Westerman Table

Symbol

Ag Al Au Ba Be Bi C

Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Fe Ir K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb

Steel

Materials

Cast iron

Iron

Malleable iron Whiteheart malleable iron Blackheart malleable iron

Classification and categories Ferrous metals

Cast steel Grey cast iron

Tool steel Carbon tool steel Alloy cast iron

Structural steel Carbon steel Alloy tool steel

961 660 1063 704 1283 271

Melting or solidification point °C 0.000 020 0.000 024 0.000 014

Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion α

Specific weight gf/cm 3

10.5 2.7 19.3 3.74 1.85 9.75 3550 3600 850 321 775 1492 1800 1083 1535 2443 63 826 180 650 1244 2610 98 2415 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

058 026 023 005 071 007

013 007 017 012 006 084

0.000 029

0.000 008 0.000 001

0.000 012 0.000 013

2.25 3.52 1.55 8.64 6.9 8.8 7.1 8.9 7.86 22.42 0.86 6.18 0.53 1.74 7.3 10.21 0.97 8.55

Symbol

Ni P Pb Pt Ra S Sb Se Si Sn Ta Th Ti U V W Zn Zr Hg Cl H He N Ne O

Nonferrous metals

Copper, Lead Zinc, Tin, Nickel, Al

Solders

Copper alloys Al alloys Zinc alloys

Element

Nickel Phosphorus Lead Platinum Radium Sulphur Antimony Selenium Silicon Tin Tantalum Thorium Titanium Uranium Vanadium Tangsten Zinc Zirconium Mercury Chlorine Hydrogen Helium Nitrogen Neon Oxygen

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

064 011 037 008 023 007 011 009

013 124 029 009

0.000 004 0.000 026 0.000 005

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion α

Westermann Tables

Plastics

PVC Vulcanized fibre Aminoplasts

Specific weight gf/cm 3

Melting or solidification point °C

Phenolplasts

8.9 1.82 11.35 21.45 5.00 2.06 6.69 4.5 2.4 7.3 16.6 11.2 4.52 18.7 5.96 19.27 7.13 6.5 13.5

1453 44 327 1769 700 113 630 217 1410 232 3030 1827 1812 1132 1730 3380 420 1852 – 39 – 101 – 259 – 272 – 210 – 249 – 219

Specific weight—Melting points—Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion

Chemical elements

General properties of materials

Alloy steel

Element

Silver Aluminium Gold Barium Beryllium Bismuth Carbon Graphite Diamond Calcium Cadmium Cerium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Iridium Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Niobium

1

2

1

α

Materials Melting point °C Iron and Steel Chrome steel Nickel steel Tungsten carbide Invar Chromium Constantan Electron Aluminium Magnesium Gold Silver Zinc Tin Lead Nickel Platinum Brass Brouce Plexiglass Glass Porcelain

Material

Coefficient of linear (thermal) = Increase in length of unit length of a solid for temperature rise of 1°C. expansion α

Specific weight gf/cm 3 1350…1450 1150…1250 ≈ 2000 ≈ 2000 1450

≈ 1600 ≈ 900

≈ 900 ≈ 650 ≈ 650 300…400

–110 –150 0 –84 –78 –194 –43

Shrinkage

Brass Copper Tin, lead Zinc alloys Al, Mg alloys

Material

012 010 012 006 0015 007 015 024 023 026 014 019 030 023 029 013 009 018 017 010 008 003

1.5% 1% 1% 1.5% 1.25%

Shrinkage

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Coefficient of linear expansion

Melting point (Fusion point) = Temperature at which particular material starts melting

Specific weight = Weight per unit volume (gf/cm3 or kgf/dm3)

Specific Weight—Melting Point—Coefficient of Thermal Expansion—Shrinkage

Westermann Tables

1° C 1

Material

kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3

7.85 7.85 7.2 9.0 14.75 8.89 8.7 8.5 8.4 7.6 8.6 9.5 2.8 1.8 7.5...10.1 1.2 0.79 0.72 1.11 1.0

Steel Cast steel Grey cast iron High-speed steel Tungsten carbide Constantan Invar (36% Ni) Brass Al bronze Al cast bronze Tin bronze Lead bronze Al-alloy (Al, Cu, Mg) Mg-alloy Babbitt metal Plexiglass Alcohol at 18°C Petrol at 15°C Copper sulphate Water at 4°C 1.17 1.90 1.29 2.00

1% 2% 1.6% 1.5% 1.5%

Shrinkage = difference in volume of the mould compared with the volume of the casting after cooling, in percent

