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COPYRIGHT PAGE FOR UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS General Chemistry 2 – Grade Grade 12 (STEM) Learning Activity Sheets Quarter 1 – Week Week 1A: Identificat Identification ion and Separation of Matter Using its Properties First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose im pose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (e.g., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in the activity sheets are owned by their respective copyright holders. h olders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
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Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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General Chemistry 1& Grade 12, Quarter 1, Week 1 Part A Identification and Separation of Matter Using its Properties
Name: ______________________________ ___________________________________________ _____________
Section: ____________________ ____________________
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)
Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them. (STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5)
Learning Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Determine the properties of matter that are useful in identifying a substance. Distinguish one substance from one another using the properties of matter. Decide the method of separating substances using their properties. Discuss the importance of using the properties of matter in separating components of a mixture
Time Allotment: 1 hour Key Concepts ❖
Properties of Matter
A property is a trait used to describe a substance or object based on its observable characteristics. Some properties can change for a given give n substance, such as mass. One can’t use can’t use mass to tell one substance from another because two very different objects can have the same mass — a kilogram of cotton has the same mass mas s as a kilogram of nails. Other properties remain constant for a given substance. These properties of a substance are often used to identify it. For example, when you reach your pocket, you can distinguish between a bus ticket and a folded tissue paper because one is stiff and smooth, and the other is soft. You can identify coins of different values without looking at them by feeling their shapes and comparing their sizes. However, to tell the difference between a twenty-peso bill and a hundred-peso bill, you may use e another property, like color. There are other physical properties that you can also use in identifying and sorting objects, objects , such as texture, shape, and color. ❖
Characteristic Character istic Properties: Used in Identifying and Classifying Substances
A characteristic property is a chemical or physical property that helps identify and classify substances. The characteristic properties of a substance are always the same whether the sample being observed is large or small. These properties are eye color, hair color, skin color, fingerprints, and DNA of matter. volume . The densities 1. Density: The density of an object is obtained by dividing the mass by the volume. of a different kinds of matter such as plastic, wood, and steel are all different. Scientists have already determined the densities of many substances. The known densities of the substances can be utilized in comparing them with with the density of an unknown unknown substance. You can gain information on the possible identity of the unknown substance by finding any matching densities. Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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2. Melting and Boiling Point: Some substances have very similar densities. How can you tell them apart if their densities are so similar? Melting or boiling point is another property that scientists can use to identify a substance. The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid, while the boiling point is the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas. Scientists determine the melting or boiling point by heating a small sample of the substance, keeping careful track of the temperature temper ature the entire time. When they see a solid melt, they record the temperature as the melting point. When they see a liquid boil, they record the temperature as the boiling point. Then, you could compare their melting point to a chart of known melting points to determine their identity. Moreover, melting, and boiling points canthe be used between substances and mixtures. Pure substances have almost sametoordistinguish sharp melting andpure boiling points. Mixtures melt and boil over a range of increasing i ncreasing temperatures. between a magnet and a magnetic ob object. ject. Some objects 3. Magnetism: It is the force of attraction between are attracted to magnets, but some are not. A magnet can pick pic k up a nail but not a plastic cap or a wooden toothpick. There are magnetic elements such as iron, cobalt, and nickel; however, copper, aluminum, and zinc are not. Steel, which contains iron, is also magnetic.
4.Solubility: Solubility measures how much of a substance dissolve in a given volume of a liquid. For example, salt and sand have different solubilities in water. If you add a spoonful of of salt into a cup of water and stir, the salt dissolves in the water very rapidly. However, if you put a spoonful of sand into water and stir, the sand settles to the bottom of the container as soon as you stop stirring. measure of the ability ability of a substance to conduct conduct heat. Different 5.Heat Conductivity Conductivity:: It is a measure kinds of materials respond res pond to heat in different ways. Some heat up very q quickly, uickly, and others take a long time to increase in temperature. This property is essential in selecting materials for different uses. Aluminum and iron are suitable s uitable materials for cooking pans because they conduct heat well. However, various materials are poor heat conductors. These are usually used in household insulation, such as keeping keeping warm air inside a home on a cold cold day. The rate of a substance’s heat conductivity can be measured and compared with the heat conduction rate of a given substance.
