Water Supply Engineering

frrylronmeruan rngme€fmg (vor.

tt

Tt/arer Supply

Engineering S.K. Garg

Contents Introduction to S.I. Units Interconversion of MKS and S.I. Units

(xuii)

(rr)

Cnagrens

1. Introduction 1.1 Importance and Necessity for planned 1.2 1.3 L.4 2.

Their Development in India Pricing of Municipal Water Supplies Planning and Execution of Modern Water Supply Schemes

Water Demands Various Types of Water Demands Total Requirement of Water for a Town or a City The Per Capita Demand (q) Factors affecting Pert)apita Demand Factors affecting Losses and Wastes Variations in Demand Effects of Variations in Demand on the

2.8 2.9

Design Capacities of Different Components of a Water Supply Scheme Design Periods Population Data and Population growth Population Forecasting Methods

Sources of Water, Hydrological Concepts, and Study ofSurface Sources 3.1 Generallntroduction Hydrological Concepts 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11

I 2 D

6

8

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

2.L0

3. .

Water Supplies Financing of Water Supply Schemes and

I

Hydrological Cycle Precipitation Types of Precipitation

8 15 16 16

20 20

23 27 ,.R

30

ot ot 58 58

-59

Rainfall and Its Distribution Measurement of Rainfall Measurement of Snow Average Annual Rainfall, Minimum Annual Rainfall, and Index of Wetness Water Budget of India Characteristics of Rain Storm Run off and Estimation of Run off

(r)

60 61 67 67 68 69 70

(xi) PAGES

CHAPTERS

Surface Sources of Water 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15

Ponds and Lakes as Surface Sources ofSupplies Streams and Rivers as Surface Sources of Water SuPPlies Storage Reservoirs as Surface Sources ofSupplies Quality and Quantity of Surface Waters and their usefulness for Public Water Suppiies

Sub Surface or Underground Sources Factors Governing the Selection ofa

Particular Source of Water

4.

Development of Ground Water

4.1 4.2

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.g

Occurrence of Ground Water Geological Factors Governing the Occurrence

/bl

108 109 110

rt? 1L2

of Ground Water Zones of Under-ground Water

Ltz

Movement of Ground Water and its Velocity Coefficient of PermeabilitY Drainage of Ground Water

116

Ground WaterYieid Aquifers and their TYPes Certain Other Important Terms Related to Ground Water Various Forms of Underground Sources

4.10 Infiltration Galleries 4.11 Infiltration Wells 4.12 Springs Wells 4.13 Open Wells or DugWells

4.14 Tubewe]Is 4.15 Yield of Wells and Tubewells by Thiem's

114 L20 122 122 L24 127

L28 131 133

135

r47

Equilibrium Formulas 4.16 Dupuit's Equilibrium Formuias for Estimating Yield of Wells and Tubewells 4.1? Partial Penetration of an Aquifer by a Well 4.18 Spherical Flow in a Well

182

4.19 Interference among Wells

195 198

4.20 Surface ofSeepage and Free Surface Ctrrve 4.21 Weil loss and Specific Capacity of Wells 4.22 Efficiency of a Well

187 190 194

20L 202

(xii) CHaprnns

Pacrs

4.23 Non-Equilibrium Formula for Confined Aquifers (Unsteady Radial Flows) 4.24 Design of Strainer Tubewells 4.25 Quality and Quantity of Groundwater and

its Usefulness for Public Water Supplies

4.26 Comparative study

Pipes as Gravity Mains Flow in Pipe Systems Forces Acting on pressure Conduits

Certain Important Definitions

Various Types (Materials) of pressure pipes Layout of Water Supply pipes Pipe Appurtenances 6.10 Testing of the Water Mains (pipe lines) .a

7. PumpsforLiftingWater 7.L Generallntroduction 7.2 \rpes of Pumps i.A Factors Affecting the Selection 7.4 7.5 7.6 8.

225

231 231 23L 233 235, 237 247

25L

255 255 256 260

275 284 309 310 325

326 334

338 of a particular

338 340

Type ofPump

358

Horse Power and Efficiency of pumps Economical Diameter of the pumping Mains Pumping Stations

359 360 365

Q-uality Control of Municipal and Industrial lYater Supplies

8.1 8.2 8.3

224

Types of Intakes Simple Submerged Intakes Intake Towers Medium Sized River Intake Structures Canal Intakes Intakes for Sluiceways of Dams

