War Fighting Techniques

MCI 8203

MARINE CORPS INSTITUTE STAFF NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS ADVANCED DISTANCE EDUCATION PROGRAM

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES MARINE BARRACKS WASHINGTON, DC

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES (8203) Course Introduction

Scope

The responsibilities of senior staff noncommissioned officers (SNCOs) increases with every rank reached. Continuing your education on a variety of subjects is required to master these additional responsibilities. Technical and tactical proficiency is the hallmark of the Marine gunnery sergeant. This course covers a wide range of subjects that will enhance your abilities to maintain the high standards of the SNCO ranks.

Table of Contents

This course contains the following study units: Study Unit -1 2 3 4 --

Estimated Study Time

Title Course Introduction Close Air Support Combat Operations Center Combat Service Support Rear Area Security Review Lesson Exercise

Page i 1-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 R-1

You will spend about 11 hours, 20 minutes completing this course. This includes the time to study the text, complete the exercises, and take the final exam. Continued on next page

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Course Introduction

Course Introduction, Continued

Reserve Retirement Credits

You will earn three retirement credits for completing this course. You will earn reserve retirement credits at the rate of one credit for each 3 hours of estimated study time. Note: If you are awarded credits for drill attendance during drill periods, reserve retirement credits are not awarded for the MCI study time.

Summary

The all important gateways needed to successfully complete this course are summarized in the table below: Step 1 2 3

When you… Enroll in the program Complete the self-paced text Pass the final examination

Then you will… Receive your program material. Arrange to take the final examination. Receive a course completion certificate.

Note: For more information, refer to the Program Introduction.

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Course Introduction

STUDY UNIT 1 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT Overview

Estimated Study Time

3 hours

Unit Scope

This study unit is designed to give you advanced knowledge of close air support (CAS), as well as some basic information that must always be covered when addressing CAS. For example, the nine-line brief is a basic foundation of close air support. Without it, communication between the terminal controller and the aircraft would be difficult in an already difficult and potentially dangerous situation.

Learning Objectives

After completing this unit, you should be able to

In This Study Unit

•

State the functions of Marine aviation.

•

State the types of aircraft and ordnance.

•

Request air support.

•

Terminally control Marine air.

This study unit contains the following lessons: Topic Lesson 1 Functions of Marine Aviation Lesson 2 Aircraft and Ordnance Lesson 3 Requesting Air Support Lesson 4 Controlling Marine Air

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See Page 1-3 1-17 1-33 1-47

Study Unit 1

(This page intentionally left blank.)

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Study Unit 1

LESSON 1 FUNCTIONS OF MARINE AVIATION Introduction

Estimated Study Time

30 minutes

Lesson Scope

Understanding the definition, purpose, and makeup of Marine aviation is important to understanding close air support. This lesson describes basic missions and functions, as well as the types of support these functions provide.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

State the mission of Marine aviation.

•

Identify the six functions of Marine aviation.

•

Identify the two types of antiair warfare employment methods.

•

Identify the three types of offensive air support.

•

Identify the seven types of assault support.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Missions and Functions Antiair Warfare (AAW) Offensive Air Support (OAS) Assault Support Air Reconnaissance Electronic Warfare (EW) Control of Aircraft and Missiles Lesson 1 Exercise

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See Page 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-7 1-9 1-11 1-12 1-13 1-14

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Missions and Functions

Missions

The primary mission of Marine Corps aviation is to participate as the supporting air component of the Fleet Marine Force (FMF) in the seizure and defense of advanced naval bases and conduct of such land operations as may be essential for the prosecution of a naval campaign. A collateral mission is to participate as an integral component of naval aviation in the execution of other Navy functions as the fleet commanders so direct.

Functions

The aviation combat element (ACE) provides the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) with the assets to perform the six functions of Marine aviation: • • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Antiair warfare Offensive air support Assault support Air reconnaissance Electronic warfare Control of aircraft and missiles

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Antiair Warfare (AAW)

Description

AAW serves two purposes: to protect the force and to gain and maintain air superiority. AAW is used to defend the MAGTF and to destroy or reduce to an acceptable level, the enemy air and missile threat. It includes such measures as the use of interceptors, bombers, antiaircraft guns, surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles, electronic countermeasures, and destruction of the air threat or operation missile threat both before and after it is launched. The two types of antiair warfare are • •

Offensive AAW (OAAW)

Offensive Defensive

OAAW consists of destroying or neutralizing hostile aircraft, airfields, radars, air defense systems, and supporting areas befo re they can be utilized by the enemy. Characterized by responsiveness, bold actions, and initiative to gain a decisive advantage over the enemy, OAAW is the preferred method of conducting antiair warfare. OAAW operations is categorized as • • • •

Preemptive measures Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) Local air superiority measures Reactive measures Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Antiair Warfare (AAW), Continued

Defensive AAW (Air Defense)

Defensive AAW includes all defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or missiles or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attacks. However, air defense operations cannot be viewed as purely defensive. MAGTF air defense operations use the three principles of antiair warfare: • • •

Destruction-in-depth Mutual support Centralized command and decentralized control

These principles provide a responsive, integrated air defense capability to protect vital MAGTF assets.

Active and Passive Measures

Defensive AAW measures are active or passive: •

Active measures use available aircraft, air defense weapons, and electronic warfare to achieve its goal.

•

Passive measures include • • • • • • • • • • •

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Early warning NBC protection measures Counter-surveillance Deception Camouflage Concealment Hardening Electronic protection Mobility dispersal Redundancy Recovery

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Offensive Air Support (OAS)

Description

Offensive air support employs effective firepower against selected enemy targets and capabilities. The objectives of OAS are to destroy enemy resources and isolate the enemy’s military force.

Categories

OAS is divided into three categories. Each category is determined by the supported unit’s required degree of coordination and type of platform needed: • • •

Close-In Fire Support (CIFS)

Close Air Support (CAS)

Close- in fire support (CIFS) Close air support (CAS) Deep air support (DAS)

Close- in fire support •

Used against targets located close to friendly forces

•

Unique to attack helicopters (attack helicopters do not perform CAS)

•

Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and maneuver

•

Can be used alone, but is most effective when combined with other supporting fires

•

May be the only OAS available in some situations (such as poor weather, intense jamming, etc.)

Close air support •

Effective against hostile targets located close to friendly forces

•

Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and maneuver. The ground commander requests and approves all CAS mission within his area of responsibility (AOR)

•

Best employed when integrated with other supporting arms and the MAGTF’s fire and maneuver Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Offensive Air Support (OAS), Continued

Deep Air Support (DAS)

MAGTF commanders use DAS to attack enemy forces before they become a threat to MAGTF units. Attacking enemy forces with DAS can prevent them from becoming CAS or CIFS targets. Air interdiction and armed reconnaissance are DAS tasks. • •

Conducted on both sides of the fire support coordination lines (FSCL) Requires a complete understanding of the MAGTF commander’s intent and scheme of maneuver, but does not require detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and maneuver

Employment Methods

OAS projects firepower to shape events in time and space. OAS allows the MAGTF commander to operationally influence the future battle and project his will upon the enemy. OAS missions are executed as preplanned or immediate.

Preplanned

Preplanned missions are • • •

Performed according to a schedule Planned far enough in advance to permit detailed mission coordination Scheduled or on-call • Scheduled missions are executed at a specific time and provide effective coordination and economical use of aircraft and ordnance. •

Immediate

Immediate missions • •

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On-call missions are preloaded for a particular target and placed in readiness.

Meet requests that arise during battle Cannot be identified far enough in advance to permit detailed mission coordination and planning. Response time, or the action cycle, begins with the request and ends with the attack. Response time is a prime consideration when requesting air support.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Assault Support

Definition

Assault support involves the use of aircraft to provide • • • •

Tactical mobility and logistical support for the MAGTF Movement of high-priority cargo and personnel within the immediate area of operations In- flight refueling Evacuation of personnel and cargo

Assault support operations require detailed, coordinated, and concurrent planning between the MAGTF and the supporting unit. These support operations are tactical, administrative, or logistical in nature.

Types of Assault Support

Assault support employment strategy depends on the MAGTF’s mission and the enemy’s capabilities. The types of assault support are listed below: • • • • • • •

Combat assault transport Air delivery Aerial refueling Air evacuation Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel (TRAP) Air logistical support Battlefield illumination

Combat Assault Combat assault transport provides mobility for MAGTF forces. The purpose Transport of combat assault transport is to rapidly deploy forces, bypass obstacles, or

redeploy forces to meet the enemy threat.

Air Delivery

Air delivery operations transport equipment and supplies to forward operating bases or remote areas. Airdrops deliver equipment and supplies primarily via fixed-wing transport aircraft. Airdrops are conducted when surface or helicopter transport cannot fulfill resupply requirements due to range, closed lines of communication, lack of adequate airfields, a prohibitive ground tactical situation, high tonnage, or the need to reduce response time. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Assault Support, Continued

Aerial Refueling

KC-130 aircraft serves as airborne tankers for rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft with the probe and drogue system. Aerial refueling allows Marine aircraft to conduct flight- ferrying operations and extend time on station and mission range. Aerial refueling also aids in the recovery of damaged or low- fuel aircraft.

Air Evacuation

Air evacuation is the transportation of personnel and equipment from forward bases to secure rear areas. This movement includes • • •

Flights from areas of operations to secure rear areas MEDEVAC Extraction of forces

Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP)

TRAP missions facilitate the tactical recovery of personnel and equipment while avoiding additional losses. Specially trained and briefed aircrews with a tasked organized force are assigned these missions. TRAP missions are conducted when the tactical situation prevents the use of traditional search and rescue techniques and only when survivors and their locations are confirmed.

Air Logistical Support

Fixed-wing aircraft perform air logistical support by providing assault support to Marine ground forces in much the same manner as helicopters. Air logistical support delivers troops, equipment, and supplies to areas beyond helicopter range and lift capability or when surface transportation is slow or unavailable.

Battlefield Illumination

Fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft can be used to provide light (battlefield illumination) in the battlespace. Battlefield illumination can be visible or invisible to the naked eye (infrared spectrum) and can last for a few minutes or several hours.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Air Reconnaissance

Definition

Air reconnaissance employs visual observation and/or sensors in aerial vehicles to acquire intelligence information. It supports the intelligence function of warfighting and is employed tactically, operationally, and strategically.

Types

The three types of aerial reconnaissance are listed below: • • •

Visual Reconnaissance Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance Electronic Reconnaissance (ER)

Visual Reconnaissance

Visual reconnaissance

Multisensor Imagery Reconnaissance

Multisensor imagery reconnaissance

Electronic Reconnaissance (ER)

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• • •

May be conducted by any airborne platform Consists of an observer or pilot visually searching a route, point, or area Supports the delivery of offensive fires such as artillery, naval surface fires support, or CAS

•

Includes photography from standard cameras, photograph and radar imagery from the advanced tactical aerial reconnaissance system (ATARS), and infrared imagery

•

Detects and pinpoints the location of enemy installations, facilities, and concentrations of forces

•

Supports terrain analysis

Electronic Reconnaissance (ER) •

Detects, locates, identifies, and evaluates enemy electromagnetic radiation

•

Performs with passive interception equipment that recovers signals and determines signal detection, source, and characteristics

•

Gathers data that is processed into intelligence, which is used to update the electronic order of battle and technical intelligence

•

Consists of three subdivisions

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Electronic Warfare (EW)

Definition

Electronic warfare (EW) is any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or attack the enemy. EW involves the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and action that retains friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Subdivisions

Electronic warfare has three major subdivisions:

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Electronic attack involves the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability.

•

Electronic protection involves the actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from the effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability.

•

Electronic warfare support (EWS) is tasked by or under the direct control of an operational commander and involves the actions needed to search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentionally and unintentionally radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Control of Aircraft and Missiles

Centralized Command and Decentralized Control

MCI Course 8203

Control of aircraft and missiles is used to integrate the other five functions of Marine aviation by providing the means for the MAGTF commander to exercise command and control authority over Marine aviation assets. Control of aircraft and missiles involves the coordinated employment of facilities, equipment, communication, procedures, and personnel to plan, direct, and control the aviation combat element’s efforts. MAGTF aviation operates under the philosophy of centralized command and decentralized control, which are the two fundamental requirements of the aviation combat element commander.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 5 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Which of the statements is the mission of Marine aviation? a. b. c. d.

Item 2

Which of the following is one of six functions for Marine aviation? a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Offensive air support Close- in fire support Close air support Deep air support

Name the two types of antiair warfare employment. a. b. c. d.

Item 4

Provide air defense for Marine units. Participate as the supporting air component of the FMF. Attack and defend opposing forces. Provide air support in the attack.

Offensive and defensive Direct and indirect Surface-to-air and air-to-air Forward and rear

Offensive air support missions are executed as a. b. c. d.

scheduled or unscheduled. fixed- or rotary-wing. preplanned or immediate. air-to-air or air-to-ground. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 5

An operation requiring detailed planning, briefed aircrews, and confirmation of survivors is which type of assault support? a. b. c. d.

Combat assault support Air evacuation Tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel Air logistical support Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise items. If you have questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5

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Answer b a a c c

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Reference 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-8 1-10

Study Unit 1, Lesson 1 Exercise

LESSON 2 AIRCRAFT AND ORDNANCE Introduction

Estimated Study Time

30 minutes

Lesson Scope

This lesson discusses the platforms and ordnance that Marine aviation uses to accomplish the various missions and functions associated with CAS.

Learning Objectives

Upon completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify the primary platforms used for CAS missions.

•

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of CAS platforms.

•

Identify the primary platforms used for CIFS missions.

•

Explain the advantages of CIFS platforms.

•

Identify the missions of CAS and CIFS platforms.

•

Describe the effects of each type of ordnance.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Primary CAS Platforms Primary CIFS Platforms Ordnance Lesson 2 Exercise

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See Page 1-17 1-18 1-23 1-26 1-30

Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CAS Platforms

Fixed-wing Platforms

Fixed-wing CAS aircraft provide OAS for the MAGTF. CAS operations deliver firepower against enemy installations, facilities, and personnel. The MAGTF commander uses CAS to achieve his objectives by destroying enemy resources and isolating the enemy’s military force.

Advantages and The table below lists the advantages and disadvantages of fixed-wing CAS : Disadvantages of Fixed-wing CAS

• •

Advantage Carries more ordnance than CIFS • assets More devastating effects on the enemy in terms of • • •

Physical destruction Destroys the enemy’s will to fight Carries several types of smart ordnance that can be terminally guided by the pilot or Marines on the ground for greater accuracy

Disadvantage Time on station due to fuel consumption

•

Redeployment time

•

Safe effective execution requires •

Detailed planning

•

Coordination between aircrew and ground units

•

Training of aircrew and terminal controllers

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CAS Platforms, Continued

Effective Use

For CAS to be delivered effectively, some basic conditions that optimize CAS employment must be considered as described in the table below: Basic Condition Air superiority

Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) Target marking

Favorable weather

Prompt response

Benefit • Permits CAS to function more freely • Denies the enemy the capability to function freely in the air Required for CAS aircraft to operate more effectively within areas defended by enemy air defense systems • Improves CAS effectiveness • Helps in locating and attacking the proper target • Improves aircrew effectiveness • Minimum weather conditions are always considered • Streamlined requests and control procedures improve CAS responsiveness •

Aircrew and terminal controller skill Weaponeering Communication and information

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Forward operating bases (FOBs) reduce distance to target area • Have a direct influence on mission success • Requires frequent practice Load, arming setting, and fuse setting must be tailored for desired result Communication between aircrew and terminal controller is a prerequisite for executing any CAS mission

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CAS Platforms, Continued

AV-8B Harrier

The AV-8B is a single-seat, transonic—near the speed of sound—vectoredthrust (directional thrust), light attack aircraft. Its vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capability provides increased responsiveness to MAGTF commander’s OAS requirements through basing flexibility and high sortie rates. Basing flexibility and high sortie rates are accomplished through the AV-8B’s ability to land and rearm/refuel in forward operating bases (FOB), expeditionary airfields, or amphibious ships closer to the battlefield vice returning to an airfield in a secure rear area. The AV-8B has night vision capability consists of a forward looking infrared (FLIR) system, night vision goggle (NVG) -compatible cockpit lighting, and a moving map display to allow ground attacks at night under all weather conditions. The AV-8B can carry up to 9,200 pounds of external ordnance and has a standard 6-barrel, 300-round, GAU-12 25mm gun system. The system has two pod- like structures (called paks) mounted to the bottom of the aircraft fuselage. The left pod contains the gun and the right pod contains the ammunition.

