Vocabulary and Useful Phrases GOLD Proficiency

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Traditional approach vs. progressive approach. Streaming: to put school children in groups according to their ability A piece of cake: something which is very easy Excel: to do something very well, or much better than most people Woeful: very bad or serious synonym: deplorable Ill-equipped: not having the necessary equipment or skills for a particular situation or activity Cope with: to succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation Light upon: to notice or find something by chance Sneeze at sth: used about an offer, especially of money, that is very good, and which you should consider carefully Nudge: to gently persuade or encourage someone to take a particular decision or action Thrust: if something is thrust upon you, you are forced to accept it even if you do not want it Found (by chance): lighted upon Left: went away Discovered: find out Solve: deal with Was involved: came into Encounter: had come across Merge: join together Excel: go over well with Cultivated: built up Succeed: get on Gapped sentences: call/ bright/ hold/ move/ set/ slow/ rings Keep your wits about you: be ready to think quickly and do what is necessary in a difficult situation At my wits’ end: to be very upset and not know what to do, because you have tried everything possible to solve a problem To be scared out of your wits: to frighten someone very much To the best of my knowledge: used to say that someone may not know the true facts Common knowledge: be known about by everyone On the brain: to be always thinking about something

29 Pick your brains: to ask someone who knows a lot about something for information and advice about it 30 Racking my brains: to try very hard to remember or think of something 31 Think of sth: to use your mind to solve something, decide something, imagine something etc 32 Think back: to think about things that happened in the past 33 Think up: to produce a new idea, name etc by thinking 34 Think over: to consider something carefully before making a decision 35 Think through: to think carefully about the possible results of something 36 Mile-millage 37 Book-booklet 38 Child-childhood 39 Member-membership 40 Amaze-amazement 41 Break-breakage 42 Refuse-refusal 43 Inform-informant 44 Mean-meanness 45 Elastic-elasticity 46 Child-childish 47 Child-childlike 48 Accident-accidental 49 Authority-authoritarian 50 Regret-regretful 51 Attract-attractive 52 Chlorine-chlorinate 53 Simple-simplify 54 Symbol-symbolize 55 Clock-clockwise 56 North-northwards 57 Modern-modernity 58 Care-carefully 59 Amaze-amazingly 60 Deaf-deafeningly 61 Adapt-adaptability 62 Resource-resourcefulness 63 Picture-picturesque 64 DISconnected 65 UNconsciously 66 MIShear 67 ILlegible 68 OVERflooded 69 SEMIcircle

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 2 Language IV 2012 70 INcomplete 71 ANTIsocial 72 Poverty-impoverish-poorly-poor 73 Safety-save-safely-safe 74 Peace-pacify-peaceably-peaceable 75 Honour-honour-honourably-honourable 76 Blood-bleed-bloody-bloody 77 Educate-education 78 Poor-poverty 79 Economy-economically 80 Prevent-preventable 81 Literate-illiteracy 82 Mortal-mortality 83 Consequence-consequently 84 Efficient-inefficient 85 Ecology-ecological 86 Need-necessity 87 Come-overcome 88 Character-characteristic 89 Pleasure-pleasurable 90 Universe-universal 91 Conscious-consciousness 92 Special-specially 93 Lament-lamentably 94 Stimulus-stimulating 95 Motivate-motivation 96 Power-empowered 97 Feed-feedback 98 Acquire-acquisition 99 Crime-criminal 100 Offend-offence 101 Accurate-inaccuracy 102 Vandal-vandalism 103 Come-outcome 104 Proceed-procedure 105 Err-error 106 Incident-incidence 107 Indicate-indicator 108 Manage-manageable 109 Certain-uncertainty 110 Frame: a structure made of wood, metal, plastic etc that surrounds something such as a picture or window, and holds it in place 111 Bid: an offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction 112 Strike: to hit or fall against the surface of something

113 Throb: if a part of your body throbs, you have a feeling of pain in it that regularly starts and stops. 114 Pound: if your heart or blood is pounding, your heart is beating very hard and quickly 115 Tension mounts: to increase gradually in amount or degree 116 Temperature soars: to increase quickly to a high level 117 Sand accumulates: to gradually increase in numbers or amount until there is a large quantity in one place 118 The info multiplies: to increase by a large amount or number, or to make something do this 119 Sea of faces: lots of people seen together 120 Overcome with: if an emotion overcomes someone, they cannot behave normally because they feel the emotion so strongly 121 Overpowered by: if a smell, taste, or emotion overpowers you, it affects you very strongly 122 Overtaken by: if something bad, especially a feeling, overtakes you, it happens to you suddenly and has a strong effect on you 123 Overdo: to do something more than is suitable or natural 124 Depict-depiction 125 Consider-considerable 126 Imitate-imitator 127 Conclude-inconclusive 128 Stance-stance 129 Distinct-distinctively 130 Signify-significant 131 Repeat-repeatedly 132 Firm-confirm 133 Term134 Stable135 Shoot up: to increase very quickly and suddenly 136 End up: to be in a particular situation, state, or place after a series of events, especially when you did not plan it 137 Spring up: to suddenly appear or start to exist 138 Start up: if you start up a business, company etc, or it starts up, it begins to exist 139 Speed up: to move or happen faster, or to make something move or happen faster 140 Do up: to fasten something, or to be fastened in a particular way / to repair an old building or car, or

