December 17, 2016 | Author: Catalina Ionita | Category: N/A
International Conference Architecture and Ideology Web Proceedings September 28 ‐ 29, 2012, Belgrade, Serbia Edited by Vladimir Mako Mirjana Roter Blagojević Marta Vukotić Lazar Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade Board of Ranko Radović Award Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia
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International Conference Architecture and Ideology Web Proceedings
published by | Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade Board of Ranko Radović Award, Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS) for publishers | Vladan Đokić Vladimir Lovrić editors | Vladimir Mako Mirjana Roter Blagojević Marta Vukotić Lazar technical editor | Marko Nikolić design | Ivica Nikolić Jelena Ristić Trajković Verica Međo Production of Conference: The Executive producers: Aleksandar Brkić Tamara Petrović Jelena Piljić the place and year of publishing | Belgrade 2012
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Organized by In collaboration with
Under the auspices of
Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade and Board of Ranko Radović Award, Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Department for Architecture and Town Planning, Ilija Milosavljević Kolarac Foundation Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society, Republic of Serbia and Serbian Chamber of Engineers and Goethe ‐ Institut Belgrade, PUC "Belgrade Woter and Sawerage", Municiplaity of Stari grad
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As editors we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of our colleagues and friends who contributed in preparing the CD publication with papers acepted for the International Conference Architecture and Ideology and also all the institutions who made the Conference possible. In particular we thank to Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Department for Architecture and Town Planning Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Ilija Milosavljević Kolarac Foundation, Ministry of Culture, Media and Information Society Republic of Serbia, Serbian Chamber of Engineers and Goethe ‐ Institut Belgrade, Municipality of Stari grad, Rectorte of the Belgrade University and PUC Belgrade Waterworks and Sewerage for cooperation in the organization of the Congress and this CD publication. We want to express our gratitude to the members of the Scientific Committee for their continuous support during the organization of the Conference, and for the CD publication. Also we would like to express our appreciation to the Scientific Committee for the initial selection of the papers for the Conference. Our special thanks are also to the members of the Organizing committee for their continuous support in many different ways. And finally, we must express our highest recognition to all the contributing authors. Editors
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INTRODUCTION The Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade and the Board of Ranko Radović Award, Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS), wishing to revive and continue professor Radović’s efforts in supporting scientific meetings about history and theory of architecture, is launching an International Conference on ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGY. The "Ranko Radović" Award was established in order to encourage, develop and promote critical‐theoretical thought in the field of architecture and architectural creativity, based on ideas and works of researchers, writers, essayists, and scholars in all branches of applied arts and media, relating to architecture and the phenomenon of the city. At the end of 2011, Awards Committee initiated the international scientific conference with the theme "Architecture and Ideology" trying to fulfill the old wish of professor dr Ranko Radović (1935, Podgorica ‐ 2005, Belgrade) and complete the series of conferences, that had begun with the themes "Architecture and History" (held in 1990 in the National Library of Serbia) and "Architecture and Technology" (held in 1991 at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade). According to professor Radović idea, the conferences were followed by thematic issue ‐ journal ‐ book (as he called them) De re Aedificatoria, as an hommage to Leone Battista Alberti (1404‐1472), a man of theory, practice and broad, humanistic culture. The journal of the same title also follows the Third conference "Architecture and Ideology", 28th and 29th September 2012, representing a hommage to professor Radović uomo universal of our time. This CD proceedings introduces acepted papers that arrived in large quantity, not only from Serbia, but also from the neighboring countries (Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Greece, Italy, Austria, Hungary) and from the other countries as well (Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Great Britain, Poland, Russia, Kazakhstan, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Algeria, Brazil and Japan). We will be pleased to host around 120 delegates from many countries and continents. Despite the economic concerns that universities all over the world are facing these days, we are happy to have participants from 25 countries registered for this event. Works of university teachers and associates, research scientists and artists have confirmed that the theme related to architecture and ideology is extremely actual, initiating various thoughts, ideas and interpretations. Contributions chosen for the CD proceedings reflect the breadth and richness of the main theme, discussed through thematic sections ‐ The Ideological Context of Architecture, The City and the Power, The Morphology and Ideological Patterns, and The Relation between Designers and Ideology. Throughout the world, in all cultures, this issue need to be studied from comparative and transnational perspective, in a broad historical and social context, and we hope to offer you the opportunity to do so.
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THEMATIC FRAME OF THE CONFERENCE Space and time are inherent parts of our lives (they precede us and outlive us, we are always in them, never on the outside). That is why philosophers have relentlessly tried to find out about their nature, and ideologies have tried to get a key to possessing these two media and control them. Actions in space are the result of complex interest interaction between politicians, investors, city planners and architects, on the one hand, and those who enjoy the results of their actions, on the other. City development means solid construction, therefore mistakes are hard or impossible to amend. That makes the test of the role of ideology in the fate of a city a good enough reason for exchanging opinions on this topic and for an attempt to critically overview numerous – direct, indirect, hinted and hidden – manifestations of ideology in the 20th century city development. Conference participants are expected – each from his/her professional angle, with reference to a century worth of experience – to provide their contributions on shedding light on mutual impact of architecture and ideology – with all its positive and negative consequences and contributions – and to bring out hypotheses on the future of that particular, specific and vital relation.
Conference organizers offer four topic segments and give points of reference to simplify the role of participants in multidisciplinary opinion exchange.
1. Ideological context of architecture ‐ Conceptual issues of ideology; ‐ 20th century ideologies and their characteristics (historical, philosophical; sociological, political, psychological); ‐ Emergence, survival and disappearance of the main ideology patterns in society and architecture; ‐ Duration of ideology systems and a resistance to change; ‐ Changes in meaning and use of physical structures due to ideological assumptions; ‐ Ideology matrix influence on general public, value systems, awareness of city environment and its shaping; ‐ The ideological interpretation and evaluation of the history of architecture; ‐ The ideological concepts and regulation of the built environment; ‐ Centralization as ideological stronghold; ‐ Ranko Radović and his interpretation of the ideological context of architecture.
2. City and power ‐ Holders of power (political, financial, technological, media) and urban development; subjects (politicians, businessmen, city planners and people in general); ‐ Ideological interests and goals, and their accomplishment in architecture; ‐ (Non) participation in shaping a city destiny; ‐ Pressures on designs, unruly actions in taking the city space (illegal construction of both the inapproachable and the marginalized); ‐ Ideological causes of demolishing the city fabric; ‐ Spatial standards and social groups;
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‐ The rights to housing, work and leisure; ‐ Accessibility of scarce city assets; ‐ Disposal of the city land and real estate; ‐ Types of power alienation and how to overcome them.
3. Morphology and ideological patterns ‐ Doctrines in architecture and their positive/negative impact on a city; ‐ Criteria of urban forming (urban norms and standards in designing) and tools (pre‐computer and computer approach to planning and designing); ‐ City planning (interest contradictions, conflicting of aims and means); ‐ Planners (concept creators or mere executors); ‐ The idealism or pragmatism of planners’ visions; ‐ Urban form as a result of conflict/harmony between ideology and architecture; ‐ Physical structures and public city space through a relation between ideology and architecture; ‐ City center and its outskirts in the ideological context; ‐ Typological patterns of housing and public structures deriving from ideology; ‐ Relations between the new and the inherited, the progressive and the conservative;
4. Designers and ideology ‐ Figures of the power and city planners and architects; ‐ The influence of the ideology on the design process; ‐ The ideology objectification through projects ‐ case studies.
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE CONFERENCE Vladimir Mako, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia, conference chair Mirjana Roter Blagojević, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia, conference coordinator
Marta Vukotić Lazar, chair of the Board of Ranko Radović Award, Serbia, conference coordinator Eva Vaništa Lazarević, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia Petar Arsić, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia Vladimir Lojanica, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia Aleksandra Stupar, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia Aleksandar Ignjatović, Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, Serbia Živojin Bata Karapešić, member of the Board of Ranko Radović Award, Serbia Darko Reba, Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, member of the Board of Ranko Radović Award, Serbia Aleksandar Kadijević, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Serbia Sreten Vujović, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Serbia Nikola Samardžić, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Serbia Lidija Merenik, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Serbia Dubravka Stojanović, Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade, Serbia Miško Šuvaković, Faculty of Arts in Belgrade, Serbia Igor Marić, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Mila Pucar, Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia, Belgrade, member of the Board of Ranko Radović Award, Serbia Radivoje Dinulović, Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, Serbia Dijana Milašinović Marić, Association of Applied Arts Artists and Designers of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia Dragan Živković, Faculty of Fine Arts, Belgrade, Serbia Rudolf Klein, Ybl Miklos Faculty of Architecture, Saint Steven University, Budapest, Hungary Hans Ibelings, The Architecture Observer, Amsterdam, Netherlands Marjatta Hietala, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland Mervi Kaarninen, School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Tampere, Finland Irina Korobina, Schusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia Dmitrij Chmelnizki, Berlin, Deutschland Krzysztof Domaradzki, Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw Polytechnic, Poland Tanja Damljanovic Conley, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Boston, USA Darko Radović, International Keio Institute for Architecture and Urbanism‐IKI, Yokohama, Japan Aleksandar Mirković, Arkansas Tech University, USA Ines Tolić, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Bologna, Italy Ivo Goldstein, University of Zagreb, Croatia Milenko Stanković, Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska Fehim Hadžimuhamedović, Faculty of Arts University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Amra Hadžimuhamedović, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Elsa Turkušić, Faculty of Architecture, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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CONGRESS DATA 1 registrated delegates 169 number of received abstracts 153 number of approved abstracts* web 120 full paper presentations 108 oral presentations 78 *(Published on the website www.arh.bg.ac.rs/code/navigate.asp?Id=2803)
CONGRESS DATA 2
Serbia
Foreign Countries
In Total
oral presentations
36
42
78
full paper presentations
50
58
108
number of approved abstracts* web
61
59
120
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PARTICIPANTS PROFILE BY REGION
PARTICIPANTS PROFILE BY COUNTRIES
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International Conference Architecture and Ideology
TABLE OF CONTENTS KEYNOTE PAPERS | S 1. IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETIC RATIONALISM AND ITS CULTURAL RESPOND | 29 Dr Vladimir Mako 2. POST‐EVERYTHING. ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGY AFTER THE 20TH CENTURY | 30 Hans Ibelings 3. BAVARIANISM: A LOVEABLE AND WHOLESOME NATIONAL STEREOTYPE, OR WAYS OF IDEOLOGIZING ARCHITECTURE IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES | 31 Stefan Muthesius 4. NEW TECNOLOGIES AS NEW IDEOLOGIES | 32 Dr Mila Pucar Vladimir Lojanica IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE | S1 1. IDEOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE AS A COMPLEX LOGIC AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC TERM. ABOUT THE WIDTH OF ITS RANGE AND MANIFOLD OF MEANINGS | 35 Dr Aleksandar Kadijević 2. KALMYKS COLONY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN BELGRADE AND EUROPE (1929‐1944) | 36 Dr Marta Vukotić Lazar Dr Nataša Danilović Hristić Đurđija Borovnjak 3. JEWISH INFLUENCE ON IDEOLOGIES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE | 37 Dr Rudolf Klein 4. GENERAL THEORY OF IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE | 38 Dr Miodrag Miško Šuvaković 5. IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF ARCHITECTURE IN SOCIETY OF SPECTACLE | 39 Dr Radivoje Dinulović
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HOLOCAUST, COMMUNISM, AND THE FATE OF BELGRADE SYNAGOGUES: DROWNING IN IDEOLOGICAL MAINSTREAM | 40 Haris Dajč Dr Nikola Samardžić HEALTH AND ARCHITECTURE FROM SERVING IDEOLOGIES TO BECOMING IDEOLOGY – THE CASE OF OUROBOROS | 41 Dr Ružica Božović Stamenović 100 of MODERNISM – SUCCESS BASED ON IDEOLOGICAL NEUTRALITY | 42 Dr Aleksandar Keković Marjan Petrović THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT BETWEEN IDEOLOGICAL REASON AND ICONOLOGICAL ACT | 43 Domenico Chizzoniti ANARCHISM AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT. LEGACY OF ANTI‐CAPITALIST REJECTION OF SOCIAL STATE IN ARCHITECTURE, URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING | 44 Zvonimir Kontrec TRANSITIONAL SPACE: WARSAW’S PARADE SQUARE AND ITS IDEOLOGIES | 45 Lidia Klein SPACE OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATION: THE MUSEUM OF REVOLUTION AS THE MONUMENT OF POLITICAL POWER | 46 Iva Marković Mladen Pešić Jagoda Šarić ARCHITECTURAL COMMUNICATION ASPECTS: DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS OF REVOLUTION MEMORIAL HALL IN NIKŠIĆ, MONTENEGRO | 47 Slavica Stamatović Vučković FACTORY AS SYMBOL OF POSTWAR STATE IDEOLOGY. INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE IN NOVI SAD BETWEEN 1945 AND 1965 | 48 Anica Tufegdžić THE INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY: CHANGES IN INTERPRETATION OF CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES (1981‐2007.) | 49 Milica Pajkić INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY ON TYPOLOGICAL MODELS OF MULTI‐FAMILY HOUSING UNITS. "BELGRADE SCHOOL“ OF HOUSING ARCHITECTURE | 50 Jelena Ristić Trajković Danica Stojiljković Verica Međo
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TRADITION BASED ON MODERNISM. CASE STUDY MEMORIAL HOUSE OF SUTJESKA BATTLE, TJENTISTE [1964.‐1971.]. AUTHOR ARCHITECT RANKO RADOVIC | 51 Vladimir Parežanin ’HUNGARIAN SEA PROMISES A RICH SUMMER’ COLLECTIVE GOOD AND ECONOMIC INTEREST IN SOCIALIST LEISURE ARCHITECTURE | 52 Dr Mariann Simon THE CITY AND URBAN CULTURE IN SERBIAN RIGHT‐WING IDEOLOGY | 53 Aleksandar Stojanović PREEMPTIVE & VIRTUOUS: CITY PLANNING & ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR THE MILLENNIUM | 54 Dr Vana Tentokali Dr George Koutoupis NEGATIVE AESTHETICS AND ANTI‐AESTHETICS AS IDEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE AESTETHICS OF ARCHITECUTRE | 55 Vladimir Stevanović PUBLIC CLASSICISM AND PRIVATE PICTURESQUE. THE WHIGS CLASSICISM, A LESSON FOR THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE | 56 Dr Pisana Posocco IDEOLOGY AND THE EVERYDAY LIFE. POST‐WAR MEMORIAL ARCHITECTURE IN PUBLIC SPACE | 57 Marija Martinović ARCHITECTURE AS AN IDEOLOGY TRANSMITTER | 58 Polina Mikhnova A MINISTRY FOR COMMUNICATIONS. RAILWAY ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE AS COMUNICATION'S MEDIA FOR MUSSOLINI'S FASCIST REGIME. | 59 Anja Radomirović IDENTITY, QUIDDITY, AND URBAN PLACES. A CATEGORICAL APPROACH TO URBAN SPACE | 60 Dr Jean Marie Corneille Meuwissen Elham Madadi Kandjani INDUSTRIAL CENTRES IN VOJVODINA. THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT | 61 Dragana Pilipović Aleksandra Pešterac Karl Mičkei MAPPING THE FUTURE CITY | 62 Marija Pavlović Maša
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CITY AND POWER | S2 1. POWER, CITY, AND ARCHITECTURE | 65 M.Sci. Petar Arsić 2. 3. 4.
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ARCHITECTURE: BETWEEN TOTALITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY | 66 M.Sci. Dimitrije Mladenović STALINIST ARCHITECTURE AND STALINIST IDEOLOGY | 67 Dr Dmitrij Chmelnizki WARSAW – A CITY LOOKING FOR ITS IDENTITY. PROJECTS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS IN THE URBAN DESIGN OF POST‐WAR WARSAW | 68 Dr Krzysztof Domaradzki NEW MOSCOW 4. IDEOLOGY OF “IDEAL CITY”. | 69 Dr Irina Korobina URBAN MOBILITY. FROM MYTHOLOGY TO CONTEMPORARY TIMES | 70 Mônica Gondim PROCESSION OF SIMULACRA : UNTRUE OR MORE TRUTHFUL THAN THE TRUTH | 71 Dr Aneta Hristova SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE ARCITECTURE – THE CASE OF INTERWAR ZAGREB | 72 Dr Tamara Bjažić Klarin INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND CONTEMPORARY REALITY: THE NEEDS FOR SPATIAL STANDARDS IN ARCHITECTURE | 73 Dr Vladimir Mihajlov “WHO GAVE US THE SPONGE TO WIPE AWAY THE ENTIRE HORIZON?". IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES OF DEMOLISHING THE CITY FABRIC | 74 Dina Šamić Nermina Zagora BYE BYE 20TH CENTURY; SIMILARITIES IN THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF EX YUGOSLAV CITIES | 75 Andrej Šmid ROYAL POWER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF STATE BUILDINGS IN BELGRADE DURING THE REIGN OF KING ALEXANDER I OF YUGOSLAVIA | 76 Vladimir Abramović IDEOLOGY AND THE MEMORY IN THE CITY. CASE STUDY OF COMPLEX OF THE FEDERAL SECRETARIAT FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE (GENERALSTAB BUILDING) | 77 Vladimir Parežanin Milica Muminović
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URBAN REPRESENTATION OF STATE POWER. THE QUEEN MARIA BOULEVARD: 1918‐2012 | 78 Ivan Stanojev HOUSING POLICY AND CULTURE IN YUGOSLAVIA. THE CASE OF THE EXHIBITION “HOUSING FOR OUR CONDITIONS” IN LJUBLJANA, 1956. | 79 Anđelka Ćirović „SULTAN MOSQUES“: RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY AS SEEN. BY OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE | 80 Marija Kocić THE THREE SITES FOR PALAZZO LITTORIO. BETWEEN PROPAGANDA AND CONTRADICTIONS (1932‐1940) | 81 Francesca Salatin MEMORIAE CAUSA | 82 Sante Simone THE FORM OF THE ‘COMMON’ CITY IN ADVANCED CAPITALISM. AN INQUIRY IN POST‐ SOCIALIST URBAN TRANSFORMATION | 83 MSc. Mejrema Zatrić INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE RESPOSNIVE URBAN SUSTAINBILITY: NEW IDEOLOGY OR A WAY TO STEP FORWARD | 84 Ksenija Lalović Jelena Živković Danijela Milovanović Rodić ARCHITECTURE IN THE SHADOW OF ’’INVESTORS’ URBAN PLANNING’’. CASE STUDY: AVALA HOTEL IN BUDVA, MONTENEGRO | 85 Kosara Kujundžić WHAT IS ''COMMON SPACE''? THE COMMON LAND AND THE REINVENTION OF THE SPACE OF QUOTIDIANITY. | 86 Juan López Cano ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE IN NOVI SAD. REPRESENTATIONS OF AUTHORITY AND POWER | 87 Ivan Stanojev Andrea Tamas THE IDEALS OF THE SOCIALIST CITIES. PROGRAMMING OF THE PUBLIC SPACE AND CITIES IN FORMER SFRY | 88 Dragana Konstantinović CONQUEST OF SPACE ‐ INEX FILMEXPEDITION | 89 Iva Čukić
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CLUJ‐NAPOCA AND LVIV: POWER AND URBAN SPACE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY | 90 Yulia Gordeeva
MORPHOLOGY AND IDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS | S3 1. IDEOLOGY OR FASHION? THE CONTEMPORARY CITY AND THE QUEST FOR POWER | 93 Dr Aleksandra Stupar 2. THE MODERN CITY RECONFIGURED. POST‐SOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE | 94 Dr Ljiljana Blagojević 3. IDEOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF TOURIST SETTLEMENTS IN MOUNTAIN DESTINATIONS | 95 Dr Igor Marić Dr Saša Milijić 4. REPLACE IDEOLOGY. TOWARDS NEW URBAN VISIONS. | 96 Dina Nencini 5. HOUSING DESIGN MODEL WITHIN UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXES IN SERBIA IN THE SIXTIES OF 20TH CENTURY. AS MODEL FORMS OF HARMONIZATION BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND MODERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS | 97 Dr Dijana Milašinović Marić 6. “ARCHITECTURE AS THE IDEOLOGY OF THE PLAN”. REVISITING MANFREDO TAFURI'S CRITIQUE OF IDEOLOGY| 98 Tilo Amhoff 7. RHETORIC OF ANTI‐RHETORIC. EGALITARISM AS A FORMAL FEATURE OF (POST‐) SOVIET CITIES | 99 Dr Filippo Lambertucci 8. HOUSE IN RUMUNSKA STREET NO 15. FROM BOURGEOIS VILLA TO PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE | 100 Dr Nenad Radić 9. INFLUENCES OF IDEOLOGY TO THE BUILDING OF PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS IN VOJVODINA REGION AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR | 101 Dr Milena Krklješ Dr Nađa Kurtović Folić 10. BETWEEN ITALY AND JUGOSLAVIJA. POZZO LITTORIO/PODLABIN: THE LAST NEW TOWN OF COAL. | 102 Paolo Tomazella
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A CITY BETWEEN METAMORPHOSIS AND MUTATION FROM 19th TO 21th CENTURY | 103 Dr Souad Sassi Boudemagh A SOCIETY OF SPECTACLE AND ARCHITECTURE. GASOMETER CITY VIENNA | 104 Maja Pličanić WALKING IN AUTOMOBILE CITY. CASE STUDY: NEW BELGRADE | 105 Mira Milaković Milena Vukmirović Dr Eva Vaništa Lazarević ARCHITECTURE AND CITY RECONSTRUCTION AT SALONICA AND IZMIR, 1912 – 1936 | 106 Cristina Pallini
COLUMNS OF COLONIALISM: REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL POWER IN THE OFFICIAL BUILDINGS OF BRITISH RULE IN COLONIAL CYPRUS | 107 Dr Huriye Gürdalli Dr Umut Koldas ECOLOGY IN PUBLIC OPEN SPACE PLANNING AND DESIGN. SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY OR IDEOLOGY? | 108 Jelena Živković Ksenija Lalović Zoran Đukanović THE CITY WITHOUT A FLANEUR | 109 Ana Kršinić‐Lozica BUILDING THE CITY ON PROPAGANDA. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POST‐WAR BERLIN. BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGIES OF EAST AND WEST | 110 Nathalie‐Josephine von Möllendorff POSTULATES OF THE URBANISM IN THE NAZIS GERMANY | 111 Duško Bašić CONSTANCY AND CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES ‐ A CASE STUDY OF THE MARSHALLING STATION COMPLEX IN NOVI SAD | 112 MSc Tatjana Babić Renata Balzam Dr Milena Krklješ LIFE OR DEATH OF URBAN SLUMS. DIFFERENT URBAN MANAGING POLICIES | 113 Dr Nataša Danilović Hristić DESIRE AND DUPLICITY: LESSONS OF THE PAST | 114 Aleksandar Kušić
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THE POWER OF MONARCHS AND URBAN MORPHOLOGY. A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE CITIES | 115 Ofita Purwani PERCEPTION OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE ORIGINATED IN FASCIST ITALY. E 42 ‐ ROMA E.U.R. | 116 Jacqueline Maurer HARMONY AND CONFLICT BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGY OF SECURITY AND ARCHITECTURE| 117 Nevenka Knežević ‐ Lukić Dr Aleksandra Ljuština FINANCIAL IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE OF BELGRADE BANKS ‐ NOW AND THAN | 118 Milica Vujošević Marko Stojanović IDEOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS RITUALS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CITY URBAN FABRIC. CASE STUDY ( KARBALA CITY) | 119 Ghassan J.Al‐Basri CULTURAL HOUSES AND CULTURAL CENTERS: TERMINOLOGY, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURAL POLICY | 120 Aleksandar Brkić Aleksandra Pešterac Dragana Pilipović CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY IN THE CITY STRUCTURE. FROM CULTURAL ACROPOLIS TO CITY OF KNOWLEDGE | 121 Dr Mila Nikolić SHIFTING IDEOLOGIES IN TIMES AND SPACES: A CASE STUDY FROM KARABÜK, TURKEY | 122 Dr Suat Çabuk Meltem Özkan Altınöz BIG UNITARY BUILDINGS FOR HOUSING. REASONS FOR THE PROJECT OF THE COLLECTIVE SPACE | 123 Claudia Celsi TYPOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF HOUSING AND PUBLIC STRUCTURES DERIVING FROM IDEOLOGY | 124 Monika Jovanović TALL BUILDINGS IN BELGRADE AND NOVI SAD. IN FRAMEWORK OF IDEOLOGY, HISTORY AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITY | 125 Marko Lazić Ana Perišić Dr Predrag Šiđanin
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COASTAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. A WAY TO ACHIEVING THE PAARADIGM OF BELGRADE'S DESCENT TO THE RIVERS | 126 Miloš Mihajlović PARTISAN SQUARE IN UZICE AS THE MYTH OF FREEDOM OR AS THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY | 127 Dejan Milivojević INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOKOL HOUSES IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA | 128 Vladana Putnik ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS AND IDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS. DESIGNCOMPETITIONS FOR RESIDENTALOBJECTSIN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MODERN SERBIA | 129 Grozdana Sisovic GENERAL LEGISLATIVE (REGULATORY) FRAMEWORK FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION IN SERBIA FROM 1948 TO 2011. THE EXAMPLE OF BELGRADE | 130 Vesna Cagić Milošević Verica Medjo Nevena Mitrović IDEOLOGIES OF PROGRESS AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF EVERYDAY LIFE. INDUSTRIAL HOUSING ESTATES AND EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS | 131 Marko Matejic TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE MODERN SPACE IN DIFFERENT IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS. CHANGES IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF URBAN PLANNING | 132 Danica Stojiljković Jelena Ristić Trajković
DESIGNERS AND IDEOLOGY | S4 1. ”BORBA” FOR ARCHITECTURE | 135 Jelica Jovanović Dr Ines Tolić 2. TEACHING IDEOLOGIES THROUGH DESIGN. THE EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING DESIGN STUDIO AT THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE OF OPORTO | 136 Marco Ginoulhiac 3. ICONICITY: THE IDEOLOGY OF NEW MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE | 137 Pablo v. Frankenberg 4. CONCRETE AND IDEOLOGY. A HARMLESS MIXTURE, A LOADED WEAPON | 138 Dr Marisol Vidal
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY AND SPIRIT OF THE TIMES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS OF BROTHERS PETAR AND BRANKO KRSTIC | 139 Marina Djurdjevic THE MILAN GREEN AND HORIZONTAL CITY. GIUSEPPE PAGANO. IDEOLOGY BETWEEN DIAGRAM AND PROGRAM | 140 Francesco Menegatti IDEOLOGICAL PARALLAX. THE YUGOSLAV PAVILION AT THE 13TH MILAN TRIENNIAL EXHIBITION | 141 Igor Ekštajn Dr Karin Šerman THE INFLUENCE OF QURANIC CONCEPTS ON ISLAMIC URBAN DESIGN; NECESSITY OF STUDY | 142 Seyed Mahdi Khatami Michael Tawa COMMERCIALISM AS A NEW IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE. REVIEW OF A POST WAR BUILDING TENDENCY IN THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA | 143 Dr Mladen Burazor THE ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF CITY BRANDING | 144 Nermina Zagora Dina Šamić BLOCKS ALONG YURI GAGARIN ST. – LAYER BY LAYER | 145 Branislava Kovačević Ana Spasojević ARCHITECTURE FOR THE OTHER 90%, SOCIAL ACTIVISM, ECONOMIC RECESION OR CLIMATE CRISIS RESPOND | 146 Danijela Milovanović Rodić Ksenija Lalović Jelena Živković THE IDEOLOGY OF THE VISUAL IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE | 147 Renata Jadrešin‐Milić THE SCENE OF THE THEATRE POLITICS. ARCHITECTURE IN FUNCTION OF NAZI AND SOVIET PROPAGANDA ON 1937 WORLD FAI | 148 Tamara Biljman CONCEPTUAL ISSUES OF IDEOLOGY ON CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS. DECODING EISENMAN’S BLURRING CONCEPT | 149 Paraskevi Panteliadou
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POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND PROFESSIONNAL IDEAL OF ARCHITECT | 150 Dr Souad Sassi Boudemagh PROPOSED OLYMPIC COMPLEX IN BELGRADE – PROJECT BY HITLER’S ARCHITECT WERNER MARCH | 151 Dejan Zec IDEOLOGY SHAPING KNOWLEDGE SITES. THE CASE OF THE CIDADE UNIVERSITÁRIA CAMPUS IN LISBON | 152 Ana Mehnert Pascoal DESIGNING AN IDEOLOGY. TWO CASE‐STUDIES IN THE PORTUGUESE CONTEXT | 153 Daniela V. de Freitas Simões INFLUENCES OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND POWER ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN NEW BELGRADE ‐ CASE STUDY: SAVA CENTER | 154 Predrag Marković THE PARADIGM OF BOGDAN BOGDANOVIĆ: THE NEW SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGY OF POSTMODERNISM | 155 Ljiljana Miletić Abramović
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS | 157 BIOGRAPHY OF PROFESSOR RANKO RADOVIĆ (1935‐2005) | 165
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KEYNOTE PAPERS |
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Dr VLADIMIR MAKO, Professor University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE: AESTHETIC RATIONALISM AND ITS CULTURAL RESPOND
Abstract | The aim of this work is to explore how the essentially same perceptual aesthetic value of an architectural structure can be differentiated by the cultural respond shaped by various ideological and political concepts. However, it seems that architectural structures in focus should be based on particular aspects of shaping, or at least, to be capable to reflect more than one association with a deeper cultural meaning. This argumentation refers almost immediately to psychological issues involved in the process of creation and, let say, manipulation with the possible social and ideological meaning of an architectural structure.