6.Electrical Conductivity: It measures the amount of electrical current a material can carry or its ability to carry a current. c urrent. Some substances conduct electricity better than others. This means that they allow electric charges to move through them easily. Metal like copper is used to carry electricity because it is a good conductor. Materials that do not conduct efficiently, such as rubber and plastics, obstruct the charge flow. The scientist s cientist uses proper equipment in testing the e electric lectric conductivity of an unknown substance. ❖
Separation of Mixtures Using the Properties of the Substances in them Separation Of Solid-Solid Mixtures
1. Mechanical Picking In this method, the components are separated based on physical characters like shape, size, and appearance like removing stones or husk particles from grains. Figure 1. Mixture of Husk and Grains Thefactfactor.com
Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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2. Sieving It is done to separate mixtures that contain substances mostly of different sizes. The mixture is passed through the pores of the sieve. All the smaller substances pass through easily while the bigger components Figure 2. The Sieving Process Thefactfactor.com
3. Magnetic Separation When one substance in the mixture has some magnetic properties then this method is quite useful. Strong magnets are
Sulphur
Iron filings
commonly used to separate magnetic elements. An example is the separation of iron filings from sulfur using a magnet.
Iron + Sulphur
Figure 3. Magnetic Separation Thefactfactor.com
4. Sublimation The solids which on heating gets converted into vapors directly (instead of into liquid) are called sublimate or volatile solid and the phenomenon is known as sublimation. This process is used to separate volatile solids from non-volatile solids. In this method, the mixture is heated. The sublimate solid gets converted into vapors leaving non-volatile non-v olatile substances behind. The vapors of sublimation can be condensed by cooling to get the volatile solid back. An example is the separation of iodine from sand or the separation s eparation of ammonium chloride from the sand.
Figure 4. Sublimation Process Thefactfactor.com
5. Gravity Separation This method can be employed in separating the components of a specific mixture with different densities and are insoluble in a particular solvent. An example is a mixture of chalk powder and sand added to the water. The denser component, sand particles, settle at the vessel's bottom while chalk c halk particles are lighter float on the water's surface. Separation Of Solid-Liquid Mixtures 1. Filtration Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid. The term "filtration" applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological, or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate while the solid particles that trap in the filter is called residue. Take, for example, the mixture of sand and water. Various filtering agents are normally used like filtering paper or other materials. Figure 5. Filtration Process Thefactfactor.com Thefactfac tor.com
Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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2. Sedimentation Sedimentation and Decantat Decantation ion Sedimentation is a process by which heavier impurities in a liquid, usually water, settle down at the bottom of the mixture's container. The process takes some amount of time. The solid substance that settles down is called sediment. The upper liquid can be separated by decantation. In decantation, the upper liquid is carefully poured into another beaker without disturbing sediments.
Figure 7. Decantation Process
Figure 6. Sedimentation Process
Thefactfactor.com
Thefactfactor.com
3. Evaporation It is a method used to separate a mixture of a solvent and a soluble solid. In this method, the solution is heated until the organic solvent evaporates, where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves behind the solid residue. A solid remains unaffected by heating the mixture to the boiling point of the liquid. An example is the separation of salt from the salt solution. 4. Distillation It is the purification of a liquid by heating it to its boiling point, causing vaporization, condensation of the vapors into the liquid state, and liquid collection. The components of a mixture must have different boiling temperatures to be separated through this process. Decreasing the pressure of the liquid can reduce the boiling temperatures. In boiling mixtures of two substances with different boiling points, the lower boiling point will evaporate and condense back as distillate in another container.
DISTILLATE
Figure 8. Evaporation Process
Figure 9. Distillation Process
Thefactfactor.com
Thefactfactor.com
Note: The difference between evaporation and distillation is that the component evaporated is lost permanently in the case of evaporation. While in distillation, both the components that are evaporated and one that has no effect are recovered.