AV-8B Diagram

The AV-8B is shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CAS Platforms, Continued

F/A-18C/D Hornet, F/A18E/F Super Hornet, F/A18G Growler

The F/A-18 (F/A-18D) is a multi- mission strike fighter, combining the capabilities of an interceptor and fighter with those of an attack and bomber aircraft. This aircraft comes in a single seat version (F/A-18C/E) and a dual seat (F/A-18D/F) version that is primarily used for training. The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet has 50 percent more endurance and 41 percent more mission range than the previous model. It can carry approximately 17,750 pounds of external load and fuel on eleven stations. The F/A-18E/F has night vision capability consisting of a FLIR system, NVG-compatible cockpit lighting, and moving map display to allow ground attacks at night under all weather conditions. Currently the most advanced aircraft in the naval aviation inventory is the E/F versions designed to be compatible with future advancements in sensor and weapon systems. In the early 1990s, a modified F/A-18E/F called the Growler, capable of providing close-in and standoff jamming began development to replace the aging EA-6B Prowler, which will start being retired around 2010.

F/A-18 (F/A18D) Diagram

The F/A-18 (F/A-18D) is shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CAS Platforms, Continued

Joint Strike Fighter

In an effort to reduce spending, the Department of Defense (DOD) has contracted for a single aircraft to meet each of the services’ (Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force) needs. The short takeoff and vertical landing joint strike fighter variant being designed for the Marine Corps and for the Royal Navy in Britain employs a direct lift system for short takeoffs and vertical landings with uncompromising performance. This aircraft will replace the AV-8B and is projected for service in 2010. Features of this future aircraft are • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Internal and external payload capability Supersonic flight All-weather ordnance delivery Reduced radar signature through the use of advanced reduced observable design Multiservice use emphasizing common parts, shared supply systems, and joint repair facilities

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CIFS Platforms

Close-In Fire Support (CIFS)

CIFS Advantage

CIFS is often referred to as rotary-wing CAS because it is exclusively a rotary-wing aircraft function. CIFS performance features are listed below: •

Effective against hostile targets located close to friendly forces

•

Requires detailed integration with a friendly ground force’s fire and maneuver (The supported commander integrates CIFS into his scheme of maneuver)

•

Can be employed alone, but is most effective when combined with other supporting arms

•

Provides the MAGTF commander with the capability to cover gaps between ground weapon systems and CAS

The advantage of CIFS is its flexibility, responsiveness, and time on station in some fast moving, fluid battle situations. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CIFS Platforms, Continued

AH-1W Cobra

The AH-1W Cobra is the Marine Corps’ primary attack helicopter designed to provide CIFS to the MAGTF. The Cobra carries a 3-barreled, rotary action, 20mm gun system with a load of 300 rounds. Its night targeting system integrates the existing TOW and HELLFIRE missile systems with FLIR, laser range finder/designator, automatic targeting system, TV, and a video recorder. The AH-1 is also capable of air-to-air offense and defense as it can carry a compliment of Sidewinder and Sidearm air-to-air missiles. In the year 2003, the Marines will receive the upgraded AH-1Z, which will have a four-bladed, hingeless, bearingless, rotor system upgrade. This improvement will increase speed and payload as well as the flight altitude.

AH-1W Cobra Diagram

The AH-1W Cobra is shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Primary CIFS Platforms, Continued

UH-1N

The UH-1 is a utility helicopter (UH) that can conduct offensive operations against enemy ground forces. However, the primary mission of the UH-1 is to provide combat utility support for the MAGTF. The performance features of the UH-1 are listd below: • • • •

Transports up to 13 passengers Provides airborne command and control Aids in local search and rescue Provides aeromedical evacuation of causalities

Like the AH-1, the UH-1 is currently being upgraded to a four-blade version (designated the UH-1Y), which will enter service in 2005. This upgrade will significantly increase the aircraft’s speed (by 32 percent), payload (by 44 percent), and altitude, which will improve survivability, durability, and performance.

UH-1 Diagram

MCI Course 8203

The UH-1 is shown below:

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Ordnance

Factors Effecting Use

Marine aviation uses a variety of aircraft weapons and associated systems. The type of weapon or system will depend on the aircraft, mission, method of delivery, and desired result. To exploit the full capacity of any weapon system and properly employ CAS, you must understand some basic nomenclature and what weapons options are available.

Types and Effects

The table below describes some of the available ordnance and their effects: Type MK-80 Series • General Purpose (GP) High Explosive Bombs •

MK77 Firebombs

Description Low drag bombs One of the most widely used weapons in the inventory

Effect When fused for instantaneous detonation, it provides good fragmentation effects against personnel and light equipment.

•

May use mechanical and electric fuses, and nose and tail fins

•

Comes in several sizes • MK-82: 500 lbs • MK-83: 1,000 lbs • MK-84: 2,000 lbs Contains • Designed for use on approximately 75 • Convoys gallons of fuel gel • Dug-in troops mixture that sticks to • Supply most surfaces installations • Other structures Weighs about 500 lbs • On impact, it Previously known as releases burning fuel napalm gel over the area in the direction of flight.

•

• •

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Ordnance, Continued

Types and Effects, continued

Type MK-20 Rockeye

CBU-59/B Antipersonnel/ Antimaterial (APAM)

2.75-inch Aircraft Rocket

Description A dispenser/cluster bomb

Effects Effective against • Trucks • Radar vans • Missile sites • Fuel storage tanks • Surface ships Consists of two modes: Highly effective against personnel and • Hard target mode lightly armored bomblets penetrate and equipment under a detonate in the inside. wide variety of terrain conditions • Soft target mode bomblets hit the ground, eject aft part into the air where they detonate and cause more fragmentation. Can be used against a • Fires from two pods: holding 7 or 19 rockets multitude of targets from dug in troops to • Fires singly or in fortified positions and ripple light armor • Consists of three types: • Fragmentation • Antiarmor shaped charge • Smoke, flare, or flechette (arrow shaped projectiles) warheads Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Ordnance, Continued

Types and Effects, continued

Type 5-inch Zuni Rocket

• •

Similar to the 2.75- inch system

•

Fires in single or ripple mode

• Walleye Laser Guided • Bomb •

• M-65 Airborne TOW Wire Guided Missile

AGM-144C Helicopterborne Fire and Forget (HELLFIRE) Missile

Description Fires from a four-tube LAU-10 rocket pod

•

Effect Effective against • • • •

Concrete Bunkers Personnel Heavy or lightly armored vehicles • Submarines

Antisubmarine warhead Most effective against Air-to-surface glide heavily structured, bomb well-defined targets in Uses automatic video daylight/clear weather tracking for homing and guidance to surface targets Cannot be employed by AV-8B Maximum effective range: 3,750 meters

Conducts a point target attack of armor

•

Guided during its flight by receiving commands from two wires attached to the launch tube

• •

AH-1 Cobra uses TOW Pinpoint accuracy Uses radar frequency from a safe standoff seeker to track targets distance of Locks on target before approximately 5 miles and after firing

• •

Maximum speed of 950 mph Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Ordnance, Continued

Types and Effects, continued

Type AGM-65 Maverick Laser Guided Missile

•

Description Effect Consists of two types: Effective against • Field fortifications • Laser-guided variant (AGM-65E) • Armored vehicles • Surface combatants • Imaging infrared– seeker variant (AGM-65F)

•

Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) Bomb

Gun System

Flares

MCI Course 8203

Employed from • F/A-18 • AV-8B Explosive force comes from the detonation of the fuel that forms an aerosol cloud on impact and then ignited, resulting in an overpressure that destroys the target.

• Effective against • Mines • Boobytraps • Tanks • Structures • Personnel • Used to clear landing zones Effective against • Variety ranges from the M60 machinegun to the • Personnel GAU-12 gun system • Unfortified structures • Provides offensive and • Light and medium armored surface defensive firepower targets • Air-to-air • Air-to-ground All CAS aircraft can Illuminate/mark target employ area up to 4 minutes

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 6 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Which is an advantage of a CAS platform? a. b. c. d.

Item 2

Which aircraft is one of the Marines Corps primary CAS platforms? a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Low fuel consumption Saves friendly lives Carries several types of smart ordnance Fills in offensive gaps

AH-1W AV-8B UH-1N CV-22

Which may be considered an advantage of a CIFS platform? a. Responsiveness and flexibility b. Effective only when supported with other supporting arms c. Requires detailed, integrated planning with ground force’s fire and maneuver d. Highly effective against targets located deep within enemy areas targets

Item 4

Which aircraft does the Marine Corps use primarily for CIFS? a. b. c. d.

AH-1W AV-8B F/A-18 CV-22 Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Item 5

Read the following statements and then answer the question below. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Combat utility support Search and destroy Search and rescue Transportation

Which statements best define UH-1 missions? a. 1, 2, and 3 b. 1, 3, and 4 c. 2, 3, and 4

Item 6

Which ordnance provides good fragmentation effects against personnel and light equipment? a. b. c. d.

Firebombs Fuel air explosive (FAE) weapons Air-to-surface guided missiles General purpose high explosive bombs Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item.

Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6

MCI Course 8203

Answer c b a a b d

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Reference 1-18 1-20 1-23 1-24 1-25 1-26

Study Unit 1, Lesson 2 Exercise

LESSON 3 REQUESTING AIR SUPPORT Introduction

Estimated Study Time

40 minutes

Lesson Scope

This lesson discusses the personnel, procedures, and communication involved in requesting air support. Understanding how the process of requesting Marine air works will help increase your chance of receiving the CAS you want when you want it. Along with understanding the process, you must know the personnel handling your request and the role they play in processing air requests. Communication nets will close the lesson so you—the controller—can effectively communicate with the processing chain and obtain the CAS you requested.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify the personnel involved in controlling Marine air.

•

Identify the purpose of a joint tactical airstrike request (JTAR).

•

Identify the communication nets involved in requesting Marine air.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Command and Control Agencies Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR) Communication Nets Lesson 3 Exercise

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See Page 1-33 1-34 1-37 1-41 1-44

Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Command and Control Agencies

Amphibious Tactical Air Control System (ATACS)

CAS requires a command and control (C 2 ) structure that can coordinate requirements, process requests, and control execution. The amphibious tactical air control system (ATACS) is organized and equipped to • •

Plan, direct, and control all air operations within an assigned area. Coordinate air operations with the other components of a joint force.

Marine Tactical The Navy tactical command center (TACC) controls all aviation assets while Command afloat in support of the commander of landing forces. The Marine TACC and Center (TACC) its other subordinate agencies

Tactical Air Direction Center (TADC)

•

Manage MAGTF aviation assets.

•

Act as the senior Marine air command and control system (MACCS) agency.

•

Provide centralized command and direction of subordinate activities (tactical air operations center (TAOC) and aircraft squadrons).

During the build up of landing force combat power ashore, the commander of landing forces establishes a tactical air direction center (TADC) to act as a coordination agency between the other MACCS agencies and the Navy TACC afloat. The Marine TACC remains subordinate to the Navy TACC until control of aviation has been passed ashore. The TAOC is under the operational control of the Marine TACC. In this lesson, we will direct our attention to the C2 elements that fall under the ground combat element (GCE) of the MAGTF. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Command and Control Agencies, Continued

Direct Air Support Center (DASC)

Fire Support Coordination Center (FSCC)

The DASC is the air control agency for the MACCS. It is primarily responsible for the direction and procedural control of air operations directly supporting the MAGTF’s ground combat element (GCE). DASC is usually the first principal MACCS agency ashore. It is the first C2 agency that has a direct impact on CAS responsiveness. DASC is directly supervised by the TACC. It is normally co- located or electronically linked with the senior fire support coordination agency ashore. The operations of the DASC are listed below: •

Processes and coordinates requests for immediate air support

•

Coordinates air missions requiring integration with ground forces and other supporting arms

•

Functions in a decentralized mode of operation

•

Manages terminal control assets such as forward air controller (airborne) (FAC[A]) and assault support coordinator (airborne ) (ASC[A]) as they support ground forces

•

Provides procedural control • Assigned aircraft • Unmanned aerial vehicles • Aircraft transiting through its assigned area

FSCCs exist at all levels of the GCE down to the battalion level. Through this agency, the commanders plan and coordinate the fire of supporting arms with the scheme of maneuver. The operations of the FSCC are listed below: •

Provides a representative to work in the supporting arms coordination center (SACC), which is located on board ship to coordinate naval surface fire support (NSFS)

•

Plays a critical role in monitoring, coordinating, and deconflicting CAS with other supporting fires (artillery, mortars) Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Command and Control Agencies, Continued

Tactical Air Control Party (TACP)

The tactical air control party (TACP) is organic to the GCE down to the battalion level. It is located with the GCE and provides ground commanders with the means to access direct air support. TACP consists of the unit’s air officer (AO), a senior forward air controller, and some communicators. The operations of the TACP are listed below: •

Establishes liaison and communications between parent units and airspace control agencies

•

Informs and advises the ground unit commander on the employment of supporting aircraft

•

Requests and controls air support

•

Provides terminal control for CAS aircraft at the battalion level

The TACP is a MACCS agency, but administratively it is not part of the Marine Air Command Group (MACG).

Fire Support Team (FIST)

An infantry, armor, or light armored reconnaissance company will have a fire support team (FIST) to plan and coordinate all supporting fires available to the unit, including mortars, artillery, CAS, and NSFS.

Forward Air Controller (FAC)

A forward air controller (FAC) is normally the terminal controller for aircraft engaged in CAS and maintains radio communications with assigned CAS aircrews from a forward ground position within sight of target. The FAC is usually a naval aviator located with the TACP or with a FIST team. FAC terminal air control aids in target identification and greatly reduces the potential for fratricide.

Terminal A terminal controller (TC) is any person authorized to direct the maneuver of Controller (TC) aircraft delivering ordnance, passengers, or cargo to a specific location or

target. A terminal controller is a type of air control. For example, a FAC is a terminal controller for CAS; however, in extreme situations, a FAC may not be available and a Marine trained in CAS execution will need to fill the FAC role as a TC.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR)

Purpose

All U.S. Armed Forces use the JTAR request form to request preplanned CAS. The use of this form is mandatory unless otherwise authorized by a higher authority. Marine units submitting requests for immediate CAS transmit their JTARs on the tactical air request (TAR) net, directly to the DASC. The AOs at intermediate-echelon FSCCs monitor the requests for coordination purposes and indicate approval in the method prescribed by the commander. The AO’s operations are listed below: • • • •

Diagram

Ensure the request meets the commander’s intent. Reduce duplication. Coordinate the fire support effort. Deconflict with other supporting arms.

The JTAR request form, DD 1972 is identified below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR), Continued

Content

The information required to request CAS is passed by the requester to the DASC using the Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR). The first eight blocks of the JTAR are required in requesting a CAS mission. The nine- line brief is contained in the remarks block. When making the request, the items in block 8 are transferred to the close air support brief form.

Transmission

The request may be made in one transmission or in separate bursts, consistent with the communications security situation, and should includ e pertinent lines from the JTAR. Requests for preplanned CAS missions are submitted using the same JTAR format, but are submitted in advance to the appropriate FSCC for consolidation, approval, and forwarding to higher echelon FSCCs. The FSCC is collocated with the DASC and must advise the DASC on whether the mission is approved or disapproved before final mission processing is completed and control of CAS aircraft is passed to the terminal controller. The diagram below shows the JTAR process as it is being passed forward: The TC requests immediate CAS up the chain to the DASC while the FSCC monitors the transmission.

Continued on next page MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR), Continued

Mission Processing

The DASC process is listed below: • Begin processing immediate CAS requests on receipt from a lower echelon control agency (TACP, FACP, FIST, FAC, or TC). • Complete mission processing upon receiving clearance from the FSCC. • Identify what aircraft are available for the mission after examining assets and priorities and coordinating with the TACC as required. The aircraft assigned may come from multiple sources—ground alert aircraft, airborne alert aircraft, and if required, aircraft diverted from another mission. Note: The aircrew(s) will be provided with the final control data enroute to the target. • Keep the CAS requester informed of the status of the aircraft filling the request. •

Assign a request number for the mission. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Joint Tactical Airstrike Request (JTAR), Continued

Procedural Control

MCI Course 8203

Procedural control of assigned aircraft will be provided by the DASC to a point at which control will be assumed by the TC. The DASC determines aircraft routing in coordination with the senior (GCE) FSCC on the basis of the tactical situation and the threat. Aircraft are routed by using preestablished control points throughout the area. The TC will provide routing for the aircraft from the point at which initial contact is made with the aircraft. The diagram below shows the CAS being handed down to the TC.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Communications Nets

Purpose

Information exchange by tactical communication is necessary to facilitate CAS and allow the proper control of CAS events. Communications between aircraft and ground units are necessary to minimize the chance of fratricide and enhance mission effectiveness. Flexibility and responsiveness of CAS communications is possible using a variety of techniques, including secure, frequency-hopping equipment; appropriate countermeasures; disciplined emission control (EMCON); and standard communications nets.