Key words | ideology, architecture, historiography, theory, interpretations
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HANS IBELINGS Architectural historian, The Architecture Observer, Amsterdam/Montreal,
[email protected]
POST‐EVERYTHING
ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGY AFTER THE 20TH CENTURY
Abstract | The postmodern deconstruction of modern ideologies and dogmas during the last decades of the 20th century may have had a liberating effect in many fields, including that of architecture and architectural discourse. But it has led to the delusion that we have entered and are witnessing a post‐era, 'a state of permanent atemporality', apparently devoid of ideals. As such, postmodernism is a complex form of stagnation, the creation of a transient yet immobile vacuum.
Key words | Architecture, Postmodernism, Modernism, Ideology, End of History, Globalization
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STEFAN MUTHESIUS, Professor World Art Studies University of East Anglia Norwich Great Britain,
[email protected]
BAVARIANISM:
A LOVEABLE AND WHOLESOME NATIONAL STEREOTYPE, OR WAYS OF IDEOLOGIZING ARCHITECTURE IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Abstract | “Bavaria” is one of the strongest national / regional stereotypes, yet it is not a political one, because Bavaria is part of the confederation of German states. It furthermore takes part in a wider Alpine stereotype. This comprises people and artefacts; here the stress is on architecture and design. One may subsume here two types of significations under two subspecies of „ideology“: firstly, a combination of smaller‐scale decorative forms which appears as a direct and precise identification of the geographical unit, and secondly a much more vague amalgam of effects of the material and „simple“ overall forms which are meant to conjure up more „profound“ values of „Volkstümlichkeit“.
Key words | Bavaria, Germany, 19th century, architecture, design, ideologization
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Dr MILA PUCAR, Scientific Adviser Institute of Architecture and Urban&Spatial Planning of Serbia,
[email protected]
VLADIMIR LOJANICA, Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
NEW TECNOLOGIES AS NEW IDEOLOGIES
Abstract | The present stage in the development of new technologies and their implementation in architecture, theoreticians of architecture have recognized as a new style/direction and named it: High‐tech architecture. For a long time now, high technologies have had an influence on the understanding of the concept and role of architecture, and architects as well. Architects are slowly losing their leading position in the design processes and project management and they are becoming the same among equals (other designers of infrastructural systems, civil engineers and managers), or their creativity is reduced just to conceptual solutions. In the process of creating architecture, from the idea to the construction of a building, the investor’s role has increased in importance; they often dictate the conditions and have a say in the character of the building, complex or even big urban environments, depending on their economic power. There are many examples of these tendencies in architecture, such as business centers (example of office buildings in Dubai), sports objects built for world competitions (Olympic Games), mega shopping malls, buildings intended for world exhibitions (Expo) the so‐called “dwelling machines” etc. Nowadays, it is possible to build an object that is absolutely independent of micro‐climatic conditions of location. New materials, frames and systems often find use regardless of their economic justification. Power, consummerism and profit have become new ideologies in architecture. The positions of the investors as well as towns, fighting in a strong competition for prestige, gain a strategically important position in the policies of many developed countries. On the other hand, the development of new technologies has a positive effect on the building performances; especially when in question are rational energy use and implementation of renewable energy sources. Energy efficient buildings contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which has significant implications on climate change. How to curb the negative trend which follows the development of new technologies and can be called “a new ideology in architecture”, and make these technologies become part of sustainable development, is certainly nowadays one of the most important tasks of the architectural profession, as well as the task of society as a whole.
Key words | high technologies, high‐tech architecture, energy efficiency, sustainable development
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S1
IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF ARCHITECTURE | ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Conceptual issues of ideology; 20th century ideologies and their characteristics: historical, philosophical, sociological, political, psychological Emergence, survival and disappearance of the main ideology patterns in society and architecture; Duration of ideology systems and a resistance to change; Changes in meaning and use of physical structures due to ideological assumptions; Ideology matrix influence on general public, value systems, awareness of city environment and its shaping; The ideological interpretation and evaluation of the history of architecture; The ideological concepts and regulation of the built environment; Centralization as ideological stronghold; Ranko Radović and his interpretation of the ideological context of architecture.
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Dr ALEKSANDAR KADIJEVIĆ, Professor Department for Art History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURE AS A COMPLEX LOGIC AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC TERM
ABOUT THE WIDTH OF ITS RANGE AND MANIFOLD OF MEANINGS
Abstract | Among the different premises of architectural creation, which determine the character of materialized projects, historiographers and scholars have, until recently, gave the least amount of attention to ideology, a term not defined precisely enough in the scientific hermeneutics. The width of range and manifold meanings of this complex phenomenon, technically applicable in various therotetical or historiographic discourses, on the less consistent interpretative platform caused its diluted and reckless terminological use. Too often used as a common synonym for a range of various sociocultural appearances, the concept of ideology was already at its inception postulated as apstract and having multiple meanings. Its phenomenological explication, more developed in sociological and philosophical literature, did not become pellucid in the historiography of architecture. A pronounced ideological character of the social reality within post World War II bipolar world order aditionally de‐stimulized interested interpreters to start critical discourses on this controversial appearance, which, over the last few centuries, had a significant influence on the development of architecture. After the problematization of prevailed meanings of the term of architectural ideology, we are going to re‐actualize the specific opinion about its role given by Ranko Radovć and other Serbian architectural writers.
Key words | ideology, architecture, historiography, theory, interpretations
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Dr MARTA VUKOTIĆ LAZAR PhD Historian of Art, Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade,
[email protected]
Dr NATAŠA DANILOVIĆ HRISTIĆ PhD in Architecture and Urban Planning, Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ĐURĐIJA BOROVNJAK Historian of Art, Historical Archives of Belgrade, djurdja.borovnjak@arhiv‐Beograda.org
KALMYKS COLONY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST BUDDHIST TEMPLE IN BELGRADE AND EUROPE (1929‐1944) Abstract | As a part of the numerous group of refugees from the Russian Empire after the October revolution in the period from 1920 to 1941, five hundred Kalmyks moved in to Belgrade and found their shelter here. Kalmyks are people of the Mongolian origin, having Buddhist‐Lamaist national religion. Among the refugees there was a number of monks and the higher priest Manchuda Borinov (1872‐1928), contributing greatly to the initiation of activities aiming to obtain the space for their religious purposes shortly after the immigration. In accordance with their religion, calmly and unobtrusively, Kalmyks gained affinity of the Serbian authorities and the Minister of Religion himself, who assigned them one thousand dinars monthly support for the maintanance of the rooms, later the Temple in Belgrade, although the Buddhist confession was not recognized by the State Constitution. Besides understanding and support of the authorities, the construction of the Temple was helped by the numerous donors. The first to offer their support to Kalmycs were the manufacturer Miloš Jaćimović (1858‐1940), by conceding them the complex of family property in 1928 in order to establish the Kalmyk colony there. The president of the Colony, ex colonel of the Russian Army Abuša Aleksejev initiated activities for the construction of the Buddhist temple in this location in Belgrade. The Temple was already sanctified the next year, on December 12th 1929, in the presence of the entire Belgrade Buddhist Colony. The construction of the first Buddhist temple in Europe was the greatest event in the life of Kalmyks in exile. As an attraction, in 1930 the temple got its place in the „Guide through Belgrade“, and the street where it was situated got the name „Buddhist street“.
Key words | Belgrade, groups of Russian refugees, social and religious self‐consciousness, Buddhism, architecture, modernization
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Dr RUDOLF KLEIN, Professor Saint Stephen University, Budapest,
[email protected]
JEWISH INFLUENCE ON IDEOLOGIES OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | This paper investigates the impact of Judaic tradition and Jewish thinking on ideologies of modern architecture, from a wide cultural historic perspective. Traditionally architectural theories were mainly reflective, based on good examples to be followed, ‘recipes’ like Vitruvius’ or Alberti’s. However, as 20th century modernism refused tradition, prospective theories, created ex nihilo, and ideologies based on new cosmology took the lead in architecture. I argue, that this is the moment when Judaic heritage and Jewish thinking began to influence Western architecture: The new cosmology originating from Albert Einstein’s space‐time, theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, all rooted partly in Judaic heritage, brought about Adolf Loos’ Raumplan, Erich Mendelssohn’s speed end energy and Siegfried Giedion’s Raumzeit and simultaneity that cemented together into a strong ideology in architecture, valid until the 1970s. Later Post‐Modernism and Deconstruction brought about a series of protagonists of Jewish origin, Robert A. Stern, Richard Meier, Leon Krier, Frank O. Gehry, Peter Eisenman, Daniel Libeskind, etc., who implemented numerous further Judaic elements into their ideologies and buildings – with or without reference to the Judaic tradition or their Jewish origin. This paper analyses mechanisms and strategies through which Judaic thought, Jewish attitude found their ways into architectural ideologies and practices in the first half of the 20th century.
Key words | Modernism, Judaism, Einstein, space‐time, Post‐Modernism, Deconstruction
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Dr MIODRAG MIŠKO ŠUVAKOVIĆ, Professor Professor of Aesthetics, Faculty of Music and Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Arts, Belgrade, o‐
[email protected]
GENERAL THEORY OF IDEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE Abstract | Ideology is in political and cultural sense relatively connected and determined set of ideas, symbolic representations, values, beleifs and forms of thoughts behaviours, expressions, representations and actings whicha are common to memebrs of a social group, memebers of political parties, state institutions or social classes. In literature the notion od ideology is introduced in several, often equally valued and varian, but contrary ways: (1) ideology is a set of positive abd pragmatic beleives, values, forms of behaviours, and actings shared by a group of theoreticians or practicians, i.e., members of a culture or specific differentiated formations in the frames of a culture, (2) ideology is a set of false representations, false believes and effects of illusions shared by members of a social strata, class, nation, political party, specific culture or world of art, which project possible, actual and immediate world of existence, (3) ideology is phantasmatic construction which serves as support to our reality, in other words, it is an illusion which structures effective social relations and masks traumatic socialne divisions or confrontations which could not be symbolized, therefore function of ideology is to supply us with bearable social reality, (5) by ideology it is refered to meanings, sense and values of structure power which particular social formation or society practice as a whole or to which it tends, etc. Louis Althuisser defined ideology as representation of imaginary relations of individual to his or her real conditions of exhistence. In Lacanian theoretical psychoanalysis, a step further from Althuisser, it is shown that the role of ideology is not to offer to a subject a point of escape his/her reality, but to offer him/her the very social reality as escape form some kao traumatic real core. In late modernist and postmodernist theories ideology is not defines as natural system but as a form of social symbolic and imaginary production of ideas, values and beliefs. Here explained concept of ideology will be applied to „reading“ and „discussion“ of architecture as social practice.
Key words | ideology, tipology of ideologilcal models, aparatus, representation, subjectivisation, reality, architecture, forms of life
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Dr RADIVOJE DINULOVIĆ, Professor Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
THE IDEOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE SOCIETY OF SPECTACLE
Abstract | Economical, political, social and cultural context we live in has already been defined in 1960’s as a Society of spectacle (Debord). This society is based on radical exploitation of recourses – technology and media, above all. At the same time, it has lost an ideological background – in theological, philosophical or even ethical sense. Everything that has, from the Marxist point of view, been considered as “social superstructure” becomes an independent value, mainly commercial in nature. In such a world, role of architecture – as an artistic, social and existential category – has been changed. Traditional understanding and definition of architecture (utilitas – firmitas – venustas) is not satisfactory any more. The form – built, modelled or thought – is always an outcome of architecture since the only issue we can consider, in fact, is an architectural form. At the same time, contemporary architecture is not only based on using a full variety of media sources, technologies and their development, but new engineering solutions, materials and building techniques become a generator of thinking about physical structure and space in general. In that context, function of instead of function in architecture needs to be observed as a dominant value. Furthermore, the word ‘function’ should be understood as pluralia tantum, or even material noun. As photography does not reach art through painting but through theatre (Barthes), architecture reaches art through its functions and not through visuality. This is why function of architecture is not only utilitarian (having in mind the fact that without utility there is no architecture), but is a complex system of answers about different existential needs – economical and ecological, aesthetical, social, cultural, psychological, philosophical, ethical, political etc. Architecture as a system of thinking about space, establishes relation towards all of these problem aspects simultaneously and becomes an ideological category per se. Since human life represents a basic and essential object of architecture (Milićević), structure and final form of architecture need to be concerned as a machine (Le Corbusier), not as a scene, sculpture or designed artefact.
Key words | Modernism, Judaism, Einstein, space‐time, Post‐Modernism, Deconstruction
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HARIS DAJČ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Philosophy,
[email protected]
Dr NIKOLA SAMARDŽIĆ, Professor Faculty of Philosophy,
[email protected]
BELGRADE SYNAGOGUES AFTER WWII
Abstract | First Belgrade synagogues were built after increased Jewish immigration in second half of 16th century. Until beginning of 20th century Belgrade Jews were predominantly Sephardim and their cultural and social life took part within Jewish quart in Dorćol. By the end of 19th century they had two synagogues in Dorćol and one Ashkenazi downtown. Between World Wars two synagogues in Zemun joined three in the capital, so with another one built altogether five synagogues were active in Belgrade at the beginning of WWII. The end of the war and liberation brought different destiny to Jewish temples. All five made it through the war with different damages, but despite that by 1960s the only active one remained Sukat Salom, three were brought down and Zemun Ashkenazi synagogue was turned into a restaurant. Destiny of synagogues was closely related with revival after 1945 and building of a new society that considered them unnecessary surplus.
Key words | synagogue, Belgrade, Zemun, Dorcol, Jews, Sephardim, Ashkenazim
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Dr RUŽICA BOŽOVIĆ STAMENOVIĆ, Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
HEALTH AND ARCHITECTURE
FROM SERVING IDEOLOGIES TO BECOMING IDEOLOGY – THE CASE OF OUROBOROS
Abstract | Health is an important personal and social asset defined by World Health Organization as reaching beyond absence of illness or infirmity and implying complete physical, social and psychological wellbeing. In theory and practice of the 20th century architecture the diverse interpretations of health range from explicit sanitation issues to implicit philosophical readings. Main objective in this discourse is to trace the roots of the ideological lining in some of these constructs with focus on two areas – hospital design and housing. The historic overview starting in ancient times, points to the presence of a consistent ideological component in various spatial interpretations of health including the recently prevailing wellbeing paradigm. In modernism, the role of health limited to sanitation and extensive legislation was to help establish and manifest “power over’ the space. The subsequent technocratic environmentalism addressed issues of healthy spaces with energy consumption and financial returns as core objectives. Likewise, the recent salutogenic approach to designing healing places conceals the commodification of health and imminent manipulation. New tendencies in design of both hospitals and housing transcend limitations of modernism and embrace hapticity while reinstalling material imagination in the process. Yet, the ideological influence of biopolitics on this salutogenic design and resurrection of normativeness through Evidence Based Design calls for overdue insurgency against hypocrisy and concealed ideological aims in addressing health in architecture.
Key words | health, ideology, architecture, wellbeing, holistic, housing
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Dr ALEKSANDAR KEKOVIĆ, Assistant Profesor University of Nis, Faculty of civil engineering and architecture,
[email protected]
MARJAN PETROVIĆ, Assistant University of Nis, Faculty of civil engineering and architecture,
[email protected]
100 of MODERNISM
SUCCESS BASED ON IDEOLOGICAL NEUTRALITY
Abstract | In the entire history of architecture there were no more dramatic changes than those happening between the two world wars. The modernist movement developed in this, from the historical point of view, very short time period, has no adequate contender. We may consider the concept of the Moderne a comprehensive idea, and not a style. Yet, such a global phenomenon as the Moderne, after one century can be interpreted as a unique style phenomenon in the entire history of world architecture.Development of capitalist relations and new post‐war time, when the mankind tended to discard historical residue that led to the WWI were a natural ally in global propagation and acceptance on new ideas of modernism in life and architecture. Nevertheless, the efforts of Modern avant‐guard to achieve their goal by building of good taste, propagation of social theories and new morality, did not bear fruit. This goal was reached through completely unexpected means, by connection of technology, economy and philosophy, which lead to the rapid and definitive acceptance of the modernist movement in almost the entire world. In the newly formed SHS Kingdom (Yugoslavia), there were many contradictions at economic, social and cultural level, with pronounced ethnic and national tensions. The parts the new state was being formed of, had different cultural patterns formed under diverse influences. The Moderne movement owes its blossom in the SHS Kingdom (Yugoslavia) to King Aleksandar who wished to create a single nation with a unified cultural pattern. Even though the Moderne movement favored leftist ideas, as a style with no decoration, it represented an ideal basis for annulment of all cultural, artistic and architectonic patterns. It offered a substitution of the preceding styles without a need to compile them into a new, artificial, super‐national style, or to favor an individual style and bring the other styles into an inferior position. The Moderne, as a combination of function and geometrical form and tectonics, was accepted almost in all Europe, and it appeared to be ideal for the new state and a new nation.
Key words | Moderne, architecture, movement, pattern, style, culture
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DOMENICO CHIZZONITI, Assistant Professor Politecnico di Milano,
[email protected]
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT BETWEEN IDEOLOGICAL REASON AND ICONOLOGICAL ACT
Abstract | The aesthetic of contemporary architecture has consistently influenced the research and project culture. In the recent state of crisis, many ideologies have emerged as a decadent experience: historicist ideology as nostalgic myth; high‐tech ideology as futuristic dream; ideology of the structural instability such as tectonic challenge; ideology of precariousness as challenge to durability. We must rediscover the value of ideology through symbolic conception of architecture. The iconology and the ideology are two aspects that both concern the culture of architectural project.
Key words | Ideology, Revolution, Iconology, Art, Politics, Architecture
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ZVONIMIR KONTREC, PhD student Bauhaus‐Universität Weimar,
[email protected]
ANARCHISM AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT LEGACY OF ANTI‐CAPITALIST REJECTION OF SOCIAL STATE IN ARCHITECTURE, URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Abstract | This article demonstrates the importance anarchist ideology has played in the development of architecture and urban and regional planning. It shows how innovations anarchism brought into political theory became a major source of correspondent tendencies in architectural and planning theory. It is the anarchist concept of history ‐ the possibility of realizing a social ideal in the present without having to postpone it for the future (like in Marxism) ‐ which makes this transfer of ideas frequent. In this segment, anarchist logic converges to that of an engineer’s, focusing on an immediate problem solution. I identify and document four of such transfers: • The possibility of a socialist society respecting almost absolute freedom of the individual made anarchism attractive to the artistic avant‐garde. • Idea that social relationships shaped by territorial arrangements too (already recognized as a major inspiration of the Garden City Movement and scientifically‐based regional planning). • The quest for direct modes of political participation not only resonated the spirit of participatory architecture but also played an important role in its shaping. • The legitimization of existing forms of self‐organization (John F C Turner, Colin Ward). The article concludes that solutions developed by a counter‐capitalist rejection of paternalistic social state provision, unified in a quest for individual well‐being and self‐realization through personally engaging collective action, present an alternative worth considering at a time when neoliberal capitalism and state provision is proving to be economically, socially and ecologically unsustainable.
Key words | anarchism, architecture, urban planning, avant‐garde, participation, self‐organization
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LIDIA KLEIN, PhD student University of Warsaw, Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw,
[email protected]
TRANSITIONAL SPACE: WARSAW’S PARADE SQUARE AND ITS IDEOLOGIES
Abstract | Parade Square (Plac Defilad), the immediate surrounding of The Palace of Culture and Science (originally known as the Joseph Stalin Palace of Culture and Science) built between 1952 and 1955 constitutes a spatial picture of Polish political transformation in a nutshell. It was originally used by the government of the People’s Republic of Poland as a place for propaganda parades. After 1989, the immediate surroundings of the Palace became a showcase of the bourgeoning early capitalism, with a vibrant market and a huge amusement park. Although the park was demolished in 1997, temporary structure of corrugated metal sheltering hundreds of stands with goods remained in the square until 2009. In 2009, the ephemeral market was demolished in order to make space for the Modern Art Museum building, which is to be realized in 2016. Its design was chosen by a competition organized in 2007 and won by Christian Kerez. The competition gave rise to a heated debate on the “proper” character of the future building, in which the issue of the Palace of Culture occupied a pre‐eminent position. Among the most common voices were opinions that the Museum should overshadow the Palace of Culture and that it provided Warsaw with a chance of creating a new icon, suitable for the new times and able to supersede the old one – The Palace. Architecture became a tool marking the shift between communism and a new, neoliberal reality. The Parade Square provides a case study of not only spatial dimension of Polish systemic transformation, but also enables to capture issues crucial for countries undergoing political change, such as the desire for architectural icons within neoliberal reality and needs of hygienisation and westernization of urban space.
Key words | political transformation, stararchitecture, neoliberalism, post‐politics
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IVA MARKOVIĆ, PhD student University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
MLADEN PEŠIĆ, PhD student University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
JAGODA ŠARIĆ, PhD student University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
SPACE OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATION THE MUSEUM OF REVOLUTION AS THE MONUMENT OF POLITICAL POWER
Abstract | Socio‐political changes that followed after World War II in Yugoslavia influenced the overall development strategy of cultural policy that had a major role in the formation of a new concept of the establishment and construction of cultural objects. In the period after World War II, especially in the early fifties, the government formed cultural institutions that had the aim to educate, and thereby control socio‐cultural life, and thus represent and promote the political idea of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The main goal of the research, by using critical analysis and evaluation of the Museum of Revolution as a new form of cultural institution, is to determine why there is a need for its establishment and construction. Museum of Revolution, as a specific and newly formed institution, was presented as a cultural and architectural phenomenon that occurred in the early fifties of XX century in socialist Yugoslavia. Through examination of the political and social context within which was possible to implement this type of cultural activity, the Museum of Revolution is considered an architectural object, as well as its relationship as an institution with the ideology propagated by the Party and the State. The main task is presenting the concept of the museum (museological and architectural/art), through role examination of the newly formed cultural policy. Through critical interpretation of the socialist program of museum architecture, the Museum of Revolution is presented as a victory monument of the Yugoslav people in their fight for national liberation and the realization of socialist society.
Key words | The Museum of Revolution, Yugoslav post‐war modernism, architectural expression, ’politicization of architecture’, Ideology in Museum
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SLAVICA STAMATOVIĆ VUČKOVIĆ, M.Sc Faculty of Architecture in Podgorica, slavicas@t‐com.me
ARCHITECTURAL COMMUNICATION ASPECTS: DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE MEANINGS OF REVOLUTION MEMORIAL HALL IN NIKŠIĆ, MONTENEGRO
Abstract | Each and every object/product meant for use including architecture as such, is a means of communication – an act of communication conveying different messages, from the manner in which it should be used (denotation, primary communication) all the way to the information it gives, with its spatial and visual presence, as a part of context it is in, social, cultural, political, technological, geographical, economic and other conditions (connotation, secondary communication). In this respect, each architectural object is a reflection of the times it emerged in as well as of the changes which occurred over time. Revolution Memorial Hall building in Nikšić, or rather what this building is today – an unfinished concrete and steel mega‐structure whose area has tripled when compared to the area envisaged by the initial project in 1976, by Slovenian architect Marko Mušič, is a good example of a double, parallel semiotic interpretation of architectural and spatial phenomenon. First, one could interpret denotative and connotative meanings of the object at the time it had been planned, designed and constructed (“a similar object had not been built in the former SFRY”): it was funded from voluntary local tax, as a controlled, public “space of totalitarity”, a city within a city, which denies ‘privacy’ by representing the ideology of the revolution, socialist self‐management and industrialization, whose spatial organization is dominated by the principle of openness, accessibility and equality, “spatial self‐regulation” where all the content is geared towards reviving the memories from the time of revolution, from different areas intended for “spontaneous discussions and gathering of citizens” all the way to the “symbolic nucleus” – memorial area controlled and approved by a Commission for Memorial and Visual Synthesis which had been established for this particular purpose. In addition, one could interpret what does this “idea‐object” stand for in the present spatial reality, in its mega‐ unfinishedness and explosive “occupation” of prime real estate space at the heart of the city in which such “dead space” has continued to “live” generating new “events in the space”, from commercial establishments (“kiosk size businesses”) on its fringes, to the attempts of the state, due to its lack of finances needed for its demolition, to revive it through the conversion of usable parts of the space, or, according to ideas of students of architecture, to simply “bury” it turning it into a larger than life monument thus making its presence felt through an open public space. Resemiotization of space is a product of “reideologization” ‐ self‐government concept of culture and “space where a social compact would be achievable”, becomes a space where “spontaneous” economic compact evolve.
Key words | architectural communication, denotation, connotation, ideology, Revolution Memorial Hall building 47
ANICA TUFEGDŽIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
[email protected]
FACTORY AS SYMBOL OF POSTWAR STATE IDEOLOGY INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE IN NOVI SAD BETWEEN 1945 AND 1965
Abstract | Postwar reconstruction of the Yugoslav industry was a necessity in the economic and political sense. In addition to material components, such as general economic growth and higher employment, factories were provided ideal framework for the establishment of new state ideology of self‐managing socialism. Therefore, postwar industrial space is recognized as Lefebvre’s space, social product and political instrument. New industrial buildings were designed according to needs of workers, in order to achieve better working conditions, hygienic and technical protection, and higher social standards. Derived from the division of labor, factories have represented functional places. Ideas of collectivism and self‐management have produced faceless and monotonous architecture. After researching postwar industrial architecture spatial concept, on the level of individual industrial building, industrial complex / area and the whole city, the paper reviewed its social, political and ideological dimensions from time distance. In design and reconstruction of factories particularly interesting is the role of architects, especially those who before the war fostered modernist ideas. The aim of research is consideration of specific postwar industrial heritage in Novi Sad and determination of its place and meaning in the history of socialist industrial architecture in region.
