Waiver of Tort

 

 

"#$%& '()$*#% +(*,-*, (* './9=7 ;$-- ,( >*&(*- 8* ,2- 0($%5 /281 #$,86%- 81 (*- (: *-#$%& ?1. 5 Oduasamcm v. Lmydr, htk., ^ruh, 8; C. E. 270.

AD1

X. [. 758: Yhdpoh v. [phar, 00 C. Q.

A>>:

[khvm v.

 

77>

EMWRMWN

OMPHAQ OMP HAQ =HP.

hcrakehn ealshob tehrhgy. ^emt teh pomactabb ems ghhc alpdvhrasehn gy teh tdrt as cdt subbakahct. pomactabb's komal, as ac rhmoaty td rhkdvhr nmlm`hs bdrAbmcteh sdoh tehc, acfury ndch, eas rhlhny as td suh ac tdrt.= ^eus ac Ymtthrsdc v. Yradr,7 teh pomactabb grdu`et mc mktadc bdr teh vmouh db eas shrvakhs m`macst teh wmrnhc db m prasdc mcn m ohsshh db kdcvakts, komalac` temt eas alprasdclhct wms aooh`mo mcn vdan. ^eh mktadc wms moodwhn m`macst teh ohsshh ghkmush eh emn nhravhn m ghchbat brdl teh shrvakhs db teh pomactabb, gut wms nasmoodwhn ms td teh wmrnhc, bdr teh rhmsdc temt tedu`e eh emn ghhc m tdrt bhmsdr, emn nhravhn cd db prdbat db teh wrdc`. ^eh eh db wmavhr bmrkdllassadc ndktrach ms at acvdovhs tdrt,acsdteh teh ndktrach db hcrakelhct as teus mgoy sullhn up gy Odrn Lmcsbahon, ac Emlgoy v. ^rdtt 6; "Ab at as m sdrt db acfury acfurygy gy weake teh dbbhcnhrmkquarhscd `mac td ealms ghmtac` dr alprasdcac`m lmc, htk., shob mt teh hxphcsh db teh subbhrhr,ms tehrh teh phrsdcacfurhn phrsdc acfurhnems dcoy m rhpmrmtadc bdr teh nhoak/ul ac nmlm`hs td gh msshsshn gy m fury. Gut wehrh, gksanh teh kralh, prdphrty s wehrh,gksanh weake ghcahbats teh thstmtdr, tehrh mc mktadc bdr teh vmouh db teh ghcahbatsteh mkquarhnweake mkquarhn prdphrty semoo survavh m`macst teh hxhkutdr. Ms, bdr acstmckh, teh hxhkutdr semoo cdt gh kemr`hmgoh bdr teh acafury ndch gv eas thstmtdr ac kuttac` ndwc mcdtehr lmc's trhhs, gut bdr teh ghchbat mrasac` td eas thsmrasac`td tmtdr bdr teh vmouh dr smoh db teh trhhs eh semoo. "[d bmr ms teh tdrt atshob `dhs, mc hxhkutdr semoo cdt gh oamgoh: mcn tehrhbdrh t as temt moo pugoak mcn moo pravmth kralhs nah wate teh dbbhcnhr, mcn teh hxhkutdr as cdt kemr`hmgoh: gut sd bmr ms teh mkt db teh dbbhcnhr

as ghchbakamo, eas msshts du`et td gh mcswhrmgoh: mcn eas hxhkutdr tehrhghchbakamo,eas bdrh semoo gh kemr`hn." At as truh temt ydu kmccdt suh ac mssulpsat m phrsdc wed kdllats mc mssmuot mcn gmtthry, weaoh ydu kmc suh ac mssulpsat dch wed sthmos ydur `ddns mcn shoos tehl. Gut at as suglatthn temt teh truh rhmsdc as cdt temt su``hsthn gy m ohmrchn wrathr,> temt at wduon gh mgsurn ac teh dch kmsh td mssulh temt teh nhbhcnmct prdlashn td lmjh kdlphcsmtadc bdr teh nmlm`h ndch, weaoh ac teh dtehr kmsh tehrh mrh bmkts weake wduon suppdrt teh alpoakmtadc db m prdlash. Ac teh dch kmsh tehrh as cd hcrakelhct, ac teh dtehr = Emlgoy v. ^rdtt, Kdwp.

;0= (shlgoh): Ydwhoo

v. Whhs, 0 M. & H. >72 (shlgoh):

Hx pmrbh Mnmlsdc, 5 Ke. Nav. 590 (shlgoh): Ymtthrsdc v. Yradr, a5 Acn. >>9: ^a`etlyhr v. Ldc`don, 79 Jmc. 19: Bmcsdc v. Oacsohy, 79 Jmca. 7;8: Cmtadcmo ^rust Kd. v. @ohmsdc, 00 C. Q. >99: Chw Qdrj @umrmcty Kd. v. @ohmsdc, 05 C. Q. 89;. 7 a5 Acn. >>9. > Kddohy dc ^drts, ad5. 5 Kdwp. ;0A

 

PM ARHW DB ^DW^.

778

tehrh as: ehckh ac teh dch kmsh ydur rhlhny as ac tdrt dcoy, weaoh ac teh dtehr ydu kmc suh ac qumsa-kdctrmkt. At ems ghhc ehon temt at as cdt subbakahct bdr teh pomactabb pomactabb td prdvh temt teh nhbhcnmct ems kdllatthn m tdrt wehrhgy wehrhgy eh ems hcrakehn ealshob. At lust burtehr mpphmr temt wemt ems ghhc mnnhn td teh nhbhcnmct's hstmth ems ghhc tmjhc brdl teh pomactabb's. ^emt as td smy, teh bmkts lust sedw, cdt dcoy m pous, gut m lacus qumctaty.' Ac Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmv,7 dch db teh quhstadcs rmashn wms wehtehr teh pomactabb kduon rhkdvhr m`macst teh nhbhcnmct ms hxhkutdr db dch wed emn ushn pomactabb's ucnhr`rducn rdmnwmy bdr teh kmrryac` db kdmo watedut teh pomactabb's kdcshct. ^eh lmfdraty db teh kdurt (Odrns Fustakhs Gdwhc mcn Kdttdc) ehon temt eh kduon kduon cdt, Gm``moomy, O. F., nasshctac`. ^eh bdoodwac` pmrm`rmpes, brdl teh dpacadc db Odrn Fustakh Gdwhc, `avh subbakahctoy teh `rducn db teh nhkasadc6 " ^eh dcoy kmshs kmshs ac weake, mpmrt brdl quhstadcs db grhmke db kdctrmkt, dr alpoahn, m rhlhny bdr m wrdc`buo mkt kmc gh pursuhn m`macst hxprhssdr hxprhss

teh hstmth db m nhkhmshn phrsdcwed phrsdc wed ems ndch teh mkt, mpphmr td us td gh tedsh ac weake prdphrty,dr prdphrty,dr teh prdkhhns dr vmouh db prdphrty,ghodc`ac` prdphrty,ghodc`ac` td mcdtehr, emvh ghhc mpprdpramthngy teh nhkhmshn phrsdc mcn mnnhn td eas dwc hstmth dr ldchys. Ac suke kmshs, wemthvhr teh dra`acmo bdrldb bdrl db mktadc, at as ac sugstmckhgrdu`et td rhkdvhr prdphrty,dr ats prdkhhns dr mlhcnlhctkduon kduon gh lmnh suke ac bdrl ms whoo ms ac sugvmouh, mcn gy mlhcnlhct stmckh. Gut at as cdt hvhry wrdc`buo mkt gy weake m wrdc`-ndhr acnarhktoy ghchbats temt bmoos bmoosucnhr ucnhr teas ehmn, ab teh ghchbat ndhs cdt kdcsast ac teh mkquasatadc db prdphrty, dr ats prdkhhns dr vmouh. Pehrh tehrh as cdteac` mldc` teh msshts db teh nhkhmshn temt ac omw dr ac hquaty ghodca`s td teh pomactabb, mcn teh nmlm`hs weake emvh ghhc ndch td eal mrh db m wrdc`-ndhr mcn uckhrtmac,teh hxhkutdrs kmccdt gh suhn hxhkutdrsdb ucoaquanmthnmcn ucoaquanmthn wrdc`-ndhrkmccdt lhrhoy ghkmush at wms wdrte teh wrdc`-ndhr'sweaoh wrdc`-ndhr'sweaoh td kdllat teh mkt weake as kdlpomachndb, mcn mc acnarhkt ghchbat lmy emvh ghhc rhmphn lahrhbmkt temt teh wrdc`buomkt tehrhgy. ^eh lahrhbmkt wrdc`buomkt dr ch`ohkt smvhn teh thstmcadtsubbakahct tdr brdl hxphcsh as cadt subbakahct ustabakmtadc dr suac` eas hxhkutdr. "^eh nhkhmshn, W. Bdtehr`aoo, gy kmrryac`eas kmrryac` eas kdmo mcn ardcstdch ac shkrht dvhr teh pomactabbs' pomactabbs'rdmns, rdmns, tddj cdteac` brdl teh pomactabbs. ^eh karkulstmckhsucnhr karkulstmckhs ucnhr weake eh ushn teh rdmn mpphmr td us td ch`mtavh teh nhkhmshn eh db anhm temt ghhc lhmcttd lhmct td pmy bdr at. Cdr emvhehteh teh smvhn eas emsmsshts nhbhcnmctghhc nhbhcnmct ndch. Eh chkhssmraoyswdoohc chkhssmraoy swdoohc gy wemt

hstmth hxphcsh, gut eh nan cdt grac` actd at mcy mnnatadcmo prdphrty dr vmouh ghodc`ac` td mcdtehr phrsdc." =

Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmy,

7>

Ke. Nav. >;1.

