Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
WIND ATLAS OF VOJVODINA, SERBIA ∗
Željko Đurišić , Momčilo Bubnjević, Dušan Mikičić, Nikola Rajaković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Electrical Engineering SUMMARY: In Serbia, systematic measurements of wind potential have not been performed, and therefore there is no reliable data on wind power potential. Northeastern part of Serbia – Vojvodina is a region of special interest for perspective wind-plant construction. In this paper, a map of wind energy potential for Vojvodina has been presented. Map has been formed with WAsP software and through application of methodologies from European Wind Atlas. Standard hydrometeorologic measurements of wind speed from 9 hydrometeorologic stations for the period from 1999 to 2006 have been used as input data. Also, custom measurements of wind parameters have been used for the map verification, acquired with 40m anemometer measurement mast that was installed in region Deliblatska Peschara. In the surroundings of anemometer measurement mast, in 40km radius, a map of high resolution (200m) has been given, which shows relatively good wind potential at a higher number of micro locations in this part of region Vojvodina. 1. WIND POTENTIAL MAP OF SERBIA The only available data on the wind velocity ratings, competent for the estimate of wind potential map of Serbia, are the standard hydro meteorological measurements. The territory of Serbia is relatively well covered with hydro meteorological measurement stations, Fig.1.
Fig 1: Meteorological observing system in Serbia Wind recordings in Serbia have been taken since the beginning of 70's in 34 measurement stations. Wind velocity measurements are taken at a standard 10 m height. Anemometers are generally of older (obsolete) types with tape recordings (anemographs), which make hourly mean wind velocity data mostly unavailable. In the last two years, modern digital equipment/ instruments with remote measurement readings of wind parameters have been installed in several measurement stations in Serbia. Based on the wind velocity measurement data taken in the period from 1971 through 1990, a wind potential map of Serbia was generated [1] Fig. 2, by using the meteorological data contained in the European Wind Atlas.
Željko Đurišić, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bul. kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia ph. +381 11 3218 360 e-mail:
[email protected]
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
Average annual wind power at 100m above ground level Fig. 2: Average annual wind power map of Serbia at 100m height above ground level Basic characteristics of wind potential of Serbia:
Available wind energy in Serbia varies greatly from one region to another, showing substantial differences even at small distances.
Wind energy is more available in lower areas than in higher ones. This paradox can be explained with a fact that winds are usually catabatic and have higher speed in descent moving.
Northeastern part of Serbia is a region of special interest. Particularly interesting is the region of south Banat where the wind of dominant direction also has dominant speed. Wind potential is better during the colder period of the year in this region.
2. WIND POTENTIAL MAP OF VOJVODINA
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
The Vojvodina Region (Fig.3) is specifically interesting for the analysis of the wind potential of Serbia. Fig. 3: Position and topography of Vojvodina (North part of Serbia) The basic characteristics favouring this Region in terms of possible use of wind power are:
Good wind potential in some regions Vojvodina Accessible terrain (land) and low building/construction cost of the wind turbine, for wind farm development Cheap transport, for large wind turbines, of the wind turbines from the countries of the European Union (the River Danube) Low keraunic level Many isolated/individual electricity consumers in the rural sites, that are potential users for small wind system applications
SERBIA
Good potential of other renewable (biomass, solar, geothermal) power, creating a favourable framework for creating an integrated renewable energy policy program
In the framework of the RISE Project (www.rise05.net) , a detailed analysis of the wind potential of Vojvodina was made and the relevant wind potential map of Vojvodina duly prepared, Fig.4.
Fig 4: Average annual wind speed and wind power map of region Vojvodina at 50m height above ground level The map, Fig.4, is made on the basis of wind velocity measurements taken at 6 meteorological stations in the Vojvodina Region and three bordering stations situated in Croatia, Hungary and Romania. The methodology from the European Wind Atlas [2] was being used in the process. For the verification of the wind potential map, the wind velocity measurements were being used as taken on the anemometric mast, 40 m high, located in the close vicinity of the measurement station Banatski Karlovac. Vojvodina region is characterized by a strong SE wind. This wind, with a descending component, is stronger than the ascending wind that occurs simultaneously. The area affected by this local wind (named 'Koshava') is surrounded by mountains from the south and the east, and open to the north and the west. Koshava is mostly blowing during the colder period of the year. The warmer period of the year is dominated by the westerly winds. The wind rose in the Vojvodina Region is characterized by its expressly predominant southeasterly wind, Koshava. Blowing over the terrain, Koshava loses its energy and the wind potential is due to decrease from southeast to northwest of Vojvodina. Fig. 5 shows mean wind velocity taken from measurement stations. The Stations are lined up in the direction of blowing of Koshava.
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
Fig. 5: Average annual wind speed (at 10m height a. g. l.) for meteorological stations in Vojvodina Extremely dominant southeastern wind characterizes the wind rose in the Vojvodina region, Fig. 6.
