Wireless Networks. P. Nicopolitidis, M. S. Obaidat, G. I. Papadimitriou and A. S. Pomportsis Copyright ¶ 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-84529-5
WIRELESS NETWORKS
WIRELESS NETWORKS
P. Nicopolitidis Aristotle University, Greece
M. S. Obaidat Monmouth University, USA
G. I. Papadimitriou Aristotle University, Greece
A. S. Pomportsis Aristotle University, Greece
JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
Copyright q 2003
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To My Parents Petros Nicopolitidis To My Mother and the Memory of My Late Father Mohammad Salameh Obaidat To My Parents Zoi and Ilias, To My Wife Maria and our Children Georgios I. Papadimitriou To My Sons Sergios and George Andreas S. Pomportsis
Contents Preface
xv 1 2 2 3 4 7
1 Introduction to Wireless Networks 1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks 1.1.1 Early Mobile Telephony 1.1.2 Analog Cellular Telephony 1.1.3 Digital Cellular Telephony 1.1.4 Cordless Phones 1.1.5 Wireless Data Systems 1.1.6 Fixed Wireless Links 1.1.7 Satellite Communication Systems 1.1.8 Third Generation Cellular Systems and Beyond 1.2 Challenges 1.2.1 Wireless Medium Unreliability 1.2.2 Spectrum Use 1.2.3 Power Management 1.2.4 Security 1.2.5 Location/Routing 1.2.6 Interfacing with Wired Networks 1.2.7 Health Concerns 1.3 Overview 1.3.1 Chapter 2: Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 1.3.2 Chapter 3: First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 1.3.3 Chapter 4: Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 1.3.4 Chapter 5: Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 1.3.5 Chapter 6: Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 1.3.6 Chapter 7: Satellite Networks 1.3.7 Chapter 8: Fixed Wireless Access Systems 1.3.8 Chapter 9: Wireless Local Area Networks 1.3.9 Chapter 10: Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 1.3.10 Chapter 11: Personal Area Networks (PANs) 1.3.11 Chapter 12: Security Issues in Wireless Systems 1.3.12 Chapter 13: Simulation of Wireless Network Systems 1.3.13 Chapter 14: Economics of Wireless Networks WWW Resources References
11 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 23
2 Wireless Communications Principles and Fundamentals 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2.2.1 Transmission Bands and their Characteristics 2.2.2 Spectrum Regulation
25 25 26 26 27 30
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2.3 Wireless Propagation Characteristics and Modeling 2.3.1 The Physics of Propagation 2.3.2 Wireless Propagation Modeling 2.3.3 Bit Error Rate (BER) Modeling of Wireless Channels 2.4 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 2.4.1 Voice Coding 2.5 Modulation Techniques for Wireless Systems 2.5.1 Analog Modulation 2.5.2 Digital Modulation 2.6 Multiple Access for Wireless Systems 2.6.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 2.6.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 2.6.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2.6.4 ALOHA-Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 2.6.5 Polling Protocols 2.7 Performance Increasing Techniques for Wireless Networks 2.7.1 Diversity Techniques 2.7.2 Coding 2.7.3 Equalization 2.7.4 Power Control 2.7.5 Multisubcarrier Modulation 2.8 The Cellular Concept 2.8.1 Mobility Issues: Location and Handoff 2.9 The Ad Hoc and Semi Ad Hoc Concepts 2.9.1 Network Topology Determination 2.9.2 Connectivity Maintenance 2.9.3 Packet Routing 2.9.4 The Semi Ad Hoc Concept 2.10 Wireless Services: Circuit and Data (Packet) Mode 2.10.1 Circuit Switching 2.10.2 Packet Switching 2.11 Data Delivery Approaches 2.11.1 Pull and Hybrid Systems 2.11.2 Push Systems 2.11.3 The Adaptive Push System 2.12 Overview of Basic Techniques and Interactions Between the Different Network Layers 2.13 Summary WWW Resources References Further Reading 3 First Generation (1G) Cellular Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Analog Cellular Systems 3.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 3.2 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 3.2.1 AMPS Frequency Allocations 3.2.2 AMPS Channels 3.2.3 Network Operations 3.3 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) 3.3.1 NMT Architecture 3.3.2 NMT Frequency Allocations 3.3.3 NMT Channels 3.3.4 Network Operations: Mobility Management 3.3.5 Network Operations
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32 32 36 41 41 43 46 47 49 54 55 56 58 59 61 67 67 71 74 75 76 77 80 81 82 83 84 84 85 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 92 92 93 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 98 99 102 102 103 103 104 106
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3.3.6 NMT Security 3.4 Summary WWW Resources References
107 109 109 109