7 7>

Ke. Nav. >;1.

 

772

EMW RM WN OMP WH RAH P.

At as rhsphktbuooy suglatthn temt teh nhkasadc ac Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmy ucchkhssmraoy oalats teh skdph db teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt. Peaoh at as truh temt teh tehdry db rhstatutadc rhquarhs teh hxasthckh db lacus mcn pous qumctatahs, at as hqumooy truh temt hcrakelhct kmc gh ch`mtavh ms whoo ms pdsatavh, mcn temt dch wed smvhs mc hxphcnaturh gy usac` teh prdphrty db mcdtehr, ms ac Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmy, ndhs tehrhgy hcrake ealshob.ushr,Brdl db vahw db at wduon shhl temt wrdc`buo mcn mc cdthquatmgoh wrdc`buo pdact nhpravmtadc,

mcdtehr's prdphrty, rhsuotac` ac teh hcrakelhct db teh tdrt bhmsdr, seduon gh teh prackapoh ucnhroyac` teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt. [eduon cdt teh hstmth db dch wed ems ushn, watedut teh kdcshct db teh pmthcthh, m pmthcthn anhm, rhspdcn td teh pmthcthh td teh hxthct db teh tdrt bhmsdr's ucfust hcrakelhct4 Qht at wduon shhl nabbakuot, hxkhpt dc teh prackapoh db wrdc`buo ushr, td rhmke teh hstmth. ^eh tdrt bhmsdr, dwac` td teh cmturh db teh ra`et weake eh ems vadomthn, ems cdt nhpravhntehrhdb. teh pmthcthh db eas prdphrty, dr hxkounhn brdl teh hcfdylhct Mt teh smlh talh temt teh tdrt eal bhmsdr as vadomtac` teh pmthcthh's ra`et, teh omtthr, mcn mcy culghr db phrsdcs wate eas kdcshct, kmc ush teh smlh. Nurac` teh kdllassadc db teh tdrt eh ems hvhry ra`et weake eh emn ghbdrh: cmlhoy, teh ra`et td teh hxkousavh ush db teh anhm. Hxkhpt dc teh prackapoh db wrdc`buo ushr, at shhls alpdssagoh, mosd, td suppdrt teh ra`et db m kmrrahr td wmavh teh tdrt mcn suh bdr brha`et wehrh dch brmunuohctoy mcn ac vadomtadc db teh ra`ets db teh kmrrahr ems eas `ddns kmrrahn brdl dch pomkh td mcdtehr, cdt mpphmrac` temttehteh prhshckh db teh `ddns ems rhquarhn mcyatmnnatadcmo hbbdrt dc db teh kmrrahr, pmrt dr temt at ems kmushn eal td odsh teh kmrram`h db dtehr `ddns.= Gut at ndhs cdt bdoodw temt teh lhmsurh db teh rhkdvhry as td ghmr mcy rhomtadc td teh mlduct db prdbat lmnh gy teh nhbhcnmct. ^eh pomactabb ac m kmsh db teas sdrt seduon rhkdvhr suke m sul ms teh fury wduon emvh ghhc mutedrazhn td `avh, emn tehrh ghhc m kdctrmkt ghtwhhc teh pomactabb mcan teh nhbhcnmct temt teh omtthr seduon pmy teh rhmsdcmgoh vmouh db eas ushr. Mcy quhstadc ms td ackanhctmo dr kdoomthrmo teh prdbat tdrt bhmsdr- lmnh teh hctarh quhstadc db prdbat seduongygh hxkounhn. ^eus,ac abbmkt, M, gy teh wrdc`buo ush db G's rdmnwmy, seduon phrbdrl m kdctrmkt weake kduon cdt dtehrwash emvh ghhc phrbdrlhn, mcn tehrhgy lmjh m prdbat db $ad,ddd, teh quhstadc ac nhthrlacac` teh mlduct db G's rhkdvhry wduon gh, cdt wemt prdbat nan M lmjh, gut wemt mlduct = [hh Wulshy v. C. H. W. P. Kd., ;7 O. F. K. Y. 7>>.

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

770

seduon eh emvh pman G, emn eh kdctrmkthn td pmy m rhmsdcmgoh sul bdr teh ush db teh rdmnwmy.' ^ehrh as m komss db kmshs td gh kmrhbuooy nastac`uasehn brdl Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmy, ac weake teh pomactabb as ucndugthnoy moodwhn td rhkdvhr, motedu`e eh ac bmkt sedws cd nmlm`h. Ac tehsh kmshs at waoo gh bducn temt teh nhbhcnmct ems prdbhsshn td mkt dc ghemob db teh pomactabb, mcn temt teh pomactabb rhkdvhrs, gy vartuh db teh ndktrach db rmtabakmtadc, dc teh tehdry db m`hcky. Pmavhr db tdrt as cdt mt moo acvdovhn. ^eas as lmnh mppmrhct gy twd aooustrmtadcs. M, prdbhssac` td mkt ms m`hct bdr G, tedu`e rhmooy emvac` cd mutedraty sd td mkt, kdoohkts m nhgt nuh brdl K td G. Gy teh kdoohktadc db teas ldchy, - mssulac` K cdt td emvh ghhc tehrhgy rhcnhrhn acsdovhct, -M ems ndch G mc acfury. G's pdsatadc as fust wemt at wms ghbdrh: eh as m krhnatdr db K, mcn ems m ra`et td kdoohkt brdl eal teh mlduct db eas nhgt. M ems ac trute kdllatthn m tdrt, cdt tdwmrns G, gut tdwmrns K, wed kmc suh eal hatehr ac tdrt, ac mssulpsat, bdr m grhmke db wmrrmcty db mutedraty, dr ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn. ^ehrhbdrh, ab G's ra`et db mktadc m`macst M emn td gh wdrjhn dut terdu`e teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt, G wduon emvh cdch: sackh ms ghtwhhc ealshob mcn M tehrh ems ghhc cd tdrt kdllatthn. Gut gy rmtabyac` M's mkt, teh rhomtadc db prackapmo mcn m`hct as krhmthn, mcn M ghkdlhs oamgoh td G ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn.7 Ab, edwhvhr, wh mssulh temt K as acnhgthn td G, mcn temt M, komalac` cdt td mkt bdr G, gut td gh ac bmkt K's krhnatdr, kdoohkts teh nhgt, tehc G ems cd komal wemthvhr m`macst M, - cdt dc teh tehdry db wmavhr db tdrt bdr teh rhmsdcs fust stmthn, mcn cdt dc teh tehdry db rmtabyac` M's mkt, ghkmush tehrh kmc gh cd rmtabakmtadc, M cdt emvac` prdbhsshn td mkt bdr G.' At wduon shhl temt ac teh kmsh omst suppdshn, G's rhlhny wduon gh ac tdrt modch, hvhc ab at mpphmrhn temt gy teh kdoohktadc db teh ldchy, K emn ghhc

= Pehc teh wrathr barst rhmn teh nhkasadc ac Yeaooaps v. Edlbrmy, eh wms db teh

dpacadc temt teh nhkasadc wms wrdc`. [ugshquhctoy eh wms ackoachn td mndpt teh vahw bdrluomtaco`m prackapoh weake db teh lmfdraty db teh kdurt, ghkmush db teh nabbakuoty db bdrluomtaco`m wduon cdt ucnuoy hxthcn teh skdph db wmavhr db tdrt. ^eh prackapoh stmthn ac teh thxt, at as edphn, waoo gh bducn td lhht teh nabbakuotahs temt lmy gh su``hsthn ms mrasac` brdl m nhpmrturh brdl teh nhkasadc. 7 Komrmckh v. Lmrsemoo, 7 Kr. & L. >18: Grdwc v. Grdwc, >9 Aouc, >D5. Kdcb. Mcnrhws v. Emwohy, 72 O. F. Hx. ;7;. 5 Rmu`emc v. Lmttehws, A; ]. G. A50: Eomoo v. Kmrphc, 70 AAA. ;52, 71 Aoo. 8^7: Khkao v. Wdsh, =0 Ln. 17 (shlgoh): Nmvas v. [late, 71 Lacc. 79A: Cdomc v. Lmctdc, >2 C. F. O. 7;A: Ymtrakj v. Lhtkmob, ;0 C. Q. ;;7: Gutthrwdrte v. @duon, >= C. Q. >89. [hh,

kdctrm, D'Kdcohy v. Katy db Cmtkehz, 1 Lass.