Acetylene at 0°C Carbon dioxide at 0°C Air at 0°C Propane at 0°C

Material Grey cast iron Cast steel Malleable iron Brouce Gun metal

Steel Silicon Manganese Al or Ti or Copper

Carbon tool steels

IS:1762–1961 IS:4843–1968

Westermann Tables

High alloy steels > 5% special alloying element

Alloy steels

Low alloy steels < 5% special alloying element

> 0.5 % > 0.8 % > 0.1 % > 0.25%

System of Designation of Iron and Steel

< 0.5 % < 0.8 % < 0.1 % < 0.25% Steels required to receive heat treatment

e.g. 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 Chrome Nickel Steel with average percentages of C = 0.20; Cr = 18 and Ni = 2.00

1. Average C content in hundredths of a percent without prefix C and with prefix T for Alloy Tool Steels 2. Chemical symbols of the significant elements arranged in descending order of percentage contents 3. Alloy Index indicating the average percentage of each alloying element e.g. 15 Cr 65 Chrome steel with average percentages of C = 0.15 and Cr = 0.65

Alloy index number

Alloy index number is assigned as follows: Nominal or average alloy content 1. Up to 1 percent.

Average alloy content up to 2 decimal places underlined by a bar Rounded to the nearest whole number. Up to 0.5 rounded down, 0.5 and over rounded up.

System of Designation of Alloy Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Average carbon content in hundredths of a percent following the type symbols of castings 3. Chemical symbols for the significant elements arranged in descending order 4. Alloy index number for the average percentages of alloying elements

2. 1 percent and over.

Castings

To indicate the treatment given to the steel, symbols are used, e.g. T 90a, “a” is used to indicate annealing (ref. Page 4, Add. symbols)

e.g. T 90 Tool steel having an average of 0.90% Carbon

Letter T for Tool steels Index number for Carbon following letter T, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent

The System of Designation is as follows

Steels with special limits for maximum S & P, receive the suffix “K”, e.g. C 35 K

1. Letter C for Carbon 2. Index number for carbon following letter C, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. C 35 Carbon steel having an average of 0.35% Carbon

Steels not required to receive heat treatment

Plain carbon steels

1. Letter St 2. Minimum tensile strength in kgf/mm2

e.g. St. 42 Steel having a minimum tensile strength of 42 kgf/mm2 Applicable for steels which are standardized on the basis of their tensile strength without detailed chemical composition System of Designation of Plain Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for mechanical properties OR 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for chemical composition similar to the designation of steels FG-Grey Iron Castings

SG 80/2—Spheroidal or NoduBM 35—Black heart malleable lar graphite iron castings with iron castings with minimum minimum Tensile strength 80 tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 and minimum elongation PM 70—Pearlitic malleable iron 2% on gauge length equal to five castings with minimum tensile times the diameter of test bar strength 70 kgf/mm2 WM 42—White heart malleable iron castings with minimum tensile strength 42 kgf/mm2

Malleable Iron Castings

CS-Steel Castings

FG 15—Grey iron castings with minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 FG 35 Si 15—Special grey iron castings with minimum total carbon percentage = 3.5 and average Silicon percentage = 1.50

ASG—Austenitic spheroidal or nodular graphite iron castings

SG-Spherical or Nodular Graphite Iron Castings

CS 125—Unalloyed steel castings with minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 CSM 35—Unalloyed special steel castings with minimum tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 GS 50 Cr 1V 20—Alloy steel castings with average percentage of C = 0.50; Cr = 1.00; V = 2.20

AFG—Austenitic flake graphite iron castings

ABR—Abrasion resistant iron castings

CSH—Heat resistant steel castings CSC—Corrosion resistant steel castings

Tensile strengths are on 30 mm Dia Test Bars as-cast.

3

Westermann Tables Additional symbols Denoting special properties

R–Rimming quality G–Grain size controlled H–Hardenability controlled I–Inclusion controlled M–Structural homogeneity guaranteed by Macro-etch test

Deflection Min, mm

IS:210–1970

o–Spherodized p–Patented q–Hardened and tempered s–Stress relieved t–Tempered

Treatment given a–Annealed or softened c–Case carburized d–Hard drawn, cold reduced h–Hot-rolled n–Normalized

Corresponding transverse rupture stress kgf/mm2

4

Steel quality A–Non-ageing quality E–Stabilized against stress corrosion L–Control cooled to ensure freedom from flakes D–Fully killed D2–Semi killed

Breaking load Min, kgf

Typical applications

e.g., St 42 An–Non-ageing steel with 42 kgf/mm2 15 Cr 3c–Chromium steel with average percentages minimum tensile strength-normalizedof C = 0.15, Cr = 3.0 and case carburized

Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.5

Phosphorous contact % Max

S % Max 0.060 0.060 0.060

P % Max

High strength, good toughness and high abrasion resistance properties; used in transportation equipment and agricultural machinery parts.