Key words | socialism, self‐management, ideology, industrial architecture, Novi Sad
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MILICA PAJKIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Scholar of Ministry of Education and Science, Government of the Republic of Serbia,
[email protected]
THE INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY: CHANGES IN INTERPRETATION OF CRITICAL REGIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES (1981‐2007.) Abstract | The problem of losing the characteristics of region and its borders, the sense of place and national identity, can be characterized as the universalization of aesthetic in architectural practice under the influence of social changes. In these circumstances, regionalism, and especially critical one, represents a key theme related to many questions of contemporary architecture and its relations to the dominant ideology. Therefore, this paper examines direct influence of ideology to a perceived transformation in theoretical position that critical regionalism takes towards theories of architectural modernism and postmodernism. It will review theoretical assumptions and theses through major literature on critical regionalism (Kenneth Frampton, Liane Lefaivre and Alexander Tzonis), and will attempt to map its concepts of place and critical. These two terms are recognized as points in which one can determine a continuous, but transformational development of critical regionalism influenced by the current globalization of information and capital, primarily because the place is a natural environment for community relations, and is therefore predestined for dynamic ideological changes. The notion of critical has the potential of researching cultural studies as inseparable from the centers of power. As illustrations, study aims to examine works of Serbian architects that critically reflect on regionalism in terms of periodic social, political, economic, cultural and ethnic changes in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and latter Serbia, in last five decades. Two resort projects at Zlatibor and Tara Mountain (architect Mihajlo Mitrović) and memorial architecture in Tjentište (architect Ranko Radović) are recognized as ones that, in addition to grasping architecture as a symbiosis of local and universal paradigms, indicate a typology of objects that is purely socialist construction. Paper emphasizes that historical moment and ideology in Yugoslavia are entirely responsible for existence of these projects, because they were focused towards construction of enhanced feeling of belonging to a local, celebrating socialist ideals of the working class and its self‐management, insuring places for leisure and memory.
Key words | critical regionalism, critical, place, ideology, resort, memorial architecture
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JELENA RISTIĆ TRAJKOVIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
DANICA STOJILJKOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
VERICA MEĐO, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
INFLUENCE OF SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY ON TYPOLOGICAL MODELS OF MULTI‐FAMILY HOUSING UNITS “BELGRADE SCHOOL” OF HOUSING ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | The paper explores the ideological influences in the period of the socialist system on the design of the typological models of residential units built in Belgrade. After the Second World War, one of the main policy goal of socialism was to solve the housing problems of Belgrade, by building the modern, serially manufactured and economical housing architecture. The period of intensive construction of housing architecture of Belgrade in the period of socialist self‐ management is defined by the term "Belgrade School" of housing architecture and it is primarily related to the achieved quality of housing in this period in terms of functional organization. This paper explores new concepts and principles of the" Belgrade School" of housing architecture with the emphasis on the impact of spatial‐functional apartment transformation on the family lifestyle and the formation of a new socialist culture of dwelling. Since the problem of housing is interdisciplinary, the transformation is studied out through detecting the relations of cause and effect among ideological social changes, culture of habitation, technical and technological criteria and functional‐spatial house structure. The evolution of "Belgrade school" of housing architecture has become a representation of social, political, economic, demographic and cultural changes of the period.
Key words | multi‐family housing, Belgrade, functional organization, socialism, representation, dwelling culture
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VLADIMIR PAREŽANIN, PhD student, Teaching Assistant University of Belgrade Faculty of Architecture, Serbia,
[email protected]
TRADITION BASED ON MODERNISM CASE STUDY MEMORIAL HOUSE OF SUTJESKA BATTLE, TJENTISTE [1964.‐1971.] AUTHOR ARCHITECT RANKO RADOVIC
Abstract | The aim of this paper is to give a brief survey of the both basic and conceptual, architectural and creative procedures, as well as to present some theoretical and scientific procedures given by architect Ranko Radovic1 regarding the study of Memorial House of Sutjeska battle2. The focus will be on the Radovic’s work review in terms of regional principles and ideas of the Modern movement, affirmations and their installing in their creative gesture. The socio ‐ historical, political and cultural context within this work has been created could not be avoided as well as the author’s “legacy of the right to critical thinking"[1], which was introduced by his writing and building work. The significance and potential of memorial house in Tjentiste has sensed many specifics that followed him from the very inception of designing idea of the memorial centre in Tjentište, which was dedicated to national liberation struggle. The case study Memorial House of Sutjeska battle has the aim to give an intensive analysis of the atmosphere and socio‐historical context of abandoning ideology of uncommitted international modernism, but also to stress Radovic’s understanding of the specific unity of international and regional, pointing on anti‐modern and anti‐postmodern Critical regionalism aesthetics. Having in mind the opinion of the authorities in this field, this paper aims to look for significance of Radovic’s multiple architectural coding and tradition, as well as their unity in the context of romantic revival of both metaphorical and metaphysical tradition.
Key words | International, regional, Critical regionalism, multiple coding, ideology, creative gesture
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Dr MARIANN SIMON, Associate Professor Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
’HUNGARIAN SEA PROMISES A RICH SUMMER’ COLLECTIVE GOOD AND ECONOMIC INTEREST IN SOCIALIST LEISURE ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | The subject of the paper is the architectural development around Lake Balaton in the period 1957‐1965. The regional plan – though it counted with foreign visitors, too – concentrated mainly on domestic tourism. The intensive and thorough design process involved the entire architectural profession. Architects had the opportunity to realize their ideals on socialist holiday resorts, though they had to implement them within restricted financial and technical circumstances. The constraints led to creative solutions: buildings combined industrial prefabrication with on‐site manual work, light construction with heavy materials; all this gave them a special character. However this period ended soon and by the middle of the 60s a new concept was realized: high‐rise quality hotels for foreign tourists and summer cottages purchased by Hungarians. The paper focuses on how ideological changes influenced architecture and urban development. It argues that behind the radical and visible change in architecture there was a shift in the relationship of the regime towards foreign tourism, which moved from the original resistance to capitalism to the acceptance of foreign tourism as a source of hard currency, which the state awfully lacked. The highest political circles’ debates on how they should relate to foreign tourism were hidden from the public, but even contemporary official argumentations published in newspapers offer an excellent source for discovering the change. The paper demonstrates how development around Lake Balaton was presented in the media, how the appreciation of common good and collective leisure soon turned to emphasize the economic interest and how the growing number of foreign visitors was interpreted as a source of national pride. The thesis of the paper is that the idea and praxis of building for socialist tourism was rapidly forced back, and the collective experience gave primacy to the individual, well before socialist state ceased to exist.
Key words | Balaton, tourism, socialism, economy, architecture
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ALEKSANDAR STOJANOVIĆ, PhD student Institute for recent history of Serbia,
[email protected]
THE CITY AND URBAN CULTURE IN SERBIAN RIGHT‐WING IDEOLOGY
Abstract | In perception of Serbian right‐wing ideologists in the past, the city and urban culture were often seen as something impure, decadent and potentially harmful to Serbian national values and tradition. The roots of this ideology lie in conservatism of rural population, lack of authentic urban culture in Serbia and tradition and resistance toward foreign cultural and civilizational influences (especially ones coming from the West). During the inter‐war period, especially during the 1930s, this radical ideology was in its zenith, and was supported by many prominent artists, scientists and national workers. During the occupation in World War II some of these ideas were frequently used by ideologists of Nedic’s government, whose cultural policy implied extreme affirmation of Serbian village and conservative tradition. However, some elements of this ideology have outlived their creators, and are present in modern extreme political right‐wing. This article aims to show and explain the roots of this ideology, its history throughout the 20th century, and its influences on modern right‐wing ideologies. Article is based on several years of research in most important Serbian archives, domestic and foreign literature, war‐time and inter‐war time Serbian newspapers and some written memoirs of eminent citizens of Belgrade.
Key words | city, urban culture, right‐wing ideology, Serbia, anti‐Semitism, xenophobia
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Dr VANA TENTOKALI, Professor Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece,
[email protected]
Dr GEORGE KOUTOUPIS, Professor Technological Educational Institute of Serres, Greece.
[email protected]
PREEMPTIVE & VIRTUOUS: CITY PLANNING & ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR THE MILLENNIUM
Abstract | In the last decade, a new ideological context for the city planning and architectural design that tends to become "planetary" and to model the forthcoming "planetary" city, started to become clearer. It is about a bio‐political context and the correctness implied by it, amongst a major economic and political paradigm shift taking place, in terms of a generalized "crisis". The two characteristics, "preemptive" & "virtuous", which are proposed here, mean, by their origin, that the new planning/design wants to be not only "just", but also "moral" at the same time.
Key words | bio‐politics, environmentalism, security, preemption, virtue, zone
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VLADIMIR STEVANOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
NEGATIVE AESTHETICS AND ANTI‐AESTHETICS AS IDEOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE AESTETHICS OF ARCHITECUTRE
Abstract | This text investigates the relation between architecture and ideology in the context of autonomous and heteronomous approach to aesthetics. History makes record of numerous derivations of autonomy of aesthetics in the axis: creative act, intention, poetics – receptive act – critical thinking. In those terms we heard about socially unengaged creation and l'art‐pour‐ l'art‐ism, direct and non‐pragmatic process of cognition and value judgment, as well as approach to a theory, liberated from external effects. Despite this, heteronomy of aesthetics affirms constant presence of ideological aspect in aesthetics. Opposed aesthetic approaches converge in the field of architecture. When it comes to aesthetics of architecture, complexity distinguishes in understanding of architectural work, ranging from the creative process and observer experience, through multiple conditionalities reflected in practical needs and user requirements, to understanding of a value of broader social and cultural significance. The goal of this text is to postulate and provide a theoretical explanation as to the ideological parallel between two heteronomous aesthetical approaches of negative aesthetics and anti‐ aesthetics, whereby ideology is considered any set of beliefs and views that can, as preconception, stand before thinking. The position of an expert‐aesthetician is not far away from the position of a layman, if they both go beyond scientific postures, entering the limitations of their own and social‐ideological interpretations. i) Negative aesthetics: within metaphysical aesthetic systems, existence, purpose and function of architecture are deduced from certain extra‐disciplinary ideas, such as Plato’s Eidos, Christian God or Hegel’s Absolute Spirit. In this sense, architecture was interpreted as a discovery of some deeper reality, noetic essence, being, through number and proportion. ii) Anti‐aesthetics: metaphysical absolute is only replaced with another reason originating from outside of the architecture – ideology. Ideological approaches in XX century aesthetics are concentrated around concepts, arguing the existence of an a priori view of the world, closely related to positivism and Dilthey‐like objective dimension of social life, as well as Jauss’ horizon of expectations. In this context, valuation of architecture comes down to ascertaining a degree of compliance with certain ideology..
Key words | Autonomy, heteronomy, negative aesthetics, anti‐aesthetics, preconception, horizon of expectations 55
Dr PISANA POSOCCO, Associate Professor DIAP, Dipartimento di Architettura e Progetto, Università „Sapienza“ Roma;
[email protected]
PUBLIC CLASSICISM AND PRIVATE PICTURESQUE THE WHIGS CLASSICISM, A LESSON FOR THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Abstract | The XVIII century in England was neither the first nor the last occasion for the classic architecture’s style to be used in an ideological way. There was a previous use during the Renaissance age, and then there were some other classicisms: Palladianism, neo‐classicism and historicism, and again the use of classical style during totalitarian regimes, such as the late fascist era, the Speer’s architecture for the Nazis, until the soviet classicism so loved by Stalin, often adopted pretending to evoke an image of misconceived and mythological democracy. What is new in the England’s Georgian era is the attitude to distinguish between architectural lemmas as a stylistic grammar and composition of spaces as a process. Once decided that the chosen language is the classical one, then –mostly in the interiors‐ there is full freedom to use the lemmas to write in prose or in poetry. This is the lesson of Picturesque in com‐posing spaces different and etherogeneous, and was the main legacy to the XX century. Mies and LeCorbusier, in fact, used the same lemmas: concrete pillars, flat ceilings, glass walls, but the final design and the way to shape the spaces were totally different. The Picturesque Classicism prepared the way to the International Style: the XX c. new democratic utopia. The georgian architecture was the image the Whigs invented for themselves: a classical exterior image whit unexpected gorgeous interiors and surprising spatial sequences. The more ideologically strict is the language of the outside, to be clearly understood by everyone, the more sophisticated are the interiors, strictly codified for social mise en scène, to be enjoined by selected users.
Key words | classicsms, picturesque, whigs, democracy, composition, sequence
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MARIJA MARTINOVIĆ,PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY AND THE EVERYDAY LIFE POST‐WAR MEMORIAL ARCHITECTURE IN PUBLIC SPACE
Abstract | This paper examines extensive field of memorial architecture that emerges after World War II in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Different types of memorials were littered throughout the country in a period of approximately three decades. Those types varied in size and function ‐ from memorial plates to urban landscapes that could cover the surface of several thousand acres and include memorial buildings and monuments. This study aims to investigate memorial spaces of Socialist Yugoslavia in regard to Henri Lefebvre's theory of Production of Space. Memorial spaces are considered as monumental spaces that can serve as a mirror that reflect individual membership to every member of society. Architecture is regarded not as autonomous object but as a complex field that occurs as a result of social practices. Focus of the paper is on identifying different aspect of spatiality: the perceived, the conceived and the lived; or more precisely – differences between representations of space and representational spaces. The first part of the paper will concern with previously described theoretical framework, and in the second part the memorial architecture will be analyzed as a dialectical interplay of collective manifestations of commemoration practice on one side, and activities in memorial space in everyday life on the other. It is important to emphasize deflection from strictly semiological categorization, thus we will be concerned not with text but with texture – bodily experience of the space, in which visitors partake in the ideological construction.
Key words | social space, memorial architecture, monument, everyday life, ideology
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POLINA MIKHNOVA D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan STU,
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURE AS AN IDEOLOGY TRANSMITTER
Abstract | All spheres of human activity reflect the ideology of any particular historical period with its inherent priorities, canons, and restrictions. It is most obviously seen on the examples of material culture, the architecture in particular, due to its durability and availability. The architecture’s language of perception and conveying the spirit of a time period manifests itself via buildings’ functions, artistic style, sculptures, and decoration details. Historically, the most powerful ideological foundations are formed by religion and state authority. Since ancient time sacral structures have been architectural monuments. The imperial architecture, distinguished by enormous monumental forms, demonstrated the power of state authority. A striking example of the impact of ideology on architecture and society was the Soviet Union. In 1920s avant‐garde movements which reflected new ideological principles appeared on the wave of enthusiasm. The incompatibility of ideologies of power and religion led to the destruction of most of churches. By the second half of the twentieth century the Stalin Empire style reflected the imperial ideology and expressed the power of the state in architecture’s language. In 1960 a large scale construction of standard bearing‐wall houses began with the campaign against architectural excesses. As a result, in terms of social needs, a lot of people were provided with self‐contained flats for living; but from the aesthetic point of view, it formed a monotonous habitat that was uncomfortable for human health and psyche. The era of post‐industrialism led to a new stage in the evolution of architecture and urban environment; it reflected such peculiarities of time as the primary role of information, digital technologies, and the principles of sustainable development. Architecture reflects the needs of the society. On the other hand, as a means of socialization, architecture shapes the society which later becomes the bearer of the new world view and ideology.
Key words | religion, state authority, technology, sustainable architecture, society, social institution
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ANJA RADOMIROVIĆ, PhD student University Iuav of Venice,
[email protected]
A MINISTRY FOR COMMUNICATIONS RAILWAY ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE AS COMUNICATION'S MEDIA FOR MUSSOLINI'S FASCIST REGIME.
Abstract | In 1924 Benito Mussolini creates the Ministry for Communications, grouping the direction of the Italian State Railways, Post and Telegraphs, and Mercantile Marine. The change in competence ‐ from Ministry of Public Works to Ministry of Communications ‐ marks a new way of conceiving especially the State Railways. Thus remaining a vital infrastructure, it gains the role of a communication's media broadly speaking. The railway becomes for Mussolini a vehicle of the mass, a mobile mass that moves across the peninsula, following the itineraries imposed by the regime and a net across which to unwind his myth during his journeys around the country. The train station ‐ point of conjunction between the city and the railway net that unifies the country ‐ becomes the conjunction point between the State "governed" by the fascist regime and the people. The importance granted by Mussolini to railway architecture is such that ten percent of the overall budget of the State Railways is put towards the construction of new train stations. But unlike the broad competition policy adopted by Mussolini in the field of public architecture and urbanism, the construction of both train stations and post offices is thoroughly retained by the technical office of the Ministry. Though defining himself as an employee of the State, Angiolo Mazzoni is the office's leading architect. He is the one who designs and builds the architectural image of the Italian railways, through the design and construction of over thirty train stations from Sicily to the Alps. The paper addresses this particular case of communication and propaganda in Italy during Mussolini's regime, through the analyses of the symbolic importance of the railway for fascist ideology and how, with the fundamental contribution of architecture, it was transformed from means of transportation into a "mass media".
Key words | Ministry of Communications, Benito Mussolini, fascism, Angiolo Mazzoni, railway architecture, propaganda.
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Dr JEAN MARIE CORNEILLE MEUWISSEN Graz University of Technology Institute of Urbanism,
[email protected]
ELHAM MADADI KANDJANI, MSc Graz University of Technology Institute of Urbanism,
[email protected]
IDENTITY, QUIDDITY, AND URBAN PLACES A CATEGORICAL APPROACH TO URBAN SPACE
Abstract | Even though in the beginning, the category of identity in fields such as philosophy, psychology and dialectics was focused on human identity and the recognition of its quiddity but due to the scientific and the cultural evolution in the last decades, especially in the case of the human‐ made environment, its domain has been the transition to the territory of the human‐made environment. Nevertheless the issue of identity, and the discussion about identity in urbanism in regard to other sciences, is quite recent and new. However, during recent years the identity of the human‐made environment is deemed as one of the most important issues in urbanism. During the evolution and the process of formation and development in the 20th century, which was related to globalization, cities and urban spaces were exposed to impressive mutations and alterations. In this process the past and present became separated from each other, and the problem of disconnection of the meaning of humanity and environment was not solved. Globally and locally, the form of the city and the human made environment became to be uniform, a similarity and a resemblance. Commonly, to have no distinction and being universal and global, the local presence quiddity of urban spaces has been affected by the modern urban design movement and exposed to variations. Despite the importance of identity as one of the qualitative aspects of the urban life in the city which gives meaning and richness to the human quiddity, still this complicated and expanded concept is not taken into real consideration, especially in relation to urban spaces. Doubtless, from any point of view looking at environments and urban spaces there are some spaces which are creative and meaningful and full of variation. By making a connection between people and urban spaces a desirable living environment can be reached, while some other places lack this ability and are not established suitable for people who use these places. Based on this main hypothesis, identity is a comparative category which depends on the extent to which urban spaces reflect themselves, although some of the urban spaces and the urban places, despite their week structures, do have a strong sense of identity. Thus an awareness of identity of a society can help to obtain a series of guidelines, that if these guidelines followed, urban spaces can be designed and implemented in such a way, that they have identity. In other words, one of the most important ways of identifying urban spaces is to establish a series of guidelines that are based on cultural values and social identity.
Key words | Urban Spaces; Identity; Quiditty; Cultural Values; Social Identity; City
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DRAGANA PILIPOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
ALEKSANDRA PEŠTERAC, PhD student, Researcher Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
KARL MIČKEI, M.Arch, Teaching assistant Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
INDUSTRIAL CENTRES IN VOJVODINA THE IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Abstract | From an ideological‐political point of view, the policy of evenly distributed development of Vojvodina’s territory was such that every bigger urban center got its own diverse share of industry. This, in turn, ensured rapid urban development and growth of the workforce, as well as construction of public infrastructure buildings (schools, universities, hospitals). The basic political standpoint, from the aspect of regional planning and the general urbanization policy, was to group these buildings into industrial zones. With the change of the socio‐political context, it came about to the general privatization of the once state infrastructure. Mass lay‐offs, restrained production, new supply and demand policy etc. resulted in a grave situation that the abandoned industrial buildings were a face of. In nearly all urban centers in Vojvodina a large number of such buildings are now dilapidated, many torn down. Modern society, ever more centralized, together with economic crisis and the political envelope, marginalized these urban centers in the sense of urban planning. Bearing in mind that these buildings were, as a rule, built from solid materials and are infrastructurally well equipped ( railroads and motorways), strategically located, former industrial centers do not need large investments. It is, therefore, rational to presume that they could be rehabilitated in a short period of time, into a former or a new use that is socially beneficial. The goal of this paper is to point out the potential of industrial heritage as well as its importance through raising of social awareness. Changing the use or restoring its primary function, could be one of the survival mechanisms in these times of recession and crisis. These buildings bare an ambiental value and their identity ought to be established once again.
Key words | Industrial buildings, industrial heritage, industrial centers in Vojvodina, urban planning, urban heritage recycling, identity
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MARIJA PAVLOVIĆ MAŠA, PhD student Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade, JP EPS,
[email protected]
MAPPING THE FUTURE CITY
Abstract | Resistance to all‐encompassing project of modernity and its paradoxical twists has brought to attention the idea of dismantling all the grand narratives, consequently ideologies. No surprise that disappointment in the Enlightenment was described through various scenic and spatial metaphors. Since Weber’s “comfortable iron cage”, associated easily with Foucault’s elaborated concept of panopticon, space organization and visualization production have been set in discourse, for the purpose of postmodernity root concept – constant instability. Fixity of once fine and carefully structured spaces in the broad sense of the word, had been taken as the places of known, explained and thus secured. Once conquered, a place becomes referential concept, a landmark in communication. Place is no longer space, open to further investigation, it is signified closed territory that is to be possessed and defensed. Performativity of the concept contributed to legitimization of performers and vice versa, introducing the system and its architecture. Formulated as constitutional, the concept evolves into the set of ideas bond further deeper into the structure to keep it function. Suddenly, places are everywhere, we’re surrounded by them, we feel secure, but still lack of fear disappearance and also in need of unknown and empty at the same time. Whether the places in their spreading clash with others, or the total corruption of spaces occurred from inside, once self‐supporting structure of the signified place fails. Now that we know the expectations that can wait us behind the corners, we tried to escape them, refuse to perform and intentionally change or even negate trajectories. Impulses of dialectics have raised their frequencies and what was once relatively stable architecture of a system becomes a net of self‐sufficient nods in heterotopias. The easiness of possibility of absence of the signifier and availability of signified shifts us to freedom of choice. The concept of making a place from newly discovered space is privatized, but the privacy is now nonexistence. If architecture is a kafkian cage that went in search of a bird, is it the only way of seeing the bird?.
Key words | mapping postmodernity, precognition of configuration, presupposition of expectation, learning as locating, expressing as orientation, confronting the geographies, avoiding the microphysics of power
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S2
CITY AND POWER | ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Holders of power (political, financial, technological, media) and urban development; subjects (politicians, businessmen, city planners and people in general); Ideological interests and goals, and their accomplishment in architecture; (Non) participation in shaping a city destiny; Pressures on designs, unruly actions in taking the city space (illegal construction of both the inapproachable and the marginalized); Ideological causes of demolishing the city fabric; Spatial standards and social groups; The rights to housing, work and leisure; Accessibility of scarce city assets; Disposal of the city land and real estate; Types of power alienation and how to overcome them.
M.Sci. PETAR ARSIĆ, Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
POWER, CITY, AND ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | One of the main traits of development of cities, public spaces, and architecture is certainly their continuity and uninterruptedness. The civilizational development, both culturological and technological, is continuously creating and preparing conditions for gradual development and constant improvement of both scientific and theoretical deliberations as well as of practical actions of creators in the areas of designing, physical planning, and construction of city spaces and architecture. The impact of ideologies, authorities, and various power centers on development, physical planning, and construction of cities, city spaces, and architectural complexes, as well as on housing, was investigated, expounded, and documented by a large number of authors in the course of the past twentieth century. That impact is evident, as well as its consequences – on the tissue of cities, their character, city public spaces, morphology, and esthetic and, in composition terms, characteristics and values. The obligation of the theory and science is to impartially, realistically, in a critical manner, but without exaggeration and overstating, appraise all the complexity and multilayeredness of impacts of authorities and powers on development of cities and architecture, or maybe it is more appropriate to scrutinize these categories and their complexity through continuous mutual impacts, all the modalities of interdependencies, and interactions. We deem that it is also important, in the critical analysis of historic periods of development of cities and architecture, to rise above rigidly critical attitudes towards such impacts as “extremely negative”, “monstrous” or disastrous to architecture, and to scrutinize integrality of impacts of power centers on physical planning of space, by evaluating both negative and positive impacts and consequences. City spaces and architectural complexes, constructed and physically planned in one period under the influence of certain ideology, continue to live for a long time period – tend to be adapted to new times, new social needs and lifestyles, but are also exposed to the impacts of new ideologies and ideological influences. We believe that it is important to devote certain attention to this topic as well – the theme of impact of various and constantly new ideologies on built city spaces and architecture, and transformations under such dynamic and constantly changing influences.
Key words | City, ideology, architecture, continuity, development, changes, adaptations
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M.Sci. DIMITRIJE MLADENOVIĆ, Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
ARCHITECTURE: BETWEEN TOTALITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY
Abstract | A city is a space formed by structures of various characters, forms, and uses. Every generation adds something new to its city, endeavors to leave a mark on the history by interpreting, in its own way, the old verified spatial relationships. Is the democracy we strive for a new chance for a more beautiful, more organized city more worthy of man? Answers are full of contradictions because, in a large number of countries having developed democracy, macro‐economy of big systems is getting an increasingly important role, which is reversing certain processes to the trends known from the times of totalitarian systems and, in the countries that are still on the paths of establishing democracy, that role is played by the notorious interest groups. The democratic quality of architecture cannot be precisely defined – that term could imply both modernity, and actuality, and humanness, and accessibility. One must not forget that there had been pacts between architects and dictators in the implementation of the most radical projects that were later recognized as the best in their epoch by the history of architecture. Today, conventional dictatorships have changed. In the most developed countries, donning the mantle of democracy, huge monopolies of authorities and big businesses are being formed. In essence, it is a new version of totalitarianism, which continues to cooperate with top architects. The connection between architecture and political systems is obvious, but that does not mean that architecture emerging in democracy must be better than the one created in authoritarian systems. There are numerous examples of urban compositions and architectural creations that came to be by the will of rulers. After all, architecture itself is undemocratic because it originates in the mind of its creator, and not at the meetings of a city government. It takes a lot of time to develop new esthetic canons of space. How to get to such new canons, and, at the same time, to satisfy the main postulates of a modern democratic society? The problem boils down to articulation of city spaces, and not to architecture of individual structures. A true democracy aggravates the conditions for actions of regimes and investors and monopolized groups or individuals connected with them.