N
E
W
S Fig. 6: Wind rose measured in meteorological station Banatski Karlovac The wind of dominant direction also has dominant speed, which represents the basic quality for building wind-generators. This kind of wind rose is beneficial for building individual wind-generators as well as a wind park. 3. WIND POTENTIAL MAP OF THE DELIBLATSKA PESCHARA SITE Targeted region Deliblatska Peschara is located in south-eastern part of Vojvodina. The target region is characterized by a flat and open terrain, which allows a quality in-sight in the wind potential within the area surrounding the measuring column. The wind map for the target region has been determined by means of the WAsP software package and wind speed data taken at measurement stations Vršac and Banatski Karlovac. The methodology from the European Wind Atlas has been used in the process. Detailed orography, roughness and obstacle models that have been made for the region are being analyzed. Fig. 7 shows the position/location of the target site - Deliblatska Peschara. Fig. 8 shows the map with the terrain orography.
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
Fig. 7: Position and topography of Deliblatska Peschara 35 site km
Meteorological station B. Karlovac
Deliblatska Deliblatska Peschara Peschara
35 km
Fig. 8: Orography of terrain and position of meteorological station at Deliblatska Peschara site Fig. 9 shows the Regional high resolution wind map (200x200)m with data on wind potential at 50m height at target site Deliblatska Peschara.
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
5km
Fig 9: Regional high resolution wind map (200x200)m with data on wind potential at 50m height at target site A broader target region is characterized by a relatively good wind potential, with the prevailing Class 3 and Class 4 winds. The wind potential is greater on the periphery of the Deliblatska Peschara, for a lower terrain roughness. The target region includes micro locations in which a mean annual wind velocity, measured at 50 m, is above 6 m/s, while the mean wind power density in these locations is about 300 W/m2. The wind rose is very favourable for the construction of the wind power plants, for its expressly predominant southeasterly wind. The dominant wind direction has also the greatest force, which favours the construction of the wind power plants. The analyses show that perspective wind power plants, built in this region, could operate at a very high capacity utilization factor [3], [4]. Fig. 10 show the discrete wind speed histogram and Rayleight statistic at target location estimated at 50m above ground level.
Fig. 10: Discrete wind speed histogram and Rayleight statistic at typical microlocation in target region estimated at 50m above ground level Fig. 11 shows the seasonal variations of the wind velocity and force taken at the measurement taking site.
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
Fig. 11: Average monthly wind speed and wind power variation at target site measured at 40m height
The target region is characterized by a strong southeast wind (Koshava) blowing in autumn, winter and spring periods, while the summer winds are predominantly westerly in direction and considerably lower in intensity. Annual diagram of electricity consumption is to a great extent compatible to annual variations of wind power in the analyzed region, where wind in winter months is significantly stronger and more frequent than in summer. 4. CONCLUSION In this paper wind potential of Serbia analysed. Characteristic for this region is that wind speeds are greater in lower than in mountain areas. North part of Serbia -Vojvodina represents the region of special interest for wind applications. Custom wind measurements in this region are of particular importance because lowland terrain provides very reliable space extrapolation of measurements in a wide radius around the measurement mast (20 to 30km). Lowland terrain and relatively well developed distribution network in Vojvodina are a precondition for low costs of connecting perspective wind-plants to electric system. River Danube and road infrastructure allow cheap transport of wind-generators from countries of European Union and low erection costs, which have significant impact on the economy of wind-generators. Vojvodina also has relatively low keraunic level, which is also a relevant factor in selecting location for a wind-plant. These are the essential reasons for favouring Vojvodina as a perspective region for wind-plant construction. Based on long term meteorological measurements, methodology from European wind atlas and WAsP software, wind potential map of this perspective region was formed. Map shows greater wind speeds in southeastern part of Vojvodina; Koshava, strong southeastern wind is blowing in that region most time of the year. Annually mean wind speed measured at 40m height in region Deliblatska Peschara is 5,72 m/s, and mean wind power density is 237 W/m2. Annually mean wind speeds at micro locations with best wind potential at 50m height are above 6 m/s. Using software package WAsP, the annual production of perspective wind-plant at micro locations with best wind potential has been determined, amounting 15600 MWh/year for the selected wind-turbine E-82 mounted on a mast 70m high [3]. This productivity corresponds to capacity usage factor of 29,7%, which is above the average for locations in countries of European.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Proc. of European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC 2007), Milano, Italy, May 2007.
This research was partially supported by the European Commission, RISE Project FP6-INC02-S09161, and by the Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection Republic of Serbia, Project Solar and Wind Atlas of Serbia. REFERENCES [1] [2]
I. Troen, E. L. Petersen, European Wind Atlas, Riso National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1989. Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection Republic of Serbia, Study EE704-1052A, (Study leader Prof. P. Gburčik, University of Belgrade), 2005.
[3] Ž. Đurišić, N. Rajaković, D. Mikičić, M. Bubnjević, Feasibility Analysis of Wind-plant in the Region of [4] [5]
Deliblatska Peščara (Serbia), Proc. of 6th Balkan Power Conference (ISBN:961-243-040-3), Ohrid, Macedonia, June 2006. N. Rajaković, Ž. Đurišić, M. Bubnjević, D. Mikičić, Analyses of Annual Electricity Production of Perspective Small Wind-plant In the Region of Deliblatska Peščara, Proc. of 6 th International Symposium Nikola Tesla, Belgrade, Serbia, October 2006. D. Mikičić, B. Radičević, Ž. Đurišić, ″Wind Energy potential in the World and Serbia and Montenegro″, Facta Universitatis-Series: Electronics and Energetics, Vol. 19, No 1, April 2006, pp. 47-61.