Used for general engineering purposes instead of grey iron castings if greater strength and tenacity are to be met.

IS:1030–1962

Thin walled castings; mass production parts wheels, keys, Parts for locks and sewing machine parts.

Typical applications

For extraordinary use

Brinell hardness HB Max 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15

IS:2108–1962 IS:2640–1964 IS:2107–1962

Parts requiring no special grades for general structural purposes Parts subjected to severe strains such as cylinder parts, etc.

E–Electric Furnace Steel; R–Open Hearth Steel; BO–Basic Oxygen

Grades 34.0 38.2 42.4 46.7 57.3 63.7

Transverse test

Grey iron castings Code for designation 800 900 1000 1100 1350 1500

Elongation % (gauge length = 3 dia of test bars) Min 149 163 241 to 285 149 to 201 217 217

} }

15 20 25 30 35 40

0.5% Proof stress, Min, kgf/mm2 14 6 2 7 4 3

Malleable iron castings

15 20 25 30 35 40

Grades Tensile strength, Min, kgf/mm2

FG 15 FG 20 FG 25 FG 30 FG 35 FG 40

Code for designation 21 – 55 28 26 –

Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min, 0.060 0.060 0.060

0.050 0.050 0.050

35 30 70 45 42 35

Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2 12 17 18 0.050 0.050 0.050

A C A E A B

Grades 55 47 41 17 12 5

BM 35 BM 30 PM 70 PM 45 WM 42 WM 35

Code for designation 1 2 3 65 85 125

Typical applications

CS 55 CS 47 CS 41 1 2 3

Steel castings

CS 65 CS 85 CS 125

35 25 31 28 31 43 43

0.25 Max 0.30 Max

0.20–0.25 0.25 Max 0.15 Max 0.20 Max 0.08–0.15 0.20 Max 0.20 Max

C%

0.60 Max 0.70 Max 0.60 Max 1.00 Max

0.15–4.40 0.20–0.50 0.40 Max 0.60 Max 0.35 Max 0.75 Max 1.00 Max

Si %

1.25–1.45 0.50–1.00 0.40–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.30–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.30–0.70

Mn %

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

S% Max

0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

P% Max

Parts which to be fusion welded

Cast parts which preferably are to withstand temperatures between 300°C to 525°C

Typical applications

IS:3038–1965 IS:2856–1964

17 17 15 17 17 15 15

21 25

Alloy steel castings for high temperature service

55 47 52 49 52 63 63 20 18

Grades

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 42 49

Tensile Elongation % Yield stress or 0.5% proof strength on 5.56 S0 gauge Min, kgf/mm2 length, Min stress Min, kgf/mm2

CSN–C20 CSw–C25

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 — 26.0 26.0 24.0 35.0

— — 24.0

20

23 20

26 23 23

Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min

0.20

0.20 0.27

— — 0.25

C% Max

0.055

0.055 0.055

0.07 0.07 0.055

S% Max

0.055

0.055 0.055

0.07 0.07 0.055

P% Max

Specification on Structural and Heat treatable Steels

Designation of steel 32–44 42–54 42–54 26.0 36.0

35.0

General structural steels

St 32–O St 42–O St 42–S 42–54 58 Min

36.0

Yield strength for thicknesses upto 20 mm 20–40 mm

St 42–W St 58–HT

55 Min

Page 1732 1863 1864 3954

IS Number

900–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930

36 44 40 40 46 56 48 48 56 66 66

5.5 3.5 2.8 4.8 4.8 5.5 2.8 2.8 5.5 5.5 5.5

45–50 55–61 60–63 53–59 53–59 53–59 57–62 57–62 54–60 54–60 49–54

860–890 830–860 810–840 850–870 850–870 840–860 850–870 850–870 830–860 830–840 850–880

Westermann Tables

IS:1977–1969; IS:2062–1969 IS: 226–1969; IS: 961–1962 Typical applications

These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels for flame and induction hardening are used when high cold strength and good impact properties are required.

Typical applications

IS: 3930-1966

These steels are used for components requiring high wear resistant surfaces, coupled with tough cores to resist shock loads and strength to give longer service life.

Typical applications

IS: 4432–1967

19 — 21 22

Page

5

Intended for general engineering purposes. Intended for all types of structures weldable upon certain conditions. Can be subjected to fusion welding. Intended for use in structures where fabrication is done by methods other than welding. Intended for use in structures where welding is employed for fabrication and where guaranteed weldability is required.