4 Second Generation (2G) Cellular Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 4.2 D-AMPS 4.2.1 Speech Coding 4.2.2 Radio Transmission Characteristics 4.2.3 Channels 4.2.4 IS-136 4.3 cdmaOne (IS-95) 4.3.1 cdmaOne Protocol Architecture 4.3.2 Network Architecture-Radio Transmission 4.3.3 Channels 4.3.4 Network Operations 4.4 GSM 4.4.1 Network Architecture 4.4.2 Speech Coding 4.4.3 Radio Transmission Characteristics 4.4.4 Channels 4.4.5 Network Operations 4.4.6 GSM Authentication and Security 4.5 IS-41 4.5.1 Network Architecture 4.5.2 Inter-system Handoff 4.5.3 Automatic Roaming 4.6 Data Operations 4.6.1 CDPD 4.6.2 HCSD 4.6.3 GPRS 4.6.4 D-AMPS1 4.6.5 cdmaTwo (IS-95b) 4.6.6 TCP/IP on Wireless-Mobile IP 4.6.7 WAP 4.7 Cordless Telephony (CT) 4.7.1 Analog CT 4.7.2 Digital CT 4.7.3 Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications Standard (DECT) 4.7.4 The Personal Handyphone System (PHS) 4.8 Summary WWW Resources References
111 111 113 113 114 114 115 116 117 117 118 118 120 121 122 125 125 129 129 132 133 133 134 135 136 136 138 138 139 140 140 142 143 143 144 144 147 147 148 148
5 Third Generation (3G) Cellular Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 3G Concerns 5.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 5.2 3G Spectrum Allocation 5.2.1 Spectrum Requirements 5.2.2 Enabling Technologies 5.3 Third Generation Service Classes and Applications
151 151 153 154 154 154 157 158
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5.3.1 Third Generation Service Classes 5.3.2 Third Generation Applications 5.4 Third Generation Standards 5.4.1 Standardization Activities: IMT-2000 5.4.2 Radio Access Standards 5.4.3 Fixed Network Evolution 5.5 Summary WWW Resources References Further Reading
159 160 161 161 162 183 185 186 186 188
6 Future Trends: Fourth Generation (4G) Systems and Beyond 6.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 6.2 Design Goals for 4G and Beyond and Related Research Issues 6.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 6.3 4G Services and Applications 6.4 Challenges: Predicting the Future of Wireless Systems 6.4.1 Scenarios: Visions of the Future 6.4.2 Trends for Next-generation Wireless Networks 6.4.3 Scenario 1: Anything Goes 6.4.4 Scenario 2: Big Brother 6.4.5 Scenario 3: Pocket Computing 6.5 Summary WWW Resources References
189 189 190 190 192 195 196 197 197 198 199 200 200 201 201
7 Satellite Networks 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Historical Overview 7.1.2 Satellite Communications Characteristics 7.1.3 Spectrum Issues 7.1.4 Applications of Satellite Communications 7.1.5 Scope of the Chapter 7.2 Satellite Systems 7.2.1 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) 7.2.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) 7.2.3 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) 7.2.4 Elliptical Orbits 7.3 VSAT Systems 7.4 Examples of Satellite-based Mobile Telephony Systems 7.4.1 Iridium 7.4.2 Globalstar 7.5 Satellite-based Internet Access 7.5.1 Architectures 7.5.2 Routing Issues 7.5.3 TCP Enhancements 7.6 Summary WWW Resources References Further Reading
203 203 203 204 205 206 207 207 208 209 210 212 213 215 215 220 222 222 224 225 226 227 228 228
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8 Fixed Wireless Access Systems 8.1 Wireless Local Loop versus Wired Access 8.2 Wireless Local Loop 8.2.1 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) 8.2.2 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) 8.3 Wireless Local Loop Subscriber Terminals (WLL) 8.4 Wireless Local Loop Interfaces to the PSTN 8.5 IEEE 802.16 Standards 8.6 Summary References
229 229 231 231 232 234 234 235 237 238
9 Wireless Local Area Networks 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Benefits of Wireless LANs 9.1.2 Wireless LAN Applications 9.1.3 Wireless LAN Concerns 9.1.4 Scope of the Chapter 9.2 Wireless LAN Topologies 9.3 Wireless LAN Requirements 9.4 The Physical Layer 9.4.1 The Infrared Physical Layer 9.4.2 Microwave-based Physical Layer Alternatives 9.5 The Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer 9.5.1 The HIPERLAN 1 MAC Sublayer 9.5.2 The IEEE 802.11 MAC Sublayer 9.6 Latest Developments 9.6.1 802.11a 9.6.2 802.11b 9.6.3 802.11g 9.6.4 Other Ongoing Activities within Working Group 802.11 9.7 Summary WWW Resources References Further Reading
239 239 240 240 241 243 243 245 247 247 249 256 257 260 267 267 267 268 268 269 271 271 272
10 Wireless ATM and Ad Hoc Routing 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 ATM 10.1.2 Wireless ATM 10.1.3 Scope of the Chapter 10.2 Wireless ATM Architecture 10.2.1 The Radio Access Layer 10.2.2 Mobile ATM 10.3 HIPERLAN 2: An ATM Compatible WLAN 10.3.1 Network Architecture 10.3.2 The HIPERLAN 2 Protocol Stack 10.4 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 10.4.1 Table-driven Routing Protocols 10.4.2 On-demand Routing Protocols 10.5 Summary WWW Resources References
