Water Supply Engineering Sanitation

Master Plumber Review

Master Plumber Review

Plumbing The systems of pipes and fixtures that bring water into buildings and carry away waterborne wastes  These pipes are generally concealed behind walls, floors & ceiling  Fixtures such as water closet, lavatories, bathtubs are attached to this system and are visible in various rooms of homes, offices, schools, and other buildings. 

Plumbing 

NPCP: the art and techniques of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures and other apparatus for bringing in the water supply, liquids, substances and/or ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid and other carried waste affecting health and sanitation and hazardous to life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after they have been installed, the plumbing system.

Plumbing System 

The systems of pipes and fixture and other appurtenances which includes the water supply-liquids, substances and/or ingredients distributing pipes, and those pipes removing them; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes, the house drain; the house sewer, the storm water drainage, all with their devices, appurtenances and connections within or on a building.

Plumbing System Water Supply  Storm / Drainage System  Vent System  Sewer / Waste System  Fire Protection 

Early Years of Plumbing 

Plumbum (lead)  a material which at a certain point in the

history of plumbing was widely used for piping and water changes  replaced by cast iron in the 19th century  a person who worked in the sanitary field is called Plumbarius, during Roman times  the material that had greatly contributed in the field of sanitation is the cause of the downfall of the Roman Empire

Modern Day of Plumbing 

Sir John Harrington  Invented the precursor of the modern day water

closet 

Alexander Cummings  After 2 years, reinvented Harrington’s water

closet  Invented S-trap – sliding bowl and trap 

Samuel Prossen (777)  Applied and received a patent for plunger closet  Later, closet with a valve at the bottom had been

introduced

Modern Day of Plumbing 

Thomas Twyford (1185)  Revolutionized the water closet design when he

built the first trapless toilet in one piece  Unique design because of the material used rather than the common metal and wood contraption  The internal mechanism is considered as one of the pioneers in the field of sanitary science 

J. G. Jennings (1852)  Got a patent for his washout water closet  Shallow pan with a dish tray and water seal  Waste is washed through S-trap

Modern Day of Plumbing Flush meter valve  Backflow preventer  Wall-mounted closet  Reverse trap water closet  Blowout water closet 

Master Plumber Review

Water Most fundamental and basic component of life on earth  Covered ¾ of the earth’s surface  Plays a key role in the metabolic breakdown of essential molecules (protein & carbohydrates) called hydrolysis 



Ground water  great source for supplying our water  Susceptible to contamination, once

contaminated it takes decade to recover

Properties of Water Heat Capacity  Surface Tension  Capillarity  Dissolving Ability 

Properties of Water Heat Capacity  Ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer itself  Water has greater heat capacity than any other substances except ammonia

Properties of Water Surface Tension  Ability of water to stick to itself and pull itself together  Water has extremely high surface tension  Water molecules cling together to slightly that it can support heavier than itself  Example: dripping tap

Properties of Water Capillarity  Ability of water to climb upon a surface against the pull of gravity

Dissolving Ability  Ability to dissolve any substance  Known to be the Universal Solvent

Uses of Water Nourishment  Cleansing and Hygiene  Ceremonial Uses  Transportation Uses  Cooling Medium  Ornamental Element  Protective Uses 

Uses of Water Nourishment  Much of the human body is water  The most abundant chemical in our body as well as in our diet  Amount of “pure” water that we need for drinking and cooking is very small only (~3 gal/od)

Uses of Water Cleansing and Hygiene  Water is nearly ideal medium for the dissolution and transport of organic waste  Water high heat storage capacity makes the attainment of comfortable temperatures for bathing easy  Much larger quantities of water are used for cleaning than for nourishment

Uses of Water Ceremonial Uses  Water acquired a ceremonial significance that remains particularly evident in religious services  Examples:  Vessel containing water at the entrance of

Catholic churches  Pools in the forecourt of mosques  Full immersion baptismal fonts at the altars of some Protestant churches

Uses of Water Transportation Uses  Water as transportational medium  Waterways had been developed to allow the passage of water vessels and to be able to transport large quantities of goods as well as people

Uses of Water Cooling Medium  water can store heat readily, removed large quantities of heat when it evaporates  Water is used in some devices that need the removal of heat easily and efficiently  Example:  Water used in cooling air-condition unit

Uses of Water Ornamental Element  In almost any landscaping application, indoor or outdoor, water becomes a center of interest  Our association of water with nourishing, cleansing, and cooling make water a very powerful design element a fact recognized by landscape designers throughout the history

Uses of Water Protective Uses  Water is essential element of fire protection  The vast quantities of water potentially required for fire fighting must be delivered quickly; the result is pipes of enormous sizes regulated by very large valve  Despite its size and guarantee of at least partial exposure in public places, a fire protection water supply system is rarely treated as a visually integral design element

Water Quality Physical Characteristics  Chemical Characteristics  Biological Characteristics  Radiological Characteristics 

Physical Characteristics Turbidity  Color  Taste and Odor  Temperature  Foamability 

Physical Characteristics Turbidity  Caused by the presence of suspended

materials (clay, silt, other inorganic materials, planktons, or finely divided organic materials)

Color  Often caused by dissolved organic matter,

from decaying vegetation.  Color changes usually do not threaten health but often are psychologically undesirable.