;=.

 

775

EMWRMWN

OMP

WHRAHP.

lmnh acsdovhct, mcn temt G emn ac kdcshquhckh ghhc ucmgoh td rhmoazh eas nhgt. Bdr ac suke m kmsh teh prdphrty weake ems ghhc mnnhn td M's hstmth wms cdt G's, gut K's, mcn teh ra`et td rhkdvhr teh ldchy dr mc hquavmohct sul as ac K, mcn cdt ac G. ^eh nastacktadc td gh nrmwc ghtwhhc m kmsh wehrh teh nhbhcnmct prdbhsshs td mkt bdr mcdtehr, mcn wehrh eh komals td gh mktac` ac eas dwc ra`et, as whoo aooustrmthn gy Rmu`emc v. Lmttehws.' Ac temt kmsh teh pomactabb, ms hxhkutdr, sdu`et td rhkdvhr brdl teh nhbhcnmct ldchy weake teh nhbhcnmct emn kdoohkthn ac teh bdoodwac` karkulstmckhs6 teh pomactabb's thstmtrax emn odmchn ldchy, tmjac` ac hxkemc`h m cdth pmymgoh hatehr td " Lass Rmu`emc " (teh thstmtrax), dr td "teh Lass Rmu`emcs." ^eh fury whrh ucmgoh td nhkanh ac weake bdrl teh cdth wms lmnh. ^eh pomactabb's thstmtrax nahn, ohmvac` m sasthr, wed mbthrwmrns nahn, ohmvac` teh nhbhcnmct ehr hxhkutdr. ^eh nhbhcnmct, teh cdth, wehc at rhmkehn eas emcns, ghac` ac bdrl pmymgoh td "teh Lass Rmu`emcs," kdoohkthn teh mlduct tehrhdb. ^eh pomactabb komalhn temt teh cdth wms lmnh pmymgoh td eas thstmtrax, mcn emn ghhc brmunuohctoy mothrhn sd ms td lmjh at purpdrt td gh pmymgoh td "teh Lass Rmu`emcs," mcn kdcshquhctoy td teh nhbhcnmct's thstmtrax ms survavdr. At wms ehon temt dc tehsh bmkts teh pomactabb wms cdt hctatohn td rhkdvhr6 cdt dc teh tehdry db bdoodwac` teh prdkhhns db prdphrty tdrtadusoy tmjhc brdl teh pomactabb dr eas thstmtrax, ghkmush gy teh brmunuohct mothrmtadc teh cdth `avhc t.d teh pomactabb emn khmshn mgsdouthoy td hxast, mcn kdcshquhctoy teh ldchy kdoohkthn gy teh nhbhcnmct wms cdt teh prdkhhns db prdphrty ghodc`ac` td teh pomactabb: mcn cdt dc teh tehdry db m`hcky, ghkmush teh nhbhcnmct komalhn td gh mktac`, cdt bdr teh pomactabb, gut ac eas dwc ra`et. ^eh nhkasadc atshob ac Rmu`emc v. Lmttehws shhls dphc td kratakasl. Mssulac` teh cdth td emvh ghhc mgsdouthoy nhstrdyhn mcn hxtac`uasehn gy teh mothrmtadc, staoo teh cdth ehon gy teh nhbhcnmct

wms teh prdkhhns db teh dra`acmo dch. Db teas shkdcn cdth teh nhbhcnmct seduon emvh ghhc trhmthn ms m kdcstruktavh trusthh, mcn ms m kdcshquhckh teh pomactabb seduon emvh ghhc moodwhn td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns db teh cdth ehon dc teh kdcstruktavh trust. Ms teh bdrh`dac` prackapohs emvh cdt ghhc ucabdrloy mppoahn, ac moo kmshs wehrh m tdrt bhmsdr, gy teh kdllassadc db m tdrt, ems hcrakehn ealshob, at ghkdlhs chkhssmry td kdcsanhr ac nhtmao teh = A;

]. G.

A50.

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

771

shvhrmo komsshs db kmshs ac weake teh quhstadc db wmavhr db tdrt ems mrashc. Pehc teh nhbhcnmct ems kdcvhrthn teh pomactabb's prdphrty, mcn ac teh mkt db kdcvhrsadc, dr tehrhmbthr, shoos teh smlh, teh pomactabb lmy wmavh teh tdrt mcn suh ac mssulpsat, usac` teh kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns db teh smoh.' Ac Omlach v. Ndrhoo,7 weake as teh kmsh ldst dbthc kathn bdr teas prdpdsatadc, at wduon shhl temt teh nhbhcnmct brmunuohctoy prdkurhn ohtthrs db mnlacastrmtadc dc mc hstmth updc weake teh pomactabb wms hctatohn td mnlacasthr, mcn temt, mktac` ucnhr tehsh ohtthrs, eh sdon khrtmac nhghcturhs ghodc`ac` td teh hstmth. ^eh nhbhcnmct's ohtthrs ghac` sugshquhctoy rhvdjhn, mcn dtehrs ghac` `rmcthn td teh pomactabb, teh omtthr suhn teh nhbhcnmct, ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn, td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns mrasac` brdl teh smoh db teh nhghcturhs, mcn wms moodwhn td rhkdvhr. ^eh rhmsdcac` db teh kdurt ac teas kmsh waoo mpphmr brdl teh bdoodwac` hxtrmkts6 " YDPHOO,. Pehc teh mkt temt as ndch as ac ats cmturh cmturhtdrtadus, tdrtadus, t as emrn td turc temt actd m kdctrmkt, mcn m`macst teh rhmsdcs db mssulpsats.

Gut teh pomactabb pomactabblmy lmy nasphcsh wate teh wrdc`, wrdc`,mcn mcn suppdsh teh smoh lmnh gy eas kdcshct, mcn grac` mc mktadc bdr teh ldchy tehy whrh sdon bdr, ms bdr ldchy rhkhavhn td eas ush."

Mcn Keahb-Fustakh Edot, sphmjac` db teh hbbhkt db m rhkdvhry ac teas bdrl db mktadc updc teh ra`et td suh ac tdrt, sman,"^eas rhkdvhry rhkdvhrylmy lmy gh `avhc ac hvanhckh updc cdt `uaoty ac teh mktadc mbbarls teh mkt db trdvhr, ghkmush gy teas mktadc teh pomactabb lmjhs mcn mbbarlsteh db teh nhbhcnmct ac teh smoh db teh nhghcturhs td gh omwbuo,mcn kdcshquhctoy teh smoh db tehl as cd kdcvhrsadc." Omlach v. Ndrhoo wduon shhl td gh m prdphr kmsh bdr m truh rmtabakmtadc, sackh teh nhbhcnmct prdbhsshn td gh mktac` bdr teh hstmth rhprhshcthn gy teh pomactabb. Gut ab wh nhmo wate at ms mc drnacmry kmsh db wmavhr db tdrt, at as hvanhct temt teh tehdry db trhmtac` teh smoh ms lmnh wate teh pomactabb's kdcshct as m purh baktadc, mndpthn Du`etdc v. [hppaac`s, a G. & Mn. 7>=: Qduc` 5 Aaoo`. >;: Ydwhoo v. Whhs, 0 M. & H. >72: ^edrctdc v. [trmuss, 01 Mom. v. 'Lmrsemoo, 'Lmrsemoo,5 =A Omlach v. Ndrhoo, 7 On. Wmy. a7a2:

A2>: Eunsdc v. @aooaomcn, 78 Mrj. tdd: [tmmt v. Hvmcs, ;8 Aoo. >88: Oha`etdc v. Yrhstdc, 1 @aoo, 79A : @aoldrh v. Paogur, =7 Yakj. A7d: Jcmpp v. Edggs, 89 C. E. >02: Gunn v. Eaohr, ; Ntatke. >;: Kdlstdkj v. Eahr, 0; C. Q. 721: Doavh v. Doavh, 18 Cd. Km. >58: oAmoo v. Yhkjeml, 5 W. A. ;09: ^edlpsdc v. ^edlpsdc, 8 P. Rm. a1d. 7 7 On. Wmy. A7=2. ;9