Standard Nets

C2 agencies and CAS aircraft conducting CAS use standard communication nets. In addition to these standard nets, numerous alternative nets can be used in critical situations. Alternative nets are designed to provide communications redundancy in case a net is destroyed, jammed, or has too much radio traffic.

Direct Air Support Net

The direct air support net provides a means for the DASC to request direct air support aircraft from the TACC/TADC. Information pertaining to aircraft status and progress of direct air support missions may also be passed over this net. This net operates under HF and VHF.

Tactical Air Request (TAR) Net

The tactical air request (TAR) net provides a means for ground maneuver units to request immediate air support from an air control agency such as the DASC or TACC/SACC. The SACC/FSCCs monitor this net and may approve, disapprove, or modify specific direct air support requests. The DASC uses this net to brief the requesting unit. Multiple TAR nets may be required depending on the extent of CAS operations. The TAR net operates under HF and VHF; however a secondary VHF capability may be available for additional traffic.

Tactical Air Control Party (TACP) Local Net

The tactical air control party (TACP) local net provides a means for coordination between the battalion FSCC and his FACs. Coordination with TAC(A)s and FAC(A)s may also be conducted over this net. This net operates under VHF. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Communications Nets, Continued

Tactical Air Direction (TAD) Net

The tactical air direction (TAD) net provides a means for • •

Controlling aircraft conducting CAS The TACC/TADC/DASC to brief CAS aircraft on • Targe t information and handoff • Assignment to the FAC or FAC(A)

Multiple TAD nets are required and used by various air control agencies. The TAD net should be reserved for time-critical terminal control information only. The TAD net operates under UHF—VHF in some cases.

Helicopter Request Net

The helicopter request net provides a means for TACPs of helicopterborne forces to request immediate support from the DASC or the helicopter direction center. This net operates under HF/VHF.

Helicopter Direction Net

The helicopter direction net provides positive control of inbound and outbound helicopters in the amphibious objective area (AOA). It is a backup net that is available to coordinate rotary-wing CAS. This net operates under HF/VHF/UHF. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Communications Nets, Continued

Summary

The different typ es of communication nets, frequencies, and activities that participate on the specific nets are listed in the table below: Net Direct Air Support Tactical Air Control Party Local Tactical Air Direction Tactical Air Request Helicopter Request Helicopter Direction

Freq HF VHF

TACC

TADC

X

#

TAOC

DASC

X

X

Aircraft

X

#

#

#

X

VHF UHF VHF HF VHF HF VHF HF VHF UHF

TACP

#

#

X

#

#

X

#

#

X

X

#

#

X

#

X

#

Legend: X = Normal participation on the specified net # = Participation when directed or as required

Controller Equipment

Controller communication equipment used for ground radio is listed in the table below: Component AN/PRC-119 AN-PRC-104 AN/PRC-113

MCI Course 8203

Radio VHF-FM HF VHF-AM, UHF-FM

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Frequency Hopping Secure Capability Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes

Study Unit 1, Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 7 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Who is normally the terminal controller of aircraft engaged CAS? a. b. c. d.

Item 2

DASC TACP FAC MACCS

When filling out a JTAR, which box is completed for the close air support briefing form? a. b. c. d.

2 3 6 8 Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Items 3 Through 7

Matching: In the space provided, place the letter of the purpose from column 2 that matches the communication net in column 1. The answer in column 2 may be used only once. Column 1

Column 2

Communication Net

Purpose

___ 3. Tactical air request net ___ 4. Tactical air direction net ___ 5. Tactical air control party local net ___ 6. Helicopter request net ___ 7. Helicopter direction net

a. Control for TACPs of heliborne forces to request support from the DASC. b. Coordination between the air officer in the battalion FSCC and the FACs. c. For units to request immediate air support from an air control agency. d. Provides positive control of inbound and outbound helicopters. e. The air control agency can brief CAS aircraft on target information and handoff. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MCI Course 8203

Answer c d c e b a d

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Reference 1-36 1-38 1-41 1-42 1-41 1-42 1-42

Study Unit 1, Lesson 3 Exercise

LESSON 4 CONTROLLING MARINE AIR Introduction

Estimated Study Time

40 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, we will cover the most critical aspect of CAS: engaging a target and reporting the results of that engagement.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify airspace control measures.

•

Identify the parts of a nine- line brief.

•

Identify the purpose of suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD).

•

Identify critical elements of battle damage assessment.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Airspace Control Measures Close Air Support Briefing Form Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) Battle Damage Assessment Lesson 4 Exercise

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See Page 1-47 1-48 1-52 1-60 1-62 1-64

Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Airspace Control Measures

Definition

Airspace control measures are procedural control measures designed to maximize the effectiveness of combat operations by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. Air control agencies, such as the DASC, use these measures in directing aircraft to and from the target area. Terminal controllers and observers must understand the meaning of each of these measures.

Control Point

Control points are used to route aircrews to their targets and provide a ready means of conducting fire support coordination. Control points must be easily identified from the air and support the MAGTF’s scheme of maneuver. The MAGTF FSCC and the ACE select control points based on MAGTF requirements. Control points are given names or numbers and are often used to facilitate the establishment of airspace coordination areas (ACAs) for aircraft operating in areas where flight routes or tactics can conflict with indirect- fire trajectories.

Multiuse Control Point

If possible, a variety of aircraft should be able to use control points. The Marine TACC identifies the specific use for each control point as the tactical situation dictates. The air tasking order (ATO) states the control points’ daily intended use.

Entry/Exit Point (EP)

Entry/exit points (EPs) are used to enter/exit the AOA. At EPs, the aircrew must contact the TACC—Navy or Marine—for further clearance.

En Route Point (ERP)

En route points (ERPs) are used to define routes of flight to and from the target area. ERPs allow specific routing of aircraft for C2 , airspace limitation, or rules of engagement (ROE) requirements. For the ingress routes, ERPs are placed between the rendezvous point (RP) and the contact point (CP). For the egress routes, the ERPs are placed between the egress control point and the penetration point (PP). Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Airspace Control Measures, Continued

Contact Point (CP)

A contact point is the position at which an aircrew makes radio contact with an air control agency. Normally, a contact point is outside the range of enemy surface-to-air (SAM) weapons. The aircrew contacts the terminal controller at the contact point during ingress. A contact point allows coordination of final plans before heavily defended airspace is entered.

Initial Point (IP)

Aircrews use initial points (IPs) to start their run to the target or their approach to a landing zone. IPs are well-defined, easily identified (visually or electronically), and located 5 to 15 nautical miles (NM) from the target area. TCs and aircrews use IPs to help establish an ingress route for aircraft executing CAS.

Egress Control Point (ECP)

An egress control point (ECP) is a well-defined, geographical control point outside the enemy air defense area. The ECP identifies a CAS aircrew’s egress from the target. Contact with TCs normally ends at the ECP. The DASC is the overall coordinator for the ECP. A FAC(A) or TAC(A) can control the ECP. An aircrew can use an ECP as a secondary CP to start a second attack.

Penetration Point (PP)

A penetration point (PP) is used for reentry into the friendly air defense network. PPs are located beyond the intercept zone of the friendly SAM network. Aircraft with operating identification, friend or foe (IFF) equipment or communications with the TACC continue with their recoveries from the PP. Aircraft without IFF execute prebriefed identification procedures at or before the IP or wait at the PP for rendezvous with friendly escort aircraft.

Holding Area (HA)

Holding areas (HAs) are well forward in the battlespace and provide for helicopter dispersion as well as cover and concealment from enemy observation and fires. HAs may be located near the maneuvering regimental or battalion headquarters or at the terminal controller’s position. CIFS aircrews occup y holding areas while awaiting targets or missions. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Airspace Control Measures, Continued

Battle Position (BP)

Battle positions (BPs) are maneuvering areas that rotary-wing aircraft maneuver in and engage targets from, both laterally and in depth. While awaiting the time-to-target (TTT), helicopters maneuver in BPs. The supported commander coordinates and selects BPs through his FAC. BP’s are usually designated as a grid intersection followed by the size of the BP, typically a 4-square kilometer area–for example, “8564, 2 by 2.” Once the terminal controller clears rotary-wing CAS aircraft into a BP, these aircraft should not exit until authorized. Aircrews have freedom of movement within the BP unless otherwise restricted.

CAS Control Points

The diagram below shows the control points CAS aircraft use:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Airspace Control Measures, Continued

CIFS Control Points

MCI Course 8203

In addition to multiuse control points, the re are rotary-wing specific control points. Below is a diagram of control points used that are unique to planning and employment of CIFS aircraft.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form

Nine -Line Brief

The CAS brief, also known as the “nine- line brief”, is the standard brief used for all aircraft conducting CAS/CIFS. The brief is used for all threat conditions and does not dictate the CAS aircrew’s tactics. The mission brief follows the numbered sequence (1 through 9) of the CAS brief form shown on the next page.

Purpose

Use of a standard briefing sequence improves mission direction and control by allowing terminal controllers to pass information rapidly and succinctly. This mission information and sequence may be modified to fit the tactical situation. The CAS briefing gives aircrews the information required to perform the mission.

Procedures

The aircraft contacts the terminal controller at the contact point during ingress. It is at this point that the terminal controller passes the nine-line brief to the aircrew. Giving the aircrew the nine- line brief at the contact point allows coordination of final plans before heavily defended airspace is entered. When the terminal controller wants confirmation the aircrew has correctly received critical items of the brief, the terminal controller will request a read back. When a read back is requested, the aircrew will repeat items 1, 6, 8, and any restrictions. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued

Sample Form Omit data not required: Do not transmit line numbers. Units of measure are standard unless otherwise specified. *Denotes minimum essential inf ormation required in a limited communication environment. Bold denotes read back when requested. Terminal controller: _______________ this is __________________

* 1. IP/BP: __________________________________ * 2. Heading: _____________________ Offset: ___________(left/right) * 3. Distance: ____________________________________ * 4. Target elevation: _________________________ (in feet above MSL) * 5. Target description: ___________________________________ * 6. Target location: ___________________________________________ (latitude/ longitude, grid coordinates, offsets or visual) * 7. Type mark: ______________________ (WP/laser/IR/beacon)

Code:________________ (actual code)

Laser-to-target line: ______________________degrees * 8. Location of friendlies: ____________________________ * 9. Egress: ________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Remarks (as appropriate): _______________________________________ (Threats, hazards, weather, restrictors, ordnance delivery, attack heading, danger close, or SEAD) Time on target: TOT ______________________________ -- or -Time to target: standby ________ plus _________ …. hack

Continued on next page MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued

Line 1. IP/BP (Initial Point, Battle Position)

The IP is the starting point for the run- in to the target and normally is named or numbered. For CIFS, TCs establish the HA until the target attack phase begins and the aircraft enters the BP. For CIFS, the BP is where attacks on the target begin; however, CIFS can be performed with or without HAs or BPs.

Line 2. Heading

The heading is given in degrees magnetic from the IP to the target or from the center of the BP to the target. TCs determine this heading from the map and convert it to a magnetic heading for transmission in the brief. TCs give an offset (offset left/right) if a restriction exists. The offset is the side of the IP-to-target line on which aircrews can maneuver. The offset direction is used to ease fire support coordination, safeguard friendly forces, aid target acquisition, or align aircraft for the attack or egress.

Line 3. Distance

The distance is given from the IP/BP to the target. For fixed-wing aircraft, the distance is given in nautical miles and should be accurate to a tenth of an NM. For attack helicopters, the distance is given in meters from the center of the BP and should be accurate to the nearest 5m.

Line 4. Target Elevation

The target elevation is given in feet above mean sea level (MSL) and is necessary for rotary-wing.

Line 5. Target Description

The target description should be specific enough for the aircrew to recognize the target. The target should be described accurately and concisely. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued Line 6. Target Location

The terminal controller can give the target location in several ways (grid coordinates, latitude and longitude, navigational aid fix, or visual description from a conspicuous reference point). Because of the multiple coordinate systems available for use, the data that will be used must always be specified in the JTAR as shown below: If using… Grid coordinates An area target A linear target

Line 7. Mark Type

Give the… 100,000-m grid identification • Location of the target’s center • Location of the greatest concentration Location of the ends of the target

Mark type is the type of mark the terminal controller will use (smoke or laser) and the laser code (code) the terminal controller will use. Target marking helps aircrews locate the target to be engaged. Terminal controllers should provide a target mark whenever possible. The table below lists some forms of marking: Marker Laser Infrared (IR)

Munitions

Function The most effective means of improving accuracy of aircraft delivered ordnance • IR pointers and other IR devices now available to help a terminal controller mark a target at night •

Effective for aircrews with night vision devices

•

Cannot be used to guide or improve the accuracy of aircraft ordnance Artillery, NGF, or mortar fires(smoke or white phosphorous) effectively help aircrews visually acquire the target

•

• Direct fire

•

Cannot be used to guide or improve the accuracy of aircraft ordnance May be more accurate and timely than indirect fire marking

• Aircraft

Use may be limited by range and visibility of the weapon’s burst effect on the battlefield FAC aircraft may mark with white or red phosphorous rockets, high explosive rockets, illumination, and/or lasers Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued

Line 8. Locations of Friendlies

The distance of friendly forces from the target is given in meters and in a cardinal heading from the target (north, south, east, or west). If the friendly position is marked, identify the type of mark. The accuracy of air-delivered ordnance is subject to many variables. Therefore, unlike for indirect-fire weapons, a danger close distance for the safe separation of air-delivered ordnance is difficult to establish. Recommended minimum safe distances for troops can be found in the FAC Handbook in the unit SOP’s or local range regulations. When air-delivered ordnance is to be delivered near friendly forces (danger close), a careful analysis must be made. The air control agency must consider the situation when selecting and assigning aircraft. Once assigned, the pilot must incorporate this situation into the selection of his attack tactics. Finally, the terminal controller must provide data/instructions to assist the pilot in ensuring safe separation. As with all CAS missions, the supported commander must approve its delivery.

Line 9. Egress

These are the instructions the aircrews use to exit the target area. Egress instructions can be given as a cardinal direction or by using control points. The word egress is used before delivering the egress instructions. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing FormContinued

Remarks

If applicable, the remarks block should contain the information described in the table below. Information Description Laser-to-Target Line The attack heading must allow acquisition of the reflected laser energy (the mark). Ordnance Delivery Recommendation on delivery that will have the greatest effect-on-target Threat and Location Self explanatory Final Attack Heading Any adjustments to the initial attack heading Hazards to Aviation Advise on any antiair threats, including friendly SEAD. ACAs Airspace • Airspace that is reasonably safe from friendly, Coordination Area surface-delivery •

Weather Restrictions Additional Target Information SEAD and location Laser, Illumination, and Night Vision Capability Danger Close

Provides a warning to CAS aircraft of the parameters of surface-delivered fire in a specific area Self explanatory Any off- limit area established by air control agencies Any added information that will help the aircrew cause the most damage to the target. Indicate the presence of SEAD and the area it is being conducted. Indicate whether you have any that you can use to aid the aircrew in engaging the target. Indicate the presence of friendlies near the target. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing Form, Continued

Time on Target (TOT) Time to Target (TTT)

Standard Transmission, DASC to TC

The terminal controller may give the aircrew a TOT or TTT depending on the situation. •

TOT is the synchronized clock time when ordnance is expected to hit the target. It is the timing standard for CAS missions. There is no time Hack statement when using TOT.

•

TTT is the time in minutes and seconds after the time Hack statement is delivered—when ordnance is expected to hit the target. The time Hack statement indicates the moment when all participants start the timing countdown.