5. Centrifugation In this method, the mixture of solids in a liquid is rotated in a centrifuge. The centrifugal force causes denser substances to separate along the radial direction (the bottom of the tube), whereas the lighter particles move to the top of the tube. An example is blood plasma separation from its solid constituents (RBC, WBC, PLATELETS).
Figure 10. Centrifugation Process Shutterstock.com Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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Separation Of Liquid-Liquid Mixtures 1.
Separating Separat ing Funnel
In this method, the mixture of two immiscible liquids having different densities is taken in a separating funnel. The lighter (lower density) liquid forms the top layer while heavier (higher ( higher density) liquid forms the lower level. Now the bottom valve is open, and the heavier liquid is separated. An example exam ple is the separation of kerosene from the water. Figure 11. Separating Funnel
2.
Thefactfactor.com
Fractionall Distillation Fractiona
This method is used to separate two miscible liquids having close boiling points. In this method, the mixture is heated. The liquid having a lower boiling point gets evaporated first leaving the liquid having a higher hig her boiling point behind. The vapors of evaporated liquid liq uid can be condensed by cooling to get it back in the liquid state. An example is the separation of different components from petroleum.
Figure 12. Fractional Distillation Thefactfactor.com
Separation Separat ion Of Gas-Gas Mixture
1. Diffusion The rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to its molar mass. The gas with a lower mass diffuses faster than with a higher molar mass. An example is a separation of hydrogen gas (lower molar mass=2 g/mole) g /mole) from methane (higher molar mass =16 g/mole) Separated component 1 Membrane
Mixture of gases Separated component 2
Figure 13. Diffusion Thefactfactor.com Thefactfactor.c om
2. Fractional Evaporation This method is employed in a mixture mixture of liquefied gases with different boiling boiling points. points. An example is the separation of components of liquified air where nitrogen (lowest boiling point) evaporated first, leaving oxygen (higher boiling point) behind. On the further evaporation process, oxygen boils off, leaving behind remaining components of air.
Figure 14. Fractional Evaporation Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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meritnation
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Separation Of Liquid-Gas Mixtures 1. Heating: When a gas solution in a liquid is heated slightly below the boiling point of the liquid, the gas escapes out, leaving behind the liquid component. The escaping gas can be collected separately. An example is the separation of dissolved oxygen from water. 2. Lowering Pressure: In a soda water bottle, carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water wate r under pressure. When the bottle's cap is open, the solubility of the gas decreases and dissolved carbon dioxide gas escapes out, leaving water behind.
Activity 1. I am Who I am! Learning Objectives: 1.Determine the properties of matter that are useful in identifying a substance. 2.Distinguish one substance from one another using the properties of matter.
What you need: pen and paper What to do: Read, analyze, and answer the following problems as directed in a separate sheet of paper: 1. A student knows that only one of the two vials shown below contains pure water. She observes the properties listed for each vial. Which vial do you think contains water? How do you know? Properties of Vial B
Properties of Vial A
• • • •
No odor Wet, but not slippery
•
Strong odor Slippery texture Clear in color Boiling point 1350C
•
texture Clear in color
•
•
0
Boiling point 100 C
ANSWER: ___________________________________ ___________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _____________________________ _____________ 2. Suppose that you are given two pieces of metal, metal , metal A and metal B
Metal B www.ruesd.net
Metal A www.ruesd.net Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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You suspect that metal A and metal B are of the same kind. You can measure the height, density, volume, mass, color, electrical conductivity, and melting point of each metal. Choose among the measurable properties that you think must be the similar if they are of the same kind of metal. ANSWER: _________________________________ _________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ _______________
3. Suppose you found two unlabeled jars (sugar and flour) of white powder in your kitchen. What properties are you going to use in identifying sugar from flour? ANSWER: _________________________________ _________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________________ _______________ Note: It is generally unwise to taste t aste something unknown. It could be poisonous or toxic in some way. It is best to label the containers in the kitchen properly.