273 273 273 275 276 276 277 278 280 280 281 287 288 291 295 296 296
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11 Personal Area Networks (PANs) 11.1 Introduction to PAN Technology and Applications 11.1.1 Historical Overview 11.1.2 PAN Concerns 11.1.3 PAN Applications 11.1.4 Scope of the Chapter 11.2 Commercial Alternatives: Bluetooth 11.2.1 The Bluetooth Specification 11.2.2 The Bluetooth Radio Channel 11.2.3 Piconets and Scatternets 11.2.4 Inquiry, Paging and Link Establishment 11.2.5 Packet Format 11.2.6 Link Types 11.2.7 Power Management 11.2.8 Security 11.3 Commercial Alternatives: HomeRF 11.3.1 HomeRF Network Topology 11.3.2 The HomeRF Physical Layer 11.3.3 The HomeRF MAC Layer 11.4 Summary WWW Resources References Further Reading
299 299 299 301 302 303 303 303 306 307 309 310 311 313 314 315 316 318 318 323 325 325 325
12 Security Issues in Wireless Systems 12.1 The Need for Wireless Network Security 12.2 Attacks on Wireless Networks 12.3 Security Services 12.4 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Protocol 12.5 Mobile IP 12.6 Weaknesses in the WEP Scheme 12.7 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 12.7.1 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) 12.7.2 Layer-2 Transport Protocol (L2TP) 12.7.3 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 12.8 Summary References
327 327 328 330 331 334 335 336 337 337 338 338 339
13 Simulation of Wireless Network Systems 13.1 Basics of Discrete-Event Simulation 13.1.1 Subsystem Modeling 13.1.2 Variable and Parameter Estimation 13.1.3 Selection of a Programming Language/Package 13.1.4 Verification and Validation (V&V) 13.1.5 Applications and Experimentation 13.2 Simulation Models 13.3 Common Probability Distributions Used in Simulation 13.4 Random Number Generation 13.4.1 Linear-Congruential Generators (LCG) 13.4.2 Midsquare Method 13.4.3 Tausworthe Method 13.4.4 Extended Fibonacci Method 13.5 Testing Random Number Generators 13.6 Random Variate Generation
341 341 344 344 344 344 345 346 348 351 351 352 352 352 353 354
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13.6.1 The Inverse Transformation Technique 13.6.2 Rejection Method 13.6.3 Composition Technique 13.6.4 Convolution Technique 13.6.5 Characterization Technique 13.7 Case Studies 13.7.1 Example 1: Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11 WLAN Configurations Using Simulation 13.7.2 Example 2: Simulation Analysis of the QoS in IEEE 802.11 WLAN System 13.7.3 Example 3: Simulation Comparison of the TRAP and RAP Wireless LANs Protocols 13.7.4 Example 4: Simulation Modeling of Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path Forwarding (TBRPF) Protocol Using an 802.11 WLAN-based MONET Model 13.7 Summary References
355 355 356 356 357 357 357 360 366 372 378 378
14 Economics of Wireless Networks 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Scope of the Chapter 14.2 Economic Benefits of Wireless Networks 14.3 The Changing Economics of the Wireless Industry 14.3.1 Terminal Manufacturers 14.3.2 Role of Governments 14.3.3 Infrastructure Manufacturers 14.3.4 Mobile Carriers 14.4 Wireless Data Forecast 14.4.1 Enabling Applications 14.4.2 Technological Alternatives and their Economics 14.5 Charging Issues 14.5.1 Mobility Charges 14.5.2 Roaming Charges 14.5.3 Billing: Contracts versus Prepaid Time 14.5.4 Charging 14.6 Summary References Further Reading
381 381 382 382 383 383 384 385 385 387 387 388 388 389 391 391 393 396 397 397
Index
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Preface The field of wireless networks has witnessed tremendous growth in recent years and it has become one of the fastest growing segments of the telecommunications industry. Wireless communication systems, such as cellular, cordless and satellite phones as well as wireless local area networks (WLANs) have found widespread use and have become an essential tool to many people in every-day life. The popularity of wireless networks is so great that we will soon reach the point where the number of worldwide wireless subscribers will be higher than the number of wireline subscribers. This popularity of wireless communication systems is due to its advantages compared to wireline systems. The most important of these advantages is the freedom from cables, which enables the 3A paradigm: communication anywhere, anytime, with anyone. For example, by dialing a friend or colleague’s mobile phone number, one is able to contact him in a variety of geographical locations, thus overcoming the disability of fixed telephony. This book aims to provide in-depth coverage of the wireless technological alternatives offered today. In Chapter 1, a short introduction to wireless networks is made. In Chapter 2, background