A standard transmission by the DASC informing the terminal controller of the mission status of the immediate request is shown below:

Transmission: DASC: “Tiger 14, this is Budworth, mission 10-2, Check, two F/A-18s inbound with Rockeye ETA 15, contact on Orange.” Description of Transmission: Identification Request number Call sign of flight1 Number of aircraft Type of ordnance Estimated time of arrival (ETA) in minutes Frequency of terminal control

Tiger 14, this is Budworth Mission 10-2 Check Two F/A-18s inbound Rockeye ETA 15 Contact on Orange

Legend: 1The aircraft flight is referred to collectively by call sign; individual aircraft in the flight are referred to as “lead” (flight leader) and “dash (number)” (remaining aircraft in flight), for example, “dash 2.” Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Close Air Support Briefing FormContinued

Initial Contact, Aircrew and TC

Below is the initial contact between the aircrew and the terminal controller:

Transmission: Flight leader: Terminal controller: Flight leader:

“Tiger 14, this is Check 10-2, two F/A-18s inbound Chevy 12 Rockeye each, 0 + 30.” “Roger, Check, proceed to Chevy, stand by for brief.” “Ready to copy.”

Description of Transmission: Identification Tiger 14, this is Check Mission number 10-2 Number of aircraft and type of ordnance1 Two F/A-18s inbound Chevy 12 Rockeye each Time on station 0 + 30 1 Legend: The ordnance may be referred to by a preestablished code, for example, D-22.

Nine -Line Brief

Below is an example of a standard nine- line brief being issued to the aircrew:

Transmission: “Snake 045, left 12.3, 55, five armored vehicles moving north to south in column, SS 623 456, WP, south 1,000, egress south to Ford.” Description of Transmission: IP or battle position Heading and offset Distance

Snake 045, left 12.3 is given in nautical miles to the nearest tenth. Target elevation 55 is given in feet “ MSL” Target description Five armored vehicles moving north to south in column Target location SS 623 456 Type of mark (if beacon or laser, include WP appropriate code)1 South 1,000 Location of friendly forces1 Egress south to ford Egress1 Legend: 1 These elements may be omitted in a limited communications environment.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD)

Purpose

Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades surface-based enemy air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. The MAGTF commander uses SEAD to increase effectiveness and flexibility of MAGTF operations as well as to protect MAGTF aircraft. SEAD allows friendly aircraft to conduct missions against targets defended by enemy air defenses.

Combined Arms

Aviation and ground forces conduct SEAD to protect specific air missions. Effective SEAD requires unity of effort to achieve a combined-arms effect. Combined arms enhances the results against the enemy air defenses while reducing the risk to friendly aircraft. The MAGTF performs SEAD by integrating air and ground combat power.

During Aircraft Vulnerability

SEAD can be effective during periods of aircraft vulnerability. For example, SEAD can support aircraft conducting CAS, helicopterborne forces en route to a landing zone and during insertion, or air reconnaissance aircrews collecting intelligence information. The MAGTF classifies SEAD as either preplanned or immediate. Fire support planning and coordination are essential to SEAD missions.

Requesting SEAD

The unit requesting an air mission begins by identifying known or suspected enemy air defenses that may effect the supported air mission. Requesters list threats in the remarks block of the JTAR, CAS brief form, or assault support request form along with organic SEAD assets available.

Preplanned SEAD

Preplanned SEAD is primarily a fire support planning issue that supports and is developed concurrently with the scheme of maneuver. Preplanned SEAD is a plan for the use of a weapon. The FSCC assesses SEAD requirements and assigns appropriate and available SEAD assets. When the preplanned air request reaches the Marine TACC, the ACE decides if more SEAD support is necessary. If the GCE cannot handle the request, the ACE passes the request to the MAGTF commander. The MAGTF commander may reorder priorities or request external SEAD support. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD), Continued

Immediate SEAD

Immediate SEAD is primarily a fire support coordination issue that involves the planning and execution of fires so that a suitable weapon or group of weapons adequately suppresses targets (i.e. enemy air defense assets). The terminal controller, together with other supporting arms controllers and FSCC personnel, begins planning immediate SEAD by considering available SEADcapable assets and simple airspace control measures. If CAS platforms are appropriate for the SEAD mission, the terminal controller requests support from the DASC.

Method of Fire

The method of fire and control includes instructions for timing and duration of SEAD fires. To abbreviate the SEAD call- for- fire, two standard programs are established for typical SEAD scenarios: continuous SEAD and interrupted SEAD.

Continuous SEAD

Continuous SEAD is delivered before and during the aircraft’s period of vulnerability. Continuous SEAD suppresses enemy air defenses during the aircraft’s approach, attack/landing, and egress or where SEAD will not endanger friendly aircrews. The standard ordnance type for continuous SEAD is a high-explosive munition with variable time fuse. The duration of fire for cont inuous SEAD is 2 minutes, starting 1 minute before the supporting air mission event and ending 1 minute after the event.

Interrupted SEAD

Interrupted SEAD is temporarily interrupted at some time during the aircraft’s attack to protect the aircraft from the effects of SEAD. The timing of interrupted SEAD must be closely integrated with the aircraft’s attack or landing. Interrupted SEAD protects aircrews when SEAD is necessary only during the aircraft’s approach or where SEAD might endanger the aircrew during their attack or landing. The standard ordnance type for interrupted SEAD is a high-explosive munition with variable time fuse. The duration of fire for interrupted SEAD is 30 seconds, starting 1 minute before the supporting air mission event and ending 30 seconds before the event.

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Battle Damage Assessment (BDA)

Purpose

Battle damage assessment (BDA) is used to assess the effectiveness of the CAS mission and to update the enemy order of battle after the CAS attack. Accurate BDA is critical for determining if a target should be re-attacked.

Contents

The contents of the BDA should include •

Information relating the BDA being given to a specific target (e.g., target coordinates, target number, mission number, munitions expended, or target description)

•

Time of attack

•

Damage actually seen (e.g., secondary explosions or fires, enemy casualties, or number and type of vehicles/structures damaged or destroyed)

•

Mission accomplishment (were the desired effects achieved) Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Battle Damage Assessment (BDA), Continued

Terminal Controller Responsibilities

Whenever possible, the TC provides attack flights with the BDA of their attack as they egress. The TC gives BDA for the flight, not for individual aircraft in the flight. At times it may not be possible to pass all BDA information. At a minimum, the TC should pass an assessment of mission accomplishment. Additionally, the TC should provide all available BDA information to the DASC or appropriate command and control agency. Below is an example of a BDA report: Transmission: “SS619 456, 0905, 0906, 75 over 80, four armored vehicles destroyed, one turning east, 10 killed in action (KIAs), mission successful, T6G.” Description of Transmission: Target coordinates (location of target when attacked) Time on/off target (time of aircraft attack/time aircraft completed mission and departed) % of ordnance on target/ % of target destroyed Results

Unit support by the mission

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SS 619 456 0905, 0906

75 over 80 Four armored vehicles destroyed, one turning east, 10 KIAs, mission successful T6G

Study Unit 1, Lesson 4

Lesson 4 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

What is the control point where CIFS aircrews normally occupy while awaiting targets or missions? a. b. c. d.

Item 2

The purpose of a nine-line brief is to a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Contact point Battle position Initial point Holding area

request logistical support. allow the pilot to communicate with the FAC. request close air support. request air evacuations.

To suppress, disrupt, neutralize, destroy, or temporarily degrade enemy air defenses in a specific area is an example of a. b. c. d.

antiair warfare. SEAD. assault support. offensive air support. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4 Exercise

Lesson 4 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

Who provides battle damage assessment? a. b. c. d.

DASC FAC Pilot Terminal controller Continued on next page

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Study Unit 1, Lesson 4 Exercise

Lesson 4 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4

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Answer d c b d

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Reference 1-49 1-52 1-60 1-63

Study Unit 1, Lesson 4 Exercise

STUDY UNIT 2 COMBAT OPERATIONS CENTER Overview

Estimated Study Time

1 hour, 20 minutes

Scope

This study unit will cover the combat operations center and review its procedures, personnel, communications set up, security, and situation maps.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to • Establish a main command post and its security. • Identify combat operations center staff and responsibilities. • Identify situation map terms, definitions, and symbols.

In This Study Unit

This study unit contains the following lessons: Topic Lesson 1 Establishing a Command Post Lesson 2 Operations Center Staff Lesson 3 Situation Map

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Study Unit 2

(This page intentionally left blank.)

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Study Unit 2

LESSON 1 ESTABLISHING A COMMAND POST Introduction

Estimated Study Time

20 minutes

Lesson Scope

This lesson will discuss how a command post would be established in a tactical environment. The procedures for establishing any MEU- or MAGTFlevel command post would be similar, although each would be done on a larger scale.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify functions and characteristics of a tactical command post.

•

Identify measures for establishing security of a command post.

•

Identify considerations for establishing communications for a command post.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Elements of a Command Post Command Post Functions and Characteristics Command Post Location Security for a Command Post Communications for a Command Post Tasks and Responsibilities Lesson 1 Exercise

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Elements of a Command Post

Importance of Command Post

The command post is the hub of the command and control facilities of the battalion where members of the staff supervise the operation, obtain information, and make recommendations to the commander so that appropriate and timely decisions can be made.

Types

There are three types of command posts: • Main • Tactical • Rear

Main

The main command post is normally located to the rear of forward-deployed forces. The main command post focuses on execution of current operations (maneuver, control and fire support coordination), reporting to higher headquarters, and planning for future operations. The focal point for current and future operations is the combat operations center (COC). The main command post operates under control of the battalion commander, the executive officer, or the S-3.

Tactical

The tactical command post mirrors the main command post in capability and sustainability. However, it has a greater flexibility in movement and structure. It encompasses the minimum requirements for sustainment in both equipment and personnel. The tactical command post is most often used during operations characterized by numerous movements and displacements and where duplication of command and control capabilities is required.

Rear

The rear command post sustains the force during current operations, forecasts future combat service support (CSS) requirements, and conducts rear operations. The personnel or manpower staff officer (S-1) controls the rear command post and normally collocates with the forward support battalion command post in the MAGTF support area.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Command Post Functions and Characteristics

Main

Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the main command post: • •

Primary Function Plans future operations Coordinates operations throughout the area of operations

•

Coordinates combat support and CSS assets as directed by higher echelons

•

Executes planned deep attacks

•

Monitors the close fight

•

Fights rear operations

•

Keeps higher headquarters informed

•

Maintains operations for extended periods

•

Assumes command and control of close operations if the tactical command post is destroyed

•

Characteristics Organized in functional cells (S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4)

•

Operates in mounted or dismounted mode

•

Positioned in the MAGTF area

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Command Post Functions and Characteristics, Continued

Tactical

Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the tactical command post: •

Rear

• •

•

Provides commander with critical combat information

•

Maintains current close operations situation

•

Disseminates commander’s decisions

• • • • •

Characteristics Positioned forward in the area of operation Operates in mounted or dismounted mode Organized as a single cohesive cell Small, highly mobile Low electronic signature Controlled by the battalion S-3 Duplication of command and control capabilities

Below are some of the functions and characteristics of the rear command post: • • •

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Primary Functions Controls ongoing close operations

Primary Functions Tracks current battle

•

Sustains current deep and close operations

•

Collocates with forward support battalion

Forecasts future CSS requirements

•

Operates in mounted or dismounted modes

•

Conducts detailed CSS planning

•

Serves as entry point for units entering the MAGTF area

2-6

Characteristics Positioned as directed by MAGTF commander

Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Command Post Location

Location

The command post is located to facilitate the control of the battalion. Considerations that influence the selection of a location are: • • • • • • •

Troop dispositions—where are the friendly troops? Routes of communications—where are roads and supply lines? Communications requirements—what assets are required? Type of tactical operation—what is the mission? Space required—how much of an area is required? Cover and concealment—is there plenty of cover? Security—have security procedures been established?

Displacement

To maintain effective control of a unit, the command post is displaced in a manner that involves the least possible interruption of operations. When a displacement is necessary, the S-3 recommends to the commander a new general location and time for the displacement. The executive officer will control the displacement of the unit. Tactics involved in a displacement will be dictated by the situation.

Alternate

Plans are prepared and units are trained to ensure continued command and control in the event that the battalion command post is rendered inoperative through loss of command post personnel and equipment. Plans provide for the immediate assumption of command by the senior officer present and the formation of a new battalion command post. Portions of these plans can be found in the local standard operating procedures of a unit.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Security for a Command Post

Security

The local security for the command post is the responsibility of the Headquarters (HQ) commandant. He will establish a security detachment comprised of Marines assigned to Headquarters and Service company and from the various staff sections. The security detachment and the COC personnel not conducting normal duties will provide perimeter security under the direction of the HQ commandant. Observation posts (OP) and listening posts (LP) will be manned and security patrols will be conducted by the Marines assigned to the security detail.

Priority of Work

Priority of work and establishing and expanding security for a command post is the first task of setting up CP security. There are seven areas: • • • • • • •

Establishing security Positioning of crew-served weapons Clearing fields of fire Preparing primary positions Constructing obstacles Selecting and preparing alternate/supplementary positions Constructing dummy positions

Proceed to work on vital areas as time permits. Positions should be continually improved and expanded. You should not set up to defend everywhere at once, but should concentrate the available forces along likely avenues of approach on key terrain and around critical positions, such as the command post. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Security for a Command Post, Continued

Representation of Command Post Security

A representation of command post security is shown below:

Security Measures

To ensure proper security of a command post, a unit must implement security and control measures that provide for in-depth security that will nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks. Security measures can be identified as either passive or active. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Security for a Command Post, Continued

Passive Security Measures

Passive security measures involve building up a position and those structures inside an area. Four areas apply to passive security measures: • • • •

Active Security Measures

Active security measures deal with training, equipping, and positioning those Marines that will be providing the security for the command post. The areas that apply to active security measures are: • • • • • • •

Access

Use camouflage and concealment, dispersion, and natural cover. Fortify key positions (the command post). Position security units to be mutually supporting. Establish redundant facilities to preclude capabilities from being rendered ineffective if the primary facility is destroyed.

Train Marines in basic infantry skills to include air defense techniques. Organize HQ personnel for defensive operations. Equip security personnel with weapons and munitions required for local defense. Use patrolling, OP/LP and other local security techniques. Establish defensive plans and positions to include barriers and obstacles. Provide access rosters to command post. Establish and coordinate security and reaction forces.

Access will be limited to only those who have a need to reach the command post for operational purposes. ID cards and rosters will be used to confirm the identities of those who need to gain access. Security will be maintained on all avenues of approach. Communication between access areas and the command post will reduce the chances of miscommunication with supporting units and security personnel and will add to the security of the command post. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Security for a Command Post, Continued

Specific Defensive Measures

There are specific measures available to a commander in establishing security for a command post: • • • • •

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Establishing identification procedures Specifying area or base entry procedures Planning and rehearsing immediate action drills Enforcing noise and light discipline Coordinating defensive fires

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Communications for a Command Post

Communications

Command post communications will utilize every means available to provide the commander with the ability to exert his authority and fulfill his responsibilities. It is the responsibility of the communications officer to make the commander aware of the capabilities and limitations of all communications inside and outside the command post.

Placement of the Antenna Site (Ant Farm)

The antenna site or ant farm will be placed a minimum of 500 feet from the command post and masked when possible.

Communications Networks

Radio nets, call signs, and frequencies will be distributed for the command post and the operation in the form of communications–electronics operating instructions (CEOI). It is the responsibility of the holders of the CEOI to pass the information provided to all subordinates involved in the operation.

Considerations for Communications Equipment

All main and alternate command post radio equipment will be planned, installed, operated, and maintained with the ability to enhance the command post communications. Considerations for this ability will be reliability, flexibility, security, and responsiveness. The ability to communicate during any tactical situation is paramount to operational success.

Required Measures

When communications for a command post is established, safety is a required measure that can never be overlooked. Satisfactory grounds on all communication–electronic equipment will be required. These include the proper placement of switchboards, generators, and other terminal equipment.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Tasks and Responsibilities

Communications Platoon

The tasks and responsibilities the communications platoon are required to complete during the establishment of command post operations are as follows: •

Plan for, install, operate, and maintain all communications–electronic equipment within the command post.

•

Ensure the power distribution system is properly grounded and that backup power is available.

•

Ensure the displacement of the command post is executed with the required equipment in accordance with the CEOI.

•

Ensure the communications for the command post, if lost, are restored expeditiously with all internal and external systems required by the CEOI.