 

7;9

EM WRM W RMWN WN OM P WH RAH P.

td lhht teh suppdshn nabbakuotahs db teh mktadc db mssulpsat. ^eas mktadc ac ats dra`ac, wehtehr grdu`et ac teh bdrl db sphkamo mssulpsat dr acnhgatmtus mssurclsat, wms acthcnhn td `avh m rhlhny mssurclsat,wms bdr m grhmke db m truh kdctrmkt.' ^emt as wemt as lhmct gy Ydwhoo, F., wehc eh smys at as emrn td turc m tdrtadus mkt actd m kdctrmkt mcn m`macst teh rhmsdcs db mssulpsats. At lust mosd gh rhlaahlghrhn temt wehc teas kmsh wms nhkanhn (A098) teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt wms ac ats acbmcky. At emn ghhc ruohn ms omth ms A208 7 temt ac teh kmsh db m kdcvhrsadc mcn smoh db `ddns, mc mktadc db mssulpsat bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn kduon cdt gh lmactmachn. Peaoh at lust gh mnlatthn temt cdtwatestmcnac` teh hstmgoaselhct db teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt, lmcy db teh kdurts, hvhc ac furasnaktadcs wehrh moo bdrls db mktadc emvh ghhc mgdoasehn, kdctacuh

td ush luke teh smlh permshdod`y ms temt ac Omlach v. Ndrhoo, staoo, teh prhbhrmgoh bdrl db stmthlhct as temt hlpodyhn gy Ymrj, F., ac Lmrse v. Jhmtac`,; ac teh Edush db Odrns 6" Ehrh teh bdrlhr dwchr db teh stdkj ndhs cdt shhj td kdcbarl teh tatoh db teh trmcsbhrhhdb trmcsbhrhhdb teh stdkj. Cd mkt ndch gy ehr as ndch hd ac/ua/u: at as phrbhktoy acnabbhrhct td ehr wehtehr teh ra`et db teh trmcsbhrhhtd trmcsbhrhh td edon teh stdkj gh strhc`tehchn dr cdt. [eh as oddjac` dcoy td teh ra`oet strhc`tehchndr db rhkdvhrac` teh purkemsh-ldchy. Ac bmkt, edwhvhr, edwhvhr,teh teh acthrhst db teh db teh stdkj as sd bmr kdoomthrmooy purkemshrdb purkemshr mcn ackanhctmooy kdoomthrmooymcn ackanhctmooystrhc`tehchn strhc`tehchn temt mbthr rhkdvhrac` teh prakh bdr weake at wms sdon, seh wduon hbbhktumooy rhkdvhrac`teh gh stdpphn brdl shhjac` mcy rhlhny m`macst, dr quhstadcac` c mcy lmcdb teh stdkj."> chr, teh tatoh db teh purkemshr purkemshrdb Ms teh nhsarh td `avh m rhlhny ac mssulpsat gh`dt teh baktadc, mcn cdt teh baktadc teh nhsarh, mcn ms teh baktadc ndhs cdt rhmke moo teh kmshs wehrh teh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt mppoahs, gut lust `avh pomkh, ab baktadcs mrh td gh mndpthn, td dtehrs ab pdssagoh hvhc ldrh vadohct, - h. `., wehc mc mktadc as grdu`et ac mssulpsat m`macst m teahb dr hlghzzohr td rhkdvhr ldchy stdohc dr hlghzzohn, tehrh as cd rhmsdc dr hxkush bdr kdctacuac` teh baktadc mt teh prhshct nmy. Ab teh mkt gy weake teh pomactabb ems ghhc nhpravhn db eas prdphrty wms chvhr ac atshob mc mktadcmgoh tdrt, gut salpoy mc ackanhct db mcdtehr tdrt, ackrhmsac` teh mlduct db nmlm`hs rhkdvhrmgoh bdr = Mlhs, Eastdry db Msssulpsat, 7 Emrvmrn Omw Whvahw, 8;.

Yeaooaps v. ^edlpsdc, ; Ohv. a1a. 5 a L. & M. 857. > At as dcoy bmar td stmth temt ac mcdtehr pmrt db eas dpacadc teh ohmrchn fun`h stmths ac sugstmckh teh mr`ulhct db teh kdurt ac Omlach v. Ndrhoo. 7

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

7;=

teh omtthr, tehc, cdtwatestmcnac` teh nhbhcnmct ems sdon prdphrty mkquarhn gy eas tdrtadus mkt, mc mktadc waoo cdt oah td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns.' Ehckh m nasshashh db omcn, teh nasshasdr, gy teh mkt db nasshasac, ghkdlac` teh dwchr tehrhdb, kmccdt lmactmac mc mktadc

bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn m`macst teh nasshasdr td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns mrasac` brdl teh smoh db talghr.7 Ms teh mlduct db teh pomactabb's rhkdvhry as oalathn td teh prdkhhns rhkhavhn gy teh nhbhcnmct,; at waoo gh bmtmo td teas bdrl db Ehckh at ems ghhc mktadc temt teh mlduct as cdt mskhrtmacmgoh. ehon 'temt wehrh `ddns pomkhn gy teh pomactabb wate teh nhgtdr db nhbhcnmct whrh rhkhavhn gy teh nhbhcnmct brdl eas nhgtdr dc mkkduct db teh nhgt, wate dtehr `ddns ghodc`ac` td teh nhgtdr ealshob, teh pomactabb kduon cdt rhkdvhr ghkmush db eas acmgaoaty td prdvh teh vmoumtadc put updc eas `ddns.> Peaoh ac drnhr td suppdrt teh kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn, teh tdrt ghac` wmavhn, at as cdt subbakahct td prdvh temt teh nhbhcnmct ems naspdshn db teh pomactabb's prdphrty gy wmy db gmrthr dr hxkemc`h,8 staoo at as cdt ac moo kmshs chkhssmry td sedw temt eh Ab, emvac` m ra`et td rhkhavh oems mktumooy rhkhavhn ldchy atshob. ldchy, eh mkkhpts sdlhteac` ac oahu tehrhdb, teh trmcsmktadc waoo gh trhmthn ms ab eh emn barst rhkhavhn teh ldchy, mcn tehc emn gdu`et wate at temt weake ac bmkt eh rhkhavhn ac teh barst acstmckh ac pomkh db teh ldchy.2 Dc teh dtehr emcn, tedu`e teh nhbhcnmct ems sdon teh `ddns, ab eh ems cdt kdoohkthn teh purkemsh-ldchy, dr rhkhavhn ats hquavmohct ms fust hxpomachn, eh waoo cdt gh oamgoh ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn. ^eus, ac Gunn v. Eaohr0 teh nhbhcnmct tdrtadusoy sdon prdphrty ghodc`ac` td teh pomactabb, rhkhavac` mt teh talh db teh smoh dcoy m pmrt db teh purkemsh-ldchy, mcn tmjac` m cdth bdr teh rhlmacnhr. ^eh pomactabb sdu`et td kemr`h eal ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn, wate teh hctarh purkemshldchy: gut eas rhkdvhry wms oalathn td teh mlduct db kmse mktumooy rhkhavhn. Gmoke v. Ymtthc, >8 Lh. >': Wd`hrs v. Acemgatmcts db @rhhcguse, 80 Lh. >>A: Ga`hodw v. Fdchs, AD Yakj. a2A. 7 Ga`hodw v. Fdchs, AD Yakj. a2a. 5 Oacndc vz.Aoddphr, vz.Aoddphr, Kdwp. >=> (shlgoh): Gunn v. Eaohr, ; Nutke. >;. > [mvaooh v. Phoke, 85 0t. 25;. 2 Janchy v. Yaocdus, >= Rt. ;52. Nddc v. Wmvhy, >1 2 Macsoah v. Paosdc, 0 Kdw. 227: Laoohr v. Laoohr, 0 Yakj. A;;: Rt. 71;0 ; Nutke. >;. =

 

7;7

EMW RMWN OM P WH RAHP.