Product

°C Annealing — 800–920 870–900 850–880 850–880 850–880 850–880 860–880 860–880 — — 860–880 860–880 850–880

860–890 820–850 780–810 840–860 840–860 830–850 840–860 840–860 840–870 810–830 820–840

Hardening temperature For oil For water quench quench

760–780 760–780 770–800 810–840 810–840 780–820 780–820 760–780 760–780 760–780 780–820 780–820 780–820 800–820

Case hardening

Round and square bars Bulb plates Unequal angles Channel sections for general engineering purposes

650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–660 620–650 600–630 650–660 650–660 630–650 630–650 630–650

Temperatures for Carburizing Softening

21 22 — 20 20

Standard sizes of hot-rolled products made of general structural steels

Beam, channel and angle sections Tee bars Bulb angles Plates, sheet and strip Flats

Product

St 55–HTW

IS Number 808 1173 1252 1730 1731

17 17 13 10 8 15 12 12 9 12 11 9 9 9

Case hardened Tensile strength Elongation % Min Min kgf/mm2

Case hardening steels Designation of steel 50 60 60 80 100 70 85 85 135 85 90 100 110 135

60 to 75 70 to 85 70 to 85 60 to 75 70 to 85 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105

Properties in quenched and tempered conditions Tensile range 0.2% proof Izod impact Surface stress, Min Min. kgf.m hardness kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 obtainable HRC

Flame and induction hardening steels

C10, C14, 19 S11 14 Mn IS14, 11Mn2 15 Cr 65 17 Mn 1 Cr 95 20 Mn Cr 1 16 Ni 80 Cr 60 16 Ni 1 Cr 80 13 Ni 3 Cr 80 15 Ni 4 Cr 1 20 Ni 2 Mo 25 20 Ni55 Cr50 Mo 20 15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12 15 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 15 16 Ni Cr 2 Mo 20

Designation of steel

C 30 C 45 T 70 37 Mn 2 40 Mn 2S 12 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 50 Cr 1 50 Cr 1 V23 40 Ni 3 40 Ni2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31 Ni3 Cr 65 Mo 55

6

Westermann Tables

Tensile strength kgf/mm2

Hardening temperature °C Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Air or oil Oil Oil

Quenching medium

upto 660

550 to 660 530 to 760 550 to 660 530 to 670 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 500 to 700 550 to 700 550 to 720 550 to 700 550 to 650 550 to 660 > 250 550 to 660 upto 660

Tempering temperature °C These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels in the form of billets and bars for general engineering purposes are intended to be used in the hardened and tempered condition

Typical applications

IS: 5517–1969

Yield Normalizing stress Min, temperature kgf/mm2 °C 860 to 890 840 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 840 to 860 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 850 to 900 850 to 860 820 to 850 810 to 830 830 to 850 830 to 850 Oil

Steels for hardening and tempering

860 to 890 850 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 — 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 — 830 to 860 — — — — 830 to 850

Properties in hardened and tempered condition Designation of steel 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 80 to 95 80 to 95 70 to 85 60 to 75 60 to 75 70 to 85 100 to 115 90 to 105 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105 90 to 105 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135 830 to 850

C% Max

— 0.50

Mn % Max

0.040

0.060 0.050

S% Max

0.035

0.040

0.060 0.050

P% Max

(3) Best surface

(2) Improved surface

(1) Scale-free

Fine or bright

Medium or dull

Coarse or rough

For all types Delivery Surface condition finish

Course or rough for enamelling and lacquering Medium or dull for general purposes (not suitable for plating) Fine or bright for electroplating

Typical applications

40 40 38 38 54 54 48 40 44 46 80 66 60 60 70 70 70 130 130 10 0 130

Tensile strength (for design purpose only) kgf/mm2 0.15 0.12 0.50

0.035

120 to 135

C 30 C 35 Mn 75 C 40 C 45 C 50 C 55 Mn 75 40 S 18 40 Mn 2 S12 20 Mn 2 27 Mn 2 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 55 Cr 70 40 Cr 1 40 Cr 1 Mo 28 40 Cr Al I Mo 18 40 Ni 3 35 Ni 1 Cr 60 30Ni4 Cr 1 40Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 40 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55

Types

28 28 0.10

0.50

IS: 513–1963

O: Ordinary D: Drawing 28

0.10

Cold rolled carbon steel sheets

DD: Deep drawing 28

Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 — — — — 21.0 24.0 30.0 36.0

Yield stress kgf/mm2 — — 23 25 25 22 20 20

Elongation % Min

— 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.22

C% Max

— 0.50 0.50 0.50 — — — —

Mn% Max

0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

S% Max

0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050

P% Max

Hot-rolled Annealed Normalized and Descaled

Delivery condition

Used for cold formed structural members and for other general engineering purposes

Typical applications

IS: 1079–1968

Note: Sheet conforming to this standard are of weldable quality and are suitable both for fusion and spot welding.