Fire Support Communication

The fire support section within the command post is responsible for all fire support for that given unit. Communications responsibilities and assets (all communication–electronic equipment needed for fire support) will be provided by the fire support personnel that have been assigned to the command post.

Summary

Communications for the command post is guided and established in accordance with published CEOI and SOP. The commander is in charge; the communications officer is responsible for the efficient operation of all communication–electronic equipment and procedures within the command post and the unit as a whole.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Identify a function of a tactical command post. a. Establishes identification procedures b. Constructs obstacles c. Controls ongoing close operations d. Constructs dummy positions

Item 2

Identify a characteristic of a tactical command post. a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Operates in a rear area Operates in a combat service support area only Collocates with forward support battalion Organized as a single cohesive cell

Identify a security measure used when establishing a command post. a. b. c. d.

Executes planned deep attacks Establishes and coordinate security and reaction forces Establishes air patrols around command post Establishes booby traps and hasty ambushes Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

Identify considerations for establishing communications for a command post. a. b. c. d.

Reliability , flexibility, security, and responsiveness Fluidity, dependability, security, and static squelch Responsiveness, interference squelch, security, and clarity Flexibility, security, dual modulation, and frequency hopping Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below provides the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4

MCI Course 8203

Answer c d b a

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Reference Page 2-6 2-6 2-10 2-12

Study Unit 2, Lesson 1 Exercise

LESSON 2 OPERATIONS CENTER STAFF Introduction

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Lesson Scope

This lesson will give an overview of how the combat operations center (COC) functions in a tactical environment. It will describe the tasks and responsibilities of the COC staff.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to • Identify the functions of a COC. • Identify COC staff sections and their duties.

In This Lesson

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction COC Functions COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities COC Message Traffic Lesson 2 Exercise

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See Page 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-22 2-24

Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Functions

Specific Functions

The COC is the hub of the battlefield. Decisions that are made effect the battle space almost immediately. Specific functions that are accomplished within the COC are listed below: • Supervise current operations and report significant events to the commander. • Maintain communications with higher, adjacent, supporting units, and maneuver elements of the battalion. • Maintain and display the current friendly and enemy situation. • Develop and disseminate the intelligence picture. • Direct and manage intelligence collection. • Prepare and submit operational reports to higher headquarters. • Issue orders and tactical decisions of the commander to subordinate elements and higher headquarters.

COC Organization

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•

Monitor the state of combat essential equipment/supplies and advise the commander of short falls affecting the operation.

•

Coordinate all available supporting arms: air, naval gunfire, artillery, and 81mm mortars.

•

Serve as the principal point of contact for liaison personnel.

•

Develop deception plans.

•

Maintain continuous operations.

The COC is organized to facilitate the display, maintenance, and ease of access to critical information necessary to plan, monitor, and control the execution of combat operations.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities

COC Staff

The COC is made up of personnel that provide specific information to the commander during operations. These personnel have certain tasks and responsibilities that must be executed in an environment that can be hectic and confusing. The following are found inside the COC: • • • • • • • • •

Commanding officer S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Fire support coordinator Commanders of attached and supporting units COC watch officer Unit journal clerk

Commanding Officer

The commanding officer uses all available means to accomplish the mission. His plans, orders, and supervision ensure the actions of all units contribute toward that end. He goes where he can best direct and control the operation. He may be at the command post, at an observation post with the main element, or anywhere else in his area of operations where his presence is required.

The S-1

The S-1 is responsible for personnel activities and other administrative matters not specifically assigned to another staff officer. He routes messages received from the message center to the other sections within the command post.

The S-2

The S-2 is responsible for producing combat intelligence and counterintelligence matters. He will keep the commander informed of the enemy situation and capability, terrain and weather, and their effect on the mission. As part of his counterintelligence tasks, he ensures that all internal security procedures are in place and being conducted properly. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities, Continued

The S-3

The S-3 is responsible for matters pertaining to the organization, training, and combat operations of the battalion. Included within the S-3 section is an assistant S-3, an artillery liaison officer, and an air liaison officer who coordinates the employment of aviation units in support of the battalion. The S-3 is responsible for establishing internal operating procedures for the COC and the efficient functioning therein.

The S-4

The S-4 has the responsibility for logistics, budgeting, and financial management. He is responsible for the formulation of logistical policy and for planning, coordinating, and supervising the logistical effort.

Fire Support Coordinator

The fire support coordinator is responsible for the operation of the fire support coordination center, determining fire support requirements, assisting in the development of the fire support plan, and coordinating and integrating supporting fires.

Commanders of Commanders of attached and supporting units and units under operational Attached and command are advisors to the battalion commander and staff on matters Supporting pertaining to their unit’s capabilities during an operation. Units

Unit Journal Clerk

The purpose of the unit journal clerk is to provide readily accessible, comprehensive, and accurate information of events and incidents that take place during operations. Each section in the COC will usually maintain a log or journal. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Staff Tasks and Responsibilities, Continued

COC Watch Officer

The watch officer will be assigned by the S-3 in order to supervise the operation of the COC permitting other section heads the needed time to prepare for further phases of an operation. The watch officer will receive and forward communications and messages and must at all times be prepared to brief the commander or supporting and attached commanders on the battlefield situation. S-3 will generally post a watch officer roster that shows the date, time, and what section will provide the watch officer.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Message Traffic

Message Routing

Most units use a standard report/message format (yellow canaries) for all messages. The messages will be forwarded, received, and destroyed in manners prescribed by a local SOP. The following is an example of how an incoming message would be routed in a COC: • The COC radio operator receives an incoming message and forwards the message to the watch officer in the COC. • The watch officer and radio operator both initial the “yellow canary.” • The watch officer sends copies of the message to all other sections in the COC. • The original is returned to the journal clerk to be logged into the journal and filed.

Flash Messages

An incoming flash message (a message needing urgent attention) or operational immediate messages will be immediately referred to the watch officer for action.

Outgoing Messages

The originator of outgoing messages is responsible for the drafts of the messages and the encryption of those messages to ensure security of message traffic. The steps that should be followed are listed below: •

The originator keeps a copy of the outgoing message and forwards the original to the watch officer who assigns the precedence for the message, initials it, and passes it to the appropriate radio operator.

•

The radio operator assigns the message a date–time group (DTG) and transmits it.

•

The watch officer then hands the message to the appropriate journal clerk.

•

The journal clerk logs the message into the journal and files the message.

The watch officer notifies the message originator the message has been sent or if there was trouble while transmitting the message. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

COC Message Traffic, Continued

Emergency Destruction

MCI Course 8203

All sections within the COC will have emergency destruction plans for all classified material and message traffic in accordance with OPNAVINST 5500.1. Only the commander or delegated personnel can order destruction.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Which of the following is a function of a COC? a. b. c. d.

Item 2

Which of the following is not a function of a COC? a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Constructing obstacles Placing radios out on observation posts Directing and managing intelligence collection Directing all air traffic for host country

Maintaining continuous operations Developing deception plans Developing rules of engagement Coordinating all available supporting arms

Identify which section of the COC reports to the commander on the terrain and weather during an operation. a. b. c. d.

S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

Identify which section is responsible for combat operations. a. b. c. d.

S-1 S-2 S-3 The commanding officer Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below provides the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4

MCI Course 8203

Answer c c b c

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Reference Page 2-18 2-18 2-19 2-20

Study Unit 2, Lesson 2 Exercise

LESSON 3 SITUATION MAP Introduction

Estimated Study Time

20 minutes

Lesson Scope

This study unit will present information on the situation map (sitmap) that is used in the COC and the symbols and colors associated with the sitmap.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify the common operational symbols used on sitmaps and their associated definitions.

•

Identify what colors are used on a sitmap.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Operational Symbols Symbols and Terms Colors Used on a Situation Map Items Displayed on Situation Map Lesson 3 Exercise

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See Page 2-27 2-28 2-29 2-41 2-42 2-44

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Operational Symbols

Symbols on Situation Maps

Situation maps (sitmaps) provide a way to display operational plans, concepts, and friendly or enemy battle situations.

Unit Symbol

To indicate a particular unit or installation, place the unit’s own designation to the left of the symbol with the higher echelons of command to the right of the symbol. Slashes separate command echelons. To avoid cluttering the symbol, known units in the chain of command may be omitted.

Example

Standard Symbols

There are too many symbols used on sitmaps to mention in this lesson. A complete listing of symbols and their definitions used on sitmaps can be found in MCRP 5-12A. On the following pages are some of the more frequently used operational terms and symbols. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms

Examples of Terms and Symbols

Examples of operational terms and symbols used on sitmaps in the COC are shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Unit Type Symbols

Examples of unit type symbols are shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Obstacles

Examples of symbols for obstacles used on sitmaps are shown below:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Weapons Symbols

The following are standard symbols for weaponry:

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Armored Vehicle Symbols

Below are standard symbols for the types of armored vehicles:

Lines

The following are some of the lines that would be found on a sitmap:, with examples on the following page. Line Line of Departure (LD) Limit of Advance (LOA) Line of Contact (LOC) Probable Line of Deployment (PLD) Phase Line (PL)

Lateral Boundaries

Definition A line for coordinating the departure of attack elements. A recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance. A line showing the location of two opposing forces. A line selected on the ground, usually the last covered and concealed position prior to the objective. A line used for control and coordination of operations, usually a terrain feature extending across a zone of action. Control measures that define the left and right limits of a unit’s zone of action or sector. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Examples of Lines

The following are some examples of the lines that would be found on a sitmap: Symbol

Definition of Line Probable line of deployment Line of departure Limit of advance Line of contact Phase line Lateral boundary Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Symbols for Points

Symbol

Below is a symbol definition table explaining points and maneuvers used on sitmaps: Definition for Points Contact Point—In land warfare, point on the terrain, easily identified, where two or more units are required to make contact.

Coordinating Point—Point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units must make contact for purposes of control and coordination.

Checkpoint—Point used as a means of controlling movement.

Linkup—Easily identified point on the ground where two forces meet and link up.

Rally Point—Easily identifiable point on the ground at which units can reassemble and reorganize if they become dispersed.

Passage Point—Place where units will pass through one another while advancing or a withdrawing.

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Below is a symbol definition table explaining symbols for maneuvers used on sitmaps:

Symbols for Maneuvers

Symbol

Definition of Maneuvers Attack Position—Last position occupied by the assault echelon before crossing the line of departure. Main Attack— The principal attack into which the commander throws the full weight of the offensive power at his disposal.

Supporting Attack—Offensive operation in conjunction with a main attack and designed to achieve the mission of a main attack. Objective—Clearly defined goal toward which operation should be directed. Axis of Advance—Line of advance assigned for the purpose of control, often a road or a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy. Air Axis of Advance—Line of advance assigned to aircraft for the purpose of control, often a road or a group of roads or a designated series of locations, extending in the direction of the enemy. Direction of Attack—Specified direction or route that the main attack or center of mass of the unit will follow during an attack. Attack by Fire—Fires used to destroy an objective from a distance. Used when the objective would not be occupied. Bypass—Maneuver around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain momentum.

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Fire Support Coordination Measures

Fire support coordination measures are used to facilitate timely and safe use of fire support. The application of fire support coordination measures varies with operation and target density. The measures simplify the battlefield and allow for more reactive support.

Coordination Lines

Several types of coordination lines are used on a map. They are located generally between units, battle boundaries, and operation phase lines. The table below provides examples of coordination lines used in conjunction with fire support: Symbol

Definition of Fire Lines Coordinated Fire Line— Line beyond which conventional, direct and indirect surface fire support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the establishing headquarters without additional coordination. Fire Support Coordination Line—Line established by appropriate land or amphibious force commander to ensure coordination of fire not under the commander’s control but affecting tactical operations. Restrictive Fire Line—Line established between converging friendly forces that prohibit fires or effects of fires across the line without coordination with affected force.

Note: Symbols are displayed farther apart on a map. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Fire support coordination areas are designated for certain types of fire. Symbols for fire areas and their definitions are listed below:

Fire Support Coordination Areas

Symbol

Definition of Fire Areas Free Fire Area—Specified area in which any weapon system may be fired.

No Fire Area—Area in which no fire or effects of fire are allowed, except self-defense fires.

Restrictive Fire Area—Area in which specific restrictions are imposed and into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered without prior coordination.

Targets

Below are symbols and their definitions used for targets on a sitmap: Symbol

Definition of Targets Group —Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by letter/number combinations or a nickname.

Series—In fire support, a number of targets and/or groups of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase of combat, indicated by a nickname.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Overlay

Below is an example of a sitmap overlay of a battalion in the attack on a single objective that could possibly be found in a battalion operations center:

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Symbols and Terms, Continued

Example of Company Defense

MCI Course 8203

Below is an example of a company in the defense. Symbols inside the platoon sector are weapons covering the fields of fire, and the small “X”s and dashes around the areas are obstacles that have been erected to channel the enemy into the fields of fire.

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Colors Used on a Situation Map

Standard Colors

MCRP 5-12 A establishes a standardized color code to differentiate symbols for friendly and enemy orders of battle and for specific events and objects. You may also have an explanatory legend or color key to eliminate any possibility of confusion; this is especially important if you depart from the standardized color code or use additional colors to portray symbols, events, or objects. The standardized color code is as follows: • Symbols in blue or black represent friendly units, equipment, and activities. • Symbols in red represent enemy units, equipment, and activities. • Areas in yellow indicate areas that have been contaminated by friendly or enemy nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) weapons. They can also represent unknown units. • Symbols in green represent man-made obstacles of both friendly and enemy construction.

Example of Standard Colors

The following is an example of standard sitmap colors:

Color Blue or Black Red Yellow Green Blue

MCI Course 8203

Meaning Friendly Enemy Contaminated, unknown, or pending units Manmade obstacles Water

2-41

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Items Displayed on Situation Map

Maintaining the The sitmap must be continually revised so that it displays the most current Sitmap information. Every individual in the COC must assume responsibility for the

accuracy of the sitmap’s information, although only one person per watch may actually be designated to maintain the information on the sitmap.

Items Displayed The following items are plotted on sitmap for prepared defensive positions

and field fortifications, including trench networks: • • • • • • • • • • Marginal Information

Automatic weapons Supporting mortars Antitank guns Artillery positions Air defense weapons Minefields Logistics and command facilities Aircraft and helicopter staging areas and refueling points All NBC areas contaminated or suspected of contamination All emplaced obstacles, both friendly and enemy

Marginal information is that information displayed on sitmaps to allow the viewer a quick reference for specialized information. The information is usually displayed in the margins. Specialized information that would be displayed would consist of the following: • • • •

Unit Date-time group Name of the operation Who prepared the sitmap or maintained it Continued on next page

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Items Displayed on Situation Map, Continued

Example of Marginal Information

MCI Course 8203

24th MEU OPS SITMAP Operation Noble Cause DTG//291429OCT01 Prepared by GySgt J.H. Marine

2-43

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

Identify this symbol.

a. b. c. d.

Item 2

Identify this symbol.

a. b. c. d.

Item 3

Friendly position Friendly unit Enemy position Enemy unit

AT gun Mortar Machinegun Howitzer

Identify the color red as it pertains to sitmaps. a. b. c. d.

Manmade obstacles Contaminated areas Enemy Unknown units Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 2, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

Identify the color for manmade obstacles. a. b. c. d.

Blue or black Red Green Purple Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

2-45

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below provides the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2 3 4

MCI Course 8203

Answer d a c c

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Reference Page 2-29 2-32 2-41 2-41

Study Unit 2, Lesson 3 Exercise

STUDY UNIT 3 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Overview

Estimated Study Time

1 hour, 30 minutes

Unit Scope

This study unit is designed to give you an overview of combat service support (CSS). You will learn about the objective, purpose, principles, and functional areas of CSS. You will also receive knowledge on the mission and structures of the individual CSS elements.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to

In This Study Unit

•

State the fundamentals of combat service support.

•

Describe the mission of the force service support group (FSSG).

•

Describe the mission of the brigade service support group (BSSG).

•

Describe the mission of the Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) service support group (MSSG).

•

Identify the structure of the force service support group (FSSG).

•

Identify the structure of the brigade service support group (BSSG).

•

Identify the structure of the MEU service support group (MSSG).