[ackh td lmactmac mc mktadc bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn ac teas komss db kmshs teh pomactabb lust prdvh teh rhkhapt db ldchy gy teh nhbhcnmct ms whoo ms m wrdc`buo kdcvhrsadc, eas kmush db mktadc ndhs cdt mrash uctao teh nhbhcnmct ems rhkhavhn teh prdkhhns db teh smoh: mcn tehrhbdrh teh [tmtuth db Oalatmtadcs gh`acs td ruc dcoy brdl temt talh, mcn at as cd mcswhr td m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn temt sackh teh smoh mcn rhkhapt db teh prdkhhns mcn ghbdrh mktadc grdu`et teh ra`et td suh ac trdvhr ems ghhc gmrrhn. ^eh phradn db oalatmtadc ac suke m kmsh as temt mppoakmgoh td mktadcs db mssulpsat. = Ac Ndu`ehrty v. Kemplmc,7 at wms ehon temt wehrh m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn as grdu`et td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns mrasac` brdl teh smoh db prdphrty kdcvhrthn, acthrhst as rhkdvhrmgoh dcoy brdl teh talh wehc m nhlmcn as lmnh bdr teh prdkhhns, teh mktadc ghac` m subbakahct nhlmcn. ^eh bdoodwac` hxtrmkt brdl teh dpacadc db Emoo, F., sedws teh oach db rhmsdcac` mndpthn gy teh kdurt 6 a`et td wmavh teh tdrt mcn suh ac mssulpsat bdr teh "^eh pomacatabb's pomacatabb'sa`et rmashn gy omw, gy mc alpoahn prdlash, prdlash,rmashn mutedrazhngy prdkhhns db teh smoh wms mutedrazhn nhbhcnmct temt eh wduon pmy teh ldchy td teh pomactabb. dc teh pmrt db teh nhbhcnmcttemt ^eas ra`et db hohktadc dc teh pmrt db teh pomactabb rhsts updc teh baktadc db teh nhbhcnmct. Gy hohktlaskdcnuktdb uapdc eh laskdcnukt pohmsurhuapdc alpdshn mt eas pohmsurh ac` td wmavh teh tdrt, teh pomactabb pomactabbghkmlh ghkmlh hctatohn td teh prdkhhns db teh suakeprdkhhns. ^eh ra`et smoh: gut up td temt talh eh wms cdt hctatohn td suakeprdkhhns. td teh prdkhhns mkkruhn gy bdrkh, mcn mt teh ldlhct db hohktadc, mcn cdt ghbdrh. Ms teh pomactabbwms cdt hctatohn td teh prdkhhns db teh smoh uctao db kdursheh kdursh eh wms cdt hctatohn td acthrhst lmtthrdb eh lmnh teh hohktadc, ms m lmtthr tehrhdc pradr tehrhtd." ^eas kmsh as khrtmacoy ackdcsasthct ac prackapoh wate teh ruoh oman ndwc ac Laoohr v. Laoohr ms td teh [tmtuth db Oalatmtadcs, mcn ac teh dpacadc db teh wrathr as cdt td gh suppdrthn. ^eh nhkasadc rhsts hctarhoy updc m prdpdsatadc weake teh wrathr ems mtthlpthn td sedw as bmoomkadus:; cmlhoy, temt gy suac` ac mssulpsat, dch ac sdlh lysthradus wmy kdcvhrts temt weake wms uctao tehc salpoy m tdrt, actd m kdctrmkt. Pehrhms ac trute dch ems mc hohktadc db rhlhkoahs ghkmush eh ems acnhphcnhct ra`ets, mcn ndhs cdt mkquarh ra`ets,

ms teh kdurt ehrh mssulhs, gy hohktac` rhlhnahs. Ab, bdr hxmlpoh, m lmc nhmos wate mc m`hct wedsh m`hcky as cdt naskodshn, - wehrh, updc teh ndktrachs mppoakmgoh td mc ucnaskodshn m`hcky, teh pmrty =

Laoohr v. Laoohr, 0 Yakj.

A=;;.

7 71 Ld.

Mp.

7;;.

5

[hh

suprm,

p. 77;.

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

7; ;

wate wedl teh m`hct nhmos kmc hohkt td edon teh ucnaskodshn prackapmo, - cd dch wduon smy temt eas ra`et nan cdt mkkruh uctao eh sd hohkthn. Gut ac trute tehrh as cd nabbhrhckh ac prackapoh6 ac teh kmsh db teh ucnaskodshn prackapmo, teh mothrcmtavh ra`ets mrh mkquarhn gy teh lmjac` db teh kdctrmkt: ac teh kmsh db prdphrty ghac` kdcvhrthn mcn sdon, teh ra`et td rhkhavh teh prdkhhns mrashs brdl teh rhkhapt db teh ldchy. Mt temt ldlhct db talh teh tdrt bhmsdr ems alpdshn updc eal teh dgoa`mtadc td nhoavhr teh ldchy td teh pmrty wedsh prdphrty ems ghhc kdcvhrthn. Ab eh as ucnhr cd suke dgoa`mtadc tehc, mcn nahs ghbdrh mc hohktadc as lmnh td suh ac mssulpsat acsthmn db ac tdrt, updc wemt prackapoh kmc eas hxhkutdr dr mnlacastrmtdr gh ehon oamgoh4 ^eh rhprhshctmtavh db teh nhkhmshn ems kdllatthn cd tdrt, mcn kdcbhsshnoy as cdt oamgoh mt kdlldc omw bdr teh tdrt db teh nhkhmshn. Edw kmc eh gh ehon oamgoh bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn, ms eh kohmroy as, ab cd suke ra`et hxasthn m`macst teh tdrt bhmsdr4 Mssulac` temt teh [tmtuth db Oalatmtadcs rucs, cdt brdl teh talh db teh kdcvhrsadc db teh prdphrty, gut brdl teh talh db teh rhkhapt db teh ldchy mrasac` brdl teh smoh, teh quhstadc mrashs, Pateac wemt talh lust teh ldchy gh rhkhavhn4 [uppdsh, bdr hxmlpoh, temt prdphrty as sdon hatehr mt teh talh db kdcvhrsadc dr mbthrwmrns, mcn temt teh ldchy as cdt rhkhavhn uctao mbthr teh [tmtuth db Oalatmtadcs ems gmrrhn mc mktadc bdr teh tdrt. Kmc teh pomactabb staoo rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns4 Ab teh smoh as cdt lmnh uctao teh acfurhn pmrty ems odst eas ra`et td suh bdr teh kdcvhrsadc, teh tdrt bhmsdr ems mkquarhn tatoh, mcn teh smoh wms m smoh db eas dwc prdphrty.' Ac suke mc hvhct, tehrhbdrh, tedu`e teh wrathr jcdws

db cd kmsh ac pdact, at wduon shhl kohmr temt teh acfurhn pmrty ems cd ra`et td rhkhavh teh prdkhhns. Ab, edwhvhr, teh tatoh td teh prdphrty as ac teh acafurhn pmrty mt teh talh db teh smoh, at wduon shhl temt teh ruccac` db teh stmtuth sugshquhct tehrhtd, gut pradr td teh rhkhapt db teh ldchy gy teh nhbhcnmct, seduon cdt mbbhkt teh pomactabb's ra`et. Eh as hquatmgoy hctatohn td teh nhgt ms teh prdkhhns db eas prdphrty, mcn ehckh td teh ldchy rhmoazhn dc at. ^eh tdrt bhmsdr, sd odc` ms m sphkabak rhs hxasts actd weake teh acfurhn pmrty's prdphrty kmc gh trmkhn, as ac bmkt m kdcstruktavh trusthh. ^d hctatoh dch td wmavh teh tdrt mcn suh bdr teh prdkhhns mrasac` brdl teh smoh db kdcvhrthn prdphrty, at ems ghhc ehon td gh subbakahct ab eh prdvhs temt eh emn pdsshssadc,: at as sman temt eh chhn cdt A Mlhs, ^eh Nasshasaca db Kemtthos, ; Emrvmrn Omw Whvahw, ;7=,

;77.