EDD: Extra deep drawing

Grade — — 27–40 27–39 34–42 42–50 50–60 52–62

Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip

O-1079 D-1079 DD-1079 EDD-1079 St 34-1079 St 42-1079 St 50-1079 St 52-1079

C%

Mn % 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00

Si % 0.050 0.050

0.050 0.050

S % max P % max

Hot-rolled spring steel Grade 0.50–0.80 0.80–1.00

Spring steel Designation of steel 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60

Cr %

Typical applications

IS:3431–1965

Westermann Tables

V%

Hardened in oil at °C

600–650 600–650 600–650 620–660 640–680 640–680 600–680

Annealed at °C

0.90–1.20 —

Si%

830–860 810–840 780–810 770–800 830–860 830–860 830–860

Si % 0.90–1.20 0.90–1.20 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80

Cr % 0.15–0.30 0.15–0.00 — —

Va % Used for manufacturing cold formed helical springs, volute springs, etc. working under elevated temperatures.

Typical applications

IS:4454–1967

7

Cold rolled steel strip for the manufacture of springs for various purposes.

Typical applications

IS: 2507–1965

0.1–0.30 Steels in the form of Barm and — flats for manufacture of volute, helical and laminated springs for automative suspension.

C%

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

Cold-rolled steel strip for springs

1 2

Grade

Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 Hardened Annealed and tempered max

50 Cr IV 23 55 Si 2 Mn 90

Designation of steel 0.40–0.50 0.60–0.70 0.70–0.80 0.90–1.05 0.50–0.60 0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55

C% 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60

Spring steels for use under elevated temperatures

60 60 65 70 80 80 80

Tensile strength (for wire dia up to 7 mm) min 0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60 0.50–0.60

120–145 120–145 120–160 160–180 160–200 170–230 190–240

Classification 150 145 175 175

1 3 5 8 9 10 11

S denotes static stressed springs; D denotes dynamic stressed springs

C 45 C 65 C 75 C 98 55 Si 2 Mn 90 50 Cr I 50 Cr IV 23

Grades 1S 1D 2S 2D

C % max

Mn %

S % max 0.060 0.060

P % max

Used for the manufacture of machine screws by the cold reading process.

Typical applications

IS: 1976–1960

Tensile strength 0.065 0.065

Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of machine screws Grade 0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65

IS: 1673–1960

0.15 0.15

Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of wood screws

Used for the manufacture of wood screws by the cold heading process.

Typical applications

IS: 2002–1962 P % max

0.055 0.055 0.055

S % max

Plates which are required to be either welded, flanged or flame cut plates of non-flanging quality (low tensile) Plates of non-flanging quality (high tensile)

0.055 0.055 0.08–0.15

Si %

0.040 0.050 0.050

0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65 0.60–0.95

C% max 0.040 0.050 0.050

0.17 0.22 0.17

Elongation % min 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

S% max

0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040

P% max

C% max

0.04 0.04 0.04

S% max

0.05 0.05 0.05

P% max

Cover pipes intended for use in oil industry.

Typical applications

IS: 1979–1971

Used when the wall of pipes reach temperatures up to 580° C and are exposed to high pressure; can be fused and are welded; can be bent or folded in cold state.

IS: 2002–1962

0.18 0.20 0.22 Si %

0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040

Typical applications

26 25 20

460 N/mm2 460 N/mm2 460 N/mm2

44–55 kgf/mm2 55–71 kgf/mm2

— — —

1 2

Steels for Screws Manufacture

Designation of steel — —

C10 C 15 10 S 11

37–45 42–50 52–62 C%

0.12–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.55 max 0.10–0.35

For high-temperature service

0.12–0.20 0.10–0.20 0.15 max 0.10–0.35 C% max

1.25 1.35 1.25

22 22 16 15

Yield strength min kgf/mm 2

0.29 0.31 0.29

440–590 440–590 490–640 460–610

Tensile strength Elongation (normalised and % min tempered) N/mm2 min

Boilor Steel Plates Grades Tensile strength kgf/mm2 min 1 2A 2B Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel 16 Mo 30 15 Cr 90 Mo 55 10 Cr 5 Mo 55 14 Cr 45 Mo 60 V 27 Tensile strength min kgf/mm 2

29.5 32.3 36.6

For high test line pipes

42.2 44.3 46.4

Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel Y St 30 Y St 32 Y St 37

For dimensional requirements IS: 4431; 2507; 2591; 2002; 6630; 1979 may be referred

8

Westermann Tables IS:4030–1967 Surface finish

Cold Rolled Steel Strips for general engineering purposes P% max

Typical applications

S% max

Mn % max

Rockwell hardness (B Scale) Min Max

C% max

Temper of strips 0.60 0.050 0.040

Coarse or rough for enamelling and lacquering

0.25 0.60 0.050 0.040

(a) Coarse or rough

— 0.25 0.60 0.050 0.040

0.040

90 90 0.25 0.60 0.050

0.050

No. 1—Hard 70 75 0.15 0.60

Medium or dull for general purpose

60 65 0.15

(b) Medium or dull

No. 2—Half Hard

— 55

0.040

No. 3—Quarter Hard

—

Fine or bright for electroplating

No. 4—Skin Rolled

(c) Fine or bright

No. 5—Dead Soft

Elongation % min 0.23

C% max 0.055

S% max 0.055

P% max

High tensile steel rivet bars for structural purposes

For manufacture of hot forged rivets for structural purposes.