This study unit contains the following lessons: Topic Lesson 1 Fundamentals of Combat Service Support Lesson 2 Combat Service Support within the MEF Lesson 3 Combat Service Support within Other MAGTFs

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See Page 3-3 3-15 3-27

Study Unit 3

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Study Unit 3

LESSON 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Introduction

Estimated Study Time

25 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn about the objective and purpose of CSS, as well as the seven principles and six functional areas of CSS. The lesson will conclude with an overview of the CSS operations center (CSSOC).

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

State the objective of combat service support.

•

Match the six functional areas of combat service support with their subfunctions.

•

Identify the seven principles of combat service support.

•

State the purpose of the combat service support operations center.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Combat Service Support Element Six Functional Areas of CSS Seven Principles Combat Service Support Operations Center Lesson 1 Exercise

MCI Course 8203

3-3

See Page 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-10

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Combat Service Support Element

Definition

The combat service support element (CSSE) is part of MAGTF designed to support the continued readiness and sustainability of the force as a whole: • Task-organized by FSSG based on MAGTF’s mission • Provides functions not within the organic capability of the other elements of MAGTF • Supports and sustains MAGTF (depending on the size) in a variety of ways for a prescribed period of time by providing most classes of supply and a variety of other services

CSS Objective

MCI Course 8203

CSS is applied operational logistics. The objective of CSS is to sustain and enhance the relative combat power of MAGTF at the tactical level of war.

3-4

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Six Functional Areas of CSS

Focus of Functional Areas

CSS has six major functional areas that provide a basis for an integrated and analytic approach to planning and executing logistical support operations for MAGTF at the tactical and operational levels of war. The six functional areas focus on the readiness and sustainability aspects of military capability. The table below lists each functional area and their sub-functions:

Functional Area Sub-Function Supply • Determination of requirements • Procurement • Storage • Distribution • Salvage • Disposal Maintenance

Transportation

MCI Course 8203

Functional Area Sub-Function General • Engineer reconnaissance Engineering • Construction • Facilities maintenance • Demolition and obstacle removal • Explosive ordnance disposal

Health Service • Inspection and classification • Servicing, adjustments, tuning • Testing and calibration • Repair • Modification • Rebuild and overhaul • Reclamation • Recovery and evacuation Services • Embarkation • Landing support • Port and terminal operations • Motor transport • Air delivery • Freight/passenger transportation

3-5

• • • •

Health maintenance Casualty collection Casualty treatment Temporary hospitalization and evacuation

• • • • • • •

Disbursing Postal Exchange services Security support Legal services support Civil affairs support Graves registration

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Seven Principles

Purpose

The principles of CSS are guides for planning, organization, management, and execution. They are not to be construed as rigid rules applicable in every situation. Identifying those principles that have priority in a specific situation is essential for establishing effective CSS. The table below lists the principles and their definitions: Principle Responsiveness

Simplicity Flexibility Economy

Attainability Sustainability Survivability

MCI Course 8203

Definition The ability to provide the right support at the right time and in the right place. This is the most critical principle of CSS. The ability to avoid complexity, which fosters efficiency in the planning and execution of CSS operations. The ability to adapt CSS structure and procedures to the changing situations, missions, and concepts of operations. The ability to provide support at the lowest cost in terms of the resources available and necessary to accomplish the mission. The ability to provide the essential supplies and services required to begin combat operations. The ability to maintain support throughout the operation. The inherent capacity of the organization and its capability to prevail in the face of potential destruction.

3-6

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Combat Service Support Operations Center

Definition

The combat service support operations center (CSSOC) is located within CSSE’s command post. It controls and coordinates the day-to-day operations of the CSS organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supported units.

CSSOC Functions

The CSSOC has several functions that require close communication with subordinate units, supported units, and higher headquarters. The normal functions of CSSOC are listed below: • Monitor non-aviation CSS operations and report significant events to the commander. • Be the principal point of contact for liaison between senior, supported, and adjacent units regarding CSS-related issues. • Transmit orders and decisions. • Provide dedicated communication channels to control CSS operations. • Receive and record operational reports. • Advise interested staff sections of events or information of immediate concern. • Prepare and submit operational reports to higher headquarters. • Maintain current plots of friendly and enemy situations on display. • Maintain rear area security overlay: • Preplanned targets • Active security measures for CSS installation • Main supply routes within the rear area • Coordinate security of CSS installations and main supply routes within the rear area with higher and adjacent elements of MAGTF.

CSSOC Organization

The CSSOC is not a separate organization. The staff is composed of operations and communications personnel from each CSS unit in MAGTF. Generally, the commander chooses one of two methods to configure the organization of his CSSOC—centralized or decentralized. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Combat Service Support Operations Center, Continued

Centralized CSSOC Advantage

The advantage of the centralized CSSOC is the watch officer’s immediate access to technical advice from the functional representatives of the CSS elements represented in MAGTF as shown in the diagram below:

The centralized CSSOC option is appropriate when tactical considerations do not require dispersal.

Centralized CSSOC Disadvantage

A disadvantage to the centralized CSSOC is the confusion generated by large number of personnel communicating with each other and others via radio in a confined facility. The centralized CSSOC is used in higher-level CSS organizations and those further to the rear. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Combat Service Support Operations Center, Continued

Decentralized CSSOC

The advantage of the decentralized CSSOC is its mobility and versatility as shown in the diagram below:

Smaller CSS organizations and those further forward use the decentralized CSSOC. In situations when not enough personnel are present to operate a centralized CSSOC, a decentralized CSSOC is required.

MCI Course 8203

3-9

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 9 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

State the objective of a combat service support unit. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2

List three of the six sub-functions for supply. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 3

List four of the eight sub-functions for maintenance. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

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3-10

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

List three of the six sub-functions for transportation. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5

List three of the five sub-functions for general engineering. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6

List two of the four sub-functions for health service. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 7

List four of the seven sub-functions of service support. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 8

List the seven principles of combat service support. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 9

State the purpose of the combat service support operations center. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-12

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number Answer 1 • Sustain and enhance the relative combat power of MAGTF at the tactical level of war.

2

3

4

• Support the missions and concepts of operations of the units they are tasked to support. • Determination of requirements • Procurement • Storage • Distribution • Salvage • Disposal • Inspection and classification • Servicing, adjustments, tuning • Testing and calibration • Repair • Modification • Rebuild and overhaul • Reclamation • Recovery and evacuation • Embarkation • Landing support • Port and terminal operations • Motor transport • Air delivery • Freight/passenger transportation

Reference Page 3-4

3-5

3-5

3-5

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-13

Study Unit 3, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers, continued

Item Number 5 • • • • • 6 • • • • 7

8

9

MCI Course 8203

Answer Reference Page 3-5 Engineer reconnaissance Construction Facilities maintenance Demolition and obstacle removal Explosive ordnance disposal 3-5 Health maintenance Casualty collection Casualty treatment Temporary hospitalization and evacuation 3-5 • Disbursing • Postal • Exchange services • Security support • Legal services support • Civil affairs support • Graves registration 3-6 • Responsiveness • Simplicity • Flexibility • Economy • Attainability • Sustainability • Survivability Controls and coordinates the day-to-day 3-7 operations of the CSS organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supported units

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 1 Exercise

LESSON 2 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT WITHIN THE MEF Introduction

Estimated Study Time

20 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn about the mission of the FSSG and the seven battalions of an FSSG and their services.

Learning Objective

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

State the mission of the FSSG within the Marine expeditionary force (MEF).

•

List the seven organic battalions of the FSSG.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Force Service Support Group (FSSG) Structure of FSSG Lesson 2 Exercise

MCI Course 8203

3-15

See Page 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-21

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Force Service Support Group (FSSG)

FSSG Mission To MEF

The mission of the FSSG is to provide sustained combat service support to MEFs. FSSGs are also tasked to provide services to other joint and combined forces and federal agencies, as well as personnel and equipment to sustain MAGTFs below the MEF level. As the CSSE of MEF, the FSSG supports • •

The ground combat element (GCE)—comprised of one division An air combat element (ACE)—comprised of one Marine aircraft wing (MAW) • The surveillance reconnaissance intelligence group (SRIG) Seven Organic Battalions

The FSSG is a permanently structured command that consist of seven organic battalions: • • • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Headquarters and service Maintenance Supply Engineer support Transportation Medical Dental

3-16

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Structure of FSSG

Economy of Operations

The FSSG embodies one of the fundamental principles of CSS—economy of operations—through • •

Centralization of logistic resources Decentralization of support operations

The FSSG organizations are structured to provide task-organized detachments to support independently deployed battalions, regiments, MAGTFs, and geographically separated units.

Headquarters and Service Battalion

The headquarters and service battalion consists of four companies:

Headquarters and Service Battalion Mission

The headquarters and service battalion provides

• • • •

• • • •

Headquarters Service Communications Military police

Command and control Administration Communications Security support to the FSSG Continued on next page

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3-17

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Structure of FSSG, Continued

Maintenance Battalion

The maintenance battalion consists of these companies: • • • • • •

Headquarters and service Ordnance maintenance Engineer maintenance Electronics maintenance Motor transport maintenance General support maintenance

Maintenance Battalion Mission

The maintenance battalion provides

Supply Battalion

The supply battalion consists of these companies:

•

Intermediate-level and third- and fourth-echelon maintenance support for • Tactical ordnance • Engineer • Motor transport • Communications-electronics equipment • General support equipment of the MEF • Evacuate equipment to repair facilities

• • • • Supply Battalion Mission

Headquarters and service Supply Ammunition Medical logistics

The supply battalion provides • •

General supply support for class II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX items Organizational and intermediate maintenance on medical and dental equipment • Packing, preservation, and packaging capabilities Continued on next page

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Structure of FSSG, Continued

Engineer Support Battalion

The engineer support battalion consists of these companies:

Engineer Support Battalion Mission

The engineer support battalion provides

• • • • •

• • • • •

Headquarters and service Engineer support Bridge (only located within 2d FSSG) Bulk fuel Engineer

General engineering support of an expeditionary nature, to include survivability and mobility and counter mobility enhancements Explosive ordinance disposal Horizontal and vertical landing zones Utilities support Engineer reconnaissance

Transportation Support Battalion

The transportation support battalion consists of these companies:

Transportation Support Battalion Mission

The transportation support battalion provides

• • • • • •

• • • •

Headquarters and service Support Beach and terminal operations Landing support General support motor transport Direct support motor transport

Motor transport, air delivery, and landing support for MEF Coordination of ship-to-shore movement transportation Terminal operations coordination Medium and heavy lift transportation Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-19

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Structure of FSSG, Continued

Medical Battalion

The medical battalion consists of these companies: • •

Headquarters and service Surgical

Medical Battalion Mission

The medical battalion provides

Dental Battalion

The dental battalion consists of these companies:

• • • •

• •

Initial resuscitation Temporary casualty holding Ground evacuation support Preventive medical support

Headquarters and service Dental

The mission of the dental battalion is to provide dental services.

MCI Course 8203

3-20

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 9 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

State the mission of the force service support group. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2

List the seven organic battalions of FSSG. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-21

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Item 3

List the missions of the headquarters battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 4

List the missions of the maintenance battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5

List the missions of the supply battalion. ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6

List the missions of the engineer support battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page MCI Course 8203

3-22

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Item 7

List the missions of the transportation support battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 8

List the missions of the medical battalion. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 9

List the mission of the dental battalion. ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-23

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number Answer 1 Provide sustained combat service support to Marine Expeditionary Forces. Force Service Support Groups are also tasked to provide services to other joint and combined forces and federal agencies along with providing personnel and equipment to sustain MAGTFs below the MEF level. 2 • Headquarters and Service Battalion • Maintenance Battalion • Supply Battalion • Engineer Support Battalion • Transportation Support Battalion • Medical Battalion • Dental Battalion 3 • Command and control • Administration • Communications • Security support to the FSSG

Reference 3-16

3-16

3-17

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-24

Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Answers, continued

4

•

5

• • • • • • • •

Provide intermediate level, third and fourth echelon maintenance support for: Tactical ordnance Engineer Motor transport Communications-electronics equipment General support equipment of the MEF Evacuate equipment to repair facilities General supply support for class II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX items

3-18

3-18

Organizational and intermediate maintenance on medical and dental equipment

•

6

7

8

9

MCI Course 8203

Packing, preservation, and packaging capabilities • General engineering support of an expeditionary nature, to include survivability, counter mobility and mobility enhancements • Explosive ordinance disposal • Horizontal and vertical landing zones • Utilities support • Engineer reconnaissance • Motor transport, air delivery, and landing support for the MEF • Coordination of ship-to-shore movement transportation • Terminal operations coordination • Medium and heavy lift transportation • Initial resuscitation • Temporary casualty holding • Ground evacuation support • Preventive medical support Provide dental services.

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3-19

3-19

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

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Study Unit 3, Lesson 2 Exercise

LESSON 3 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT WITHIN OTHER MAGTFs Introduction

Estimated Study Time

15 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn about the mission of the brigade service support group (BSSG) and MEU service support group (MSSG), along with their respective structures.

Learning Objective

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

State the primary mission of the BSSG within the Marine expeditionary brigade (MEB).

•

List the nine components of the BSSG.

•

State the primary mission of a MSSG within the MEU.

•

List the eight platoons of the MSSG.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Brigade Service Support Group Within the MEB MEU Service Support Group Within the MEU Lesson 2 Exercise

MCI Course 8203

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See Page 3-27 3-28 3-29 3-30

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3

Brigade Service Support Group Within the MEB

Mission To MEB

Supported Elements of the MEB

The primary mission of the BSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a 30-day combat period to the MEB. Other missions include •

Provide the MEB with the tactical logistics capabilities it needs to conduct operations across the spectrum of conflict anywhere in the world.

•

Serve as the advance echelon of the FSSG, if required.

•

Perform additional tasks as assigned by the MEB commander.

As the CSSE of the MEB, the BSSG supports the •

Ground combat element (GCE)—comprised of two to five battalion-size maneuver elements

•

Aviation combat element (ACE)—comprised of a composite Marine aircraft group (MAG)

•

Command element (CE)

BSSG Mission

The BSSG provides the nucleus of the landing force support party and, with appropriate attachments from the GCE and the ACE, is responsible for the landing force support function when the landing force shore party is activated.

BSSG Structure

BSSGs are structured from personnel and equipment of the FSSG. It is taskorganized to meet the mission of the MEB, its structure may vary from one task to the next. A standard BSSG is composed of eight companies and one detachment: • • • • • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Headquarters company Transportation company Supply company Maintenance company Engineer support company Bulk fuel company Collecting and clearing company Surgical support company Dental detachment

3-28

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3

MEU Service Support Group within the MEU

Mission Within the MEU

The primary mission of the MSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a 15-day combat period to MEU. Other missions include • • •

Limited-line haul transportation (long-distance hauling) Limited third-echelon repairs Arrival and departure airfield control group functions

Supported Elements of the MEU

As the CSSE of MEU, the MSSG supports the

MSSG Mission

The MSSG is tasked-organized to meet the mission of MEU. MSSGs are tailored to provide a full-range of CSS necessary for the MEU to accomplish all assigned missions. MSSGs are well suited to support

• • •

• • • • • MSSG Structure

Amphibious operations Security operations Noncombatant evacuation operations Humanitarian assistance operations Other special operations

MSSGs are structured from personnel and equipment of the FSSG and consists of two support platoons and six service platoons: • • • • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

GCE—comprised of a battalion landing team ACE—comprised of a Marine medium helicopter squadron CE

Headquarters Communications Engineer Maintenance Motor transport Landing support Supply Medical

3-29

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

The primary mission of the BSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a _______ combat period to the a. b. c. d.

Item 2

1-year; CSSE. 5-month; MSSG. 10-week; MEU. 30-day; MEB.

List the eight companies and the one detachment of a BSSG. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

3-30

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Item 3

The primary mission of the MSSG is to provide sustained combat service support for a ______ day combat period to the a. b. c. d.

Item 4

15-day; MEU. 10-week; MEB. 5-month; CSSE. 1-year; BSSG.

List the eight platoons of the MSSG. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Continued on next page

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3-31

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the lesson exercise. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item Number 1 2

3 4

MCI Course 8203

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Answer d Headquarters company Transportation company Supply company Maintenance company Engineer support company Bulk fuel company Collecting and clearing company Surgical support company Dental detachment a Headquarters Communications Engineer Maintenance Motor transport Landing support Supply Medical

3-32

Reference: 3-28 3-28

3-29 3-29

Study Unit 3, Lesson 3 Exercise

STUDY UNIT 4 REAR AREA SECURITY Overview

Estimated Study Time

2 hours

Unit Scope

This study unit is designed to give you an overview of rear area security (RAS), including operations, organization, security measures, and base defense.