6. Conduits for Transporting lVater 6.1 Definition and General Lltroduction 6.2 Various Tlpes of Conduits 6.3 Hydraulics of Flow and Design of pressure 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

272

of surface and

. subsurface Supplies 5, fntakes For Collecting Surface Water 5.1 Definition and General Introd.uction 5.2 Factors governing the Location ofan Intake 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

208

Generallntroduction Characteristics of Water Water Borne Diseases and their Control

377 377 378 4L5

(

xiii

)

Cnaprnns

8.4 8.5

Pecns Quality Standards for Municipal or Domestic Supplies

Quality Standards for Industrial Supplies

9. Purification of Water Supplies 9.1 Generallntroduction 9.2 Methods of Purifrcation of Water Screening

9.3

Course and Fine Screens

9.4 9.5 9.6

Theory of Sedimentation

9.7 9.8 9.9

Plain Sedimentation (Type I settling)

418 435

440 440 44C

441 441.

442

SedimentationTanks

443 450

Tube Settlers

+t6

Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation Analysis of Flocculent Settling (Type 2 Settling) Chemicals used for Coagulation The Constituents of a Coagulation Sedimentation

Piant

478 479 482 490

9.10 Combined Coagulation cum Sedimentation Tanks 9.11 Laboratory Testing for Determining Optimum Coagulant Quantities

501

.503

9.12 Production ofSludge in the Coagulation Sedimentation Process

Filtration 9.13 Theory of Filtration

9.14 Filter Materihls 9.15 Types of Filters and Their Classification 9.16 Slow Sand Filters 9.17 Rapid Gravity Filters 9.18 Design of Filteing Media for Rapid Gravity Filters 9.19 Hydraulics of Sand Gravity Filters 9.20 Slow Sand Filters Versus Rapid Gravity Filters 9.21 Pressure Filters 9.22 Other Types of Filters Disinfection or Sterilisation 9.23 Minor Methods of Disinfection 9.24 Chlorination Water Softening 9.25 Methods of Removing Temporary Hardness 9.26 Methods of Removing Permanent Hardness Miscellaneous Treatments 9.27 Removal ofColours, Odours and Tastes from Waters

504 508 509 510 511 511 517 537 541.

550 DD.J

556 558 . DDY

563 583 584 D6D

610 611

(xiu) PAGES CHAPTERS

9.28 Removal

Water of Salt and Dissolved Solids from

;

i.e. Desalination o9q Removal of Iron and Manganese from Water from Water 9.30 Addition to and Removal of Fluorides Removal from Water 9.31 Arsenic Contamination and its

Water 9.32 Removal of Radioactivity from Supplies Water Treating of methods 9.33 Domestic 9.34 Packaged Natural Mineral Waters 9.35 BIS Siandards for Packaged DrinkingWater oiir". tft"" Packaged Natural Mineral Waters

10. DistributionSYstem

10.1 General Introduction System 10.2 Requirements of a Good Distribution

10.3 Anangement of Distribution

Pipes and Other

Accessories

10.4 Layouts of Distributioh Networks 10.5 Methods of Distribution 10.6 Pressures in the Distribution System 10.7 SYstems of SuPPIY Distribution Reservoirs

10.8 Functrons of Distribution Reservoirs 10.9 Types of Distribution Reservoirs 10.10 Stand PiPes Reservoirs 10. 11 Storage Capacity of Distribution Distribution 10.12 Location and Height of the Reservoirs System Wastage of Water in the Distribution Pipes Distribution the in 10.13 Detection of Leakage

Design of Distribution Networks of a Simple Distribution 10' 14 Fixing the Sizes of Pipes SYstem

-

10.15 Analysis of Complex Pipe Netvror!:s System Appurtenances in the Distribution 10.16 Fire HYdrants 10.1? Water Meters

11. Water supply Plumbing

Systems in

and Houses

ii. i

11.2 11.3 11.4

Buildings

Plumbing Svstem in Water Supplies The House Water Connection StoP Cocks

Water TaPs and Bib Cocks

6L7 633

'

"

634 644 651

652 665

672

681 681 681

682 683 688

692 693

694 695 695 699 700

719 723

724 726

726 733

745 749 753

760 760 760

762 762

\xu

)

PAGES

Cneptnns Pipe Fittings 11.6. Storage of Water in Buildings LLl Water Piping Systems in Buildings 11.8 Design Considerations for Water Piping Systems

11.5

in Buildings

IIot Water Appliances and Installations

11.9

Hot Water Requirement 11.10 Domestic Hot Water Appliances 11.11 Solar Water Heaters 11.12 Centralised Hot Water Systems