IS: 1148–1973 IS: 1149–1973

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 23 0.055

Steels for Rivet Bars Designation of steel 42 to 54 0.055

Typical applications

St 42 R 0.23

These have good machinability and satisfactory chip-break (Rapid machining steel for repetition work)

Suitable also for case hardening

Typical applications

IS:4431–1967

22

Free Cutting Steels

0.060 0.060

P% max

47 min

S%

Elongation % min 0.15 max 0.05–0.30 0.60 to 0.90 0.08 to 0.13 0.10–0.18 0.05–0.30 1.20 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18

0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060

Mn %

St 47 R

Si %

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 24 22 0.10 to 0.18 0.14 to 0.22 0.22 to 0.30 0.08 to 0.15

C%

Designation of steel 37–49 44–54 0.20–0.30 0.35–0.45 0.08–0.18 0.35–0.45

}

10 S 11 14 Mn 1S 14 20 17 22 15

Tensile strength kgf/mm2 26

Elongation % min

0.15–0.25 0.25–0.35 0.35–0.45

0.10–0.18

C%

0.05–0.35

0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35

0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35

—

Si %

0.50–0.80

0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90

0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90

0.40–0.70

Mn %

0.055

0.055 0.055

0.055 0.055 0.055

0.055

S% max

0.055

0.055 0.055

0.055 0.055 0.055

0.055

P% max

bars for production of machined parts for general engineering purposes

These types are carbon steel black

1.00 to 1.50 0.80 to 1.20 0.80 to 1.20 1.30 to 1.70

50–60 55–65 37–49 60–70

Designation of steel 37–45 24 21 18

0.60–0.70

0.40–0.50 0.50–0.60

0.25 max 0.25 max 0.10 max 0.25 max

25 Mn 1S 14 40 S 18 13 S 25 40 Mn 2 S 12

C 14 44–52 50–60 58–68

10

15 13

IS:2073–1970

C 20 C 30 C 40

75 min

63–71 72 min

Typical applications

C 45 C 55 Mn 75

Black Bars for production of machined parts

C 65

Symbolic Designation of essential properties of materials (iron and steel)

2062 961

226 226 226

1977 1977

IS No.

Rivet steels Boiler plates –do– –do– Heat-treatable steels –do– –do–

–do– –do–

–do– –do– –do–

Structural steels –do–

Title

6

7

7

7

5 5

8 7 7 7 6 6 6

5 5

5 5 5

5 5

See Page

0; D; DD; EDD J; J2 J3; J4

1S; 1D

55 Si 2 Mn 90h C 45q

C 10c 11 Mn 2

St 42–R Grade 1 Grade 2 A Grade 2 B C 30 T 50a C 35 Mn 75

St 42–W St 55–HTw

St 42–S St 42–Sc St 42–Kw

St 32–0 St 42–0

F

J

O

S

q

= Static stressed springs; D = Dynamic stressed

= Hardened and tempered

Westermann Tables

1148 2002 2002 2002 5517 5517 5517

Case-hardening steels –do–

6 F; F2 F3; F7

CS

Examples and Explanations

4432 4432

6

CS 125

FG

= Ordinary; D = Drawn; DD = Deep drawn EDD = Extra deep drawn = Bright drawn or bright rolled; J2 = Precision ground; J3 = descalled; J4 = shot blast = Black sheet; F3 = Pickled surface; F7 = Cold finished; F2 = Black sheet for enamelling and galvanizing = Cast steel-unalloyed; 125 = Minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 = Grey iron castings; 15 = Minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 = Black heart malleable iron castings

4454 1079 513

Explanations

3431

Hot Rolled steels for springs Cold rolled steels strips for springs High temperature steels for springs Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip Cold rolled carbon steel sheets –do–

4

FG 15

BM

Designation (example)