Learning Objectives

After completing this study unit, you should be able to

In This Study Unit

•

Identify rear area operations.

•

Identify rear area security organization.

•

Identify security measures and base defense.

This study unit contains the following lessons: Topic Lesson 1 Rear Area Operations Lesson 2 Rear Area Security Organization Lesson 3 Security Measures and Base Defense

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See Page 4-3 4-17 4-29

Study Unit 4

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Study Unit 4

LESSON 1 REAR AREA OPERATIONS Introduction

Estimated Study Time

40 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn the eight functions of rear area operations and the responsibilities of the joint force, joint rear area, and Marine Corps component commanders.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to •

Define rear area.

•

Identify the eight functions of rear area operations.

•

Identify the responsibilities of the joint force commander.

•

Identify the responsibilities of the joint rear area coordinator.

•

Identify the responsibilities of the Marine Corps component commander.

•

Identify who is responsible for RAS in the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) area. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

4-3

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Introduction, Continued

In This Lesson

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Rear Area Joint Environment Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities Marine Air-Ground Task Force Rear Area Security Lesson 1 Exercise

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4-4

See Page 4-3 4-5 4-8 4-9 4-11 4-12

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Rear Area

Definition

The rear area for any particular command is the area extending forward from its rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. Look at the illustration below. The rear of a regiment’s rear area is extended forward to the rear area of the next subordinate battalion.

BLT 2/1 -------------------------------------------------------------------1st Marine Regiment Rear Area 1st Marine Regiment --------------------------------------------------------------------

Operations

While rear area operations provide security for personnel, material, and facilities, their main purpose is to provide uninterrupted support to the force as a whole. Rear area operations consists of eight broad functions. • • • • • • • •

Security Communications Intelligence Sustainment Area management Movements Infrastructure development Host nation support Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

4-5

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Rear Area, Continued

Security

Rear area security are measures taken before, during, or after an enemy airborne attack, sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof. The protection and security of any unit’s rear area is the first priority.

Communications Good communications throughout the battle space enables command and

control. Conversely, effective rear area support operations ensure that a communications system is redundant, reliable, and secure. To ensure operational effectiveness, the communications system must be linked to the rear area operations center, if established. The communications network should include higher, adjacent, and subordinate commands as well as supporting organizations.

Intelligence

Effective and timely intelligence and counterintelligence are essential to the planning and conduct of operations in the rear area. Accurate intelligence is particularly important in the rear area so that the limited combat forces available for security operations can respond to threats in a timely manner. Continuous, integrated IPB is important to the rear area commander and staff. IPB allows them to maintain situational awareness on the effects of enemy capabilities, terrain, and weather on the operations over time.

Sustainment

Fully integrated logistic support enables tactical operations, but force sustainment must be balanced with protection of the force and accomplishment of the overall mission. The combat service support element plans, executes, and manages sustainment operations throughout the Marine commander’s battlespace.

Area Management

Area management affects the successful conduct of rear area operations as well as the overall mission. While the commander is ultimately responsible for area management within his or her battlespace, he or she normally conducts area management through the G-3. The G-3 must integrate and balance deep, close, and rear operations to conduct a single battle. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Rear Area, Continued

Movements

Per Joint Pub 3-10, Joint Doctrine for Rear Area Operations, “movements within a joint rear area involve the receipt of combat forces and their movement to forward areas.” The ability to control movements into, within, and out of the rear area is critical. Movements can be tactical, operational, or administrative and are conducted as part of the tactical, logistic, force protection, or deception plan.

Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure development generally refers to fixed and permanent installations, fabrications, or facilities used for the support and protection of forces. Infrastructure development normally focuses on facility security modification and battle damage repair.

Host Nation Support

The use of host nation support is intended to enhance the overall effectiveness of Marine Corps forces. The Marine Corps normally plans for use of personnel, vehicles, supplies, and facilities. If the host nation support is sufficiently developed, it can include petroleum products, electricity, and water.

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Joint Environment

Operations

Often in major large-scale operations or conflicts, Marine Corps forces participate as one component in a joint U.S. force. A joint force commander commands the entire force. These operations usually have large rear areas due to the size of supporting forces and support structure of the other services. All joint operations with Marine Corps forces include a Marine Corps component commander. Regardless of how the joint force commander conducts operations, the Marine Corps component commander provides command and control, administrative support, and logistical support to Marine Corps forces. Missions are assigned to the Marine Corps component commander by the joint forces’ commander. In turn, the Marine Corps component commander assigns missions to Marine units involved in the operations such as the MAGTF, the Marine Corps logistics command, and the rear area command.

Army and Marine Corps Doctrine

Marine Corps and Army doctrine are similar in many ways. They both agree that rear area functions are interrelated and impact operations throughout the battle space. However, there are tangible differences:

MCI Course 8203

•

Army doctrine contributes significantly to resources of the rear area as standardized organization and force structure.

•

Given the Marine Corps expeditionary character and its employment of task-organized forces tailored to accomplish a wide variety of missions, the Marine Corps doctrine focuses on concepts that will assist commanders and staffs in planning, organizing, and employing forces for rear area operations. This offers a great degree in flexibility in organization and execution while placing a greater demand on planners and decision makers.

4-8

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities

Joint Force Commander

The joint force commander is responsible for the successful conduct of rear area operations within the joint operations area. His or her responsibilities include • • • • • • • • •

Joint Rear Area Coordinator

Establishing a joint rear area Planning and executing rear area operations Establishing command relationships Assigning responsibilities to subordinate commanders for the conduct of rear area operations Establishing a command and control network Establishing measures and procedures for the planning and execution of force protection Establishing the classification of bases (single service or joint) Assigning local defense responsibilities for bases Establishing host nation support agreements

The joint rear area coordinator is responsible for command and control of operations in the joint rear area. His or her responsibilities include • • • • • • • • • • •

Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area Ensuring continuous support to all forces Coordinating with the appropriate commanders in the rear area Establishing secure and survivable communications Ensuring a reliable network exists Ensuring all commands practice effective area management and movement control within the area of operations that support theater policies and requirements Coordinating host nation support for commands operating within the joint area Accomplish other tasks assigned by the joint force commander Coordinating all area operations with forces located in or transitioning through the joint rear area; in particular, coordinating security operations, including the use of theater level security forces Establishing a communications and intelligence network to support all commanders within the joint rear area Establishing or implementing joint rear area policies and procedures for the joint force commander Continued on next page

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Rear Area Security Personnel Responsibilities, Continued

Marine Corps Component Commander

The Marine Corps component commander coordinates the rear area activities with the joint rear area coordinator. Depending on tasks assigned by the joint force commander, he or she may position support forces such as Marine Corps logistics command and some MAGTF forces in the joint rear area. The Marine Corps component commander’s responsibilities include • Planning and coordinating tasks within the rear area • Conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in the theater • Advising the joint force commander on the proper employment of Marine Corps forces • Selecting and nominating specific Marine Corps units or forces for assignment to other forces of the joint force commander • Informing the joint force commander on changes in logistic support issues that could affect the joint force commanders ability to accomplish the mission • Coordinating service related area operations issues • Balancing the need to support the force with the need to protect it • Evaluating requirements versus capabilities, identifying shortfalls, and comparing associated risks with ability to accomplish the mission

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Marine Air-Ground Task Force Rear Area Security

Responsibilities

The MAGTF is a separate component and in a joint environment. The MAGTF receives all commands from the Marine Corps component commander. The MAGTF commander is responsible for operations throughout the entire battle space. He or she provides command and control to fight a single battle. The commander establishes rear area security by placing priority in local defense and provisional security forces capable of reacting to any threat. He or she must also clearly define the roles of the ground combat, aviation combat, and combat service support elements.

Joint RAS Structure

The chart illustrates the structure of a typical joint rear area command as it relates to a theater of operations.

Joint Force Commander

Joint Rear Area Coordinator

Marine Corps Commander

Area Commander

MCI Course 8203

4-11

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1

Lesson 1 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 7 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

What is the rear area? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2

What are four of the eight functions of rear area operations? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 3

What is rear area security? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Continued on next page

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4-12

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

What are five of the nine responsibilities for the joint force commander? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5

What are six of the eleven responsibilities for the joint rear area coordinator? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6

What are four of the eight responsibilities for the Marine Corps component commander? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Continued on next page

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4-13

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Item 7

The ____________________ receives all commands from the Marine Corps component. a. b. c. d.

joint rear area coordinator joint force commander Marine Corps component commander MAGTF commander Continued on next page

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4-14

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item. Item

Answer

1

The area extending forward from its rear boundary to the rear of the area assigned to the next lower level of command Any four of the following:

2

3

4

• Security • Communications • Intelligence • Sustainment • Area management • Movements • Infrastructure development • Host nation support Measures taken before, during, and/or after an enemy airborne attack, sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, and/or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof • Establishing a joint rear area • Planning and executing rear area operations • Establishing command relationships • Assigning responsibilities to subordinate commanders for the conduct of rear area operations • Establishing a command and control network • Establishing measures and procedures for the planning and execution of force protection • Establishing the classification of bases (single service or joint) • Assigning local defense responsibilities for bases • Establishing host nation support agreements

Reference Page 4-5

4-5

4-6

4-9

Continued on next page MCI Course 8203

4-15

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1 Exercise

Lesson 1 Exercise, Continued

Answers, continued

Item 5

• • • • • •

• • 6

• • • • •

• • 7

MCI Course 8203

Number Reference Page 4-9 Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area Ensuring continuous support to all forces Coordinating with the appropriate commanders in the rear area Establishing secure and survivable communications Ensuring a reliable network exists Ensuring all commands practice effective area management and movement control within the area of operations that support theater policies and requirements Coordinating host nation support for commands operating within the joint area Accomplishing other tasks assigned by the joint force commander 4-10 Planning and coordinating tasks within the rear area Conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in the theater Advising the joint force commander on the proper employment of Marine Corps forces Selecting and nominating specific Marine Corps units or forces for assignment to other forces of the joint force commander Informing the joint force commander on changes in logistic support issues that could affect the joint force commanders ability to accomplish the mission Coordinating service related area operations issues Balancing the need to support the force with the need to protect it d 4-11

4-16

Study Unit 4, Lesson 1 Exercise

LESSON 2 REAR AREA SECURITY ORGANIZATION Introduction

Estimated Study Time

30 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn factors to determine command relationships in the rear area within the Marine Corps component, factors considered by commanders assigning rear area commanders and coordinators, and components of rear area operations and logistics cells.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Identify the three command and staff relationships.

•

Identify the factors Marine Corps commanders use when assigning rear area commanders and coordinators.

•

Identify the components that an operation and logistic cell of a command and control facility coordinates.

This lesson contains the following topics: Topic Introduction Marine Corps Component–Marine Air-Ground Task Force Relationship Commanders and Coordinators Command and Control Lesson 2 Exercise

MCI Course 8203

4-17

See Page 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-22 4-24

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Marine Corps Component–Marine Air-Ground Task Force Relationship

Introduction

Combat is an environment that changes constantly. With this in mind, the Marine Corps utilizes command relationships and staff organizations that can adapt.

Command Relationship

There are three command relationships and staff organizations. The Marine Corps component and MAGTF command relationships and staff organizations depend largely on the mission, size, scope, and duration of the operation. The table below identifies the three command and staff relationships: Configuration One commander One staff

One commander Two staffs

Organization Commander is both USMC Component and MAGTF commander with one staff Commander is both USMC component and MAGTF commander with two staffs

Advantage Least personnel

Used During small scale contingencies

When joint force commander is geographically separated Two commanders One commander for the Most personnel During major Two staffs USMC component, one to develop the operations or for MAGTF, and each plans wars with individual staffs

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Allows each staff to remain focused on mission

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Commanders and Coordinators

Introduction

The rear area and the operations conducted will typically expand or contract based on the character and progress of the assigned mission and the operating environment. The Marine commander may retain command and control of the rear area operations during the initial stages of an operation. As the missions increase and assets become more available, he or she may assign a rear area commander or a rear area coordinator.

Marine Corps Commander

There are several situations when a Marine Corps commander may retain control of rear area operations and not delegate his or her responsibilities: • • • • •

Scope, duration, or complexity of the operation is limited. Battle space is restricted (small area of operations). Nature of the mission is fundamentally linked to the rear area, such as humanitarian assistance or disaster relief. Enemy threat to rear area operation is low. During the initial phase of operational planning. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Commanders and Coordinators, Continued

Rear Area Commander

The Marine Corps commander assigns a rear area commander when they determines that there is a need to delegate his or her control of some or all of the rear area operations. By assuming command, the rear area commander receives the authority and responsibility for effectively using available resources for planning the employment, organization, direction, coordination, and control of military forces for the accomplishment of the missions assigned to the rear area. A rear area commander may be assigned if some or all of the following factors exists: •

The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation reaches a level that rear area operations demand a commander’s full time attention or exceeds the scope of a rear area coordinator’s authority.

•

The size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively command and control.

•

The enemy threat level in the rear area is significant enough that it requires a combined arms task force to counter.

•

There is a need to assign authority for any or all of the rear area functions under a subordinate commander, with the customary authority and accountability inherent to command.

The designation of a rear area command is the next phase of the evolutionary process in a major operation such as an expansion of the battle space. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Commanders and Coordinators, Continued

Rear Area Coordinator

The Marine Corps commander assigns a rear area coordinator to coordinate and execute specific functions or activities. Assignments may be similar to those assigned to a rear area commander. The main difference in the two assignments is that a rear area coordinator consults and carries out the directives from the Marine Corps commander while having no authority to change them. The rear area commander, while carrying out the directives of the Marine Corps commander, may also modify and make changes as required. A rear area coordinator may be assigned if some or all of the following factors exist: •

The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases.

•

The assigned battle space increases in size.

•

The enemy threat level in the rear area increases, thereby requiring a greater degree of coordination, supervision, and leadership.

•

One person needs to focus on rear area operations so the commander can concentrate on the close and deep fight.

The delegation of control over the rear area is the next logical phase of an evolutionary process.

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4-21

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Command and Control

Introduction

The rear area coordinator or commander normally establishes a facility from which to command, control, coordinate, and execute rear area operations. These facilities can be located within or adjacent to an existing facility.

Facility

An operations cell and a logistics cell exist within the command and control facility. These cells coordinate the following components: • • • • • • •

Security forces (military police, tactical combat forces) Fire support agencies Support units (supply, engineer, medical) Movement control agencies Other command and control facilities Bases and control facilities Other organizations as necessary (counterintelligence team, civil affairs group) Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Command and Control, Continued

Organization

The rear area command and control facility integrates and coordinates its activities with the main and forward command posts to ensure the Marine Corps component or MAGTF commander has an understanding of the entire battle space to include the rear area and can better influence and orchestrate the battle. The facility does this by establishing various rear area command and control organizations at the component and MAGTF command echelons. The table below shows what command and control facilities would support rear area coordinators and commanders at the component and MAGTF levels: Echelon Marine Corps component

Tasks

MCI Course 8203

Title Marine rear area coordinator (MRAC)

Marine rear area commander (MRACOM) MAGTF or major Rear area coordinator subordinate commander (RAC)

Facility Marine rear area operations center (MRAOC) Marine rear area command post (MRACP) Rear area operations center (RAOC)

Rear area commander (RACOM)

Rear area command post (RACP)

The rear area coordinator or rear area commander executes assigned tasks to ensure that rear area operations support the conduct of tactical operations in the close and deep battle. The rear area command and control facility integrates and coordinates its activities with the main and forward command posts to ensure that the Marine Corps component or MAGTF commander has a better understanding of the battle space and can influence and orchestrate the single battle.

