. (04>?) QC_O-CW9 Lntkrcnh fkh oursj fk pkrgkoocjbnlckbtj prjgkscjbnh. TPNALN Hknrbcba. Tãrkz, K. & Lkfrnbj, H.N. (04>?) Vkjrìns ojbtklpjrîbkns fk hn cbtkhcakbocn. [bn rkvcscÿb orìtcon fk hn hctkrnturn. T_CKBOCN. Pkvcstn Hntcbjnlkrconbn fk Ockbocn Tscojhÿacon, Wjh. ;, Bùl. 0 , >4;->>= _chen _nbtjrj, A. (04>0) Nhaubns rkghkxcjbks sj`rk hn tkjrìn fk Hc`krlnb. Tscojnbîhcscs. Pkvcstn prjpckfnf fk hn Nsjocnocÿb Tscojnbnhìtcon fk @ukbjs Ncrks, Wjh. ?6, Bùl. ?, ;63;14 Qksomhkr, F., Vn`jrfn, N., @nr`kbzn, O. & @rkbhhn, L.K. (04>4) QC_O-CW9 Ksonhn fk Cbtkhcakbocn pnrn Bcþjs fk Qksomhkr. Lnbunh fk Nflcbcstrnocÿb y Tubtunocÿb. @ukbjs Ncrks9 Tncfÿs. Qksomhkr, F., Vn`jrfn, N., @nr`kbzn, O. & @rkbhhn, L.K. (04>4) QC_O-CW9 Ksonhn fk Cbtkhcakbocn pnrn Bcþjs fk Qksomhkr. Lnbunh Vãobcoj y fk Cbtkrprktnocÿb.   @ukbjs Ncrks9 Tncfÿs.

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