Guide Question: How are characteristic properties of matter used to differentiate matter? ANSWER: ________________________________ ________________________________________________ _________________________________ _______________________ ______
Activity 2. We are Never Ever Getting Back Together! Learning Objective: Decide the method of separating substances using their properties. What you need: pen and paper What to do: Complete the needed data in the table below on a separate sheet of paper. Number 1 is done for you.
Table 1. Method of Separating Substances in a Mixture Using Their Properties Mixture
1. Sea Water
Method of Separation Evaporation
Property/ies Used as the basis in separating the components of the mixture Boiling Point
2. Sand in water. 3. A solution of alcohol (liquid) and water. 4. A mixture of oil and water 5. A mixture of sawdust and nails
Guide Question: How can understanding properties help you separate substances from a mixture?
Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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q uestion below in 2-3 sentences. Reflection. On a separate sheet of paper, answer the question According to Rappler, the Philippines seeks more oxygen tanks as Delta variant damages Southeast Asia. Shortness of breath is a symptom of Covid-19 and may require the patient to be put on oxygen support. Twenty-one percent (21%) of air is made up of oxygen. With this, how can c an you relate rela te the importance of separating substances s ubstances in i n a mixture in dealing with the COVID 19 patients?
Rubrics: 3 – Explanation Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts and has no misconception. 2 - Explanation is scientifically consistent with the concepts but with minimal misconception. misc onception. 1 – Explanation Explanation is consistent with the concepts but with misconceptions.
References for learners: BYJU’S. “Methods of Separation” Accessed Separation” Accessed July 16,2021.https://byjus.com/chemistry/ 16,2021.https://byjus.com/chemistry/ methods-of-separation/ CCRI.EDU.” Techniques used to separate mixtures rely on differences in the physical properties of the components.” components.” Accessed July 16,2021.https://www.ccri.edu/chemistry 16,2021.https://www.ccri.edu/chemistry /courses/chem_1030/Physical_Separation.pdf Edtx.Org.” Edtx.Org .” Physical Properties Physical Properties & Characteristic Properties vs Non-Characteristic Non-Characteristic Properties”. Accessed July 16,2021.https://www.edtx.org/getattachment/9fbc5fa7-5508-4e6b16,2021.https://www.edtx.org/getattachment/9fbc5fa7-5508-4e6b b634-0498ec585acf/Presentation Effinghamschools.Com.. “Properties are Used to Identify Substances.” Accessed Effinghamschools.Com Substances.” Accessed July 16, 2021. https://www.effinghamschools.com/cms/lib4/GA01000314/Centricity/Domain/7 02/058-062.pdf Ruesd.net.” Ruesd.net .” Notes Notes-Characteristic Characteristic Properties of Matter(CPM)” Accessed Matter(CPM)” Accessed July 16, 2021. https://www.ruesd.net/cms/lib/CA01902710/Centricity/Domain/367/Notes%20 %20Characteristic%20Properties%20of%20Matter.pdf The Fact Factor. “Methods of Separation of Mixture” Mixture” Accessed July 16,2021 https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/chemistry/physical-chemistry/ separation-of-mixtures/12333/
Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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Answer Key
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. y r a s s e c e n s i s e c n a t s b u s f o n o i t a r a p e s , e r o f e r e h T . r i a e h t m o r f t i e t a r a p e s o t d e e n e w , t i m o r f s e i t i r u p m i e v o m e r d n a m r o f e r u p s t i n i n e g y x o n i a t b o o T . s n o s a e r e h t f o e m o s r o f m r o f e r u p n i n e g y x o d e e n e W . c t e , s t n e i t a p 9 1 D I V O C r o f e k i l s k n a t n e g y x o l a v i v r u s y c n e g r e m e n i , n o i t a r i p s e r , g n i n r u b , m s i l o b a t e m e k i l s n o i t c n u f t n e r e f f i d y n a m r o f n e g y x o e r i u q e r e W . s a g l a i t n e s s e n a s i n e g y x O : r e w s n A e l b i s s o P : n o i t c e l f e R
Author: Emely M. Tragua School/Station: Kitcharao National High School Division: Agusan del Norte email address: address:
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