513

Steel castings 4

BM 35

PM WM

St = Steel; 32 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength O = Ordinary quality 42 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength S = Standard quality c = Copper bearing quality K = Special limits for max P and S w = Weldable W = Fusion welding quality HT = High tensile steel w = Fusion weldable R = Rivet bars Plates required to be welded, flanged or flame-out Non-flanging quality (low tensile) –do– (high tensile) C = Carbon 30 = Average C contents 0.30% T = Tool steel; a = annealed C35 = Average carbon content 0.35% Mn 75 = Average manganese of 0.75%, represented without decimal point, underlined by a bar. (Applicable for alloying element upto 1%) C = Carbon; c = case carburized Carbon average 0.11%; Manganese average 1.5%. (Average alloy content more than 1% is rounded to the nearest whole number, upto 0.5 rounded down; 0.5 and over rounded up. = Hot rolled

1030 Grey iron castings 4

PM 70 WM 42

h

210

4 4

2507

2108

Malleable iron castings –do– –do–

2640 2107

= Pearlitic malleable iron castings = White heart malleable iron casting. For castings tensile strengths are on 30 mm dia test bars as cast

9

10

Westermann Tables

Tool and dye steels

8.00–10.0

W%

229 229 229

241

Brinell hardness (annealed) HB, max

blades, trimmer dyes, dye-casting dyes for

hot swaging dyes, forging dye inserts, brass forging dyes, hot shear

Used for extrusion dyes,

Typical application

IS:3748–1966

0.25–0.50 — — 1.20–1.60 248

Tool and dye steels for hot work

— 0.20–0.40 1.00–12.0 0.20–0.40 13.0–15.0

V%

2.80–3.30 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 0.30–0.40

Mo %

0.20–0.40 4.75–5.25 4.75–5.25 4.75–5.25 —

Cr %

0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 2.80–3.30

Mn %

0.25–0.40 0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20 0.20–0.40

Si %

T33W9Cr3V38 0.30–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.10–0.35

C%

T35Cr5MolV30 T35Cr5MoV1 T35Cr5MoW1V30 0.50–0.60

Designation of steel

T55W14Cr3V45 copper etc.

T105Cr1Mn60 T140W4Cr50 T55Ni2Cr65Mo30

T133 T90V23 T118Cr45

T80Mn65 T90 T103

T60 T70Mn65

T50

0.90–1.20 1.00–1.20 0.85–0.95

0.90–1.20 1.30–1.50 0.50–0.60

1.25–1.40 0.85–0.95 1.10–1.25

0.75–0.85 0.85–0.95 0.95–1.10

0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75

0.45–0.55

1.50–2.00 0.50–1.00

0.10–0.35 0.80–1.10 0.10–0.35

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30

0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35

0.10–0.35

0.20–0.40

0.80–1.00 0.20–0.40

0.25–0.50 0.55–0.75 0.60–0.80

0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 1.25–1.75

0.40–0.80 0.25–0.50 0.50–0.80

0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35

0.50–0.80 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35

0.60–0.90 0.50–0.80

0.60–0.90

1.00–1.50

— 1.00–1.50

11.0–13.0 1.20–1.60 0.60–0.80

0.40–0.80 0.90–1.30 0.30–0.60

1.00–1.60 0.30–0.70 0.50–0.80

— — 0.30–0.60

— — —

— —

—

—

0.25–0.40 —

0.80 max — —

0.25 max — —

— — 0.25–0.35

— — —

— — —

— —

—

0.10–0.25

0.12–0.20 0.10–0.25

0.80 max — 0.10–0.20

0.20–0.30 — 0.25 max

— — —

— 0.15–0.30 0.30 max

— — —

— —

—

1.75–2.25

— 1.75–2.25

— — —

1.25–1.75 1.25–1.75 0.40–0.60

— 3.50–4.20 —

— — —

— — —

— —

—

230

230 230

260 230 230

230 230 230

230 250 255

210 200 200

240 200 200

240 240

240

making tools and dyes for blanking, trimming, shaping and shearing.

capable of being hardened and tempered. These are used for the

in the form of bars, blanks, rings, and other shapes for cold work,

for plain carbon and alloy tool and dye steels

Covers the requirements

IS:3749–1966

T105W2Cr60V25 T110W2Cr1 T90Mn2W50Cr45 2.00–2.30 0.40–0.50 0.50–0.60

0.50–1.00

Tool and dye steels for cold work

T215Cr12 T45Cr1Si95 T55Cr70V15

0.45–0.55

T50W2Cr1V18

T55Si2Mn90Mo33 0.50–0.60 T40W2Cr1V18 0.35–0.45

Steels for dye blocks for drop forgings

1.0–1.4 1.25–1.65

—

0.80–1.00

— 0.50–0.80

—

0.30–0.40

— —

—

255

209 230

209

Annealed max

269–477

212–269 235–302

212–269

Hardened and tempered

forgings.

square, rectangular and sections for drop

Steel for dye blocks in

Typical applications

0.50–0.80

0.80–1.00

Brinell hardness HB

0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80

Mo %

0.15–0.35

0.45–0.65

Cr %

0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35

Ni %

0.55–0.65

0.15–0.35

Mn %

0.55–0.65 0.50–0.60

Si %

T60

0.48–0.53

C%

T60Ni1 T55NiCr65

Designation of steel

T50NiCr35

Classification of carbide tips according to their range of application Designation Range of application

Westermann Tables

Steel, steel castings, manganese steel, grey cast iron, alloyed cast iron.