Key words | City, totalitarianism, democracy, architecture, canons, styles
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Dr DMITRIJ CHMELNIZKI Berlin,
[email protected]
STALINIST ARCHITECTURE AND STALINIST IDEOLOGY
Abstract | Stalin’s architecture came into existence as a distinct phenomenon in 1932, when the Soviet government started to take an interest in cultural problems and total artistic censorship was introduced. It is obvious that Stalin’s architecture is closely connected with Soviet ideology; however, the nature of this connection is not so clear. Under Stalin internal and foreign policy did not directly follow ideology. Ideology served as a camouflage for governmental activities directed at tackling certain practical objectives. On the one hand, monumental buildings and structures were erected that supported the ideological ideas, but they were relatively few. The best known and most expensive ideological building, the Palace of the Soviets, was never built. In general, construction in Stalin’s time contradicted its ideological declarations. Stalin was prepared to spend money on Soviet ideology, but not to follow it. Soviet society was officially classless, but in fact represented a strict hierarchy. The separate strata of society were supplied with goods and services according to different norms; this is clearly seen in the typology of Soviet housing and the structure of Soviet cities. Official ideology talked about the construction of comfortable socialist towns for the working class, but the government never planned to finance these projects. In reality, the new industrial towns consisted of barracks for workers, apartments for middle managers, and isolated settlements of villas for the elite. Pictures of elite housing were published in the press as ‘worker’s habitations’. In the 1930s numerous theatres with large concert halls were built in the USSR. Official ideology viewed them as symbols of Soviet cultural growth. In reality, though, the performing arts were dying and the buildings were primarily used for Party congresses and conferences. Official ideology propagated the idea of communal housing and the communal way of life. In reality, this was a way for the state to refuse to finance construction of individual apartments for workers. The idea of building communal houses simply meant the construction of communal barracks as the only type of mass dwelling. This contradiction between ideological declarations and the real goals of the Soviet government explains the total failure experienced by foreign architects such as Ernst May, Hannes Meyer, and Bruno Taut, who came to the USSR in the hope of participating in the construction of comfortable ‘worker’s towns’, but discovered that such housing formed no part of the plans of the Soviet government. In this lecture I will analyze the degree to which Stalinist architecture followed and contradicted official Stalinist ideology.
Key words | Stalinist architecture, Stalinist ideology, socialist cities, mass dwelling, barracks 67
Dr KRZYSZTOF DOMARADZKI Warsaw University of Technology,
[email protected]
WARSAW – A CITY LOOKING FOR ITS IDENTITY PROJECTS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS IN THE URBAN DESIGN OF POST‐WAR WARSAW
Abstract | During the Second World War Warsaw lost its urban texture. The city became a field of activities for architects, urban planners and designers. The rebirth of Warsaw was designed in various ideological periods from Stalin era to the European Union. The changes of policy had a big influence on the architectural solutions and the city space what we can observe nowadays.
Key words | city identity, post‐war Warsaw, sentimental space, socialist realism, urban structure, ideological periods
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Dr IRINA KOROBINA Schusev State Museum of Architecture, Moscow, Russia
NEW MOSCOW 4. IDEOLOGY OF “IDEAL CITY”.
Abstract | New MOSCOW 4 The Russian approach to urban planning has always differed radically from the European: the idea of urban development has usually been identified with a quest for ideal forms of organization of urban space and has accordingly tended to express clear and decisive planning intentions. This is especially evident in the history of the development of Moscow in the 20th century. Urban planning in Moscow constantly turns to the idea of foreseeing the future and designing the ideal city. History has predetermined the ideology informing Moscow’s development. Following the October Revolution of 1917 Moscow became the capital of the young Soviet state, taking upon itself the role of ideological centre and laboratory for experiments in the formation of a new society and the quest for new forms of settlement. It was this period that defined the ideal goal as that of building the ‘bright future’, which in its turn determined the direction that would be taken by urban planning over this entire period. The 20th century saw a succession of concepts for building ‘New Moscow’ – whether they were ideas by individual architects or plans developed over years by planning institutions. Historical discourse allows us to identify at least three stages in the development of pre‐ perestroika Moscow, each of which is based on radically different planning approaches aimed at transforming the capital into an ‘ideal city’. New Moscow 1: planning a capital for the world’s first Country of Soviets. New Moscow 2: the ‘General Plan for the Reconstruction and Development of Moscow’ as the model capital of the ‘Empire of Victorious Socialism’ (adopted in 1935). New Moscow 3: the 1971 General Plan for the Reconstruction and Development of Moscow belongs to the period of developed socialism and was based on the idea of total planning. Gorbachev’s perestroika marked the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet system and a rapid switch to a free market in the 1990s. This resulted in a radical transformation of Moscow from the social, economic, territorial, typological, and morphological points of view. The capital continues to function as a gigantic laboratory dedicated to producing New Moscow 4, which has all the marks of an ‘ideal city’. However, the quest for the ‘ideal’ is now more a matter of architectural design than of urban planning. The free market has activated a different concept of the ‘ideal ‘; the ideal is becoming something that is depicted and sometimes openly imitated.
Key words | ideal city, ideology, New Moscow, urban planning, architecture, government
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MONICA GONDIM, Professor Professor of Urban Design, Brasília University,
[email protected], www.monicagondim.com.br
URBAN MOBILITY FROM MYTHOLOGY TO CONTEMPORARY TIMES
Abstract | This article deals with the representation of mobility in archeological remains, mythological narratives and architectural literature. The research suggests that this collection of human history shows the formation of the archetypes of mobility that, over time, shaped the cities according to their preference for movement or for permanence.
Key words | mobility, morphology, history, archaelogy, mythology, Bible
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Dr ANETA HRISTOVA Faculty of Architecture, University „St. Cyril and Methodius – Skopje”,
[email protected]
PROCESSION OF SIMULACRA: UNTRUE OR MORE TRUTHFUL THAN THE TRUTH
Abstract | In many aspects the unstable social and cultural context of the post‐socialist economical and political transformation of the Balkan countries and their integration within the liberal market economies reflects the influence of their historical discontinuities. Essentially, this turning‐ point opposes two ideologies: the obsolete (socialist) project of modernization based on the presumption of equality, liberty and scientific progress and the fragmented (post‐socialist) postmodern subjective sentiment about the past. The nostalgic impulse instigated by the crisis of the 1990‐ties has encouraged revival of ideals of the ancient past in Republic of Macedonia and their representation through architectural scenic forms used for claiming historical legitimacy. Ultimately, the gradual procession of this simulacrum through the architectural production has exceeded the “good” intentions and, aspiring to represent the ancient truth with the “more truthful present” has distorted the urban image into kitsch. Several recent projects reflect this idiosyncrasy, especially the colossal “Skopje 2014” for the central core of the capital, where the provocative, creative impulse of the pre‐socialist urban references evoked at the turn of the last century has ended up with semantic confusion lavishly abused by the politicians in their election campaigns as substitute for the lack of visionary thinking and strategies of sustainable urban development. Sadly, those pretentious and superficial simulations of “secondary reality” have only confirmed the fact that current efforts for saving history in most cases end up with farce that Boyer calls “emotional remembrance of the nostalgic past”. How is architecture [ab]used in the current political marketing? How can we distinguish “true” from “false” architecture within the new‐composed social landscape? How can we liberate architecture from the ideological pressure and cultivate fruitful intellectual ground for its own values? These are some of the questions we raise in this critical essay.
Key words | Skopje 2014, simulacrum, idiosyncrasy, narrative, imagery, identity
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Dr TAMARA BJAŽIĆ KLARIN, Senior Assistant Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts The Croatian Muesum of Architecture, I. G. Kovačića 37, Zagreb;
[email protected]
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE ARCHITECTURE – THE CASE OF INTERWAR ZAGREB
Abstract | Neues Bauen was established in Croatia in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s and was generally performed in two stages. Initially it was accepted at the stylistic level, and then gradually as an integral spatial and building concept deprived of its social and communal functions due to the political and social conditions. Only a few architects had accepted it from the beginning in its totality calling for socially responsible behaviour and considering the possibilities of applying the new technologies of construction, namely industrialization and prefabrication in the service of society’s spiritual and physical renewal. In 1932 and 1933 the circumstances had changed. Architects pointed to major housing and town planning problems on many different occasions ‐ unplanned residential areas, unsanitary housing conditions, and the impossibility of implementing urban planning. Its involvement in establishing the better working and living conditions of the masses necessarily implied in Yugoslavia the unacceptable left political views.
Key words | Zagreb, Neues Bauen, socially responsible architecture
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Dr VLADIMIR MIHAJLOV, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND CONTEMPORARY REALITY: THE NEEDS FOR SPATIAL STANDARDS IN ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | The essence of the problem considered in this paper, is recognized in deterioration of public and residential space in the city, after the transition and deregulation of architecture and construction in Serbia. This field is marked now by increasing lack of rules‐expecially spatial standards in the architectural praxis. The paper, thus, gives the answer to the following question: why contemporary architectural practice in Serbia does not insist on standards for the design and planning any more? Architecture in the neoliberal context is principally engaged in improving profession, with the aim to respond to market demands in consumer society. In this sense, it insists on distinctive position ‐ the ability of architect to convince clients in the unique forms of space produced by him. This approach is commercial based – it corresponds to the demands of content/use, and results in profitting. Since the production of space is powered by mighty individuals who tend to be unique and to manifest the power, the use of spatial standards in architecture is not welcome any more. However, neo‐marxist orientation tries to revive the critical reflection of reality, and its main task is to define the standards and types derived from the spatial context. It insists on the public areas and projects, on comfortable housing, which will guarantee the integration in the urban fabric, as well as the development of the social life of residents. The uniqueness of both approaches, theoretical and practical, is the requirement that the profession needs. A clear visibility of the objectives and method are needed for problem solving, in order to overcome urban decline in space for clients. The wider population with common set of criteria/standards should influence the architectural theory and practice. Finally, the both ideological orientation mentioned are based on those who produce city space, not on those who makes speculations with it..
Key words | standards, context, needs, quality, neoliberalism, neomarxism
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DINA ŠAMIĆ, PhD student Sapienza University of Rome, Firma d.o.o. Sarajevo, dinas@firma‐arh.com
NERMINA ZAGORA, PhD student Faculty of Architecture Sarajevo, Firma d.o.o. Sarajevo, nerminaz@firma‐arh.com
"WHO GAVE US THE SPONGE TO WIPE AWAY THE ENTIRE HORIZON" IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES OF DEMOLISHING THE CITY FABRIC
Abstract | The phenomenon of demolition, while on one hand being an advancement of mankind, at the same time constitutes a sort of subtle negation of our past, not only from the point of view of traditional values but also from the ethical point of view. On the other hand, demolitions are the essential instrument of ideology's power. The conquerors deliberately destroy the built heritage of their adversaries enabling in that way the adversary ideology to start over. The demolition breaks the illusion of eternal return, breaks the idea of continuum marking a turnaround ‐ the shift from one side to another, contributing to systematic destruction of the identity and manipulation of history. These contrasting reflections are leading to a question ‐ are the famous demolishers such as Haussmann, Le Corbusier or even Mussolini ingenious visionaries of modernization or dark forces of totalitarian governments and radical doctrines? Whatever the extent, we have to keep in mind that Haussmann's "regularization of the existing tissue" gave birth to the City of Lights ‐ a prestigious European metropolis that we know. On the other hand, Haussmannization transformed Paris into imperialist vision of Napoleon ‐ the city that is disproportionately favoring bourgeoisie on the expense of working class. Undoubtedly, with that ambiguous argument comes the polemic that should be treated with caution. The intention of this paper is to uncover the appropriateness of demolitions within architecture as a discipline ‐ the condition that is necessary in order to assure the functioning of the city, revealing on the other hand the multitude of ways that this particular approach could be manipulated in ideological purposes carefully removing tha traces of unwanted past.
Key words | demolition, necessity, restart, instrument, manipulation, history
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ANDREJ ŠMID, PhD student Graz University of technology, Deputy director at Komunaprojekt d.d. Maribor,
[email protected]
BYE BYE 20TH CENTURY; SIMILARITIES IN THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF EX YUGOSLAV CITIES
Abstract | From a two decades time distance the face of almost every former Yugoslav city appears to reveal three distinctive urban entities: they show three different faces: the »brave new city« of the socialist era; the »charming, always regenerating old, classical city« and the brutal, illegal, »under the carpet« city. All of them are results of the city management streams and the power relationships in the carefully constructed appearance of the »socialist urban planning«. The city structure comparison of five ex Yugoslav cities ‐ Belgrade, Sarajevo, Split, Priština and Maribor ‐ shows similarities that are almost intentional. The urban planning attitude throughout the history reveals three powerful ways of thinking and acting that generated three city planning principles and resulted in built zones and structures: the developments of the functional city parts, the preservation of historical structures and the permissive, half illegal city extensions. After comparing these five cities today it only seems that the permissive, half illegal current is prevailing in the last twenty years of city development. Since the main urban development themes are not actual anymore, the former positions of the urban planners and architects are outdated; with the dissolution of the brave 20th century ideas the first decade of our century shows that the urban perception is altered – the positions of urban planning on the other side are mainly defended as unchangeable. To develop the ex Yugoslav cities with similar urban history there are two statements an urban planner of the 21st century has to take into consideration. The first is that the 20th century is over and its city development principles are outdated. The second painful statement is that the position of the urban planner and designer has been irreversibly changed.
Key words | Urban planning, 20th Century, Belgrade, Functional city, Urban structure, Yugoslavia
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VLADIMIR ABRAMOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ROYAL POWER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF STATE BUILDINGS IN BELGRADE DURING THE REIGN OF KING ALEXANDER I OF YUGOSLAVIA
Abstract | The aim of this paper is to present influence of ideology on state buildings in Belgrade during the reign of King Alexander I. We shall follow the role of King Alexander as a mastermind of building the new state and a new nation, the new Yugoslav national entity and the city of Belgrade as a new capital. The architecture has its fundamental role in presenting this image, and it follows the ideological pattern rooted in general European academism. However, there is certain lagging behind general European trend of the epoch, transposing the late 19th century architectural praxis into third and fourth decade of 20th century. Besides being driven by Alexander’s energy, the realization of this project is made possible by commissioning Russian émigré architects, who fled their country in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1917. The Russian architects interweaved their pompous interpretation of academism into those representative buildings projected by them. This whole arrangement and Alexander’s preference for Russian (White) émigrés served not only as definition of new identity of state and the city of Belgrade but also, in the light of Alexander’s authoritarian rule and general stance of Yugoslavia in international arena, served as an expression of his staunch anti‐ communism, positioning Yugoslavia firmly onto ideological map of contemporary Europe. The main object of this analysis will be the following representative buildings: the Army Headquarters building (by W. Baumgarten), the State archive building (by N. Krasnov) and the Ministry of agriculture, water management, forestry and mining building (by N. Krasnov).
Key words | Belgrade‐capital city, State buildings, Alexander I, Russian architects, Ideology, Identity
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VLADIMIR PAREŽANIN, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
[email protected]
MILICA MUMINOVIĆ, PhD student Keio University, Japan ,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY AND THE MEMORY IN THE CITY CASE STUDY OF COMPLEX OF THE FEDERAL SECRETARIAT FOR NATIONAL DEFENSE (GENERALSTAB BUILDING)
Abstract | The complex of the Federal Secretariat for the National Defense (1956‐1963), well known as Generalstab building, was designed by one of famous architects of Modern movement in Serbia‐ Nikola Dobrović (1897‐1967). The complex is conceived as a landmark with its prominent position in cityscape, monumentality, expression of form and materiality. The two monumental blocks of complex descend towards Nemanjina Street, creating a form of gate as symbolic mental structure. The symbolic and ideological value of this complex reaches to the post WWII struggle of architects to introduce Modern architecture in Serbia. The fact that these buildings were designed by one of famous architects in Serbia during that time, gives additional layer of value. Along that, today, this complex represents a remainder of part of recent history and its political regime, as well as symbol of lost war. Starting point of this paper is that city is a palimpsest, in which past has its own reflection on now, in which past is maintained through memory, which is selective, which ‘forgets’. This paper introduces the issues of relation to memory in city through this complex case of buildings of the Federal Secretariat for the National Defense. The paper addresses the response to this concrete situation with tendency to raise more general questions. It analyzes the concepts which stretch from, what Walter Benjamin defines as a catastrophic aspect that looks back at the ruins of the past and a utopian aspect that indicates the possibility of redemption in the present [1]. The paper stresses this issue, between demolition and restoration from cultural, politic and economical aspects. It rehearses the arguments for necessity of comprehensive approach in dealing with memory in the city. Through this complex issue we want to address the limitations of the common laws of protection of cultural heritage, and highlight the need for their reevaluation. The aim of this paper is not to foreclose discussion surrounding the case of Generalstab building but to open up a series of dialogs in order to explore the issue of maintaining and managing memory in the city.
Key words | ideology, memory, restoration, conservation, demolition, palimpsest
77
IVAN STANOJEV, PhD student Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad,
[email protected]
URBAN REPRESENTATION OF STATE POWER THE QUEEN MARIA BOULEVARD: 1918‐2012
Abstract | The Queen Maria Boulevard is the first boulevard ever built in Novi Sad. Design and completion of this space was initiated with a political event par excellence. The Boulevard was opened to political processions, ceremonies and festivals, with its rituals and ephemeral transformations. Stated aim is that, through a historical analysis concerning five periods of time, discover relations between power and its urban representation. The regime formed the Boulevard as an appropriate stage for continuous demonstration of its authority and new political goals. Since the completion of the Boulevard in 1928, Novi Sad was under jurisdiction of four Countries. Hungary’s annexation during the WWII is considered to be an equal fifth period. Regimes changed but mechanisms remained the same and they successfully served under various different States, promoting and systematically strengthening their values and ideologies. During almost every time‐sequence, some substantial buildings were erected and more significantly, some were torn down. Nevertheless, alterations in physical structure range over various space levels. Hence, few specific topics are elaborated: buildings and their typology, applied symbols and images, erected and destroyed monuments. Contextualisation of all the changes made in physical structure considers discours of collective identity and memory, as well as appearance of signs, symbols and images (all used in the process of embracing or exchanging desirable values). The narrative of the Queen Maria Boulevard for the first time defines ceremonial identity of Novi Sad and relations between its urbanism and political spectacle.
Key words | Novi Sad, boulevard, urbanism, spectacle, identity, urban memory
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ANĐELKA ĆIROVIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
HOUSING POLICY AND CULTURE IN YUGOSLAVIA THE CASE OF THE EXHIBITION “HOUSING FOR OUR CONDITIONS” IN LJUBLJANA, 1956.
Abstract | Housing is considered as a social program largely conditioned by dominant ideology and its apparatus. In this analysis, the apartment is taken as one of the catalysts in the relation between social and ideological conditions and individual needs. The presented study examines the relations of housing culture and housing policy during the fifties in Yugoslavia as a unified socio‐political system. The exhibition held in Ljubljana in 1956 is interpreted as a particularly significant moment in the rethinking of the living space.
Key words | rethinking the living space, housing culture, housing policy, Yugoslavia in 1950's
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MARIJA KOCIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
„SULTAN MOSQUES“: RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY AS SEEN BY OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | This paper represents an analysis of buildings better known as „the sultan mosques“ and of their importance within the ideological concept of the fundamental social and political trends within the Ottoman empire. These mosques, whose construction was sponsored by the sultan in power, hence their name, had a great influence on the orientaliazation of Balkan settlements, as well as in the manipulations linked to directing political tensions, especially during the XVII century. These mosques appear as the very first such buildings in conquered cities, as this in part enabled the study of their primary usage. Furthermore, immediately after it was conquered in 1521, mosques were built in the city of Belgrade, and their numbers only multiplied. This paper focuses on their appearence during the XV century and how they influenced the creation of a new urban culture in the Ottoman Balkan region that was being set up. The analysis continues to the next century, when the sultan mosques attracted the attention of scientists and researchers because of to their greater numbers as well as more reliable historic sources. During the XVII century, the Ottoman Empire went throught a period of transformation which was a harbringer of the impending crisis. This in turn influenced the architecture of that period and the fundamental idea behind the sultan mosques also changed. Although their functions remained the same, the crisis affecting the basic ideological concepts of the Muslim Sheria Law (religious laws) resulted in that these type of building now became the sites for disatisfied citizens to demonstrate their woes. This paper reflects on the attempted revolt in the city of Edirne in 1694 when the most important mosque in that city was the center for the mobilization of the Muslims in their attempt to influence the existing state of affairs.
Key words | Ottoman Empire, sultan mosques, Edirne, Belgrade
80
FRANCESCA SALATIN, PhD student Università Iuav di Venezia,
[email protected]
THE THREE SITES FOR PALAZZO LITTORIO BETWEEN PROPAGANDA AND CONTRADICTIONS (1932‐1940)
Abstract | “Mussolini always goes forward, but not in a straight line. He zigzags, giving his opponents the impression of getting closer, while he is still keeping to his plan”. These words, which Ojetti quotes in his Taccuini, could well synthesize the Duce’s attitude during the event of the Competition for Palazzo Littorio, the seat of the Fascist party in Rome. The object of this study is the analysis of the three basic episodes in which the competition is articulated through the choice of the building sites: initially thought of as a triangular landplot along the Via dell’Impero (1932), then in an area near Porta san Paolo (1937) and finally built at the Foro Mussolini as the seat of the Foreign Affairs Ministry (1940). The ostentatious decisiveness of the Duce, who plans the exact day of the beginning of the work in anticipation of 4 years, counterbalances the continuous rethinking of the building area. Contemporarily Mussolini also gives way to alternative projects, like that for the Colossus at the Foro Mussolini, proving how his plans were in fact not so clear and definite as it seemed. If we look back chronologically to the facts in a temporary sequence, the emphasis of the propaganda left aside, we may understand how the process went on randomly and not without contradictions. What should have been the determinative episode for Mussolini’s vision of the urban strategy, the Palazzo Littorio, becomes instead the sign of the uncertainties in the urbanistic field, and Mussolini is responsible for most of them, with his unlimited faith in his own political genius, combined with the impossibility for him to follow his too many tasks.
Key words | Palazzo Littorio, Mussolini, Via dell’Impero, Foro Mussolini, Colossus, Foreign Affairs Ministry
81
SANTE SIMONE, PhD student Università di Roma 'Sapienza',
[email protected]
MEMORIAE CAUSA
Abstract | To define the relation between morphology and ideological patterns is important to redefine the sense of Genius Loci. This can be regarded as a strange spirit. This in its ability to be due to memory and then identity, has the ability to hover the entire city. But sometimes curls up in places where authentic systems of differences, are canceled, and were are allocated important ideas. At that point, that corner is charged with total values become the only place where we wish the appointment of a different city. In Serbia this refuge could be located in the center of Novi Beograd. This part of the city since the founding of its soil can be considered as an authentic city for the representation. The possibility of reading it as a relationship between signs and not only as buildings perched along streets and squares allow us to reflect on how we can build a story where before there wasn't through the staging. Several design considerations have been developed on this important Modern project (notably the 1985 competition organized by Bogdan Bogdanovic, for example in the proposal of Paolo Portoghesi and Slobodan Selinkic). So New Belgrade to be founded as a place free of the death ‐Judenlager Semlin‐ continually reborn as a city of the mythical Slavic culture. Since the redrawing the project through the subsequent proposals, it is proposed during the conference, a reflection of urban form ‐ through the reading of drawings ‐ in order to understand the potential of New Belgrade to define a new representation. Then, can we think about an Another Modernity?
Key words | New Belgrade, Genius Loci, Island
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MSc. MEJREMA ZATRIĆ Faculty of Architecture – University in Sarajevo,
[email protected]
THE FORM OF THE ‘COMMON’ CITY IN ADVANCED CAPITALISM AN INQUIRY IN POST‐SOCIALIST URBAN TRANSFORMATION
Abstract | An architectural maneuver in urban space is, indispensably, an act of representation. While its output is always form, concept of representation recognizes the urban space as text, a milieu semantically loaded which, therefore, signifies. The nature of urban space, as constantly contested reveals the political dimension of representation, the climate of which is set by the dominant ideological matrix. While in the socialist regimes the formal representation in urban space favored the Fordist Big State, representation in post‐socialist urban space is profoundly marked by entrepreneurial logic of urban governance – representation as commodity. By means of historiographic analysis of post‐socialist public space case‐studies, this investigation will demonstrate how the 'hypertrophy' of the public city contrasts and clashes with the common space of the citizens, as they attempt to appropriate the space of public representation and establish the representation of the common. The switch of ideological matrices that brings about post‐socialism is seen here as favorable to reveal the role of architectural form in the establishment of public‐common tension. This paper, thus, argues for greater attention of practice to the architectural textures and their common use value that allows for the collective appropriation of space and the vital representation of the 'common'.
Key words | urban representation, common space, collective space, appropriation of space, post‐socialist city, urban transformation
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KSENIJA LALOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
JELENA ŽIVKOVIĆ, Assistant Professor DOMENICO CHIZZONITI, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
DANIJELA MILOVANOVIĆ RODIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
INTEGRAL PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE CHANGE RESPOSNIVE URBAN SUSTAINBILITY: NEW IDEOLOGY OR A WAY TO STEP FORWARD
Abstract | Climate change is now recognized as one of the most challenging and complex problems facing humanity. Problem is real, the stakes are high, and there is no single solution or common prescription. It is believed that actions taken over the next decade, especially in urban areas, will have an enormous influence on the rate and magnitude of climate change over the next centuries. Climate change is not simply an environmental problem, it is about human capacity of individuals and communities to respond to threats, it is closely related to how communities perceive themselves in the world, how humans both create and respond to change, how we sustain our development in balance with nature. If we take as a starting point globally accepted and institutionalized validity of the sustainability commitments within which we define our common beliefs about what is good today and for future generations, then the question is how is it possible that the local objectives that are formulated from them, remain at the level of declarative and general acceptance. Why is that, in real life, starting from these higher defined objectives and goals we finish with the local behaviors that are ultimately unsustainable locally or globally? There are many concepts developed so far more or less successfully applicable in urban design and planning practice but their impact was obviously not enough to make more significant change necessary for this global moment. Here in this paper we will present Integral philosophical and theoretical framework that integrates all of them in larger perspective of Integral Sustainable Development approach, as response to global “calls” for an end to the age of fragmentation in field of sustainable development. This is a first evolutionary attempt to create a concept for deploying knowledge from the full spectrum of disciplines in order to address local and global, social and environmental problems.
Key words | integral theory, integral sustainable urban development approach, contious collaboration
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KOSARA KUJUNDŽIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, Podgorica,
[email protected],
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURE IN THE SHADOW OF ’’INVESTORS’ URBAN PLANNING’’ CASE STUDY: AVALA HOTEL IN BUDVA, MONTENEGRO
Abstract | Avala hotel in Budva is associated to the beginnings of urbanization and tourism at the Montenegro seaside. The transformation of hotels and surrounding area is followed by specific socio‐political circumstances. Comparative analysis of the three hotel designs and buildings enables chronological insight into interactions between economy, politics and architecture, with special focus on the contemporary tendencies that created “investors’ urban planning“‐term related to urban planning highly influenced by investors’ requirements. The first hotel was built between the two world wars, establishing the foundations of urbanization and tourism in Budva. The second building is erected according to the design of architect Vladislav Plamenac, who won the first prize on Yugoslav competition in 1978. Furthermore, for this design the architect received “Borba award“, the most significant Yugoslav recognition at the time. At this period, the first detailed urban plans were made. In the one including hotel surrounding area, the conclusion was that it represents “high‐quality, seaside‐favorable ambience“ and therefore should not be harmed by further building expansion and decrease of green areas. The new millennium brought investments growth and significant building expansion. Large amount of foreign capital triggered numerous, uncontrolled building initiatives that caused permanent spatial devastations. This was the case with “Avala“. Illegal reconstruction resulted in the over enlarged new building that bears no resemblance to previous one. In addition, the 2008 new detailed urban plan was also the creation of ’’investors urban planning’’. With no relation to the previous plan and entirely driven by profit, it arranges building reconstructions with multiple horizontal and vertical enlargements. To conclude, the contemporary tendencies in architecture and urban planning in Montenegro have led to irreversible spatial devastation. Hence, the aim of this research paper is to inspire initiatives that will help overcoming this declining and harmful synergy of architecture and new socio‐economic phenomena.