 

7;>

EMWRMWN

OMP

WHRAHP.

hstmgoase tatoh td teh prdphrty.' ^eas rhsuot wms nhnukhn brdl teh whoo-hstmgoasehn ruoh db omw temt pdsshssadc as m subbakahct gmsas bdr teh mktadc db trdvhr dr trhspmss. ^eus, ac Du`etdc v. [hppac`s, m wandw wed suhn bdr teh prdkhhns db phrsdcmo prdphrty sdon gy teh nhbhcnmct, wms moodwhn td rhkdvhr, motedu`e teh nhbhcnmct prdxhn temt teh prdphrty wms purkemshn ac teh oabhtalh db teh pomactabb's eusgmcn: Odrn ^hcthrnhc, K. F., smyac`, wms pomactabbwms " ^ehrh wms hvanhckh ehrh, tedu`e phremps soa`et, temt teh pomactabb at ac,pdsshssadc db la`et teh pdcy. Ab emvh seh wms ac pdsshssadc mt teh talch m wehc wrdc`m`macstm m`macst trhspmss lmactmachn lmactmachntrhspmss kohmroy wms shazhn, seh ndhr: mcn ab seh la`et lmactmac trhspmss, seh lmy wmavh teh tdrt mcn teas mktadc." lmactmacteas lmactmac

[ackh dch ems m ra`et td rhkdvhr teh prdkhhns db prdphrty wrdc`buooy kdcvhrthn mcn sdon, at chkhssmraoy bdoodws temt wehrh teh pomactabb's ldchy ems ghhc tdrtadusoy dgtmachn gy teh nhbhcnmct, teh tdrt lmy gh wmavhn mcn mc mktadc bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn gh grdu`et.;

At as db kdursh cd nhbhckh td suke mc mktadc temt teh ldchy dgtmachn, cdt brdl teh pomactabb, gut brdl dch td wedl teh vwmsdgtmachn, vwms pomactabb actrusthn at, mcn wate wedl nhbhcnmct wms hc`m`hn ac mc aooh`mo trmcsmktadc. Bdr ac suke m kmsh teh pomactabb komals ac eas dwc ra`et mcn cdt terdu`e eas m`hct, mcn tehrhbdrh teh aooh`moaty db teh trmcsmktadc as allmthramo. ^eus, ac Komrjh v. [ehh> teh pomactabb suhn teh nhbhcnmct ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn td rhkdvhr ldchy weake emn ghhc rhkhavhn gy teh pomactabb's kohrj ac teh kdursh db teh pomactabb's gusachss, mcn ushn gy teh kohrj ac teh purkemsh db odtthry takjhts brdl teh nhbhcnmct ac vadomtadc db teh Odtthry Mkt. At wms ehon temt teh pomactabb wms hctatohn td rhkdvhr. Odrn Lmcsbahon, nhoavhrac` teh dpacadc db teh kdurt, sman, "A teacj teh pomactabb ndhs cdt suh ms stmcnac` ac teh pomkh db Pddn, eas kohrj, bdr teh ldchy mcn cdths weake Pddn pman td teh nhbhcnmcts mrh teh anhctakmo cdths mcn ldchy db teh pomactabb. UReohrh dchy dr cdths mrh pman gdcmbanh, mcn updc m vmoumgoh kdcsanhrmtadc, ehy chvhr semoo gh A 7

Du`etdc v. [hppac`s, a G. & Mn.

7>=.

7>=. a G. & Mn. 5 Komrjh v. [ehh, Kdwp. =10: Kmtts v. Yemohc, 7 Edw. ;02: Gurtdc v. Nra``s, 79 Pmoo. =78: Fdchs v. Acchss, ;7 Jmc. =00: Kdry v. Brhhedonhrs, >0 C. F. O. a5a: Yhdpoh v. Pddn, A7A C. Q. 877, Phggm v. Buokearh, ; Arh. (Omw) >58: Ehacnaoo v. Peath, ;>

Rt. 885: Pas.

Jahwhst v. WacnjdYb, >2 Pas. >5=: Phsthrc Mssurmckh Kd. v. ^dwoh, 28

7>0.

> KDPp. =10.

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

7;8

grdu`et gmkj gy teh truh dwchr: gut wehrh tehy kdlh lm/m banh actd m phrsdc's emcns, tehy mrh ac teh cmturh db sphkabak prdphrty: mcn ab tehar ems m ra`et td rhkdvhr." pmrtyems anhctaty kmc gh trmkhn mcn mskhrtmachn,teh pmrty At ems mosd ghhc ehon td gh cd nhbhckh td mc mktadc grdu`et td rhkdvhr ldchy brmunuohctoy dgtmachn, temt teh pomactabb suppdshn teh pmylhct db teh ldchy td gh kmoohn bdr gy mc aooh`mo kdctrmkt weake eh emn lmnh wate teh nhbhcnmct, ab ac bmkt teh ldchy wms cdt pmymgoh ucnhr teh kdctrmkt, gut wms dgtmachn gy teh nhbhcnAc Kmtts v. Yemohc,7 teh pomactabb suhn td rhkdvhr mct's brmun.

ldchy pman td teh nhbhcnmct ac teh ghoahb temt teh omtthr wms hctatohn td at ucnhr m odtthry nrmwac`. ^eh nhbhcnmct, wed wms hlpodyhn td nrmw teh takjhts brdl teh wehho, ac bmkt dgtmachn teh ldchy gy kdckhmoac` ac eas sohhvh m takjht wate m culghr kdrrhspdcnac` td teh culghr db teh takjht ehon gy eal, mcn prhthcnac` td nrmw teh takjht brdl teh. wehho. Eh pohmnhn teh aooh`moaty db teh odtthry. ^eh kdurt, mssulac` teh nrmwac` td gh aooh`mo, nhkanhn bdr teh pomactabb, Gmonwac, F., smyac`, nrmwac`db nan cdt dra`acmth c teh nrmwac`db teh pmrtahs pmrtahsnan ghtwhhcteh "'^eh trmcsmktadcghtwhhc wms hctatohn weakewms ldchy wms cdt pman dc m takjht weake mc aooh`mo odtthry: teh ldchywms db temt msshrtadcdb bmoshmsshrtadc rhkhavhn dc teh bmosh teh prazh, at wms pman mcn rhkhavhndc nrhwteh td dr nrhw dc teh bducnhndc ghtwhhc tehl as cdt bducnhn weake teh omw rmashs ghtwhhctehl kdctrmktweake bmkt: teh kdctrmkt ldchy weake ems db teh odtthry,gut dc teh dgoa`mtadc d rhbuOcneh ldchyweake nrmwac`db nrmwac` db m nrmwac`weake msshrtadcdb brmun,gy teh msshrtadc ghhc rhkhavhn gy bmosheddn mcn brmun,gy chvhrtddj chvhr tddj pomkh." Ms m kdcnatadc db rhkdvhrac` ldchy tdrtadusoy dgtmachn, teh pomactabb, ab eh ems rhkhavhn mcyteac` db vmouh brdl teh nhbhcnmct, lust rhturc teh smlh. Mcn sackh teh pomactabb's komal rhsts updc teh bmkt temt teh nhbhcnmct kmccdt gh moodwhn ac `ddn kdcskahckh td jhhp wemt eh ems dgtmachn, teh lhmsurh db teh pomactabb's rhkdvhry as cdt teh hctarh mlduct pman gy teh pomactabb, gut teh mlduct weake at as m`macst kdcskahckh bdr teh nhbhcnmct td jhhp.; Phsthrc Mssurmckh Kd. v. ^dwoh,> teh nhbhcnmct gy bmosh Ac teh brmunuohct dvhrstmthlhcts ms td teh mlduct db m odss (weake mcn = Kmtts v. Yemohc, 7 Edw. ;02: Cdrtewhsthrc Acs. Kd. v. Hooadtt, 0 [mwyhr, =0: Phgg v. Buokearh, ; Arh. (Omw) >58: Jahwhst v. Wacnjdpb, >2 Pas. >5 . 7 7 Edw. ;02.

5 Oacndc v. Eddphr, Kdwp. >A> (shlgoh): ^eh Phsthrc Mssurmckh Kd. v. ^dwoh, 28 Pas. 7>0. > 28 Pas. 7>0.

 

7;2

EMWRMWN

OMP WHRAHP.

emn ac pmrt ghhc subbhrhn) `dt brdl teh pomactabb teh mlduct db teh pdoaky ms bdr m tdtmo odss. ^ehrh wms m komush ac teh pdoaky nhkomrac` bdrbhaturh tehrhdb ac suke mc hvhct. ^eh pomactabb emvac` rhkdvhrhn m vhrnakt bdr teh mlduct db teh pdoaky, at wms sht msanh, teh kdurt edonac` temt teh rh'kdvhry seduon emvh ghhc oalathn td teh ldchy rhkhavhn dvhr mcn mgdvh teh mktumo odss subbhrhn. ^myodr, F., sman, A . . . ^eh mktadc bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn rhkhavhn as ac sdlh shcsh mc acsurmckhkdlpmcy kdlpmcy emvac` vdouctmraoy vdouctmraoypman pman teh hquatmgoh mktadc, mcn teh acsurmckh nhbhcnmcts,tehy tehy kmc dcoy rhldchy dc mc mooh`hn odss komalhn gy teh nhbhcnmcts, kdvhr gmkj sd luke ms ac hquaty mcn `ddn kdcskahckh tehy du`et cdt td emvh pman.

.

.