Steel, steel castings of medium or low tensile strength with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities

Steel, steel castings with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities

Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips

Steel, steel casting

Steel, steel casting

Turning, milling. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium

Turning. Cutting speed: medium to high. Feed: low to medium

Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle large for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines

Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle: high, for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines

Turning, milling. Cutting speed and feed: medium. Planning: with low feed rate Turning, planning, milling. Cutting speed: medium to low. Feed: medium to high even if operating conditions are unfavourable

Turning, threading and milling Cutting speed: high. Feed: low or medium

Precision turning and fine boring Cutting speed: high, Feed: low

P40

P50

M10

M20

M30 M40 K01

K10

K20

K30

K40

Resistance to wear

Resistance to wear Toughness

Toughness

Toughness

Cutting speed

Cutting speed

Cutting speed Feed

Feed

Feed

11

(IS: 2428–1964)

Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, manganese steel, grey cast iron, spheroidised cast iron and malleable cast iron

Turning, milling, planning. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium or high Turning, profile turning, parting off especially in automatic machines

Machining conditions

Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, grey cast iron, heat resisting alloys Free cutting steel, low tensile strength steel, brass and light alloy

Turning, precision turning and boring, milling, scraping

Material to be machined

Very hard grey cast iron, chilled castings of hardness up to 60 HRC. Aluminium alloys with high silicon content, hardened steel, plastics of abrasive type, hard board and ceramics

Turning, milling, boring, reaming, broaching, scraping

Cutting

Increasing direction of the characteristic of

P01

Grey cast iron of hardness more than 220 HB, malleable cast iron forming short chips, tempered steel, aluminium alloys containing silicon, copper alloys plastics, glass, hard rubber, hard cardboard, porcelain, stone

Turning, milling, planning, reaming, broaching

Carbide tip

P10

Grey cast iron of hardness up to 220 HB, non-ferrous metals, such as copper, brass, aluminium, laminated wood of abrasive type

Turning, planning, shaping, milling. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable conditions

Identification colour

P20

Soft grey cast iron, low tensile strength steel, laminated wood

Turning, milling, planning, shaping. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable machining conditions

P30

Soft or hard natural wood, nonferrous, metals

Resistance to wear

Westermann Tables Typical applications

For electrical parts For conductors

Physical properties

Soft High conductivity For castings

Minimum contents

99.9% Cu 99.9% Cu Easy to cast For bearings For conductors

Grade

ETP FRHC 99.8% Cu 99.5% Cu Good bearing property High conductivity

12 Nomenclature

Electrolytic tough pitch copper Fire refined high conductivity copper FRTP–1 FRTP–2 99.2% Cu 99.95% Cu

IS: 191–1967

Fire refined tough pitch copper ATP OF

Copper

Tough pitch arsenical copper Oxygen free high conductivity copper

Pb 98.94

Pb 99.99 99.94% Pb

99.99% Pb soldered and welded

Soft, can be cast, For alloying

Plates in storage batt

IS: 27–1965

Pig lead

Lead

Pig lead

SZn 98.5

SZn 99.5 98.5% Zn

99.5% Zn to corrosion

Can be cast, resistant For galvanizing

For alloying

IS: 4699–1968

Refined secondary zinc

Zinc

Refined secondary zinc

Sn 96

Sn 99 96% Sn

99% Sn to foils

Soft, can be cast, rolled For alloying

For plating, casting

IS: 4280–1967

Refined secondary tin

Tin

Refined secondary tin

99.8% Al

Tensile strength 5.5 kgf/mm2

May be cast, weldable

IS: 734–1967 F1A More resistant to corrosion

Aluminium Aluminium 99.5% Al

Very ductile, resistant to corrosion, good conductor.

F1B

99.0% Al

99% Al

Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, rods and forgings. Used for panelling and moulding, lightly stressed and decorative assemblies, equipment for food, chemical and brewing industries, packing and cooking utensils

Aluminium

F1C

AO

For induction motor, rotors, power transmission cable accessories, vessels and fittings for food and chemical industries

Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, forgings. Used for cladding, on stronger alloys, food and chemical plants, electrical conductors and reflectors

Aluminium

Aluminium (commercial quality)

Excellent, electrical, conductivity, resistant to corrosion.