Key words | hotel “Avala“ reconstruction, investments growth, ’’investors’ urban planning’’, illegal construction, building expansion, spatial devastation
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JUAN LÓPEZ CANO, PhD student Sapienza Università di Roma‐Facoltà di Architettura,
[email protected]
WHAT IS ''COMMON SPACE''? THE COMMON LAND AND THE REINVENTION OF THE SPACE OF QUOTIDIANITY.
Abstract | The concept ''public space'' has transformed throughout history. According to the various disciplines that have contemplated the issue – such as sociology, antopology, philosophy ‐ the roots of this change are to be found in the gradual privatization of common spaces, and in the carelessness of public institutions in addressing issues relating to the collective sphere. While many citizens have been deprived of some fundamental rights and goods, others have generated a new, self‐regulated logic to circumnavigate the traditional categories of public and private, with visible consequences in the field of architecture. The intervention has two parts. Firstly, I reflect upon the mutations produced by the semantics of the public sphere, leading to the use of «common» as an idoneous term that helps to define the contemporary urban reappropriation movement. Secondly, I examine the effects of these circumstances through the lens of architectural production, and investigate how certain spaces – built with innovatives methods of construction and management – are both opening up new views in our disciplinary skyline, and touching upon a larger and more heterogeneous public by merging practices used in art, architecture, craftsmanship and urban activism. The thematic intention is to explicate a foundational layer of the history of ''common space'', a history that depicts a movement's attempts to use architecture as a way of liberate the processes of design from the mundane conventions with which they have been bound.
Key words | common space, public, action, spontaneous, design process, activism
86
IVAN STANOJEV, PhD student Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad,
[email protected]
ANDREA TAMAS, PhD student Faculty of Technical Sciences Novi Sad,
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE IN NOVI SAD REPRESENTATIONS OF AUTHORITY AND POWER
Abstract | The majority of architectural sculpture in Novi Sad is used only for decorative purposes. Nevertheless, some of free‐standing sculptures, reliefs and panels were designed with significant meaning – as representations of authority and power, or a statement of identity. In the Municipality of Novi Sad (Novi Sad ‐ Petrovaradin ‐ Sremska Kamenica) the architectural sculptures are recognized within three unique groups: sculptures promoting state and political power, sculptures promoting influential social groups and their economic power and sculptures as representatives of a personal power. Architectural sculptures that express state and political power rarely remained untouched and preserved their original form. It is proved common that new regimes tent to deny predecessors and establish dominance by applying their own insignias. In contrast to the State power group, sculptures that promote influential and economical power prove themselves immune to regime changes. As integral parts of building’s design, they are constant marks and permanent content of public space. No compensatory applications of this kind of architectural sculptures have been noticed. Every atypical architectural sculpture takes part in forming an identity of a building. Nevertheless, according to their artistic expression or dominant position and size, they can influence building’s identity significantly, and more importantly, shape the collective identity and urban memory.
Key words | Novi Sad, architectural sculpture, symbols, power, identity, urban memory
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DRAGANA KONSTANTINOVIĆ, MSc Department of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
THE IDEALS OF THE SOCIALIST CITIES PROGRAMMING OF THE PUBLIC SPACE AND CITIES IN FORMER SFRY
Abstract | The former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia emerged in the aftermath of World War Two, unified on the ideas of socialist revolution and further developed in the self proclaimed social‐economic system of workers’ self‐management. The crafting of the country was largely underpinned by ideological agitation of ruling Communist party, which underlined the importance of work and personal responsibility in the societal growth. The architecture started its own path, resting on Modernist doctrine and socialist programming, leading to unique case of European socialist Modernism, reflected on both urban and architectural level. The inherited agrarian economy, underdeveloped infrastructure and almost no signs of construction industry tormented the ideals of architecture in each and every way. However, the ideologically induced spirit of workmanship, national modernisation and volunteering work managed to build foundation of architectural development in country hardly devastated by war and faced to numerous existential difficulties. The relations between the state and the architectural practice, conceived as an extension of crafted political and cultural discourse, were close and managed through strong ideological campaign which rendered all layers of artistic activities. In that sense, although the urban practice showed strong affiliation to the ideals of modern planning, it also sub served the needs of ideological mediation. This ideology presumed the continual reinforcement of political ideas, through massive social events – promotional speeches, events and gathering, for which the urban space is conceived, created, and consequently occupied. In this social practice of massive ideological propaganda, the special attention is focused on “ceremonial spaces”, which included different spatial levels, and included urban space, as the focal point. The paper focuses on the programmatic, ideological, urban and architectural background of such urban (re)constructions, which established urban practice, but also supported establishment of the social order in the country.
Key words | 20th century; Yugoslavia; socialism; urban design; public space; architectural programm
88
IVA ČUKIĆ, PhD student University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, mailto:
[email protected]
CONQUEST OF SPACE ‐ INEX FILMEXPEDITION
Abstract | One of the consequences of the neoliberal transition, which Serbia in recent years goes by, is the disappearance of public spaces and the emergence of hybrid pseudo‐public spaces. The development of market capitalism threatens to current right to use public spaces, forcing the development of those functions and activities that make a direct profit. The disappearance of public space, the emergence of quasi‐public spaces with limited access occurs in parallel with the aggression of commercial culture and the emergence of cultural spectacle. It is this trend which mobilized citizens to self‐organization and the individual struggle for active participation in shaping cities. Numerous examples of taking the abandoned spaces in European cities (Hamburg, Berlin, Madrid), but also in cities in the region (Ljubljana, Zagreb, Pula) indicate the engagement of citizens who understand that the results and performed actions in space will achieve more in this fight. One such example is the Inex Film Expedition, driven by young individuals and groups, who managed to “conquer’’ the abandoned building of the former public company Inex Film in Belgrade. The initiative is exploring possibilities of self‐ organization, solidarity and do‐it‐yourself philosophy. Today it is the only Belgrade squat created in order to “revive’’ abandoned building and provide the necessary working space and cultural production. This project deals with “conquest’’ of space in order to emphasize the importance of public space and civic action, and the examples that highlight strategies and models of revitalization and renewal of urban areas, which include such projects and initiatives.
Key words | right to the city, public space, abandoned space, revival, squatting, Inex Film Expedition
89
YULIA GORDEEVA, PhD student Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
[email protected]
CLUJ‐NAPOCA AND LVIV: POWER AND URBAN SPACE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Abstract | The main purpose of my paper is to show the way in which political power could influence city’s development as well as the way in which the city’s cultural and architectural heritage together with people’s consciousness could resist those attempts. As examples I chose Cluj‐Napoca in Romania and Lviv in Ukraine. I would like to show the processes which took place in urban space of these cities in the second half of the 20th century, their main purposes and their results. The city of Cluj‐Napoca developed throughout its history on the borderline of different cultures and civilizations (Roman, Dacian, Saxon, Hungarian and Romanian). Nowadays the population of the city constitutes Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, Jews and Roma. The main actors in the 20th century history of Cluj‐Napoca were Hungarians and Romanians. The history of Cluj‐ Napoca in the second half of the 20th century is first of all the history of the Romanian authorities’ attempts to add a more Romanian character to the city space and to hide the significance of the Hungarian heritage. We could see, however, the differences in the urban planning in Cluj‐Napoca in the first after War decades, in the Ceausescu time and in the period after the Romanian revolution of 1989. The 20th century history of Lviv was first of all the history of the rivalry between Polish, Ukrainian and Soviet influences on the city space. The first after War years was the period of Stalinist style urban planning, but most of those plans were never turned into reality. The following Khrushchevian period added the neighborhoods to the city space. After the collapse of Soviet Union Lviv found itself within the borders of the young Ukrainian state and became the victim of a completely different national and spatial policy.
Key words | Cluj‐Napoca, Lviv, urban space, cultural borderline
90
S3
MORPHOLOGY AND IDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS| ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Doctrines in architecture and their positive/negative impact on a city; Criteria of urban forming (urban norms and standards in designing) and tools (pre‐computer and computer approach to planning and designing); City planning (interest contradictions, conflicting of aims and means); Planners (concept creators or mere executors); The idealism or pragmatism of planners’ visions; Urban form as a result of conflict/harmony between ideology and architecture; Physical structures and public city space through a relation between ideology and architecture; City center and its outskirts in the ideological context; Typological patterns of housing and public structures deriving from ideology; Relations between the new and the inherited, the progressive and the conservative.
Dr ALEKSANDRA STUPAR, Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY OR FASHION? THE CONTEMPORARY CITY AND THE QUEST FOR POWER
Abstract | The complexity of contemporary global processes and trends has influenced significant changes in cities. Nowadays, their role, structure and symbolism are shaped by the rules of global capital and a different kind of organization of production, services and markets. They also have to follow the imperative of urban growth and to provide and control multilevel development. Urban spaces, processes and flows have become reflections of multiplying urban needs and a consequence of the ongoing competition for the leading position in the global network of power. Exposed to increasing ambitions, expectations and possibilities, cities of the 21st century manipulate the myths of the new global order simultaneously underlining the importance of efficiency, connectivity and environmental correctness. However, the program, extent and success of urban transformations, as well as their themes and applied methods, transmit multilayered messages of the general (im)balance of power. Considered as an ideological backup, but also as a matter of fashion, every project of urban transformation emphasizes the uniqueness of local‐global nexus. Therefore, this paper will present and analyze recent trends which redefine contemporary cities ‐ focusing on motives of detected urban changes and decoding symbols and signs applied in the urban space.
Key words | city, power, urban structure, architecture, globalization, symbols
93
Dr LJILJANA BLAGOJEVIĆ, Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
THE MODERN CITY RECONFIGURED POST‐SOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE
Abstract | The paper explores post‐socialist transformation of New Belgrade (Serbia) which unfolds against the extant modern urban landscape of the new city constructed during the period of socialism. New Belgrade was realized as a modern, functional city of socialist collective housing in societal property, with very limited internal economic dynamics. The last two decades of post‐socialist socio‐political and economic transition have unleashed the dynamic processes of change such as depoliticization, privatization, gentrification, commoditization and desecularization of urban space. With almost no historic preservation of modernist architecture and urban plan, the under‐urbanized structure of New Belgrade allowed for far more efficient development than the spatially and legislatively constricted historical centre. Development programs are those deemed to have been lacking in the socialist epoch, from churches and up‐market residential, to business and commerce, retail and leisure, banking and gambling. In the context of eminently ideological anti‐socialist/communist discourse, the space of the modern city is often reductively seen as the physical residue of the deposed socio‐ economic and political system, or as its ideological monument. Thus ideologically stigmatized, modern urban landscape is either left to decay or subsumed by the rapidly developing space of globalization. Some recent studies present the current processes of urban change in bright and positive light of an eagerly awaited progress towards market economy, while others see the paramount importance of protection and preservation of modernist architectural heritage. Can it be argued that the balance between the two is to be found in sustainable development strategies which appreciate New Belgrade's specificity of modern city urban landscape and its waterscape?
Key words | New Belgrade, modern city, post‐socialist city, urban landscape, sustainability, green‐blue network
94
Dr IGOR MARIĆ, Senior Scientific Associate Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia,
[email protected]
Dr SAŠA MILIJIĆ, Senior Scientific Associate Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF TOURIST SETTLEMENTS IN MOUNTAIN DESTINATIONS
Abstract | This papers deals with theoretical, ideological and methodological issues of planning and regulation of settlements in mountain tourism destinations. The paper indicates major determinants of tourist settlement development in mountain destinations in the EU member countries, together with appropriately adjusted and balanced system of development management and implementation of spatial and urban standards. The management of sustainable development and tourist center development is a complex process encompassing various policies and measures for initiating and realizing the first stage and priorities, as well as for monitoring the implementation of planning decisions. The structural changes and transition process that have taken place in Serbia over the past few decades have influenced the application of these experiences. At the same time, the development of mountain tourist settlements has not been guided only by creative architectural and planning visions, but also by partial approach of stakeholders to decision‐making that has been contrary to an integrated approach. Stages in the tourist settlement development in mountain regions of Serbia have been analyzed, particularly those on the Stara planina (Old Mountain) that is singled out with regard to the influence of development/non‐commercial and commercial market stakeholders on defining the priorities and activating the development. Considering experience of countries with higher level of development of mountain regions, by specifying them according to specific local and regional conditions, the main starting point for positioning priorities for sustainable development and management of settlement development and regulation, financed from public and private sector resources, have been defined. Investment in tourist settlements does not include only tourist facilities development, but primarily infrastructure development, natural resources protection, service sector development, offer in space, etc. History and rational model of tourist settlement development which, although under influence of different holders of political power, has over the period of 35 years managed to keep and justify an integrated professional and scientific approach to spatial and urban planning, is shown on the example of planning the Stara Planina mountain destination for tourism.
Key words | planning, development, stakeholders, tourism, mountain settlements
95
DINA NENCINI, Professor Faculty of Architecture, Sapienza University of Rome,
[email protected]
REPLACE IDEOLOGY. TOWARDS NEW URBAN VISIONS.
Abstract | How architects means today the reality has to be? From South America to China, the hyper‐ metropolis, is paradoxical in its inhumanity. Is the economics and financial system a degenerate form of ideology, or an implicit destiny in the construction of the city of the past, unable to accept and include or even resist the social and economic transformations of our time? Or the European city can still set an example or an alternative to global mega‐cities? The uniquely instrumental ability, or, the ability of architecture to materialize the idea of a city, or more generally the idea of space, is an assumption of this argument, and yet, although we can be certain that this capacity is always expressed, by Renaissance treatises up to the heteronomous expressions as «S, M, L, XL» which urges us to take a position as architects on the contemporary city is its aesthetic reason.
Key words | realism, urban vision, policies, european cities, adaptative capacity
96
Dr DIJANA MILAŠINOVIĆ MARIĆ Historian of Art, ULUPUDS,
[email protected],
[email protected]
HOUSING DESIGN MODEL WITHIN UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL COMPLEXES IN SERBIA IN THE SIXTIES OF 20TH CENTURY AS MODEL FORMS OF HARMONIZATION BETWEEN IDEOLOGY AND MODERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS
Abstract | This paper discusses typical examples of residential complexes in the cities of Serbia in the sixth decade of the twentieth century designed for the needs of successful socialist enterprises and institutions. The concepts of these residential complexes encompass major postulates of socialist ideology. Ideal creation of rationally composed, single architectural complexes with apartments and space for work and leisure time activities evident in all spatial concepts are actually the embodiment of an idea of a happy community – a nucleus of communist society, where new socialist elites live and create in harmony, equality and order. This is in fact a utopistically conceived model rising from ideological convictions and break from the past, a model that derived from the revolutionary change of the so‐called retrograde bourgeois individualistic concept into the so‐called progressive collectivistically established idea. A space created in this way has its historical genesis in the exploration of collective housing of the Soviet constructivists in twenties and thirties of the twentieth century, but also in the organization and design concepts of settlements for industrial facilities, mines, factories, etc., that were previously present in the Serbian architecture. In the realization of these ideas, as well as with an idea to express desires of new socialist elite for progress, power and ability of new society to provide adequate space to workers, a rational model of architectural design in the spirit of contemporary trends and international architecture was accepted, which is, in our examples, interpreted in a recognizable and specific way. In such environment, architecture and architects had a programmatically set task to create new space that, although pervaded by ideology, still substantially reflects the spirit of the time in which it was created and also contemporary attitudes, thus logically fitting into the development flow of Serbian contemporary architecture. Taking into account that no appropriate analysis and valorization of the subject architecture have been carried out to date, the present paper is aimed at indicating the values of established ideas and their architectural interpretation, in order to make an appropriate value judgment with relation to architecture of that time. The attention of this paper is focused on housing complexes of the Partizanski put company in Takovska Street, residential‐office complex for the Janko Lisjak company, residential‐office complex for the Tehnopromet company in Belgrade, as well as many other blocks.
Key words | design model, residential‐office complex, socialist ideology, harmonization, modern architectural form 97
TILO AMHOFF, Professor University of Brighton,
[email protected]
“ARCHITECTURE AS THE IDEOLOGY OF THE PLAN” REVISITING MANFREDO TAFURI'S CRITIQUE OF IDEOLOGY
Abstract | This paper revisits one of the key writings on ideology in architecture, Manfredo Tafuri's «Toward a Critique of Architectural Ideology», published 1969 in Contropiano. In the essay Tafuri analyses the integration of architectural ideology ‐ 'project' and 'utopia' ‐ into state ideology, its move from superstructure to base. For him «Architecture as the ideology of the Plan is swept away by the reality of the Plan at the moment the plan came down from the utopian level and became an operant mechanism.» Tafuri's essay was also a comment on Antonio Negri's «Keynes and the Capitalist Theory of the State post‐1929», published the year before. According to Negri the economic crisis of 1929 had destroyed confidence in the future. As a consequence, in John Maynard Keynes' economic theory, the state was «to remove fear of the future», to eliminat its risk and uncertainty. The cure was to project the future according to present expectations, what Negri described as «the state as the plan». For Tafuri though «It is significant that almost all the economic objectives formulated by Keynes in his General Theory can be found, in purely ideological form, at the basis of the poetics of modern architecture.» It was architecture that aimed at the reorganization of production, distribution and consumption in the capitalist city. While his 'critique of ideology' is often discussed, the specific notion of 'architecture as the ideology of the Plan' remains largely overlooked. The paper clarifies Tafuri's critique of ideology, drawing attention to the 'plan' as specific form of representation, organization and administration. It situates the essay within the political context of Workersim and their slogan «contro il piano», against the plan. It will finally test Tafuri's argument by looking closely at the reality of an earlier example of that history, the 1862 building plan for Berlin..
Key words | Manfredo Tafuri, critique of ideology, plan, Workerism, economic theory
98
Dr FILIPPO LAMBERTUCCI, Associate Professor DIAP, Dipartimento Architettura e Progetto, Università degli Studi di Roma «Sapienza»,
[email protected]
RHETORIC OF ANTI‐RHETORIC EGALITARISM AS A FORMAL FEATURE OF (POST‐) SOVIET CITIES
Abstract | After WWII housing became a mass problem, and would have been increasingly faced in terms of industrial and logistic productivity; in the frantic process of improvement of standardisation, production itself would gain ground as an aesthetic category; the face of the soviet city would take on those precise and extensively recurring uniformity traits that will become the symbol itself of the city. In particular, with the decree of the Central Committee and Council Minister “On the removal of excesses in design and a construction”, sanctioning the ideological elimination of the “decaying” criteria of ornamentations dating back to the Stalin period, Khrushev formally banished both the formalism and the model itself of the typical Stalinist city, and focuses on productive optimisation, by implementing a thorough functionalist approach from the building and town planning viewpoint. The issue of housing is tackled from a merely numerical perspective; accommodations are coded according to minimum size alternatives and to a zeroed aggregative range. Once ratified on the basis of the new approach implemented by Brezhnev in the mid‐1960s, the figure of micro‐rayon became the main feature of soviet cities; the poverty of aggregative variants, both at a building and town‐planning level, excludes any variation of urban design and the characteristics of places never represent an element of concern for designers. The utopia of regulated, bright and open city, shared by several avant‐ gardes, find here its strictest implementation; in this case, however, openness mainly translates into dispersion, disorientation; the egalitarian utopia does not deal with the need for places or, better, well knows that a place is, after all, identity, and identity is individualism. Post‐Soviet cities inherit this crystallised urban tradition and, with different premises, the problem of mass housing reappears, even if this has become a mass of potential consumers, with space and personalisation needs that decades of standardisation had rejected.
Key words | post‐Soviet city, egalitarism, density, functionalism, context
99
Dr NENAD RADIĆ, Assistant Professor Department of Art History, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
HOUSE IN RUMUNSKA STREET NO 15. FROM BOURGEOIS VILLA TO PRESIDENTIAL RESIDENCE
Abstract | The paper traces the transformation of a typical bourgeois villa in the elite Belgrade district Dedinje into a presidential residence. Built as a family house in 1934, the villa was, due to its geostrategic position seized during the German occupation of Belgrade. Josip Broz Tito moved into the villa in 1944, immediately after the liberation of Belgrade. Though he used the White Palace, former residence of Prince Paul Karadjordjevic, as official Residence until his death in 1980, he choose the villa in Rumunska street no 15 as his private home. The building was renovated several times. The most significant renovation occurred in 1948, when Tito's Grand Cabinet was added. From that moment the villa entered the public sphere. Since it was visible through many broadcasts and photos of Tito in office as a supreme ruler of Yugoslavia. In 1982 the Residence became part of the museum space in Josip Broz Tito’s Memorial Center. The final chapter in the history of this extraordinary building and its environment took in 1997 when it was again put to use as the president's residence. Slobodan Milošević moved into the compounds in 1997 and finally the villa was destroyed on April 22nd 1999, during NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The paper addresses the Residence as a metaphor for the architectural body politic, as a powerhouse between visible/invisible and public/private dichotomies. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate through cognitive analysis of the villa’s morphological structure the ideological and epistemological importance of the ruler’s home as a mirror of society.
Key words | architecture, museology, ideology of space, power, Josip Broz Tito, Vladislav Vladisavljević
100
Dr MILENA KRKLJEŠ, Assistant Professor University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Architecture and Urbanism,
[email protected]
Dr NAĐA KURTOVIĆ FOLIĆ, Professor University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Architecture and Urbanism,
[email protected]
INFLUENCES OF IDEOLOGY TO THE BUILDING OF PRESCHOOL INSTITUTIONS IN VOJVODINA REGION AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Abstract | The arise of new ideologies after the Second World War, directly influenced changes in a child care system and induced building of new preschool institutions. After the period of war destruction and poor financial situation when almost all kindergartens were closed, changes in society system and financial progress became very soon an impact for solving the problems of increased number of preschool children and places for their daily care. Adoptions of new legal acts that define main aims of child care have contributed to the rapid growth in number of preschool institutions. New kindergartens have been working on different ideologies then those before the Second World War, and were based on Soviet model of child care. The aim of the paper is to show influences of post war ideology and overall social situation to the spreading of network and construction growth of preschool institutions in Vojvodina region. Significant changes in the field of child‐care occurred with improvements in pedagogical programs which required different spaces in which educational work takes place. Significant preferences were related to the equality for all children and their systematic raising, which was also reflected in the terms of physical environment in which children reside. It was enabled by new legal acts that have defined work of preschool institutions, have given the guidance on nutrition and preventive health care, but also necessary spatial and other physical aspects of adequate facilities for preschool institutions. Regulations have been developed from these legal guidelines affecting the construction of new, modern and comfortable buildings for kindergartens, as well as spacious and landscaped courtyards. Clear, but not limiting standards in that period, made it possible to build a number of typologically different buildings. Some of them were awarded as exquisite architectural works that still successfully meet the demands of modern pedagogical agenda.
Key words | new ideology, preschool institutions, child‐care, typology of kindergarten’s buildings, Vojvodina region
101
PAOLO TOMAZELLA, PhD student Centro Regionale di Catalogazione e Restauro dei Beni Culturali del Friuli Venezia Giulia – Passariano,
[email protected]
BETWEEN ITALY AND JUGOSLAVIJA. POZZO LITTORIO/PODLABIN: THE LAST NEW TOWN OF COAL.
Abstract | Intervention of new foundation, Pozzo Littorio/Podlabin is a working‐village built during the Fascism period in the southern edge of the istrian peninsula. Its construction was begin in 1939 and was partially finished in 1942. The installation was considered necessary for the exploitation of coal mines existing in the region. The architect Eugenio Montuori (1907‐1982) was charged to compiling the project. The new town was planned to welcome about 3.000 persons and was built over a little tableland not so far from Albona/Labin. The community was provided with all of the indispensable services. The symmetrical town planning scheme with the orthogonal network of streets has been softened and aligned to the topography of the environment, namely defused by long and soft curves. The main square, of rectangular shape, represents the central point of the town. In it a first part is characterized from the presence of a strong tower destined to the parades of people and to the commerce; another portion, divided from the first one from a spacious arcade, constitutes the churchyard. Two only are the building typologies adopted for the working‐class residences: a first intensive type characterized by three levels; a second building model constituted from isolated homes linked to four apartments. Pozzo Littorio remains a new civil installation model in an industrial area. In this case of study the architect Montuori tense to the modern architecture by the recovering of some building values, typical of the regional tradition. After the Second World War, when Istria was a region of S.F.R. Jugoslavija, the town was re‐used for new works of coal exploitation.
Key words | Istria, coal, working‐village, regional tradition, residential typologies
102
Dr SOUAD SASSI BOUDEMAGH University Mentouri of Constantine, Algeria; 25000, Email:
[email protected]
A CITY BETWEEN METAMORPHOSIS AND MUTATION FROM 19th TO 21th CENTURY
Abstract | Constantine is a big city, particular because of its site and history. But it is especially a city that currently polarizes a huge interest from public authorities, researchers, as well as citizens represented by associations that are militating to safeguard and promote the city. Making Constantine "a regional capital, a metropolis" is the ambitious urban project of this city authorities. It is a prestigious project, but at the same time, a double‐edged sword. With the emergence of this project, a new conception of the city and its image is induced, the one that conjures new canons of urban modernity, with the whole discourse that sustains it and indicators that materialize it. A new attitude toward the current city of Constantine has emerged, from both the authorities and citizens. In fact, the city is, since a long time, between the two extremes situations regarding the attitude to take concerning the built heritage that composes and identifies almost the whole city of Constantine. On one hand, a strictly defensive position of this heritage, an attitude which freezes any attempts of rehabilitation, preservation or revitalization, on the other hand actions not supported, individual, even non‐regulatory and secret ones. The inhabitants are continuing in spite of all to invest their city and do not accept that the natural process of appropriation of space may be stopped indefinitely. We will try to expose the conflictual situation of a changing City inside numerous and varied issues, as well as stakes and challenges.
Key words | urban morphology, colonial impact, post colonial changes, built heritage
103
MAJA PLIČANIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant The Faculty of Education in Sarajevo,
[email protected]
A SOCIETY OF SPECTACLE AND ARCHITECTURE GASOMETER CITY VIENNA
Abstract | The city of Vienna recognizes its industrial zone, in which there are abandoned and protected Gasometers, as an important development potential. In 1995, a decision was passed on their re‐usage, assigning new functions to them in accordance with the needs of contemporary society. Architectural „stars“ use individual practice to create an urban multiplex through the logic of diversity and fragmentation of the inside, while integrating the outside. This urban multiplex’ spectacular appearance matches the contemporary supermodern worldviews. There are a lot of functions inside Gasometer–city, housing as the primary function which is considered by many to be the backbone of urban development. The project of the regeneration of this industrial zone „which had become a vital point of identification in no man’s land on Viennese outskirts“, caused a lot of controversies when it comes to the confrontation of concepts, contexts and contents. Intention of this paper is to find answers: „Is it necessary to house people inside gas tanks?!“; „Is architecture of spectacle the only real and possible way in this complex relationship the plan – the capital – the public interest!?“. The paper itself also deals with the eternal question of form‐function relation, as well as with the identity of place, of which this cultural heritage site was paradoxically freed. In the end Mrduljaš’s thesis that „architecture can act as a protector of public interest only if it maintains the integrity of a culturally useful discipline which understands the context within it acts“ is confirmed, and this was definitely not the case with Gasometer–city.