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 3 Language IV 2012 to improve its appearance / to decorate something

in a particular way / to wrap something in paper

drink something, or persuade someone else to 141 UP can suggest increase, or progress to a eat or drink something /to start doing higher position, e.g. turn up (volume) something that is difficult or needs a lot of 142 UP can intensify the meaning of the verb, adding the time or energy idea that the action has been completed, e.g. cut 144 Fall down: if a building is falling down, it is in up, sell up. very bad condition / to fail because of a 143 Get down: to make someone feel unhappy and particular reason or in a particular way. tired /to write something, especially something that someone is saying / to eat or effective / to move something or someone to 145 Go down: to become lower in level, amount a lower position / let your hair down: to relax etc /if something goes down, its quality or and enjoy yourself, especially after working standard gets worse / to get a particular hard / let your guard/defenses down: to relax reaction from someone / if food or drink goes and stop worrying about what might happen down well, you enjoy it / to go from one or what someone might find out about you / place to another, especially to a place that is to allow the air to escape from something so further south / to go to the shops, a club etc / that it loses its shape and becomes flat / to if a ship goes down, it sinks / if a plane goes make a piece of clothing longer by unfolding down, it suddenly falls to the ground / to a folded edge become less swollen / if something that is filled with air goes down, air comes out and it 149 Put down: to put something or someone that you becomes smaller and softer / to be recorded are holding or carrying onto a surface / to criticize or remembered in a particular way / to lose a someone and make them feel silly or stupid game, competition, or election / to move (belittle) / to write something, especially a name or down to a lower position in an official list of number, on a piece of paper or on a list / to pay part teams or players / if a computer goes down, of the total cost of something, so that you can pay it stops working for a short time / if lights go the rest later / to put a baby in its bed / to put the down, they become less bright / when the receiver back onto the telephone when you have sun goes down, it appears to move down finished speaking to someone / to kill an animal until you cannot see it anymore / if the wind without causing it pain, usually because it is old or goes down, it becomes less strong / to be sick / used to say that you found a book, game etc sent to prison / to happen / to touch extremely interesting / if an aircraft puts down or if someone's sexual organs with the lips and a pilot puts it down, it lands, especially because of tongue in order to give them sexual pleasure an emergency / to suggest a subject, plan, change in / to become ill, especially with an infectious the law etc for a parliament or committee to disease consider / to stop a vehicle so that passengers can get off at a particular place / to guess what 146 Stand down: to agree to leave your position someone is like or what they do, without having or to stop trying to be elected, so that much information about them / to put someone's someone else can have a chance / if a soldier name on a list so that they can take part in an stands down or is stood down, he stops activity, join an organization etc / to write working for the day someone's name on a list with an amount of money 147 Pull down: to destroy something or make it that they have promised to give / to think that stop existing / to earn a particular amount of something is caused by something else. money / to make someone less successful, 150 Break down: if a car or machine breaks down, it happy, or healthy / (a menu) to make a stops working / to fail or stop working in a computer program show you a list of the successful way / if you break down a door, you hit it things it can do so hard that it breaks and falls to the ground / to 148 Let down: to not do something that someone change or remove something that prevents people trusts or expects you to do / to make from working together and having a successful someone or something less successful or

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 4 Language IV 2012 relationship with each other / if a substance breaks down or something breaks it down, it changes as a result of a chemical process / to be unable to stop 151 find its way somewhere: if something finds its way somewhere, it arrives or gets there after some time / find your way (somewhere): to reach a place by discovering the right way to get there 152 push/grope/inch etc your way somewhere: to get somewhere by using force or moving carefully 153 talk/buy etc your way into/past etc something/somebody: to get where you want or achieve something you want by saying or doing something / talk your way out of something: to escape from an bad or embarrassing situation by giving explanations, excuses etc. 154 worm your way into/through etc something: to move through a small place or a crowd slowly, carefully, or with difficulty/ worm your way into somebody's affections /heart/confidence etc: to gradually make someone love or trust you, especially by being dishonest/ worm your way out of (doing) something: to avoid doing something that you have been asked to do by making an excuse that is dishonest but clever. 155 Force your way through/into etc something also force your way in/out/past etc: to push very hard in order to get somewhere. 156 make way (for sth/sb): to move to the side so that there is space for sb or sth to pass / to make it possible for something newer or better to be built, organized etc / make your way: to go towards something, especially when this is difficult or takes a long time / go somewhere without the help or company of