. Bmosh swhmrac` mcn bmosh vmoumtadc ac prddb db odss

la`et emvh ghhc m `ddn nhbhckh td m'rhkdvhryupdc m'rhkdvhryupdc teh pdoaky, emn teh rhbushn td pmy teh odss: gut at kmccdt gh lmnh teh gmsas db m pomactabbrhbushn pomactabb ra`et td rhkdvhr gmkj ldchy morhmny pman updc teh pdoaky. ^eh pomactabb's ra`et td rhkdvhr nhphcns updc prddb hstmgoaseac`teh hstmgoaseac`teh bmkt temt teh sustmachngy teh nhkdlpmcyems kdlpmcy ems pman ldrh ldchy temc kdvhrhn teh odss sustmachngy mcn temt suke pmylhctwms prdkurhngy teh bmosh mcn brmunuohct bhcnmcts,mcn bhcnmcts, pmylhctwms prdkurhngy mkts db teh nhbhcnmcts." [ackh teh ra`et td rhkdvhr ldchy weake ems ghhc stdohc, brmunuohctoy dgtmachn, dr wrdc`buooy kdcvhrthn td mcdtehr's ush, rhsts dc teh hquatmgoh prackapoh db ucfust hcrakelhct, teh komal lmy gh msshrthn, cdt wedsh dcoy m`macst teh allhnamth gut uctao m`macst teh ldchy tdrt at lmy bhmsdr, gh trmkhn mcy dch actd pdsshssadc rhmkehs teh emcns db m purkemshr bdr vmouh watedut cdtakh.= Ms teh komal as, edwhvhr, lmactmachn dc strakt hquatmgoh prackapohs, at kmccdt gh msshrthn m`macst m 'purkemshr bdr vmouh watedut cdtakh.7 Db kdursh pmylhct td teh tdrt bhmsdr mbthr cdtakh db pomactabb's komal as cd mcswhr td teh mktadc.; Ms teh bhhs ackanhct td mc dbbakh ghodc` hquatmgoy td teh ra`etbuo komalmct, mcn cdt td teh usurphr, teh omtthr as oamgoh bdr moo suke bhhs rhkhavhn.> [ackh, edwhvhr, teh komalmct's rhrhcnhrhn rhsts tdupdc bdr shrvakhs teh bhhs khavh mktumooy gy mcdtehrra`et = Kmoomcn v. Oodyn, 2 L. & PR. 72: Ehaogut v. Chvaoo, O. W. 8 K. Y. >05: Gmych v.

Xcathn [tmths, 1; X. [. 2>7: Xcathn [tmths Gmcj v. [tmth Gmcj, 12 X. [. ;9: Mtomctak Kdttdc Laoos v. Acnamc Drkemrn Laoos, =>0 Lmss. 725: Kmusanhrh v. Ghhrs, a Mgg. Mp. Nhk. ;;;: Eacnhlmrke v. Edbblmc, A70 Ym. [t. 75>. 7 [tmth Gmcj v. Xcathn [tmths Gmcj, AA> X. [. >9=: Gmcj db Kemrohstdc v. [tmth Gmcj, =; Wake. Kms. 71=. 5 Eacnhlmrke v. Edbblmc, =70 Ym. [t. 75>. > Edwmrn v. Pddn, 7 Ohv. 7>8: Mrras v. [tujhohy, 7 Ldn. 729: Jhssho v. Vhashr, A97 C. Q. AA>.

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

7;0

eas dwchrseap db teh dbbakh, at bdoodws temt eh kmc dcoy rhkdvhr teh bhhs chkhssmraoy ackanhct td teh dbbakh. Kdcshquhctoy lhrh `rmtuatahs rhkhavhn gy teh usurphr kmccdt gh rhkdvhrhn.' Ac suke m kmsh teh pomactabb kmccdt dut ghhc eas ra`et, wemt wms `avhcAt td cdt emvh teh nhbhcnmct `avhcsackh td teh pomactabb. as la`et lmjh truh temt gut bdr teh tdrt teh nhbhcnmct kduon cdt emvh rhkhavhn teh `rmtuaty, gut cdc kdcstmt temt teh pomactabb, ab teh nhbhcnmct emn cdt kdllatthn teh tdrt, wduon emvh rhkhavhn at. Pehrh teh nhbhcnmct hctakhs mwmy teh pomactabb's mpprhctakh mcn acnukhs teh omtthr td wdrj bdr eal, teh pomactabb as hctatohn td rhkdvhr teh vmouh db teh shrvakhs rhkhavhn gy teh nhbhcnmct.7 ^eh dpacadc db Lmcsbahon, K. F., ac Oa`etoy v. Kodustdc, ac weake teas prdpdsatadc db omw wms barst mccduckhn, wms ms bdoodws6"A seduon emvh tedu`et at ghtthr bdr teh omw td emvh jhpt ats kduarsh: gut at ems cdw ghhc odca` shttohn temt ac kmshs db smoh, ab teh pomactabb db temt smoh, eh lmy nd at. Ac teh prhshct keddshs td suh bdr teh prdnukh prdnukhdb kmsh teh nhbhcnmct wrdc`buooy mkquarhs teh omgdrdb teh mpprhctakh: mcn wrdc`buooymkquarhs teh lmsthr lmy grac` eas mktadc bdr teh shnuktadc. Gut eh lmy mosd wmavh eas ra`et td rhkdvhr nmlm`hs bdr teh tdrt, mcn lmy smy temt eh as hctatohn td teh omgdr db eas mpprhctakh: temt eh as kdcshquhctoy hctatohn kdcshquhctoyhctatohn weake ems ghhc ghstdwhn ac teh shrvakh td mc hquavmohcat dr temt omgdr, omgdr,weake db teh nhbhcnmct. At as cdt kdlaaphthct kdlaaphthctdr dr teh nhbhcnmct td mcswhr emt gut gy wrdc`, eh dgtmachn temt omgdr, cdt gy kdctrmkt wate teh lmsthr, lmsthr,gut eh waoo cdt pmy bdr at. ^eas kmsh mpprdmkehsms chmroy mcn temt tehrhbdrh tehrhbdrheh bducnats ats ms pdssagoh td teh kmsh wehrh `ddns mrh sdon mcn teh ldchy ems bducn wmy actd teh pdkjht db teh nhbhcnmct." Ab dch as oamgoh td teh lmsthr bdr bdr teh ghchbat rhkhavhn brdl teh shrvakhs db mc mpprhctakh wedl eh ems hctakhn brdl teh shrvakh db teh lmsthr, at wduon shhl chkhssmraoy td bdoodw temt dch wed ems wrdc`buooy nhpravhn mcdtehr db easbdr phrsdcmo prdphrty mcnbrdl ushn teh at, ac qumsa-kdctrmkt teh ghchbat nhravhn seduon gh oamgoh ush tehrhdb. Odrn Lmcsbahon wms kohmroy db teas dpacadc, -teh

bdoodwac` aooustrmtadc, ushn gy eal ac Emlgoy v. ^rdtt,; ghac` ac pdact6 " [d ab m lmc tmjh m edrsh brdl mcdtehr mcn grac` eal gmkj m`mac, mc mktadc db trhspmss waoo cdt oah m`macst eas hxhkutdr, = Gdythr v. Ndnswdrte, 2 ^. W. 25a. 7 Oa`etoy v. Kodustdc, A ^muct. aa7: Fmlhs v. Bdsthr v. [thwmrt, ; L. & [. a1a: Oh Wdy, 2 Fdecs. 70>: [tdkjhtt v. Pmtjacs' Mnl'rs, 7 @. & F. ;72. [hh, edwhvhr, kdctrm, Krdw v. Gdyn, 5 8 KdwY. ;00.

A0

Mom.

8A.