Key words | architecture of spectacle, Gasometer–city, industrial heritage, housing, urban planning
104
MIRA MILAKOVIĆ, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
MILENA VUKMIROVIĆ, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
Dr EVA VANIŠTA LAZAREVIĆ, Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
WALKING IN AUTOMOBILE CITY CASE STUDY: NEW BELGRADE
Abstract | Viewed from the aspect of mediology, the invention of automobile is one of the key chapters of mankind development, which begins with the design of internal combustion engine. As a revolutionary invention of its time, it is not surprising that number of ideas were inspired by it. Seen from the perspective of urban design, it refers to the ideas of modern movement that have entire set of design rules adopted to the automobile and its speed of movement. The actual period is characterized by the use of the nomad devices, based on the invention of the microprocessor. Those devices enable the compression of space and time, which led to the re‐evaluation of the ways people work, live, travel, spend leisure time, etc. However, the negative environmental impacts of combustion in different sectors are alarming. This has resulted in the rise of new movements with the same aim to create an urban environment that corresponds to the principles of sustainable development. In addition, the tendency is reduction of private cars usage in favour of sustainable modes of transport. The priority is given to walking. Architects and urban designers are seen as actors whose activities will be focused on creating an urban environment suitable to the needs of both pedestrians and citizens. Additional importance is reflected in the fact that such environment will also contribute to enhancement of the city liveability. Thus, the paper will present the characteristics of 60km/h as well as 5km/h architectural approaches. Seen as spatial structure built on the modern design principles convenient to illustrate 60km/h approach, the case study will be New Belgrade. On the other hand, contemporary transformations and experiences seek examinations of another type of view: the citizens’ view about quality and the possibilities for walking in this kind of environment.
Key words | Walking, 5km/h approach, 60km/h approach, Automobile city, New Belgrade
105
CRISTINA PALLINI, Senior researcher Politecnico di Milano,
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURE AND CITY RECONSTRUCTION AT SALONICA AND IZMIR, 1912 – 1936
Abstract | Between 1912 and 1936 age‐old East Mediterranean ports like Salonica and Izmir became a terrain par excellence for implementation of reconstruction plans. Both cities were destroyed by fire and rebuilt to become a manifesto of newly formed nation‐states: Greece and Turkey. French experts, together with local professionals trained in Western Europe, played a leading part in envisaging which profound changes in the city’s physical structure could favour a rapid improvement of its operational efficiency. However, while plans were put into execution after many revisions, proposals for a university, trade fairs, schools and museums became ‘priority projects’ for fostering a new social edifice, and a new collective identity.
Key words | Salonica, Izmir, town planning, reconstruction, university, trade fair
106
Dr HURIYE GÜRDALLI, Professor Near East University,
[email protected],
[email protected]
Dr UMUT KOLDAS, Assistant Professor Cyprus International University,
[email protected],
[email protected]
COLUMNS OF COLONIALISM: REPRESENTATION OF POLITICAL POWER IN THE OFFICIAL BUILDINGS OF BRITISH RULE IN COLONIAL CYPRUS
Abstract | British colonial rule had a significant influence on socio‐spatial infrastructure, architectural design, and urban planning of Cyprus. The architectural history of Cyprus under the British rule can be traced through analysis of three periods. The first period witnessed the rejection of the pre‐existent dominant architectural styles as the native forms of architectural identity of the island. In this respect, the British urban planners conducted surveys of Cyprus and developed alternative architectural and urban designs in order to transform socio‐spatial infrastructure in the island during this period by undermining the pre‐dominant “Ottoman style and its vernacular derivatives”. The second period started in 1920s and lasted in early 1950s. Architectural design of this era was shaped by the increasing prosperity of the British rule due to maritime trade, concerns of British rulers about consolidating their political power in the island as well as discarding the waves of Cypriot nationalisms, which could challenge their authority in the island. Therefore the British architectural practices and urban planning policies turned to the local architectural styles and reflected the “Cypriot mélange” that was composed of Byzantine, Medieval ‐ Venetian and Lusignan‐, Ottoman and the colonial characteristics. The final stage of British colonial rule took place between the early 1950s and 1960. This period was characterized by the challenge of the Cypriot nationalism against the island’s colonizer. Notwithstanding some remarkable improvements in the urban planning and architectural styles, this period witnessed a significant decrease in the colonial architectural activities due to the increasing unrest and political instability in the island. Among various other architectural practices, construction of administrative official buildings had been an important indicator of change and continuity in the colonial architectural philosophy in different periods of the British rule. This study aims to explore representation of power in the official buildings which were constructed in Cyprus during the colonial period under the rule of British Empire between 1878 and 1960. Referring to constructed buildings, archival documents, interviews with the architectural historians and the architects of the time the paper will analyze the changes and continuities in the architectural policies, forms, designs and practices in the different periods of British colonial rule in the island.
Key words | British Colonialism, Cyprus, architectural designs, urban planning, official buildings, representation of power 107
JELENA ŽIVKOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
KSENIJA LALOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ZORAN ĐUKANOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ECOLOGY IN PUBLIC OPEN SPACE PLANNING AND DESIGN SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY OR IDEOLOGY?
Abstract | Today, at the beginning of the 21st century, ecology is not "only" a science or a rationale for "green" philosophies and political actions. Due to global recognition of environmental crisis, and the role that cities play in it, ecologically sound urban development became institutionalized. "Ecology" becomes a buzzword for urban development and "re‐imaging" the cities in competition for new inhabitants and investments. It starts to be interpreted as a new planning and design ideology. Being a place where urban and natural systems meet and interact, public open spaces are important both as a reflection of environmental problems and as a part of their solution. Besides their ecological importance, public open spaces have various roles in urban life and are constituents of urban identity. As well, as a social scene, they are places of special importance for the social and cultural interaction and integration. This multifaceted nature of public space keeps open the debate on the quality of public space, and the role that ecology should play it their planning and design. This paper aims to contribute to the debate by using case study methodology to explore the ways in which ecology conceptually relates to public open space planning and design and by critically evaluating material consequences of this relations. We argue that the way the meaning and content of ecology is conceptualized, shapes the way it is integrated in planning and design theory, which consequently, shape our urban environment. Since ecology as a science evolves over time, it is important to keep its relation to planning and design open for new interpretations. Therefore, ecology should not be integrated to public space planning and design as a "solution" but as a way of approaching public space quality problems. Interpreted in that way, integration of ecology to planning and design theory opens up the space for creative practice.
Key words | public open space, ecology, science, philosophy, ideology
108
ANA KRŠINIĆ‐LOZICA, Junior Researcher Museum of Architecture of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,
[email protected]
THE CITY WITHOUT A FLANEUR
Abstract | Shopping centers are a symptom of the changes that mark the transition from modern to postmodern city whose landscape is formed by social, economic, and ideological factors characteristic of late capitalism. This study will deal with shopping centers in Zagreb ‐ the phenomenon that set its mark on the second half of the 20th century, in Zagreb emerges as late as in the 1990s. Through the phenomenon of shopping centers, I will trace radically changed processes of deciding about urban space where the real estate market, in collusion with the interests of investors, has replaced the modernist conception of urban planning as being the outcome of academic analysis and rationally planned development. Malls are unavoidable objects in the landscape shaped by the market and the interests of private investors, which is characterized by the desire for the city to be transformed as a whole, for it to be revitalised as a source of added value. Through comparison of typology of shopping centers in the city and those located in the outskirts of town, alongside road hubs or major urban thoroughfares, and of the type of facilities that they offer, I will try to answer the following questions: Can a shopping center operate as a vital centre of a community, and what kind of social space does it create? In what ways class stratification, implosion and fragmentation of public space, carried out by the shopping centers, transform local practices of using and experiencing public space?.
Key words | Shopping center, postmodern city, public space, social stratification, urban planning, flaneur
109
NATHALIE‐JOSEPHINE VON MÖLLENDORFF, PhD student Institute of Art History, University of Bern;
[email protected]
BUILDING THE CITY ON PROPAGANDA URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POST‐WAR BERLIN. BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGIES OF EAST AND WEST
Abstract | This paper focuses on how architecture and the urban development of Berlin in the 1950’s reflect the ideology of the two German states. I will investigate how architecture functions politically as propaganda, both in theory and practice, by examining two outstanding and historically‐connected examples on opposite sides of the Iron Curtain: the Hansaviertel and the Frankfurter Allee. By the end of the Second World War, Berlin was the most decimated city in Germany with little architectural evidence of its imperial and fascist past. Only 12.6% (Friedrichshain) to 6% (Hansaviertel) of the buildings were considered reconstructable after the bombardment. Both quarters of the city are situated on the same axis, which had been considered one major street since the reign of King Frederick I of Prussia (ruled 1701‐1713). His idea was to connect the two summer residences of the Hohenzollern family Charlottenburg and Friedrichsfelde with the main residence, the city castle. After 1945, it was agreed that this axis should be rebuilt first and foremost to be the shining symbol of a revived democratic and modern Germany. The separation of the Western Allies and the Soviets, which induced the Berlin Blockade in 1948, divided the city politically and ideologically. The axis became host to an acrimonious fight in architectural propaganda. The new government in the East neglected the previously approved plans for urban reconstruction in the Bauhaus style. A collective of architects, lead by Hermann Henselmann, was chosen to rebuild the Frankfurter Allee as a boulevard of the people in the Stalinist style, leading directly to Moscow geographically and ideologically. To generate the idea of the collective, the Workers’ Palaces were built directly by the German people. West Berlin was desperate to construct a counterpart to the Frankfurter Allee by rebuilding the Hansaviertel. An international contest, the Interbau, was chosen to select 48 architects from 13 countries who could best create the western ideal of international, modern urban living by housing individuals in a style drawing from both urbanism and nature, constructing a City of Tomorrow in the styles between International Modernism and early Brutalism. The choice of contrasting architectural styles, the framework of differentiated urban planning, the way of organisation, i.e. collective team vs. international contest, and the documentation by the media reveals clear ideological propaganda of the two adverse political systems in the differing architectural approaches and styles in East and West Berlin..
Key words | Berlin, Cold War, Propaganda, Stalinism, Internationalism 110
DUŠKO BAŠIĆ, PhD student Municipality Novi Grad Sarajevo,
[email protected]
POSTULATES OF THE URBANISM IN THE NAZIS GERMANY
Abstract | NSDAP was created like movement with autocratic leadership that has absorbed a large amount of other ideas and movements represented a cross section of society 20‐ies. This applies to the basic guidelines for spatial planning and urban design that affects all seen before. However there are certain specifics that are unique or signs to consider. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of the six settings, their crossover to the concept of ideal city. The first setting is anti‐urbanism created in response of create "Metropolis" and poor urban standards of big city. Second setting is Firer cities where the city core served as the experiment to create a new center changing its layout, purpose and function. The third setting is the continuing influence of the modern arhitecture, whitch is not rejected but presented it to the appropriate projects: through housing projects, industrial zones and building projects for tourism. The fourth setting is the new industrial cities. This kind of city has developed a conceptual synthesis of the first three settings, all in the form of "garden cities". The fifth setting is the impact of modern concept of air war. The fact that cities could be wiped out in an air attack was known in the mid 30's, led to the planning of cities to have any chance of survival. Sixth is setting an aggressive space policy conducted by the technical wing of the SS. This setting include the concentration camp role of to building up economies of the other settings. In reality, most cities in Germany were a combination of these settings, mixed with the existing cities matrix. Even the biggest project made by Speer and Hitler's Welthuptstadt Germania not planned as a unique setting. Synthesis of these settings is the Ideal Nazi city, one chimera who balances between the small community projects and Hitler's grandiose city.
Key words | Nazi Urban design (Städtebau), Ideal Nazi city, Albert Speer, Adolf Hitler, „Führer cities” (Führerstadt), Anti‐urbanism
111
MSc TATJANA BABIĆ, Teaching Assistant University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences,
[email protected]
RENATA BALZAM, PhD student University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences,
[email protected]
Dr MILENA KRKLJEŠ, Assistant Professor University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences,
[email protected]
CONSTANCY AND CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES A CASE STUDY OF THE MARSHALLING STATION COMPLEX IN NOVI SAD
Abstract | Different periods in history brought the different ideological matrix. Their significance and influence were reflected not only through the articulation of social reality, but also in applying modern technologies on the functional, programmatic and structural characteristics of buildings. Planning in urban environment was determined by the spirit of the time (Zeitgeist) and ideological frames which varied from the inherited and conservative to the new and progressive. Observed from the perspective of space and time, it can be noticed that some specific architectural and urban compositions were the focal points in cities in the period of their creation. Despite the functional transformation those buildings have undergone, they still remain symbols of their time, but with contemporary and progressive ideological determinants. This paper investigates and critically analyses constancy and changes in architecture under the influence of ideological matrices during the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. In the pat twenty years, Novi Sad has gone through numerous transformations, with the objective to activate and regenerate the devastated areas and buildings. Constant technological development, urban transformation and changes in social organisation were crucial for the change of the role that Marshalling station complex had in the city. This case study examines its role in the historic development of the city as well as its possibilities to follow the trends in architecture nowadays, with an inclination to analyse whether the tendencies of architectural revitalisation might turn it into a generator of a modern and culturally conscious society. The aim of the paper is to stress the importance of the values of these resources, the regeneration of which could further the development of a new urban and regional character.
Key words | constancy and change in architecture, ideological forms, rail facilities, centres of culture and art, relationship between form and function
112
Dr NATAŠA DANILOVIĆ HRISTIĆ Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade,
[email protected]
LIFE OR DEATH OF URBAN SLUMS DIFFERENT URBAN MANAGING POLICIES
Abstract | The constant expand of urban population, specially due to migrations, forms city slums, the settlements of urban poverty that cannot comply with official standards of construction, safety or hygiene. The dualism of the city, its bright lights, power and world of opportunities on one side, and distress and misery on the other, sometimes is obvious, neighboring each other, meeting on everyday bases. Fifty years ago, informal dwellings of poor were perceived as transitory, it was assumed they would become unnecessary with economic ’’take‐off’’, but slums continued to grow. According to UN Habitat, about 840 million people lived in slums in 2005 and the figure will likely grow to 2 billion by 2030. The poor habitants are often completely excluded from access to basic services like health care, education, employment or right to vote. They are forced to gain a livelihood in hard and usually illegitimate way, associated with criminal act of trafficking. The concept of slum (favela, shanty town, tent city, township, ghetto etc.) is considered particularly as broad range of dwellings, from those made of cardboard, wood and shed metal to several stores abandoned tenures occupied by squatters. However, managing slums all over the world’s cities differs, from eviction and cleansing, to good governance that provides public housing scheme and working together with citizens on upgrading the living conditions. Some of the poor suburbs became popular tourist destinations; they mapped themselves by offering totally new and exciting experiences, tasty cuisine, vivid club life and creative cultural events.
Key words | slums, poverty, migration, exclusion, eviction, upgrading
113
ALEKSANDAR KUŠIĆ PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
DESIRE AND DUPLICITY: LESSONS OF THE PAST
Abstract | The settlement of New Belgrade has witnessed in the past two decades a feverish activity aimed at acquisition and exploitation of land previously unoccupied during the reign of Yugoslav socialism. Post–socialist Capital has proven keen on turning space, the realm of the common in the ideology of socialism, into a commodity exchanged through the fabric of private property. Yet for all of their embedded–ness in times that followed the collapse of socialist federation, these events are viewed today as called upon in the later periods of this very same Yugoslav socialism. Supposedly part of a stance that left the embrace of ideology – never to return – this addressing was defined most clearly in the study Iskustva prošlosti [Lessons of the Past], published in 1985. The study was conceptualized as an all–out rejection of the Athens Charter principles, viewed as implemented in an unmediated fashion throughout the spaces of New Belgrade settlement. Approaching the study from the standpoint of the Lacanian theory the paper aims to show that it speaks not only of a successful operation of ideological quilting, but also of a prophesized arrival of new points of authority, one of politics, and the other of economics. Acting as a medium that teaches how to desire a pact with the Politician and the Capitalist, the study is seen as being doubly let down by its outcome – as the paper clearly demonstrates through the examples of post–socialist, capitalist rampage.
Key words | Ideology, Master, Late / Post–Socialism, New Belgrade, Lessons of the Past
114
OFITA PURWANI, PhD student Edinburgh College of Arts, University of Edinburgh, lecturer in Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia
THE POWER OF MONARCHS AND URBAN MORPHOLOGY A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE CITIES
Abstract | This paper deals with how power relations of the stakeholders of a city can influence urban morphology. I compare the Javanese cities,Yogyakarta and Surakarta which are considered as the locus of Javanese culture. They share similar history, which dates back to the 18th century Mataram kingdom and there remain two monarchs in each city despite the presence of the state government. However, both cities have different status after Indonesian independence which relates highly to the status of the monarchs. Yogyakarta was granted a special status in which the territory of the two monarchs before Indonesian Independence is recognised and considered to be on a similar level to a province and the king of major court and the prince of the minor court are automatically appointed governor and vice governor of that special region. Surakarta, in contrast is only recognised as a city, governed by the state. The monarchs in Surakarta are only recognised to have cultural importance and their property is being appropriated by the state. This has resulted in a difference in power relations in both cities. In this paper, I will focus on how this difference is being translated in the built environment. Since the 18th century both cities grew out from the palace and settlement around it, following a hierarchical pattern. The layout of both were mostly similar. After Indonesian Independence, the difference of power relations can be seen particularly in the activation of the old towns and the preference of government in the development. The urban layout of Yogyakarta remains centred in the old town, preserving the cosmological axis previously used to legitimate the king, while the layout of Surakarta has several focuses, the major court and minor court palaces, and an artery road between them.
Key words | Javanese cities, power, monarch, urban morphology, ideology
115
JACQUELINE MAURER, BA University of Basel/Switzerland,
[email protected]
PERCEPTION OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE ORIGINATED IN FASCIST ITALY. E 42 ‐ ROMA E.U.R. Abstract | In 1942 Italy planned the Universal Exhibition “E 42” which wanted to present the progressive country under its fascist regime. In comparison to previous world exhibitions with their provisional pavilions, the urban project of E 42 wanted to introduce the “Fourth Rome” as a permanent ideological and tactical site leading to the sea. Whilst German National Socialism had forced the foreclosure of Bauhaus, in Italy rationalism was highly thought of as it also aimed for the production and representation of a “new man”. In spite of this fact traditionalist architecture was finally favoured for the urban and architectural face of E 42. Adalberto Libera was the only rationalist architect for E 42 who managed to win the competition for the “Palazzo dei Ricevimenti e Congressi
”, where rationalist architectural concepts are interestingly combined with traditionalist ones. Due to the Second World War building activity of E 42 had to be cancelled but some of the projects were eventually completed in the 1950s. Finally the quarter, under the Fascist regime planned to be the “Olimpiade della Civiltà”, could show itself to the world during the Olympic Summer Games in 1960, for which additional buildings were constructed. Still today coming from central Rome to the modern E.U.R., as the quarter was re‐named already under Mussolini, visitors are exposed to a completely different atmosphere of the city with its monumental buildings, wide streets and clear perspectives. The drain grates are still marked with “E.42”, analogous to those in the centre with their “S.P.Q.R.” (Senatus Populusque Romanus), as a reminder of Roman Antiquity. A certain bar called “E.42” is decorated with old photographs that show the building sites, and the website of “EUR S.p.A.” does not even mention E.U.R.’s fascist origin. This paper will present the major urban plans and executed projects for E 42/E.U.R. and discuss questions about the achievements and the critical perception of this originally ideological urban project.
Key words | Italy, Fascism, E 42/E.U.R., urbanism, architecture, perception
116
NEVENKA KNEŽEVIĆ ‐ LUKIĆ, CI spec. The Academy of Criminalistic Science,
[email protected]
Dr ALEKSANDRA LJUŠTINA The Academy of Criminalistic Science,
[email protected]
HARMONY AND CONFLICT BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGY OF SECURITY AND ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | Security is always present category of human society and one of the basic human needs that every human individual seeks to satisfy in their physical and social environment. The role of architecture would be to provide the optimum conditions of organized space as a frame of life and human activities and communities. Every social order, historicaly seen, was faced with various forms of threats and developed its security and protection mechanisms. In an effort to maintain and last, in an attempt to reach a certain level of security in various forms of social order (from slavery through feudal to the capitalist, industrial, socialist, democratic,) sociology of these historical forms of society had a great influence on architecture that appeared in a specific historical period ‐ different architectural concepts were created diametrically as a result of the impact of specific social characteristics of the social community. Seen from a modern point of view, the erroneous conclusion is often brought that the security measures of modern technological systems are added to the facilities, which is wrong. The security measures are very old as a concept and in implementation: a strategy of prevention, rejection, detection and surveillance were the factors in shaping the built environment through the history of human settlement. Between security, as one of the basic human needs and architecture, as a spatial framework in which all human activities take place in order to meet them, there is an unbreakable bond and interdependences between. The development of modern society and new forms of threats, an increased level of crime, public protests and demonstrations, terrorist attacks particularly, resulted in a different approach to the design of public spaces through the application of the theory of crime prevention through environmental design and provides the architecture a powerful role in creating a safe spaces.
Key words | security, architecture, space, society, power, crime
117
MILICA VUJOŠEVIĆ, MA Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia,
[email protected]
MARKO STOJANOVIĆ, Student Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
FINANCIAL IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE OF BELGRADE BANKS ‐ NOW AND THAN
Abstract | Banks have formerly attracted clients with monumentality of their buildings, which were supposed to show the power of the specific financial institution and to inspire people’s confidence to safely leave their money to them. Today, in light of modern technology, banks are advertised through communication media, which are found just about everywhere except on the bank’s façade. But, regardless of that, bank buildings haven’t lost much of its representativeness. Subject of this paper is to analyze the impact of financial power on the architecture of banks in Belgrade, from the beginning of last century until today. Analysis of their architecture, location and selection of the architect is trying to point out the similarities and differences between banks operating in the period between the two world wars with the banks that are being built in Belgrade now. The contribution of this paper is in presentation of the factors that affect the appearance of the financial institutions buildings, as well as to give guidelines that can be used in designing new or refurbishment of existing buildings for a bank.
Key words | influence, power, finance, banks, architecture, facade, style
118
GHASSAN J.AL‐BASRI, MSc, Senior Lecturer Dept.Of Architecture‐University Of Technology‐Baghdad/Iraq.
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY OF RELIGIOUS RITUALS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CITY URBAN FABRIC CASE STUDY ( KARBALA CITY)
Abstract | Religious tourism is the most prominent feature of contemporary tourism in Iraq since centuries, due to the great impact of Islamic ideology and its multiple implications on ground, and the existence of many important religious and sacred shrines which are attracting a great mass of visitors from many countries and Iraqi cities all around the year. Recently –in some occasions‐ numerous amount of people exceeds 7 million are there in the city of Karbala where the most important shrines are there , these masses of people are of a great impact since they need to be near the shrine‐ in /out‐ within an area 0.5 sq. km ..With all the required issues such as amenity, security logistics and socio‐religious interaction between people etc.. And if we believe that architecture is a spatial manifestation of social ideology that can be dissected to reveal the underlying vocabularies of this ideology, we can find a series of many architectural and urban treatments on minor and major scale that reflects that. This paper explores the impact of this cultural‐religious ideology ceremonials on the city: its morphological fabric, Planning, land use, transportation and other topics ,and what procedures are required from us as planners and architects in order to ascertain the implications it holds for understanding how to secure a meaningful religious tourism. Demonstrating that the current system is in need to an overall assessment and improvement in Karbala city as a case‐ study, focusing on the impact on urban and master planning process, and how to adopt a policy that can be implemented as much as possible on other cities taking in consideration the local factors that will appear on ground there.
Key words | city morphology‐urban fabric‐master planning‐religious tourism‐Islamic ideology, master planning
119
ALEKSANDAR BRKIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Dramatic Arts, University of Art in Belgrade,
[email protected]
ALEKSANDRA PEŠTERAC, PhD student Researcher, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
DRAGANA PILIPOVIĆ, PhD student Reasercher, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
CULTURAL HOUSES AND CULTURAL CENTERS: TERMINOLOGY, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURAL POLICY
Abstract | By mapping polyvalent objects intended for cultural and educational activities within the territory of the Republic of Serbia, we are faced with the problem of determining the correct terminology for these buildings which most often get classified among Cultural Houses or Cultural Centers. By analyzing study cases of certain cultural establishments, through a genealogical and typological analysis we come across an accuracy that is tied to the linkage of the ideological direction of the state or certain social happenings and the renaming of these buildings/institutions. The goal of this project is to utilize the latter study cases in order to explain and terminologically clarify the names of these structures, as well as classify them and connect them to a broader socio‐political and cultural context that have influenced their transformation, as well as the strategy of cultural policy in which these Cultural Houses/Cultural Centers play a significant role. In addition, this study will also aim to explain their positioning in relation to a rural or urban characteristic of the environment in which they find themselves.
Key words | Cultural house, Cultural Center, terminology, ideology, typology, cultural policy
120
Dr MILA NIKOLIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
[email protected]
CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY IN THE CITY STRUCTURE FROM CULTURAL ACROPOLIS TO CITY OF KNOWLEDGE
Abstract | Museum has a special place in the power structure, and a special place in the structure of the city. My research shows that that place today is in the museum cluster. In the cluster, however, do not lie only the future and the development potentials of the museum, but the history of the city and the shifts of political and urbanistic ideologies can be read through it. The museum cluster represents an urbanistic, or an ideological manifesto, expressing the most elevated strivings in the construction of the city and of the image which a society wants to display about itself. It reflects urban models of different periods: the past ones, in reused representative buildings and complexes, and those prevailing at the time of their creation, in the clusters built specifically for that purpose. This conveys to the museum landscape they create an exceptional educational capacity, while constant changes in the museum cluster and in the use of its spaces, primarily public, increase the complexity of this issue and point out also the changes in the contemporary society and ideologies. Thus the museum also confirms its privileged position in the major urban theories and utopias of the 20th century. The museum cluster, as a global phenomenon of the physical concentration of museum institutions, architectures and contents, and with them of the spirit of the city, time and knowledge, introduces a sense and order in the system of museums and the system of the city. Inscribed at the same time in the pragmatic schemes and idealistic tradition of urbanism, it extends the idea of locus genii and psychogeographic principles to the contemporary city, and gives them a new strength in the context of the knowledge‐based society and of an unprecedented urbanization. From the museum cluster, I indicate the actual changes in the public space and in the public sphere in general, and show new models, use and impact of the cultural landscape in the reprogramming and reshaping of the city.