knowledge regarding wireless communications is provided. Issues such as electromagnetic wave propagation, modulation, multiple access for wireless systems, etc. are discussed Readers who are already familiar with these issues may skip this chapter. In Chapter 3, the first generation of cellular systems is discussed. Such systems are still used nowadays, nevertheless they are far from being at the edge of technology. Chapter 3 discusses two representative first generation systems, the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and the Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) system. In Chapter 4, the second generation of cellular systems is discussed. The era of mobile telephony as we understand it today, is dominated by second generation cellular standards. Chapter 4 discusses several such systems, such as D-AMPS, cdmaOne and the Global system for Mobile Communications (GSM). Moreover, data transmission over 2G systems is discussed by covering the so-called 2.5G systems, such as the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), cdmaTwo, etc. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses Cordless Telephony (CT) including the the Digital European Cordless Telecommunications Standard (DECT) and the Personal Handyphone System (PHS) standards. Chapter 5 discusses the third generation of cellular systems. These are the successors of second generation systems. They are currently starting to be deployed and promise data rates up to 2 Mbps. The three different third generation air-interface standards (Enhanced Data
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Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), cdma2000 and wideband CDMA (WCDMA)) are discussed. Chapter 6 provides a vision of 4G and beyond mobile and wireless systems. Such systems target the market of 2010 and beyond, aiming to offer data rates of at least 50 Mbps. Due to the large time window to their deployment, both the telecommunications scene and the services offered by 4G systems and beyond are not yet known and as a result aims for these systems may be changing over time. Chapter 7 discusses satellite-based wireless systems. After discussing the characteristics of the various satellite orbits, Chapter 7 covers the VSAT, Iridium and Globalstar systems and discusses a number of issues relating to satellite-based Internet access. Chapter 8 discusses fixed wireless systems. The main points of this chapter are the wellknown Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS). Chapter 9 covers wireless local area networks. It discusses the design goals for wireless local area networks, the different options for using a physical layer and the MAC protocols of two wireless local area network standards, IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN 1. Furthermore, it discusses the latest developments in the field of wireless local area networks. Chapter 10 is devoted to Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (WATM). After providing a brief introduction to ATM, it discusses WATM and HIPELRAN 2, an ATM-compatible wireless local area network. The chapter also provides a section on wireless ad-hoc routing protocols. Chapter 11 describes Personal Area Networks (PANs). The concept of a PAN differs from that of other types of data networks in terms of size, performance and cost. PANs target applications that demand short-range communications. After a brief introduction, Chapter 11 covers the Bluetooth and HomeRF PAN standards. Chapter 12 discusses security issues in wireless networks. Security is a crucial point in all kinds of networks but is even more crucial in wireless networks due to the fact that wireless transmission cannot generally be confined to a certain geographical area. Chapter 13 deals with the basics of simulation modeling and its application to wireless networking. It discusses the basic issues involved in the development of a simulator and presents several simulation studies of wireless network systems. Finally, Chapter 14 discusses several economical issues relating to wireless networks. It is reported that although voice telephony will continue to be a significant application, the wireless-Internet combination will shift the nature of wireless systems from today’s voiceoriented wireless systems towards data-centric ones. The impacts of this change on the key players in the wireless networking world are discussed. Furthermore, the chapter covers charging issues in the wireless networks. We would like to thank the reviewers of the original book proposal for their constructive suggestions. Also, we would like to thank our students for some feedback that we received while trying the manuscript in class. Many thanks to Wiley’s editors and editorial assistants for their outstanding work.