;'

 

7;5

EMWRMWN

OMP WHRAHP.

tedu`e at wduon m`macst eal: gut mc mktadc bdr teh ush mcn earh db teh edrsh waoo oah m`macst teh hxhkutdr." At ems mkkdrnac`oy ghhc ehon temt teh mktadc waoo oah td rhkdvhr teh vmouh db phrsdcmo prdphrty wrdc`buooy tmjhc mcn ushn.' ^eh ra`et ems mosd ghhc nhcahn ac mt ohmst twd kmshs.7 ^eh nhkasadc ac Kmrsdc v. Wavhr Oulghrac` Kd. as edwhvhr luke whmjhchn gy teh qumsa-mnlassadc db teh kdurt temt ab teh tdrt bhmsdr whrh nhmn, teh mktadc wduon gh moodwhn m`macst eas hxhkutdr dr mnlacastrmtdr. Gut ab cdt m`macst eal, wey m`macast eas rhprhshctmtavh, sackh teh tdrt bhmsdr, mcn cdt teh rhprhshctmtavh, as teh dch wed nan teh wrdc` mcn nhravhn teh ghchbat4 Ab at gh mcswhrhn temt teh rhlhny ac tdrt m`macst teh tdrt bhmsdr as mnhqumth, at lmy gh rhpoahn temt teh wedoh ndktrach db wmavhr db tdrt hxasts cdtwatestmcnac` teh hxasthckh db teh rhlhny ac tdrt. Oajhwash, teh mr`ulhct gy weake teh pomactabb wms nhbhmthn ac Pycch v. Omteml kduon gh ushn td nhbhmt hvhry pomactabb prdkhhnac` dc teh tehdry db wmavhr db tdrt. Ac temt kmsh Wubbac, F., sman6 "Ldst mktadcs waoo dcoy oah dc m kdctrmkt hxprhss dr alpoahn, mcn teh kdctrmkt ehrh as suppdshn td gh dch db teh omtthr jacn. Gut teh omw kmccdt alpoy m kdctrmkt ghtwhhc tehsh pmrtahs wehc at as kohmr brdl teh bmkts stmthn temt teh nhbhcnmcts nhravhn tehar pdsshssadc mcn tatoh brdl mcdtehr phrsdc, ucnhr wedl tehy komalhn teh somvhs mnvhrshoy td teh pomactabb mcn moo teh wdron." ^eas as db kdursh trhmtac` m baktd burtehr teh hcns

tadc ms ab at whrh m bmkt, mcn mppoyac` at, cdt bdr weake at wms mndpthn, gut td nhbhmt tehlc. Dch wed ems ghhc naspdsshsshn db eas omcn seduon od`akmooy gh moodwhn td suh teh wrdc`buo dkkupmct ac m kduct bdr ush mcn dkkupmtadc, td rhkdvhr ats rhctmo vmouh: gut at as cdt phrlatthn.; ^eh bmaourh td hxthcn teh ndktrach td teas komss db kmshs as nuh td purhoy eastdrakmo rhmsdcs. Pehrh teh tdrt wms wmavhn mt kdlldc omw, mcn mc mktadc grdu`et td hcbdrkh teh qumsa-kdctrmktumo dgoa`mtadc, teh bdrl db mktadc ushn wms teh aznhgatmtus mssulpsat kducts. Gut at wms m kmrnacmo prackapoh db teh kdlldc omw temt ac grac`ac` mc mktadc m = Bmcsdc v. Oacsohy, 79 Jmc. 7;8: ;>2.

Yeaomnhopeam Kd. v. Ymrj Grdtehrs, =;5 Ym. [t.

Kmrsdc Wavhr Oulghrac` Kd. v. Gmsshtt, 7 Chv. 7>1: Pycch v. Omteml, 2 Fdchs O. ;71. [hh Yeaooaps v. Aodlbrmv, 7> Ke. Nav. mt p. >29. ; ^hw v. Fdchs, A; L. & P. A7: [trac`bhoodw v. Kurry, 02 Mom. ;1>: [tdkjhtt v. Pmojhr, 7 @. & F. ;72: Khctrmo Laoos Kd. v. Emrt, A7> Lmss. =7;: Odkjwddn v. ^eucnhr Gmy Kd., >7 Lake. 8;2: Ehcnhrsdc v. Nhtrdat, 2a Lake. ;05: Krdsgy v. Edrch Kd., >8 Lacc. 7>1: Muoo [mvac`s Gmcj v. Muoo, 5d Ld. A11, Naxdc v. Mehrc, a1 Chv. >77: Yrhstdc v. Emwohy, ada C. Q. 852: Kdooyhr v. Kdooyhr, AA; C. Q. >>7. 7

 

PMARHW

DB ^DW^.

7;1

pomactabb lust pursuh eas ea`ehst rhlhny. Pehrh omcn wms ohmshn mcn rhct rhshrvhn, teh rhlhny `avhc gy teh kdlldc omw wms nhgt: mcn temt ghac` rh`mrnhn ms m ea`ehr rhlhny temc acnhgatmtus mssulpsat, teh rhct kduon cdt gh rhkdvhrhn ac mc acnhgatmtus mssulpsat kduct. At wduon emvh ghhc hxtrmdrnacmry emn teh kdurts `avhc m rhlhny m`macst m tdrt bhmsdr weake tehy nan cdt moodw dc m kdctrmkt m`macst m thcmct. Mcn motedu`e gy stmtuth teh skdph db acnhgatmtus mssul/bpsatems ghhc hxthcnhn td kmshs wehrh teh rhomtadc db omcnodrn mcn thcmct hxasts, teh kdurts emvh cdt phrlatthn ats ush ac teh mgshckh db m truh kdctrmkt ghtwhhc teh pmrtahs: mcn hvhc ac furasnaktadcs wehrh moo bdrls db mktadc mrh mgdoasehn, teas ndktrach, dra`acmtac` ac m nastacktadc nrmwc ghtwhhc nabbhrhct bdrls db mktadc, as phrphtumthn.= Ms mssulpsat waoo cdt oah bdr m wrdc`buo ush mcn dkkupmtadc, db kdursh teh rhct rhkhavhn rhkhavhn gy suke mc dkkupmct gh rhkdvhrhn ac m bdr emn rhkhavhn.7

kmccdt gh rhkdvhrhn ac m kduct bdr ldchy emn mcn rhkhavhn.7 ^eh quhstadc db wmavac` teh tdrt ems mrashc ac m komss db kmshs su``hsthn gy, mcn yht nabbhrac` brdl, tedsh ac weake teh nhbhcnmct ems wrdc`buooy ushn teh pomactabb's phrsdcmo prdphrty: cmlhoy, wehrh teh nhbhcnmct ems kdcvhrthn teh prdphrty, gut, acsthmn db shooac`, hatehr jhhps at dr ems kdcsulhn at. Ehrh teh nhkasadcs mrh ac kdcboakt. Ac Wusshoo v. Ghoo,; teh pomactabb, ms mssa`cahh db m gmcjrupt, sdu`et td rhkdvhr m`macst teh nhbhcnmct, ac m kduct bdr `ddns sdon mcn nhoavhrhn, teh vmouh db `ddns nhoavhrhn td teh nhbhcnmct gy teh gmcjrupt mbthr eh emn kdllatthn mc mkt db gmcjruptky. M ldtadc gy teh nhbhcnmct's kducsho td hcthr m cdcsuat, dc teh `rducn temt teh pomactabb emn bmaohn td prdvh m kdctrmkt db smoh, wms nhcahn. Monhrsdc, G., tedu`et teh hvanhckh wmrrmcthn teh bacnac` db suke m kdctrmkt. Odrn Mgac`hr tedu`et temt at wms cdt chkhssmry bdr teh pomactabb td prdvh m kdctrmkt ac drnhr td rhkdvhr ac teh kduct bdr `ddns sdon mcn nhoavhrhn: smyac`, " Lr. Krdlptdc smys temt ab ydu trhmt teas ms m smoh, ydu lust trhmt at

ms m smoh wate moo teh karkulstmckhs ghodc`ac` td at. ^emt prdpdsatadc as teh smoh as lmnh gy mc m`hct, mcn prdptruh, wate teas qumoabakmtadca, ab hroy kdcnukthn bdr teh suppdshn vhcndr, mcn teh phrsdc guyac` as mc edchst guyhr, teh vhcndr lust stmcn td teh smoh, mcn as gducn gy teh ^eh rhmnhr wed lmy gh acthrhsthn ac stunyac` teh eastdry db teas ndktrach as rhbhrrhn td m vhry oukan mcn ldst acstruktavh mrtakoh gy Yrdbhssdr Mlhs dAc " Mssulpsat bdr Xsh mcn Dkkupmtadc " ac 7 Emrvmrn Omw Whvahw, ;00. 7 Komrmckh v. Lmrsemoo, 7 K. & L. >18: Odkjmrn v. Gmrtdc, 05 Mom. =51: Jac` v. Lmsdc, >7 Aoo. 77;. 5 AD L. & PR >9. = [hh kmshs suprm, cdth A.

 

7>9

EMMWRMWN OMP

WHRAHP.

kdctrmkt: gut ab m strmc`hr tmjhs ly `ddns, mcn nhoavhrs tehl td mcdtehr lmc, cd ndugt m kdctrmkt lmy gh alpoahn, mcn A lmy grac` mc mktadc hatehr db trdvhr bdr tehl, dr db mssulpsat. ^eas as m nhkomrmtadc brmlhn dc m kdctrmkt al,poahn gy omw. Paehcm Paehc m lmc `hts edon db `ddns watedut mcy mktumo kdctrmkt, teh omw moodws teh dwchr td grac` mssulpsat, - temt as teh sdoutadc Ehrh teh gmcjrupt ddj tehsh db at, - mcn `hts ran db teh wedoh nakuoty.A