Key words | museum, cluster, contemporary city, public space, locus genii
121
Dr SUAT ÇABUK, Associate Professor Karabük Üniversity,
[email protected]
MELTEM ÖZKAN ALTINÖZ, PhD student Middle East Technical University,
[email protected]
SHIFTING IDEOLOGIES IN TIMES AND SPACES: A CASE STUDY FROM KARABÜK, TURKEY
Abstract | Karabük city was established in the north‐west Anatolia in 1937 as a result of iron‐steel factories’ investment. The industrial setting would transform a small section of a village to an affluent and self‐sufficient city in a few years. Rapidly, the city became a heart of the young Turkish Republic which formulated iron‐steel industry as a demonstration of its technological and economic advance. Not only are the factories formulated by Republican ideology, but also its urban setting. The factory workers’ residence crisis was solved with a plan of “Yenisehir” that was set up by the famous French architect‐city planner Henri Prost. The plan was formulated with a hierarchical setting according to workers’ ranks. In addition, social infrastructure mechanism was added to this urban formulation to create a prosperous living environment. However, Yenisehir, which is the only, planned and early modern settlement of Karabuk that has been urbanized unhealthily in time reached its population from 100 to 100.000. The area has been facing a destruction process in recent years with various reasons, although houses were in a good condition and lived inside. On opposed to the reactions from scientific and professional community these destructions could not be prevented. In this paper, Karabük Yenisehir settlement’s spatial alteration will be analyzed. Notably, the study will focus on shifting ideologies of the Turkish Republic where building and demolishing processes perfectly expose changing social and political agenda of the Republic in different time periods.
Key words | Karabuk‐Yenisehir; Iron and Steel Factories; Spatial Transformation; Architecture; Urban Planning; Ideology
122
CLAUDIA CELSI, PhD student University “Sapienza” of Rome, PhD school of Architecture and building ‐ space and society,
[email protected]
BIG UNITARY BUILDINGS FOR HOUSING REASONS FOR THE PROJECT OF THE COLLECTIVE SPACE
Abstract | Today's necessity to speak about the relationship between architecture and ideology depends on the progressive leaving of the architectural discipline from its necessary operative reasons: the idea and the form. This progressive leaving has provoked that the collective value of the architecture degenerates into a communicative vehicle and into a purely aesthetic result, and has provoked also the degeneration of the individual sphere, which is intended only as a private interest. Such degenerations flow in the fall of the collective sense of the city within the individual and collective sphere necessarily coexist, giving themselves a reason through the identification and the denomination of a selected place and the peculiar values that it communicates. The return of the interest towards the ideology marks the possibility to rejoin the two necessary operative reasons through their mutual neutralization process and to bring the discourse on the architecture as collective art. It condenses the creative act and the reference to permanent and recognizable systems. Ideology as the foundation of the collective character of the architecture also effectively counteracts the dispersion process of the contemporary metropolis, and accepts the real reasons of the settlements. The big unitary buildings for housing are considered as the immediate translation of the contrast between the basic need of living and the basic need of sociality; this contrast takes the limit‐value between urban scale and architectural scale, that fixes three different levels of reading. The first one focuses on the relation of the internal character of the building; the second one investigates the theme of the limit scale of the building compared to the city; the third one considers the building in its complexity, in order to determine an image of “city in the city” or “other city”, or rather as formal representations of ideas aimed at improvement of living. This considerations about the great urban artifact for housing leads to an image – or a meta‐ project that could be considered a representation of an idea about the relationship between collective housing and the city – the urban monastery..
Key words | Big unitary buildings for collective housing; Collective space; Morphology; Project; Representation; Urban monastery
123
MONIKA JOVANOVIĆ, PhD student Interdisciplinary studies, University of Arts in Belgrade,
[email protected]
TYPOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF HOUSING AND PUBLIC STRUCTURES DERIVING FROM IDEOLOGY Abstract | In this paper my focus will be on the relation between biopolitics and architecture as well as on the role of architecture in forming national, racial, class, political, behavioural, moral, and family identities and codes. Architecture as an interdisciplinary political social science and practice is determined by relations and synthesis between humanities, technical sciences, designing, building and planning. By developing and acquiring complexity of its own language within historical and geographical societies in which it emerges, architecture is not just an indicator of a certain society’s situation, but one of the primary constituents of its relations and regulations (Pojmovnik teorije umetnosti, Šuvaković, 2011.). Therefore, based on the architectural language of a historical moment, regarding existing or non‐existing typological patterns by which it is made, it is possible to do an analysis of the overall structure of society of that moment. Leaning on the theoretical platform of Michel Foucault (1978.), Hannah Arendt (1958.) and Tamara Đorđević (2010.) I will analyse the typological patterns of the middle class family housing in western Europe throughout the 20th century, towards emerging typological patterns of today with the aim of acknowledging the transformation of the structure of the middle class family and its eventual disappearance. By identifying the present language of architecture of capitalist society in housing typologies I will identify architecture’s biopolitical function in forming contemporary private life and everyday reality.
Key words | biopolitics, architecture, housing typology, private life, family identities and codes
124
MARKO LAZIĆ, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Technical Science, Novi Sad,
[email protected]
ANA PERIŠIĆ, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Technical Science, Novi Sad,
[email protected]
DR PREDRAG ŠIĐANIN, Professor Faculty of Technical Science, Novi Sad,
[email protected]
TALL BUILDINGS IN BELGRADE AND NOVI SAD IN FRAMEWORK OF IDEOLOGY, HISTORY AND THEIR FUNCTIONALITY
Abstract | Tall buildings represent an important part of the city, its urban morphology, and also they are very important for the visual identity of the city. Depending on the ideology, throughout the course of history of architecture, different types of buildings are built to be the tallest ones in the city. With a rise and fall of various ideologies and political systems, there have been significant changes in understanding and usage of these structures. There are many examples of this in the most recognizable cities in the world (global level) and also in Serbia (local level). The main goal of this research is to analyze these buildings in framework of ideology, history, symbolism, their purpose and their content. The buildings analyzed are built in 20th and 21st century. First, they are analyzed on the global level of the world, and then on the local level by a number of examples of these buildings in Belgrade and Novi Sad. The results show that tall buildings are currently in trends, but also there are some contradictions related to them. In the analyzed cities in Serbia very few buildings of this type are built in past decades. The most of existing ones represents old ideologies, which are surpassed.
Key words | skyscrapers, tall buildings, Belgrade skyscrapers, Novi Sad skyscrapers, city symbols, tall buildings functionality
125
MILOŠ MIHAJLOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
COASTAL ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE A WAY TO ACHIEVING THE PAARADIGM OF BELGRADE'S DESCENT TO THE RIVERS
Abstract | The specific position of Belgrade at the confluence of the rivers Sava and Danube, as a development potential has never been sufficiently used. Long has Belgrade’s descent to the river banks been just a statement in stories and plans, and emphasis has been put on this topic only on ocassions that were neither of architectural nor planning nature. In this paper, the existing problems will be examined from the perspective of struggle and adaptation to climate change, taking into consideration the guidelines of the responsible climate planning, as well as possible results of their application. The necessity of finding new solutions, as well as the responsible climate change planning application are the reality of today. Such processes have been initiated and have been ongoing in many cities in the world, while they are inevitable on our land and will be a huge opportunity for the final development of the coastal area of Belgrade, the prosperity of the city as a whole, as well as for the improvement of planning practice in Serbia.
Key words | responsible climate change planning, waterfront development, guidelines
126
M.Sci. DEJAN MILIVOJEVIĆ High busines‐tehnical school , Uzice,
[email protected]
PARTISAN SQUARE IN UZICE AS THE MYTH OF FREEDOM OR AS THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY Abstract | The project for reconstruction of Uzice and the implementation of the project were carried out in the period from 1953 to 1961. In the specified period the political context of New Yugoslavia evolved from the dictatorship of the proletariat and the impact of SSSR – towards the avant‐ garde conception of social justice, which obviously had important consequences in the field of creativity in architecture and urbanism . The city of Uzice as the first liberated territory in occupied Europe, had high rank amongst other cities in mythology of New Yugoslavia /1945‐ 1990/. The myth should have been established in the memory of a new state and, in that sense, the project of Uzice reconstruction, can be placed in the context of political populism but also in the context of the City’s architecture based on the principles of International style. As we can see , there are two governing ideologies : the political and architectural. Both had internationality as main feature.There were two important architect‐ planners : Ruzica Bogdanovic and later Stanko Mandic . Stanko Mandic devoted almost all his professional life working on the plans and building in Uzice. The paper explores the aesthetic concept implemented in the composition of architectural and urban whole of the Square and the city center and that is why, the influence of myth was subjected to the architecture.The autonomy and originality of the designers is are also indisputable in the treatment of urban concepts and form and material in relation to prevailing pragmatism of Modern city.
Key words | political context , mythology, New Yugoslavia, public city space, internationality, originality
127
VLADANA PUTNIK, PhD student Department of History of Art, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
INFLUENCE OF IDEOLOGY ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF SOKOL HOUSES IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA
Abstract | Sokol movement represented a very important and unique way of struggle for unification of Southern Slovenes; therefore its role in the constitution of Yugoslav identity in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians was significant. Nourishing sport as a symbol of harmony between body, soul and spirit de facto promoted physical training as the road towards true Yugoslavism. The main purpose of this paper is to considerate elements of ideology and propaganda which were present in the aesthetics and visual presentation in the Sokol architecture. It can be concluded by analyzing Sokol philosophy of life in which amount it influenced architecture of Sokol houses. The connection between Sokol movement and Yugoslav ideology implies to look at the political events which directly influenced the process of building‐up and stylistic development of Sokol houses. The building expansion of Sokol houses throughout the Kingdom of Yugoslavia matches the dictatorship of King Alexander Karadjordjević 1ˢ ͭ, which clearly implies there has been a major connection and support of Sokols by the crown. The political dimension of Sokol movement has undoubtedly communicated with the concept of true Yugoslavism. Changes which have incurred in 1934, the assassination of King Alexander as well as certain problems with the Catholic Church, reflected in a major fall in building program of Sokols up until 1941. Throughout the analysis of political influence in architecture such as Sokol houses are, as well as aesthetics and ideology, there can be drawn a conclusion about social system of the time. Therefore, Sokol architecture can be interpreted as an example of political art.
Key words | architecture, ideology, Sokol movement, Yugoslavia, Yugoslavism
128
GROZDANA ŠIŠOVIĆ, PhD student, Teaching Assistant University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture,
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITIONS AND IDEOLOGICAL PATTERNS DESIGNCOMPETITIONS FOR RESIDENTALOBJECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MODERN SERBIA
Abstract | The main objective of the paper is to offer a contribution tounderstanding of ideological paterns behind the architectural competition praxes in the domain of residential architecture in Serbia. The research inquires into the specific role of architectural competition, by analyzingthe relations between the social and ideological context, planning regulations and architectural designs in the cases of chosen significant design competitionsfrom different periods ofSerbian modern history, between the 1950s and the begining of the XXI century.
Key words | architectural competition, resitdential architecture, ideology, planning, architectural design, design evaluation
129
VESNA CAGIĆ MILOŠEVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
VERICA MEDJO, PhD student, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
NEVENA MITROVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
GENERAL LEGISLATIVE (REGULATORY) FRAMEWORK FOR RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION IN SERBIA FROM 1948 TO 2011 THE EXAMPLE OF BELGRADE
Abstract | The paper researches the legislation that directly relates to or has a significant indirect impact on housing construction in the period after the Second World War to the present, the example of the City of Belgrade. The main focus of this study was to examine topics of legislation in terms of the architect ‐ designer. Design process in which the role of the architect as a designer at all stages including the role of the architect as an active mediator in relation to the needs of the investor‐user takes place within a legislative framework that largely pre‐determines individual decisions of designers and thus becomes an important segment of the context of the relevant processes as part of overall process of implementation of housing and settlements. Legislative framework of design process, in terms of the architect‐designer includes legal and urban (spatial) legislation. Historical review of development legislations shall be considered by monitoring the most significant innovations and changes that occurred by the entry into force of a law or by‐laws or its abolition. The direct impact of such changes on the process in the construction of housing, and those changes that have affected the relationship between the investor, designer and user is perceived in this paper. The contribution of this paper presents an overview of the causal connection between the various legislative documents and contextually‐ societal phenomena which are represented in the field of residential architecture.
Key words | legislative framework, housing, the City of Belgrade
130
MARKO MATEJIC, PhD student Faculty of Architecture of University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGIES OF PROGRESS AND KNOWLEDGE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF EVERYDAY LIFE INDUSTRIAL HOUSING ESTATES AND EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS
Abstract | The main intention of this research is to establish a relation between ideologies of progress and of knowledge, elements of the overall political ideology in Yugoslavia after the Second World War, with the architecture of everyday life. Ideology of progress understands a system of thought that involves constant progress as evidence of the success of the socialist revolution. Ideology of knowledge understands a system of thought that involves the use of knowledge in achieving progress and the production of a new socialist man, and thus preserving the ideological structure of the socialist state. Architecture of everyday life includes the industrial housing estates and educational buildings within these estates. This relation will be examined in the examples of industrial housing estates that belong to the central area of New Belgrade. These are blocks 21, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, which, according to their urban conception, have educational institutions in their centre. These residential areas have an important role in building a new city and achieving his monumentality, which indicates the importance of these housing estates for this research. If we assume that the architecture is the material existence of ideology, then research of these estates and all its elements especially gains in importance in cases where the objects are rendered in exposed concrete and combined with brick. In these cases, specific symbolic relations of these two building materials contribute to the complexity of the relation between architecture of everyday life and ideologies of progress and of knowledge.
Key words | Ideology of progress, Ideology of knowledge, Architecture of everyday life, Industrial housing estates, Educational architecture , Exposed concrete
131
DANICA STOJILJKOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
JELENA RISTIĆ TRAJKOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
TRANSFORMATION OF NEW BELGRADE MODERN SPACE IN DIFFERENT IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS CHANGES IN THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF URBAN PLANNING
Abstract | Built in the strong ideological context of self‐management socialism as a big housing area according to the principles of Athens Charter and modern urbanism New Belgrade continuously presented a point of interest in terms of its future development. The changes of ideology conditions that ensued after the 1990’s, as a result of both political system (from socialist to democratic society) and economy system transformation (from economic planning to market economy), conditioned specific transformation of the modern space of New Belgrade and its ideological representation. Today, when New Belgrade is undergoing a post‐socialist transition, the issues related to various city planning problems have arisen as a consequence of urban densification and open market economy processes. This paper advocates the stance that it is necessary to explore the development processes of New Belgrade urban structure from the standpoint of the relationship of existing physical structure and changed ideological principles in certain historical moments. The paper researches urban space of New Belgrade from the period of construction of New Belgrade as the large residential area to its current interpretation as a commercial and business center in terms of interaction between political ideology and architectural – urban practice. The acent is on the transitional periods that are set as the turning points of different theoretical and ideological models. The main problem is the change in ideological representation of New Belgrade that appeared on the level of urban structure and its future direction of urban development.
Key words | New Belgrade, urban transformation, ideology, representation, socialism, transition
132
S4
DESIGNERS AND IDEOLOGY| ‐ ‐ ‐
Figures of the power and city planners and architects; The influence of the ideology on the design process; The ideology objectification through projects ‐ case studies.
JELICA JOVANOVIĆ, architect NGO Group of Architects, Belgrade,
[email protected]
Dr INES TOLIĆ, Assistant Professor University of Bologna,
[email protected]
“BORBA” FOR ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | “Borba” Federal Award for Architecture was awarded for the first time on February 19th 1966, celebrating the day of the publishing the first issue of the newspaper back in 1922 in Zagreb by, then illegal, Communist Party of Yugoslavia. The unusual alliance between a daily magazine and architecture was considered a chance for promoting the achievements in architectural production on federal level, hence making the profession step out of the anonymity. However, since “Borba” became the herald of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SSRNJ) in 1954, the controversies regarding the award arose inevitably, following the three decades long discussion over the qualities and the mere existence of “Yugoslav architecture”.
Key words | mass media and architecture, popularization, "Yugoslav architecture"
135
MARCO GINOULHIAC, Professor Faculty of Architecture – University of Oporto,
[email protected]
TEACHING IDEOLOGIES THROUGH DESIGN THE EXPERIENCE OF COLLECTIVE HOUSING DESIGN STUDIO AT THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE OF OPORTO
Abstract | The design studio teaching is the pedagogical space where ideological settings become action rules and material procedures. When the students start to design, they unconsciously are putting in action a theoretical framework they acquired during their studies as future architects and during their existence as human beings and citizens. In the Collective Housing Design Studio this relationship between an ideological framework and a built and inhabited reality represents its pedagogic and didactic basement. Indeed is required to the student to stress some theoretical notions in order to see how the architecture discipline can answer to the complexity of a social request. In other words the Collective Housing Design Studio is the place where, more than ever, teaching architecture became architectural education. At the Faculty of Architecture of Oporto, the course of “Projecto 3” is traditionally a Collective Housing Design Studio and represents, by his own professors and didactical processes, the heritage of a historical and almost unique experience between architects and ideological principles: the SAAL. After the Portuguese revolution of 25th April, 1974, a strong housing need caused the creation of the SAAL (Local Support Service Ambulatory). The SAAL was a kind of architectural task‐forces that operated in deteriorated and low income urban areas to design low cost housing for local people. Many professors that taught (and still teach) at the FAUP were SAAL’s members and had the opportunity to participate in the political, social and design processes. The heritage of this experience is still today present in the teaching method and ideology that support the Collective Housing Design Studio course and is visible through a continuous afford for a systematical approach to a large number of questions related to the housing design. The course program is built to take the student as close as possible to this exercise that starts in the world of ideas and ends in the concrete world.
Key words | housing, teaching, ideology, Portugal, SAAL, FAUP
136
PABLO V. FRANKENBERG, M.A. Ludwig‐Uhland‐Institute for Empirical Cultural Studies, University of Tuebingen, Germany,
[email protected]
ICONICITY: THE IDEOLOGY OF NEW MUSEUM ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | The empirical analysis of contemporary museum architecture carried out in 2011 shows a structural similarity between different museum building projects around the world. The different stakeholders involved in these projects represent a variety of conflicting vested interests that are predominantly outside the museum. In many cases, an iconic architectural design is the only objective every stakeholder can agree upon. In the last two decades, this structure dominates the international museum architecture domain. It implies certain unpredictable side effects, though, that do not necessarily correspond with the interests of the stakeholders. Iconic museum architecture discloses a global cultural disposition that is – at least ostensibly – compatible with different interests and cultural contexts. Notwithstanding the compatibility with non‐museological concerns, the empirical data shows that the architecture matches the institution it comprises.
Key words | Museum, Globalization, Iconic Architecture
137
Dr MARISOL VIDAL Institut for Architecture Technology, TU Graz,
[email protected]
CONCRETE AND IDEOLOGY A HARMLESS MIXTURE, A LOADED WEAPON
Abstract | 150 years after its rebirth, concrete has become the most widespread building material but it still raises everything but indifference. This harmless mixture of sand, gravel, cement and water has shown an astonishing ability to convey all kind of ‐ often contradictory ‐ ideological associations. For early socialists, reinforced concrete embodied collective effort, producing a product that is much stronger than its individual elements. The fascists had contradictory feelings for the material. For German fascists, concrete was not German enough and therefore merely the use of local aggregates was encouraged. Fascist Italy was on the contrary an enthusiastic and creative user of concrete. Paradoxically, although concrete was used broadly in the 2nd World War and was associated to the devastation of the conflict, it became right afterwards a symbol for the hope, progress and modernity of Europe’s reconstruction. Concrete was cheap, simple and offered a generic surface upon which new values could be heaped. During the Cold War, concrete was both used to represent the oppression by the communist regimes as well as the alienation of the Western world, scapegoating for the failures of planners and politicians. But, even though it has become a synonym for obliteration, it was the chosen material for the most paradigmatic monuments, memorials and sacral spaces.At the beginning of the 21st Century, in these times of furious capitalism and globalization, the physical omnipresence of concrete has intrinsically tied it to the roots of financial power and political influence. Its ideological construction is not concluded yet, but undergoing a much subtler process. The discourse is not about Ethics anymore, but Aesthetics. And yet, political statements are still hidden in the semantics of concrete ‐ and sometimes even in its grammar. And that is what makes concrete so challenging and fascinating for architects.
Key words | concrete, communism, fascism, nationalism, modernity, memorial
138
M.Sc. MARINA ĐURĐEVIĆ Museum of Science and Technology, Department of Architecture,
[email protected]
THE INFLUENCE OF THE IDEOLOGY AND SPIRIT OF THE TIMES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS OF BROTHERS PETAR AND BRANKO KRSTIC
Abstract | The aim of this paper is to show to what extent and in what way the ideology and spirit of the times influenced the development of architectural projects of the Krstic brothers, especially on their buildings for public use, where this influence is the most evident. The paper will discuss how the socio‐political conditions prevailing in Serbia in the period between the world wars, had determined the architectural path of Petar and Branko Krstic. It will also be discussed how the ideological diversity of the time when the Krstics were active had reflected on their designs. One of the issues the paper deals with is the complex relationship between the Krstic brothers and their investors and the way it defined the character of their architectural oeuvre. Namely, the Krstics had to “pay” the realization of their monumental public buildings with concessions to investors, so these works reflect the spirit of the times rather than personal opinion of their authors. These problems will be discussed on the examples of their projects for St. Sava’s Temple, St. Marko’s Church, the Agrarian Bank Palace and the Iguman’s palace. The paper will also present some less known modernist projects of Petar and Branko Krstic that remained unrealized due to the customer’s lack of understanding for the contemporary architectural form, although at the time this style was no longer a rarity in Serbian architecture. It is particularly important to emphasize that a number of the unrealized Krstics’ designs that investors considered too daring, were created before some other anthology examples of Serbian modern architecture between the two world wars. Revelation of such rarely known facts contributes to the more accurate evaluation of the architectural oeuvre of Petar and Branko Krstic and their general contribution to the development of modern architecture in Serbia, which was one of the basic ideas of this paper.
Key words | architects Petar and Branko Krstic, ideology, spirit of the times, socio‐political conditions, investors, Serbian inter‐war architecture
139
FRANCESCO MENEGATTI, Professor Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico of Milan,
[email protected]
THE MILAN GREEN AND HORIZONTAL CITY GIUSEPPE PAGANO. IDEOLOGY BETWEEN DIAGRAM AND PROGRAM
Abstract | This paper is intended as a contribution to the reading of the urban plan for the area Sempione Fiera called “The Milan green” and the studies on cities that influenced its reasons and that in turn were influenced by it. Giuseppe Pagano (1986‐1945) is a designer and theorist particularly useful in understanding the complex and contradictory role of ideology in the construction of urban form. His theories are presented in numerous editorials of Casabella –he was fierce critic of the society ‐. His most important works are the “The Milan green” and the “horizontal city”. In 1936 Pagano with Franco Albini, Ignazio Gardella and others, designed the new plan of a Milan district and they called it “The Milan green”. It was a new district included in the city. The principles that guided the urban design were those of the rational city, expressed especially in the work of Ludwig Hilberseimer, and about the housing, the reference were the many projects in Milan the same authors were making. The project of “Horizontal city” (1938) designed for the Brera district is drawn with Diotallevi and Marescotti, and with “The Milan green” was another step in understanding the experimentation that he was taking on the design of the city.
Key words | Milan, rationalism, city, Pagano, diagram, program
140
IGOR EKŠTAJN, PhD Student Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb, Harvard University GSAS PhD Student,
[email protected]
Dr KARIN ŠERMAN Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGICAL PARALLAX THE YUGOSLAV PAVILION AT THE 13TH MILAN TRIENNIAL EXHIBITION
Abstract | Besides its primary role of facilitating life, architecture is always implicitly engaged in representation. Quite particular cases are pavilions designed for international exhibitions; instead of housing actuality, they exclusively serve the representation of ideology. They are architecture without a program but with a purpose: acronyms constructed to represent the constructed reality of a certain political and social context. Through a particular case study – the Yugoslav Pavilion at the 13th Milan Triennial Exhibition from 1964, this paper seeks to reveal multiple layers inherently present in this kind of ideologically charged architecture. Yugoslavia saw the 1964 Triennial and its theme “Leisure and Free Time” as a venue to present the country’s ambiguous political identity and its specific ideology of “self‐management” as an applicable model for leisure pursuits. Design of the pavilion was commissioned to Vjenceslav Richter, a prominent Zagreb modern architect with previous experience in exhibition architecture. Using one single element, a 4 by 8 centimeter wooden plank, Richter designed the pavilion structure which served as background for the application of exhibits chosen and curated in advance – photographic posters of people engaged in leisure activities within “self‐managed” institutions. Both the abstract and transparent structure of the pavilion, and the use of an “objective” medium – photography, seem to have denoted only neutrality, objectivity and unmediated legibility. However, the specific overlap of the pavilion’s porous structure and the posters exhibited on it, exploded and fragmented the depictions of institutionalized leisure in almost an iconoclastic manner; it brought forward other connotative layers of their clash. Starting from this theoretical stance, this paper explores the ramifications, motivations, and consequences of instrumentalizing a generally accepted analogy of transparent and abstract— two inherent tropes of modern architecture—as evident, objective and neutral; it the capacity of architecture to represent, but also to simultaneously compromise and subvert, a nominally embraced ideology.
Key words | modern architecture, ideology, transparency, abstraction, iconoclasm
141
SEYED MAHDI KHATAMI, PhD student The University of Sydney,
[email protected]
MICHAEL TAWA, Professor The University of Sydney,
[email protected]
THE INFLUENCE OF QURANIC CONCEPTS ON ISLAMIC URBAN DESIGN NECESSITY OF STUDY
Abstract | Traditional Islamic urbanism is appreciated and promoted in academic circles and architectural schools, while in many cases its lessons are ignored in practice. A mitigating factor is that traditional urbanism is considered merely on the basis of the physical aspects of the city, whereas a city in fact contains and makes possible human life. These two dimensions of the city reciprocally affect and inform each other. A better understanding of human, cultural and ideological aspects of the city is necessary to obtain deeper, more useful knowledge about Islamic urbanism. Urban paradigms can be studied and understood according to their principles and physical structures under two categories. One relates to specific times in history, with their cultural norms and associated technical conditions. The other is time‐free and constant across various eras. Some such concepts are rooted in Islamic philosophy and value systems that have not altered across time. These constant notions can be found in primary Islamic texts such as the Quran. In this paper, the necessity of studying Quranic concepts which may have a bearing on how the city is thought and designed will be investigated. While the function of the Quran, as the most important and comprehensive original resource for Islamic belief,, is not to serve as a manual for urban design, many of its philosophical and ethical pronouncements do have significant bearing on the nature and function of the city. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the important role of authentic Islamic beliefs in designing contemporary Islamic cities that honor traditional philosophical, religious and ethical precepts.
Key words | Islamic city, Islamic urban design, Quranic city, Traditional urbanism
142
Dr MLADEN BURAZOR, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture Sarajevo,
[email protected]
COMMERCIALISM AS A NEW IDEOLOGY IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE REVIEW OF A POST WAR BUILDING TENDENCY IN THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Abstract | Globalisation and commercialism are often viewed as a driving force behind progress but at the same time its influence on architecture is heavily criticised by many. Interests of a private and public sector often disagree in terms of land use proposals and in many cases interests of corporations are favoured in the eyes of politicians. In the recent decades, reinvention of hybrid buildings in contemporary architecture becomes a new tool to reconcile these different agendas. The effect of the fall of Socialists regime in former Yugoslavia and transition to a new political and economy system had strong impact on architecture in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post war construction activities were mainly directed towards rebuilding of housing capacities and public buildings. New constructions were seldom and financed mainly from private funds. Devastation of industrial buildings followed by privatisation had taken its toll on industrial production and very soon new buildings emerged on the foundations of formerly successful industries situated within the city. Land use proposals for prime locations were altered to accommodate commercially acceptable buildings. As never before, the need for existing public spaces was questioned in terms of potential for new developments and the needs of community became needs of private sector. Changes in the global economy are felt in almost every aspect of human activities. Capital investments traditionally associated with public funds are postponed sometimes indefinitely. At the same time, there are many models that are recognized in the developed countries and could be adopted as a part of a building strategy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the advantages that can be seen in the combination of architectural programs and private and public investments within single buildings. Hybrid buildings which are in turn multifunctional, optimized and more economically efficient whilst public oriented, are seen as a good solution for tackling issues in regard to economy and public vs. private interests.