Physical Characteristics Taste and Odor  Caused by organic compounds, inorganic

salts, or dissolved gases.  This condition can be treated only after a chemical analysis has identified which source is responsible

Temperature  In general, water supplied between 50º and

60º F (10º and 16º C) is preferred

Physical Characteristics Foamability  Caused by concentration of detergents  The foam itself does not pose a serious health threat, but it may indicate the other more pollutant associated with waste are also present

Chemical Characteristics Alkalinity  Hardness  Toxic Substances 

Chemical Characteristics 

Ground water – particularly to chemical alteration because as it moves downward from the surface it slowly dissolves some mineral contained in rocks and soils.



Chemical Analysis  Possible presence of harmful substances  The potential for corrosion within the water

supply system  The tendency for water to stain fixture and clothing

Chemical Characteristics Alkalinity  Caused by bicarbonates, carbonate or hydroxide components  Testing for these components of water’s alkalinity is a key to which treatments to use

Chemical Characteristics Hardness  A relative term, hard water inhibits the cleaning action of soap and detergents, and it deposit scale on the inside of hot water pipes and cooking utensils, thus wasting fuel and making utensils unusable  Caused by Calcium & Magnesium salts  Classified as:  Temporary (Carbonate)  Permanent (Bicarbonate)

Chemical Characteristics 

pH  Measure of water’s hydrogen ion

concentration, as well as relative acidity or alkalinity

ph = 7 (neutral)  ph < 7 (acidic)  ph > 7 (basic) 



Water at natural state: ph = 5.5 – 9.0

Chemical Characteristics Toxic Substances  Arsenic (As)  Barium (Ba)  Cadmium (Cd)  Cyanides (Cn)  Fluoride (F)  Lead (Pb)  Selenium (Se)  Siver (Ag)

Biological Characteristics Bacteria  Protozoa  Virus 



Potable water – should be kept as free as possible from disease-producing organisms (bacteria, protozoa & virus)

Biological Characteristics Bacteria  Coliform Group (E. Coli) – present in fecal matter of humans as well as those of birds & other animals Protozoa

Virus

Radiological Characteristics The mining of radioactive materials and the use of such materials in the industry and power plants have produced radiological pollution in some water supplies  Since radiological effects are cumulative, concentrations of radioactive material should be low 

Water Sources 

Surface Water  River  Lake  Pond  Impounding Reservoir  Ocean



Ground Water  Wells

Water Sources Surface Water  A mixture of surface run-off and groundwater  Surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds

and impounding reservoir

Water Sources Ground Water  That portion of the rainwater which has

percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called aquifer.  Aquifer – water-bearing soil formation  As a source of water can be extracted in many different ways.

Ground Water Wells  Holes in the earth from which a fluid may be

withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pumps, etc.

Water Wells  Water that flows into well is ground water  This water comes from rain that is absorbed into

the ground and is slowly filtered through the different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir (or Aquifer)  The top of the zone is known as the water table – the level at which water stands in a well that is not being pumped.

Types of Wells Dug Wells  Driven Wells  Bored Wells  Drilled Wells 

Types of Wells Dug Wells  These can be constructed with hand tools or power tools  It can be dug to a depth of about 15 meters (50 feet) and can have the greater diameter that a space may allow

Types of Wells Driven Wells  These are the simplest and usually the least expensive  A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the earth  The drive point is usually 1 ¼ - 2 inches (32 – 51 mm) in diameter  The point may be driven into the ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 feet)

Types of Wells Bored Wells  These are dug with earth augers  Usually less than 30 meters (100 feet) deep  They are used when earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in  Diameter ranges from 2 – 30 inches  The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete

Types of Wells Drilled Wells  These require more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the geology of the site  They measure up to 300 meters (984 feet)  Percussion Method  Involves raising & dropping of a heavy drill bit and

stem  Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled in mixed with water to form slurry, which is periodically removed  As drilling proceeds, a casing is also lowered (except when drilling through rocks)

Types of Wells Drilled Wells (cont.)  Rotary Drilling Method (hydraulic/pneumatic)  Utilize cutting bit at the lower end of the drill

pipe  Drilling fluid is constantly pumped to the cutting bit to aid in the removal of particles of earth, which are then brought to the surface  After the drill pipe withdrawn, a casing is lowered into position

Types of Wells Drilled Wells (cont.)  Down-The-Hole Method  A pneumatic hammer is combined with the

percussion effect of the rotary drill bit

Water Supply Facilities 

Level I  Farthest user is not more than 250 meters from

the point source  At least 20 liters/capita/day 

Level II  Farthest house is not more than 25 meters from

the communal faucet system  At least 60 liters/capita/day 

Level III  The house has service connection from the

system  At least 100 liters/capita/day

Levels of Service 

Level I  A protected well or a developed spring with

an outlet but without a distribution system  Generally adaptable for rural areas where houses are thinly scattered  A level facility normally serves an average of 15 households

Levels of Service 

Level II  A system composed of a source, a reservoir,

a piped distribution network and communal faucets  Usually, 1 faucet serves 4 – 6 households  Generally suitable for rural and urban fringed areas where houses are clustered densely to justify a simple pipe system

Levels of Service 

Level III  A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped

distribution network and household taps  Generally suitable for densely populated urban areas

Definitions          

Pure Water Natural Water Purified Water Contaminated Water Polluted Water Hard Water Soft Water Gray Water Black Water Storm Water

Master Plumber Review

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