4-23

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2

Lesson 2 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 4 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

What are the three command and staff relationships? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2

What are three of the four factors a Marine Corps commander considers when assigning a rear area commander? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

4-24

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Item 3

What are the four factors a Marine Corps commander considers when assigning a rear area coordinator? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 4

What are the seven components that an operation and logistics cell of a command and control facility coordinate? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

MCI Course 8203

4-25

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, ContinuedContinued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions about these items, refer to the reference page. Item 1

2

• • • •

• •

•

Answer Reference Page 4-18 One commander one staff One commander two staffs Two commander two staffs 4-20 The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation reaches a level that rear area operations demand a commander’s full time attention or exceeds the scope of a rear area coordinator’s authority. The size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively command and control. The enemy threat level in the rear area is significant enough that it requires a combined arms task force to counter. There is a need to assign authority for any or all of the rear area functions under a subordinate commander, with the customary authority and accountability inherent to command. Continued on next page

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 2 Exercise

Lesson 2 Exercise, Continued

Answers, continued

Item 3

• • •

•

4

• • • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Answer Reference Page 4-21 The scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases. The assigned battle space increases in size. The enemy threat level in the rear area increases, thereby requiring a greater degree of coordination, supervision, and leadership. One person needs to focus on rear area operations so the commander can concentrate on the close and deep fight. 4-22 Security forces (military police, tactical combat forces) Fire support agencies Support units (supply, engineer, medical) Movement control agencies Other command and control facilities Bases and control facilities Other organizations as necessary (counterintelligence team, civil affairs group)

4-27

Study Unit 4, Lesson 2 Exercise

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 2 Exercise

LESSON 3 SECURITY MEASURES AND BASE DEFENSE Introduction

Estimated Study Time

20 minutes

Lesson Scope

In this lesson, you will learn the objectives of rear area security (RAS), types of RAS operations, and the types of security measures and threat levels.

Learning Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to

In This Lesson

•

Define the objectives of RAS.

•

Identify the types of RAS operations.

•

Identify the types of active and passive measures used to provide security.

•

Identify the three threat levels.

•

Identify the local security response force for the three threat levels.

This lesson contains the following topics. Topic Introduction Objectives Security Measures Threat Levels Security Operations Lesson 3 Exercise

MCI Course 8203

4-29

See Page 4-29 4-30 4-31 4-32 4-33 4-34

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3

Objectives

Security Objectives

Component commanders and MAGTF commanders are ultimately responsible for the security of their assigned rear areas. While the rear area may be divided into smaller geographic areas to enhance overall command and control, units are responsible for their local security. In the rear area, security objectives include • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Preventing or minimizing disruption of support operations Protecting personnel, supplies, equipment, and facilities Protecting lines of communication (LOC) Preventing or minimizing disruption of command and control Defeating, containing, or neutralizing any threat in the rear area

4-30

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3

Security Measures

Types

Commanders employ both active and passive measures to provide security.

Active Measures

Active measures are activities that include action or movement. They include • • • • • • • • •

Passive Measures

Passive measures are activities that relate to the detection of forces. They include • • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Organizing units for defensive operations Coordinating reconnaissance and surveillance Providing security to convoys Positioning air defense units in the rear area Establishing liaison with fire support organizations Employing close air support Establishing reaction forces Developing defensive plans with deployed assets for support Patrolling defensive and training in the defensive skills

Camouflage Dispersion Cover Harden installations Position rear area units to be mutually supporting

4-31

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3

Threat Levels

Combat Operations

Combat operations are planned for and conducted to counter a threat to operations in the rear area. All forces must look carefully at their vulnerabilities to ascertain the level of risk each presents and to be able to constantly reassess how they might be better protected.

Threat Levels

The table below illustrates the level of threats likely to be encountered in combat operations in the rear area and suggested probable responses from appropriate tactical forces. Threat Level Level I Level II

Level III

MCI Course 8203

Possible Threat Agents, sympathizers, terrorists, and saboteurs Small tactical units, unconventional forces, and guerillas Large tactical units (air, helicopter borne, amphibious)

4-32

Response Force Unit, base, and base cluster self-defense measures Self-defense measures and local response forces with organic supporting arms Tactical combat forces

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3

Security Operations

Introduction

Security operations require detailed planning and aggressive execution. They must be integrated with all operations. Subordinate units are responsible for the conduct of local security operations, but must coordinate with the overall rear area coordinator or rear area commander.

Types

There are six types of security operations that must be coordinated with the overall rear area coordinator or commander. They are • • • • • •

Other Operations

While the above are the main security operations, the following operations are conducted within the rear area to facilitate the conduct of security operations. • • • •

MCI Course 8203

Populace and resource control operations Enemy prisoner of war operations Noncombatant evacuation operations Civilian control operations Area damage control operations Combat operations

Deception operations Civil affairs operations Nuclear, biological, and chemical defense operations Psychological operations

4-33

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3

Lesson 3 Exercise

Estimated Study Time

10 minutes

Directions

Complete items 1 through 6 by performing the action required. Check your answers against those listed at the end of this lesson.

Item 1

What are the objectives of RAS? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 2

What are the two types of security measures? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

Item 3

What are five of the nine active measures? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Continued on next page

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Item 4

What are the five passive measures? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 5

What are four possible threats at threat level I? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Item 6

What type of response force is used to combat threat level III? a. b. c. d.

Tactical combat forces Base cluster Unit Local response force Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

4-35

Study Unit 4, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the exercise items. If you have any questions, refer to the reference page listed for each item. Item Number 1 • • • • • 2 3

• • • • • • • • • • •

4

• • • • •

Answer Preventing or minimizing disruption of support operations Protecting personnel, supplies, equipment, and facilities Protecting line of communications (LOC) Preventing or minimizing disruption of command and control Defeating, containing, or neutralizing any threat in the rear area Active Passive Organizing units for defensive operations Coordinating reconnaissance and surveillance Providing security to convoys Positioning air defense units in the rear area Establishing liaison with fire support organizations Employing close air support Establishing reaction forces Developing defensive plans with deployed assets for support Patrolling defensive and training in the defensive skills Camouflage Dispersion Cover Harden installations Position rear area units to be mutually supporting

Reference 4-30

4-31 4-31

4-31

Continued on next page

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 3 Exercise

Lesson 3 Exercise, Continued

Answers, continued

Item Number 5 • • • • 6

MCI Course 8203

Answer

Reference 4-32

a

4-32

Agents Sympathizers Terrorists Saboteurs

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 3 Exercise

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Study Unit 4, Lesson 3 Exercise

WARFIGHTING TECHNIQUES REVIEW LESSON EXAMINATION Review Lesson

Introduction

The purpose of this lesson examination is to prepare you for your final examination. We recommend that you try to complete your review lesson without referring to the text, but for those items (questions) you are unsure of, restudy the text. When you finish your review lesson and are satisfied with your responses, check your responses against the answers provided at the end of this review lesson examination.

Directions

Select ONE answer that BEST completes the statement or that answers the item. For multiple choice items, circle your response. For matching items, place the letter of your response in the space provided.

Item 1

To participate as an integral component of naval aviation is a collateral mission of a. b. c. d.

Item 2

Electronic warfare is a function of a. b. c. d.

Item 3

assault support. offensive air support. Marine corps aviation. close air support.

air reconnaissance. air surveillance. offensive air support. Marine aviation.

Tactical mobility and logistical support is a function of a. b. c. d.

assault support. offensive air support. tactical air support. combat air support. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-1

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 4

Force protection and air superiority are two purposes of a. b. c. d.

Item 5

Which of the following performs air logistical support? a. b. c. d.

Item 6

AH-1W Joint strike fighter KC-130 F/A-18

The AH-1W is exclusive to which of the following missions? a. b. c. d.

Item 8

Fixed-wing aircraft Rotary-wing delivery Rapid deployment of forces Air drops from fixed-wing aircraft

Which aircraft is one of the primary strike fighters for the Marine Corps? a. b. c. d.

Item 7

close air support. Marine aviation. tactical air support. anti-air warfare.

CAS OAS SEAD CIFS

Which type of ordnance is directed by wire to the target? a. b. c. d.

MK77 MK-20 Rockeye TOW missile Walleye laser-guided bomb Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-2

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 9

Which of the following statements is a description of the DASC? a. Provides a representative to work in the SACC b. Aids in target identification and greatly reduces the potential for fratricide c. Provides control of unmanned vehicles and of aircraft transiting its assigned area d. Normally the terminal control agency for CAS aircraft

Item 10

What type of information is required on line 6 of the JTAR form? a. b. c. d.

Item 11

Which of the following statements best describes the TACP net? a. b. c. d.

Item 12

Target location Target description Ordnance information Time and date

Reserved for time critical terminal control information only Provides a means of coordination between the air officer and his FACs Ground maneuver elements use to request immediate air support Air control agency can brief support aircraft on target information and handoff

The control measure that is located beyond the intercept zone is the a. b. c. d.

en route point. contact point. initial point. penetration point. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-3

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 13

Which line on the nine-line brief would you find “target elevation?” a. b. c. d.

Item 14

When marking for SEAD, laser marks are considered to be the ______________ method of marking. a. b. c. d.

Item 15

4 5 6 7

least effective most effective standard recommended

Read the following statements and then answer the question below. 1. BDA information (target number, mission number, munitions expended, target description) 2. Mission accomplishment (were the desired effects achieved?) 3. Re-attack method 4. The time of attack What kind of information is included on the BDA? a. b. c. d.

1, 2, and 3 1, 2, and 4 1, 3, and 4 2, 3, and 4 Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-4

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 16

A rear command post function tracks a. b. c. d.

Item 17

Rear command post collocates with a. b. c. d.

Item 18

current battle. host country support. all air in host country. all host country medical.

host country commander. forward support battalion. CSS rear elements. main air support.

Which security measure is used to establish a command post? a. Establish redundant facilities to use along with working facilities to confuse the enemy on which is real. b. Establish redundant facilities to support capabilities from being rendered ineffective should the primary facility be destroyed. c. Establish redundant facilities to promote capabilities of supporting units and render all others obsolete. d. Establish responsive facilities to support capabilities from being rendered ineffective should the primary facility be destroyed.

Item 19

Which of the following considerations is used to establish communications for a common post? a. b. c. d.

Conductivity Cohesiveness Forward Flexibility Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-5

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 20

Monitoring the state of __________________________ is a function of a combat operations center. a. retreat of essential equipment/supplies and advise the commander of shortfalls effecting the operation b. combat essential equipment/supplies and advise the commander of shortfalls effecting the operation c. essential personnel/supplies and advise the commander of shortfalls effecting the operation d. combat essential personnel and their dependents and advise the commander of shortfalls effecting the operation

Item 21

Which section has the responsibility for logistics, budgeting, and financial management? a. b. c. d.

Item 22

Identify the symbol below:

a. b. c. d.

Item 23

S-4 S-3 S-2 S-1

Air defense unit Air service unit Artillery unit Amphibious unit

What does the color yellow pertains to on the sitmap? a. b. c. d.

Contaminated or unknown units Contaminated area or mines Contaminated area or man-made obstacles Contaminated area or friendly forces Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-6

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 24

The objective of combat service support is to a. sustain and enhance the relative combat power of the MEF at the operational level of war. b. sustain all elements of operating forces in a theater at all levels of war. c. enhance the relative combat power of the MEF at tactical levels of war. d. sustain and enhance the relative combat power of the MAGTF at the tactical level of war.

Items 25

A sub-function of transportation is a. b. c. d.

Item 26

Disbursing, exchange services, and civil affairs support are sub-functions of a. b. c. d.

Item 27

repair. postal. landing support. storage.

supply. services. general engineering. maintenance.

A sub-function of health services is a. b. c. d.

casualty treatment. salvage. construction. disposal. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-7

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 28

A sub-function of supply is a. b. c. d.

Item 29

Which principle of CSS provides the essential supplies and services required to begin combat operations? a. b. c. d.

Item 30

Attainability Flexibility Survivability Simplicity

The inherent capacity of the organization and its capability to prevail in the face of potential destruction is a. b. c. d.

Item 31

casualty treatment. reclamation. construction. disposal.

attainability. flexibility. survivability. simplicity.

Controlling and coordinating the day-to-day operations of the CSS organization by focusing on meeting the needs of the supporting units is the a. b. c. d.

MAGTF. BSSG. FSSG. CSSOC. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-8

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 32

Providing sustained combat service support to the _____________ is the mission of the FSSG. a. b. c. d.

Item 33

FSSG is composed of headquarters and service, maintenance, supply, engineer support, medical, dental, and _____________ battalions. a. b. c. d.

Item 34

communications military police transportation landing support

To evacuate equipment to repair facilities and to provide intermediate-level, and third- and fourth-echelon maintenance is the mission of which battalion? a. b. c. d.

Item 35

MEU MEB MEF CSS

Transportation support Maintenance Engineer support Medical

The mission of the BSSG is to provide a. b. c. d.

limited combat service support to the MEB. sustained combat service support for 30 days to the MEB. permanent combat service support to MEB. initial combat service support to MEB. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-9

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 36

Headquarters, transportation, supply, maintenance, engineer support, ____________, collecting and clearing, and surgical support companies, along with a dental detachment are all units of a BSSG. a. b. c. d.

Item 37

To provide sustained combat service support for 15 days to the Marine expeditionary unit is the mission of a. b. c. d.

Item 38

communications landing support military police bulk fuel

FSSG. BSSG. CSSG. MSSG.

Headquarters, communications, engineer, maintenance, motor transport, landing support, supply, and __________ are all platoons of a MSSG. a. b. c. d.

dental medical service bulk fuel Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-10

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 39

Rear area is defined as the area-extending forward from its rear boundary to the ________ of the area assigned to the next lower level of command. a. b. c. d.

Item 40

Security, communications, intelligence, area management, movements, infrastructure development, host nation support, and _______________ are all functions of rear area support. a. b. c. d.

Item 41

planning command and control consolidations sustainment

The measures taken before, during, and/or after an enemy airborne attack, sabotage action, infiltration, guerrilla action, and/or initiation of psychological or propaganda warfare to minimize the effects thereof is a. b. c. d.

Item 42

front rear side flank

rear area. rear area security. security measure. intelligence.

Planning and executing rear area operations in joint operations is the responsibility of the a. b. c. d.

MAGTF commander. Marine Corps component commander. joint rear area coordinator. joint force commander. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-11

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 43

Coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area is the responsibility of a. b. c. d.

Item 44

MAGTF commander. Marine Corps component commander. joint rear area coordinator. joint force commander.

The Marine Corps component commander is responsible for a. coordinating the overall security of the joint rear area. b. conducting rear area operations in support of all Marine Corps forces in the theater. c. assigning local defense responsibilities to bases. d. establishing host nation support agreements.

Item 45

The _______________ is responsible for rear area security within the MAGTF. a. b. c. d.

Item 46

MAGTF commander Marine Corps component commander joint rear area coordinator joint force commander

A one commander and two staff command relationship is used a. b. c. d.

during a small scale contingencies. during a large scale contingencies. during a major operations of war. when the joint force commander is geographically separated. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-12

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 47

A rear area coordinator could be assigned when the a. scope, duration, or complexity of the operation increases. b. size of the assigned battle space must be subdivided to effectively command and control. c. enemy threat level in the area is significant enough that it requires a combined arms task force to counter. d. Marine Corps commander will not except the responsibility.

Item 48

Which of the following is not a component that a command and control facility coordinates? a. b. c. d.

Item 49

Protecting personnel, supplies, equipment, and facilities is an objective of a. b. c. d.

Item 50

Security forces Fire support agencies Command post Movement control agencies

security levels. RAS operations. RAS. security.

An active measure is a. b. c. d.

camouflage. cover. employing close air support. hardening installations. Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-13

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Item 51

Small tactical units, unconventional forces, and guerillas are possible threats on which threat level? a. b. c. d.

Item 52

I II III IV

Tactical combat forces are response forces on which threat level? a. b. c. d.

I II III IV Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-14

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Answers

The table below lists the answers to the review lesson examination items. If you have questions about these items, refer to the reference page of the course text. Item Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Answer c d a d a d d c c c b d a b b a b b d b a a a d c b a d a c

Reference 1-4 1-4 1-9 1-5 1-10 1-21 1-24 1-28 1-35 1-37 1-41 1-49 1-53 1-61 1-62 2-4 2-4 2-10 2-12 2-18 2-20 2-30 2-41 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 Continued on next page

MCI Course 8203

R-15

Review Lesson Examination

Review Lesson, Continued

Answers, continued

Item Number 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Summary

MCI Course 8203

Answer d c c b b d d b b d b d c b a d a c d c b c

Reference 3-7 3-16 3-16 3-18 3-28 3-28 3-29 3-29 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-9 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-18 4-21 4-22 4-30 4-31 4-32 4-32

Now that you’ve completed the review lesson examination, it’s time to show that you have mastered this course by completing the final examination. Take your final examination booklet and the DP-37 to your training NCO or any authorized proctor so that you can complete the course.

R-16

Review Lesson Examination