Key words | commercialism, hybrid buildings, building tendency
143
NERMINA ZAGORA, PhD student Faculty of Architecture Sarajevo/Firma d.o.o. Sarajevo, nerminaz@firma‐arh.com
DINA ŠAMIĆ, PhD student Sapienza University of Rome/Firma d.o.o. Sarajevo, dinas@firma‐arh.com
THE ROLE OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF CITY BRANDING
Abstract | This paper intends to explore the characteriscs of a new ideology that stands behind contemporary architecture, having in mind that 21st century is marked by the rise of processes of internationalization and globalization, parallel to the decline of nationalist ideologies. We will focus on the phenomenon of city branding and analyze the ideals of global economy as the main driving forces in contemporary architecture, which have replaced the former concepts of nationalist ideologies. City branding is characterized by accelerating dynamics in architectural development, as well as competitiveness, sensationalism and spectacle, and is often created by global architectural stars. Referring to “Bilbaoism” or “Dubaism” and similar phenomena which are multiplied throughout the world, we intend to examine if the named trends reflect the emancipation and the rise of the role of architect over an ideological system, or whether they merely represent Faustian bargains. The case study of Omotesando avenue in Tokyo will be included in order to analyze the links between global economy, architectural and fashion design and illustrate the transformation of architectural spaces and cities into products and brands, as an expression of a system of consumerist values and ideologies of contemporary age.
Key words | city branding, global economy, star architecture, identity
144
BRANISLAVA KOVAČEVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ANA SPASOJEVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Research Assistant at the Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia,
[email protected]
BLOCKS ALONG YURI GAGARIN ST. – LAYER BY LAYER
Abstract | The parts of New Belgrade by the bank of the Sava river (colloquially ‐ the Blocks) today have a population of about 90 000 inhabitants. Yuri Gagarin Street, which has been transformed over time from a road to a linear city center, makes the outline of the space. By "unwrapping" layer by layer in the formation of the Blocks , the authors have found some interesting connections between the current ideology and its reification through plans and their realization. The following phases were noticed: Concept and first plans (60s of XX century) Yuri Gagarin Street is being traced, a large architectural and urbanistic competitions are being announced (first in blocks 45 and 70, and then in Bežanija blocks), land is being nationalized. Realizations (70s of XX century) Blocks 45 and 70 were built and blocks 61‐64 are being constructed. Although newspapers of the time write with pride about major architectural undertakings and thousands of built apartments, experts are increasingly discussing the profitability and human orientation of the new settlements. Contesting the previous models (80s of XX century) Postmodernism and its challenge to the town model of the Athens Charter, leading to the construction of blocks 44 and 70a. New models (90s of XX century) Change of policy, the introduction of market economy and changes in land ownership status leading to, as was thought, a more rational urban planning, but also to "depersonalization" of the city and gradually to "filling holes". Epilogue (First decade of XX century) The construction of shopping malls and residential buildings along Yuri Gagarin Street, the formation of street corridors, fragmentation of land.
Key words | New Belgrade blocks, Yuri Gagarin Street, urban transformation, ideology
145
DANIJELA MILOVANOVIĆ RODIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
KSENIJA LALOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
JELENA ŽIVKOVIĆ, Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade,
[email protected]
ARCHITECTURE FOR THE OTHER 90% SOCIAL ACTIVISM, ECONOMIC RECESION OR CLIMATE CRISIS RESPOND
Abstract | The term "Design for (with) the Other 90%" means the search for design solutions that addressed the most basic needs of the 90% of the world's population not traditionally served by professional designers. In this paper we examine the motives and discuss the value systems standing in the background of such actions. The first group of motives fall within the spirit of social activism. In recent years, there can be recognized raising number of designers of different backgrounds who re‐actualize the early modernist period understanding of the role and range of the design, in which the design is interpreted as a discipline which can address the world's most critical issues such as poverty, social injustice, pollution or climate change. They do engage their specific knowledge concerning the space design searching for new solutions and mechanisms for improvement of quality or even saving lives. The second group includes motives generated by the recent economic recession, which has contributed to reducing the investments and consequently the need and opportunity for standard professional engagement of architects. In this context, an increasing number of architects who are looking for new types of engagement and sources of funding work for and with public and private funds intended to care for vulnerable and disadvantaged, actually the majority within those 90%. The third group of motives arrived from environmental issues we face today. Calls on energy and environmentally sensible design have reached critical level both in the wider public and professional circles. The architects' knowledge, skills and competences are used in the search for solutions that are cheap, energy efficient, environmentally sensitive and such that "other 90%" can participate in their realization. The main objective of this paper is to discuss such architecture and its the potential to achieve sustainable solutions of different but highly related developmental issues that “Other 90%", the architects and the planet itself are facing with.
Key words | Architecture, Other 90%, social activism, economic recesion, climate change
146
RENATA JADREŠIN‐MILIĆ, Teaching Assistant Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade University,
[email protected]
THE IDEOLOGY OF THE VISUAL IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Abstract | The revival of formalism in aesthetics and contemporary architecture coincides with an increased interest in visual and formal properties of architecture. It is especially manifest in the introduction of computers into the profession, which also opened new possibilities of the visual and the formal in design. Drawings, models and animations are now the means for transferring specific compositional and spatial characteristics of the project to a range of interested parties, such as customers, workers at the site, or the general public. However, this is not only characteristic of the modern era. It is well known that since Vitruvius and the theory of optical corrections, building has been recognized as a means to convey the idea of a spatial composition. The importance of the visual experience of architecture has been tremendous. There is very similar understanding by which the building itself is not so much an aesthetic object as the idea of architecture that is visually perceived, which permeates much of the Renaissance architectural theory. Theoretical discussions of the 15th and 16th centuries, arisen from a new awareness of the geometric nature of visual experience and the ability to mechanically reproduce the image, which were in turn prompted by the discovery of perspective and versatile visual research in this field, today are quite actual, relevant and close to modern thinking. Theoretical views of many contemporary architects show that the interest has returned to the visual in architecture. As a result of the digital revolution, the conquest of new tools to deal with the spatial properties of architecture becomes a major preoccupation of the profession. Such theoretical views constitute a coherent conceptual whole, and they also show the ideas and values of how one perceives and experiences one’s society at a given moment. All individuals share certain universal values, and universal, timeless principles are reflected in the visual forms which do not require words, translation or explanation.
Key words | visual properties, formal properties, spatial properties, image, idea, contemporary architecture
147
TAMARA BILJMAN Art Historian,
[email protected]
THE SCENE OF THE THEATRE POLITICS ARCHITECTURE IN FUNCTION OF NAZI AND SOVIET PROPAGANDA ON 1937 WORLD FAIR
Abstract | This research will analyse the symbolic positioning of Albert Speer’s and Boris Iofan's pavilions on the grounds of the World Expo, held in Paris in 1937. The paper refers to the Exposition as the national‐socialist and soviet political theatre. Pavilions, as architectural amphitheatre, clearly showed that the presentation of politics had become more important than politics itself. What singles out the 1937 Paris Expo from previous ones, as well as from those to come, is the fact that it did not only point to the problems of the present and the past. In a certain way it indicated what would happen in the near future, although rare were those who were ready to rationally accept dark clouds that were hanging over them. French officials believed that in proportion to the increase of the cultural exchange between those countries, the possibility of a new war would reduce. Nazi’s effort to present the Franco‐Germanic relationship as a friendly one, as well as French optimism that followed, achieved its zenith at that Expo. German and Soviet pavilion were centrally positioned. The Eiffel tower, surrounded by them, portrayed the position of France, which was even more threatened by Nazism than by Communism. Both German and Soviet pavilion represented, in a symbolic way, Rebirth of the two countries, their capacity to overcome the biggest crisis, national pride of the leading parties, as well as their preparedness to fight each another. The objective of this research is actually an attempt to present architecture as a form of art that has a direct impact on consciousness, as supreme expression of ideology and politics. The two pavilions, along with their accompanying programs, clearly expressed the power and the role of propaganda architecture in the creation of illusion of peace in the Interwar period.
Key words | Ideology; Propaganda; Exhibition; Pavilions; Nazism; Communism
148
PARASKEVI PANTELIADOU, PhD student Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
[email protected]
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES OF IDEOLOGY ON CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS DECODING EISENMAN’S BLURRING CONCEPT
Abstract | In the late 1980s, Peter Eisenman shifted from an investigation of ‘artificial excavations’ as an architectural tool to a conscious pursuit of a concept he called ‘blurring’. In his case, ideology seems to revolve largely around an ambition to uncover a hitherto concealed “essence’ of architecture. As he describes in his book “Blurred Zones: investigations of the interstitial”, blurring is not a visual effect, but rather deals with affect, that is, a strategy for exploring mind/body relationship in architecture, that displaces the conventional or expected experience of space. Blurring in this context is never literal; one never sees blurring. This paper attempts to reveal the different definitions of blurring (the between, the interstitial) and the many forms that it takes in Eisenman’s projects. Specifically, analyzing the book and drawing upon its context with a postructuralistic approach, the study explores the ways that Eisenman introduces the idea of blurring as a third phase into the process of design. After the texts of function, site and program and the texts of the interiority and anteriority of architecture, which together define a traditional practice, the phase of blurring attemtps to dislocate the stability of a place in a conceptual way. For the purpose of showing the way Eisenman adresses this concept on architectural design process, the study focuses on selected projects, such as the Aronoff Center for Design and Art, the Greater Columbus Convention Center, both in Ohio and the Max Reinhardt Haus in Berlin.
Key words | Ideology, Architecture, Design, Process, Blurring, Eisenman
149
Dr SOUAD SASSI BOUDEMAGH University Mentouri of Constantine, Algeria, 25000, souad44@hotmail .com
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND PROFESSIONNAL IDEAL OF ARCHITECT
Abstract | Architectural production is related to economic output as much as the intellectual production or the dominant ideologies. From immemorial time, autocrats have always privileged places, monuments, mosques, mausoleums and other prestigious projects. These have included, in modern times, highways, stadiums and other feats of architectural and constructive technologies. Governors supporting socialism promoted the large social housing projects, and capitalism has led to huge business centers and administrative skyscrapers in the urban cores. For this fact, the urban fabric of any country can be considered as a constructed and symbolic expression of fundamental outlook of the political regime in that country. However, many think and say in their speeches that the political ideology of the architect, master of the work itself, influences the orientation of the image produced by the architectural work more directly than the outcome of power. And then they even attribute the buildings to the authors: the one is from a fascist; the other is a communist and one by a Democratic Socialist. We will focus in this paper on many conceptual dimensions of the architect’s work, in the objective to explore the reasons of involvement or non‐political and social involvement of the architect, with conceptual lighting of the relationship between the design process and power.
Key words | Design dimensions / architect and power / architect involvement / design process and ideology
150
DEJAN ZEC, PhD student, Junior Researcher Institute for Recent History of Serbia,
[email protected]
PROPOSED OLYMPIC COMPLEX IN BELGRADE – PROJECT BY HITLER’S ARCHITECT WERNER MARCH
Abstract | The author tends to analyse correlation between the ascent to power of Milan Stojadinović, a pro‐German Yugoslav politician and the increase of influence of National Socialist cultural patterns in Yugoslav society of the late 1930s. The case study is a proposed project of Olympic complex that was supposed to be built for the 1948 Olympics in Belgrade, which was designed by Werner March, prominent German architect, famous for building Olympic stadium in Berlin for 1936 Olympics. The paper focuses on several main objectives: the fascination of Yugoslav sportsmen and politicians with Berlin Olympics of 1936 and Belgrade’s application for hosting the Olympics in 1948; March’s proposal and its aesthetic, symbolic and ideological connotations; the reaction of the Yugoslav public. The paper is based on relevant literature, relevant historical sources, archive documents and press articles.
Key words | Werner March, Olympic complex, Belgrade, Nazi architecture, Milan Stojadinović
151
ANA MEHNERT PASCOAL, MA Museums of the University of Lisbon,
[email protected]
IDEOLOGY SHAPING KNOWLEDGE SITES THE CASE OF THE CIDADE UNIVERSITÁRIA CAMPUS IN LISBON
Abstract | The Cidade Universitária campus in Lisbon was established throughout the 20th century and shaped according to distinct political ideologies. Despite being one of the main areas of the city, it constitutes nowadays an example of poor arrangement planning, even though urbanization has been a preocupation of many planners. Nonetheless, this accumulated campus bears more than 30 remarkable higher education facilities and research buildings, many by renowned portuguese architects, which echo Portuguese architecture during the past century.
Key words | University of Lisbon, campus, ideology, architecture, urban planning, 20th century
152
DANIELA V. DE FREITAS SIMÕES, PhD student Institute of Art History – FCSH/UNL,
[email protected]
DESIGNING AN IDEOLOGY TWO CASE‐STUDIES IN THE PORTUGUESE CONTEXT
Abstract | This paper has the purpose of delimiting the Political, Economic and Educational Policies associated with the Estado Novo as well as providing a vertical interpretational between these themes and the Architecture of two case studies – Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) and Cidade Universitária de Lisboa (UCL). Architectonic and Urban options are explored while establishing relationships between these and the modernity ordered by Estado Novo while patron searching for recognition through the constructions of equipments reflecting both its Monumental character as well as an Interventive and Modern one; later on, this position is inflected aiming then to achieve an image associated with Tradition, Nationality and an Extra‐temporany one.
Key words | Educational Policies, Estado Novo, Educational Architecture, Campus, Urban Planning in Lisbon, Public Works Policies
153
PREDRAG MARKOVIĆ, PhD student Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, Serbia,
[email protected]
INFLUENCES OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND POWER ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN NEW BELGRADE ‐ CASE STUDY: SAVA CENTER Abstract | Since it's inception,the architecture has operated under the strong influence of different forms of power.As it's physical representative,it was often manipulated by dominant ideology,in praise of self‐affirmation and validity of it's own ideals.Although establishment of New Belgrade as the Federal capital of new,communist Yugoslavia was not completely realized,during his decade‐long development,government sought opportunity to express through public and administrative buildings it's power and integrity of ideology,along with monumentality and contemporaneity of local architectural and building practice.Often,these objects were over‐ burdened due to the lack of required balance between government‐demanded representative and functional qualities of the facility and professional attitudes and tendencies of the architects,which led to questionable architectural results. In this sense,the Sava Center complex represents a significant local example,positioned at the intersection of planes of political ideology,architectural practice,functional and formal requirements. This case‐study of Sava Center complex investigates relations and influences of political ideology and it's interference in the design of a highly important project, both for government and public.It uses urban displacement and form of the building,historical facts and testimonies of principal architect Stojan Maksimović and his associates on this project as starting points of analysis, in order to reveal traces of ideological reflections in the building itself. With the construction of Sava Center,the administrative role of New Belgrade gains a new dimension. Sava Center provides the city a role of significant European convention center,and the state's ability to host events of global importance,further reinforcing the specific position of Yugoslavia in international geo‐political relations.With all its amenities,Sava Center becomes a generator of economic and cultural life in New Belgrade,bringing the necessary dynamics of the city to unfinished capital of the Federation,lost in the changing political,social and economic paradigms.Metaphorically following the direction of a neutral foreign policy of the state in the cold‐war,bipolar world,architectural and urban aspects of Sava Centre wisely balance between obsolete and conflicting concepts that marked the formation of New Belgrade.
Key words | political ideology,congress center,political influence,Sava Center,government power,public buildings
154
LJILJANA MILETIĆ ABRAMOVIĆ, MA Museum of Applied Art Belgrade,
[email protected]
THE PARADIGM OF BOGDAN BOGDANOVIĆ: THE NEW SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND IDEOLOGY OF POSTMODERNISM
Abstract | This paper aims to present the influence of Bogdan Bogdanovic on ideological change of architectural spirit of Belgrade in period between 1960’s and 1980’s. His activities as an architect, urban developer, university professor, reformer of the school of architecture and theoretician, and to a lesser degree also a politician (mayor of Belgrade) will be discussed. He was the chief advocate and protagonist of the concept of radically changing the content and system of teaching on Belgrade’s Faculty of Architecture, as a Dean and professor. He was the main inspirer and protagonist of the idea of „The New School of Architecture“. He influenced with his charisma as a professor, architectural and theoretical work, as well as the mayor of Belgrade the generations of architects, who took the architectural stage in 1980’s. These generations adopted and defined the new Post‐Modern discourse, and they substantially laid out the development of contemporary Serbian architecture.
Key words | Bogdan Bogdanović, New School of Architecture, City‐builder, Mayor, Post‐Modern, Ideology
155
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS|
158
1.
Abramović Vladimir, PhD student
2.
Amhoff Tilo, Professor
3.
Arsić Petar, Professor
4.
Babić Tatjana, Teaching Assistant
5.
Balzam Renata, PhD student
6.
Bašić Duško, Phd student
7.
Biljman Tamara
8.
Bjažić Klarin Tamara, Senior Assistant
9.
Blagojević Ljiljana, Associate Professor
10. Borovnjak Đurđa 11. Boudemagh Souad Sassi 12. Bozovic Stamenovic Ruzica, Associate Professor 13. Brkić Aleksandar, PhD student 14. Burazor Mladen, Teaching Assistant 15. Çabuk Suat, Associate Professor 16. Cagić Milošević Vesna, Assistant professor 17. Celsi Claudia, PhD student 18. Chizzoniti Domenico, Assistant Professor 19. Chmelnizki Dmitrij 20. Ćirović Anđelka, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 21. Corneille Meuwissen Jean Marie 22. Čukić Iva, PhD student 23. Dajč Haris, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 24. Danilović Hristić Nataša 25. de Freitas Simões Daniela V., PhD student 26. Dinulović Radivoje, Professor 27. Djurdjevic Marina 28. Domaradzki Krzysztof 29. Đukanović Zoran, Assistant Professor 30. Ekštajn Igor, PhD Student 31. Ginoulhiac Marco, Professor 32. Gondim Mônica, Professor 33. Gordeeva Yulia, PhD student 34. Gürdalli Huriye, Professor 35. Hadzimuhamedović Fehim, Professor 36. Hristova Aneta 37. Ibelings Hans, Architectural historian, The Architecture Observer 38. J.Al‐Basri Ghassan, MSc, Senior Lecturer 39. Jadrešin‐Milić Renata, Teaching Assistant 40. Jovanović Jelica, architect 41. Jovanović Monika, PhD student 42. Kadijević Aleksandar, Professor 43. Keković Aleksandar, Assistant Profesor 44. Klein Rudolf, Professor 45. Klein Lidia, PhD student
46. Knežević ‐ Lukić Nevenka, CI spec. 47. Kocić Marija, PhD student 48. Koldas Umut, Assistant Professor 49. Konstantinović Dragana, MSc 50. Kontrec Zvonimir, PhD student 51. Korobina Irina 52. Koutoupis George, Professor 53. Kovačević Branislava, Ph.D. student 54. Krklješ Milena, Assistant Professor 55. Kršinić‐Lozica Ana, Junior Researcher 56. Kujundzic Kosara, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 57. Kurtović Folić Nađa, Professor 58. Kušić Aleksandar PhD student 59. Lalović Ksenija, Assistant Professor 60. Lambertucci Filippo, Associate Professor 61. Lazić Marko, Teaching Assistant 62. Lojanica Vladimir, Associate Professor 63. López Cano Juan, PhD student 64. Ljuština Aleksandra 65. Madadi Kandjani Elham,MSc 66. Mahdi Khatami Seyed, PhD student 67. Mako Vladimir, Professor 68. Marić Igor, Senior Scientific Associate 69. Marković Iva, PhD student 70. Marković Predrag, PhD student 71. Martinovic Marija,PhD student 72. Matejic Marko, PhD student 73. Maurer Jacqueline, BA 74. Medjo Verica, PHD student, Teaching Assistant 75. Menegatti Francesco, Professor 76. Mičkei Karl, M.Arch, Teaching Assistant 77. Mihajlov Vladimir, Teaching Assistant 78. Mihajlović Miloš, PhD student 79. Mikhnova Polina 80. Milaković Mira, Teaching Assistant 81. Milašinović Dijana Marić 82. Miletić Abramović Ljiljana, MA 83. Milijić Saša, Senior Scientific Associate 84. Milivojević Dejan,MSc 85. Milovanović Rodic Danijela, Assistant Professor 86. Milovanović Rodic Danijela, Assistant Professor 87. Mitrović Nevena, PHD student 88. Mičkei Karl, M.Arch, Teaching assistant 89. Mladenović Dimitrije, Professor 90. Muminović Milica, PhD student
91. Muthesius Stefan, Professor 92. Nencini Dina, Professor 93. Nikolić Mila, Assistant Professor 94. Özkan Altınöz Meltem, PhD student 95. Pajkić Milica, PhD student 96. Pallini Cristina, Senior researcher 97. Panteliadou Paraskevi, PhD Student 98. Parežanin Vladimir, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 99. Pascoal Ana Mehnert, MA 100. Pavlović Marija Maša, PhD student 101. Perišić Ana, Teaching Assistant 102. Pešić Mladen, PhD student 103. Pešterac Aleksandra, PhD student 104. Petrović Marjan, Assistant 105. Pilipović Dragana, PhD student 106. Pličanić Maja, PhD student 107. Posocco Pisana, Associate Professor 108. Pucar Mila, Scientific Adviser 109. Purwani Ofita, PhD student 110. Putnik Vladana, Ph.D student 111. Radić Nenad, Assistant Professor 112. Radomirović Anja, PhD student 113. Ristić Trajković Jelena, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 114. Salatin Francesca, PhD student 115. Samardžić Nikola, Professor 116. Simon Mariann, Associate Professor 117. Simone Sante, PhD student 118. Spasojević Ana, Ph.D. student 119. Stamatović Vučković Slavica, M.Sc 120. Stanojev Ivan, PhD student 121. Stevanović Vladimir, PhD student 122. Stojanović Aleksandar, PhD student 123. Stojanović Marko, Student 124. Stojiljković Danica, PhD student 125. Stupar Aleksandra, Associate Professor 126. Šamić Dina, PhD student 127. Šarić Jagoda, PhD student 128. Sassi Boudemagh Souad 129. Šerman Karin 130. Šiđanin Predrag, Professor 131. Šišović Grozdana, Phd.student 132. Šmid Andrej, PhD student 133. Šuvaković Miodrag Miško, Professor 134. Tamas Andrea, PhD student 135. Tawa Michael, Professor
136. Tentokali Vana, Professor 137. Tolić Ines, Assistant Professor 138. Tomazella Paolo, PhD student 139. Tufegdžić Anica, PhD student, Teaching Assistant 140. V. Frankenberg Pablo, M.A. 141. Vaništa Lazarević Eva, Professor 142. Vidal Marisol 143. von Möllendorff Nathalie‐Josephine, Phd student 144. Vujošević Milica, MA 145. Vukmirović Milena, Teaching Assistant 146. Vukotić Lazar Marta 147. Zagora Nermina, PhD student 148. Zatrić Mejrema 149. Zec Dejan, PhD student, Junior Researcher 150. Živkovic Jelena, Assistant Professor
R a n k o R A D O V I Ć
Raised and educated in Belgrade. Graduated from the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. Earned the MSc degree in 1971. mentored by prof. arch.Oliver Minić (Urban morphology). Obtained PhD degree in University of Paris Sorbonne in 1980. mentored by Prof. Bernard Dorival (Continuity of ideas and shapes in modern architecture). In Belgrade Faculty of Architecture he was elected in all teaching titles in subject Modern Architecture and Urban Planning from 1972 till 1992. He was also the Professor in Novi Sad (founder and head of the Architectural department), of the University of Arts in Belgrade, Technical faculty in Helsinki and University in Tsukuba, Japan. He was teaching on post graduate studies in universities of Rome, Palermo, Stockholm, Paris, Lyon, Melbourne, Kyoto‐Ritsumeikan, Iwate‐Morioka, Lisbon, Zurich, Skopje, Zagreb, Ljubljana. He held numerous public lectures in all the main cities of ex‐Yugoslavia. In Belgrade, only in “Kolarac” Foundation he held 150 lectures for a numerous audience. Personal photo of Ranko Radović He was talking about architecture and city on radio and television, and for Belgrade TV he prepared and realized 29 episodes serial program cycle: Rečnik arhitekture and Antologija kuća. He was the member of numerous professional organizations in the country and abroad. The President of IFHP (International Federation for Housing and Planning) from 1984 to 1992. The member of UIA Council (International Union of Architects) from 1984 to 1990. He published more than 300 scientific and professional studies and essays, 17 books, 4 of them abroad. The most significant are: Antologija kuća (Gradjevinska knjiga 1988., 8 editions), Nova antologija kuća (Gradjevinska knjiga 2001., 6 editions), Savremena arhitektura izmedju stalnosti i promena, ideja i oblika (Stylos Novi Sad 1998., 2 editions), Forma grada (Stylos & Orion‐Art 2003., the same year the book was awarded inUrban Salon), Novi vrt i stari kavez (posthumous edition, Stylos 2005.). On cities, planning & urban design ‐ Finnish Experience, 1991‐1995. (Helsinki University,1996.) and Urban Guide Helsinki (Helsinki City Planning Department, 1996) were published in English. The Guide had several editions and it was translated to Finnish, French, German and Russian language. He participated in 34 architectural competitions, realized 16 urban projects among these parts of Helsinki, new district Vuosaari and marina Hertoniemi in 1996 As the graphic artist and painter, he had 26 individual exhibitions (2 posthumous in Belgrade), many of them abroad (in Finland, Lisbon, Palermo, Budapest, Hague and Paris – in Latin Quarter 2001) as well as 11 collective exhibitions.
Spomen kuća bitke na Sutjesci (Battle on Sutjeska Memorial House), Ranko Radović, 1964‐1972. Twenty nine of his projects are realized (in Vrnjačka Banja, Aranđelovac, Apatin, Sombor, Bačka Palanka, Novi Sad, Dimitrovgrad, in Montenegro, on Tjentište, and in Belgrade, theathre Atelje 212 and craftsmen centre “Gradić Pejton‐Peyton Place”. Spomen kuća bitke na Sutjesci (Battle on Sutjeska Memorial House) brought him the place in three books of the famous American theorist of architecture Charles Jencks, who ranked Radović among the most prominent architects today. Winner of the award in October Art Salon in 1967. Winner of the award of the 12th Urban Salon in 2003, award for Life Achievement of The Serbian Association of Applied Arts Artist and designers, ULUPUDS in 2000, Vuk’s award in 1997, award for architecture “Đorđe Tabaković” 2001. Posthumously The Association of Applied Arts Artist and Designers of Serbia (ULUPUDS) established in 2006 the Award for architecture “Ranko Radović” (consisting of three parts: award for realized work in architecture, award for a book about architecture and city, and award for TV and multimedia exposition about architecture and city). IFHP launched in 2006 The International student competition with the award for their architectural projects, bearing the name of Ranko Radović.
The exhibition of entries submitted for RR Awards, design of the exhibition Aleksa Bijelović, ULUPUDS