L2, Water Supplies of Small Communities in Rural Area

L2.l

Introduction

L2.2

Sources of Water for Small Communities

in Rural Areas

L2.6 12.7 12.8

Rural Water SuPPIY Scheme Assessing the Required Water Treatment for a Given Source Treatment Methods for High Fluorine Water Treatment Methods for Removing lron Chlorinating Small Community Supplies

and Preparing Water Supply Projects 13.1 Geieral Introduciion 13.2 Data to be Collected 13.3 Analysis of Data and Project Formulation ,13.4 Project Drawings 13.5 Project Estimates 13.6 Project RePorts

13. Planning

Process Design of a ComPlete Water Treatment Plant Project as a Whole

14. Water Treatment in Swimming Pools

Shape and Structural Design of Swimming Pools Essential Requirements of Swimming Pool Waters and of its Surroundings Systems of Supply in Swimming Pools and

L4.L Layout, 14.2

I4.3

Recycling of Pool Water

t4.4

778 79L '749

793 801 806

816

816 831

832 833 836 845 858

q61 861 861 863 864 864 865 868

900 900 900 903

Swimming Pool Water Treatment System for Recycling of Pool Water

14.5

77L

816

12.3 Selection of the Suitable Source of Water 12.4 Quantitative Requirement of Water in a 12.5

763 765

Pollution Zones

in

a Swimming Pool

906 909

(xui) Pacns

CHAPTERS

14.6 Controlling the Water Quality of a Swimming Pool

L4.7 Chlorination of Swimming Pools 15. Laboratory Experiments in Water Supply .- Engineering of

\ isr"-

r:

911 915

920

Co pind'ttre Turbidity of a Given Sample

Water bY (1) Jackson's Turbidimeter (2) BaYli's Turbidimeter; and (3) Photometers and Nephelometers of Water To Find the Odour of the Given Sample Water of Samplb a Given of Find the Colour

15.2. 15.3. To 15.4. To Determine the pH Value of a Given Sarnple of Water

and 15.5. To Determine the Carbonate' Bicarbonate of Water Hydroxide Alkalinity in a Given Sample in 15.6. To Find out tlfu Concentration of Chlorides the Given SamPle of Water 15.7. To Find out the Hardness of the Given Sample of Water bY Standard EDTA Method a 15.8. To Determine the Residual Chlorine in bY Water of Given SamPle (1) Orthotolidine Test (2) Starch Iodide Test (3) DPD Test a Given 15.9. To Determine the Chlorine Demand of

SamPle of Water Percentage 15.10. To Determine the Available Chlorine Powder in a Given Sample of Bleaching Dissolved 15.1-1. To Determine the Amount of of Water Sample (D'O') Given the in Oxygen

Winkler Method (SS) ; 15.12. To Find out the Suspended Solids (TS) in Dissol'ved Solicls (DS;) and Total Solids a Given SamPle of Water Required 15.L3. To Determirie the Quantity of Alum Water Raw of Sample to Coagulate a Given bY

16. Chapterwise Multichoiee^Objective Questions ifro,i Cttopter 7 to 11-300 Questions) in.*ur. .od tti.ttt to Solve Starred Objective Questions

92L 923 923 924 925 926 929 937 940

945 946 949 951

952

953

959 960

964 994

(

xuii

)

CnerrsRs

L7.

Conventional Questions of the Engineering Services Competitive Exams

Pecns

998

(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)

Objective Questions of the Engineering Services Exams (Questions from the year 1993 to 2007 with Answers and Hints for Solving Starred Questions) 19. Conventional Questions of Civil Services Exams (Water Supply Portion)

18.

1032

lo74

(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)

20. Objeetive Questions of AMIE Exams (New Scheme effective from 1993) (Questions from the year 1993 to 2003) Answers and Hints for Solving Starred Questions Appendix Table A-1. Existing Water Rates for Domestic Water Supplies over Various States of India Appendix Table A-2. Existing Water Rates for Commercial and Industrial Water Supplies over Various States of India Appendix Table ^{,3. Drinking Water Pricing around the World in U.S. Dollars ($) per kL Appendix Table A-4. Density of Water at Different Temperatures Appendix Table A-5. Boiling Point of Water at

r113

1136

r140 LI.44

lt.44

Different Pressures Appendix Table A-6. Useful Conversions between Different Units

tt45

Bibliography

It50

Index

t 146

r165-1180