164 Be caked with/in something: to be covered with a layer of something soft or wet that becomes thick and hard when it dries. 165 Make off with something: to steal something and take it away with you. 166 Boost: to increase or improve something and make it more successful. 167 Overlook: to not notice something, or not see how important it is

yourself crying, especially in public / to separate something into smaller parts so that it is easier to do or understand. other people / to gradually become successful in a particular job, activity, profession etc. 157 water expands: to become larger in size, number, or amount, or to make something become larger / a company expands: if a company, business etc expands, or if someone expands it, they open new shops, factories etc 158 stretch: to make something bigger or looser by pulling it, or to become bigger or looser as a result of being pulled / if a material stretches, it can become bigger or longer when you pull it and then return to its original shape when you stop / to straighten your arms, legs, or body to full length / to reach a long way for something / to pull something so that it is tight / to spread out or cover a large area of land / to make someone use all of their skill, abilities, or intelligence 159 Broaden: to increase something such as your knowledge, experience, or range of activities / to affect or include more people or things, or to make something affect or include more people or things / to make something wider or to become wider 160 Coating: a thin layer of something that covers a surface (dust) 161 Top: the highest part of something / the flat upper surface of an object / something that you put on or over an object to cover it, protect it, or prevent liquid coming out of it. 162 Gapped sentences: restore-stable-action-stay 163 On the spot: if you do something on the spot, you do it immediately, often without thinking about it very carefully (instantly)

168 Gobble up: if one company gobbles up a smaller company, it buys it and takes control of it / to quickly use a lot of a supply of something such as money or land. 169 Lure: to attract customers, workers, money etc from another company or place. 170 Retailing: the business of selling goods to customers in shops. 171 Mow: to cut grass using a machine / mow down: to kill large numbers of people at the same time, especially by shooting them / to kill someone by driving into them fast.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 5 Language IV 2012 172 Fray: if cloth or other material frays, or if something frays it, the threads become loose because the material is old / if someone's temper or nerves fray, or if something frays them, they become annoyed. 173 Flit: to move lightly or quickly and not stay in one place for very long. 174 Spawn: if a fish or frog spawns, it produces eggs in large quantities at the same time / to make a series of things happen or start to exist. 175 Dwarf: a dwarf plant or animal is much smaller than the usual size / to be so big that other things are made to seem very small. 176 Swarm: if people swarm somewhere, they go there as a large, uncontrolled crowd. To be swarm with: to be full of a moving crowd of people or animals. 177 Wail: to make a long high sound. 178 Screech: to shout loudly in an unpleasant high voice because you are angry, afraid, or excited / if a vehicle screeches, its wheels make a high unpleasant noise as it moves along or stops. 179 Crawl: to move along on your hands and knees with your body close to the ground / if a vehicle crawls, it moves forward very slowly. 180 Fly: to travel by plane / if a plane, spacecraft etc flies, it moves through the air / to be at the controls of a plane and direct it as it flies / to move through the air using wings. 181 Freeze: if a liquid or something wet freezes or is frozen, it becomes hard and solid because the temperature is very cold / to preserve food for a long time by keeping it at a very low temperature, or to be preserved in this way / if a machine, engine, pipe etc freezes, the liquid inside it becomes solid with cold, so that it does not work properly / to legally prevent money in a bank from being spent, property from being sold etc. 182 Melt: if something solid melts or if heat melts it, it becomes liquid / to gradually disappear / to become less angry and begin to feel more gentle and sympathetic. Melt away: if a crowd of people melts away, the people gradually leave. 183 Squeal: to make a long loud high sound or cry / to tell the police or someone in authority 202 Abolish: to officially end a law, system etc, especially one that has existed for a long time.

about someone you know who has done something wrong. 184 Stampede: if a group of large animals or people stampede, they suddenly start running together in the same direction because they are frightened or excited / to be made frightened or worried so that you do something too quickly, without thinking enough about it. 185 Surge: to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction. 186 Fight: if someone fights another person, or if two people fight, they hit and kick the other person in order to hurt them / to try hard to do or get something (for sth) / to try very hard to prevent something or to get rid of something unpleasant that already exists (against sth). Fight your way (through/past etc somebody/something): to move somewhere with difficulty, for example because there are so many people around you. 187 Preserve-preservation 188 Believe-unbelievably 189 Ambition-ambitious 190 Look191 Frustrate-frustration 192 Persist-persistence 193 Hustle: busy and noisy activity (hustle and bustle) 194 Bustle: busy and usually noisy activity. 195 Hurly-burly: a lot of busy noisy activity. 196 Rustle: the noise made when something rustles: if leaves, papers, clothes etc rustle, or if you rustle them, they make a noise as they rub against each other. 197 Rush: a sudden fast movement of things or people / a situation in which you need to hurry / a situation in which a lot of people suddenly try to do or get something / the time in the day, month, year etc when a place or group of people is particularly busy. 198 Shuttle: to travel frequently between two places (commute). 199 Trip: to hit something with your foot by accident so that you fall or almost fall. 200 Preferable: better or more suitable (to doing sth) 201 Rekindle: to make someone have a particular feeling thought etc again. 203 To be under the threat of sth: be likely to be closed, attacked etc.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 6 Language IV 2012 204 Rock: to move gently backwards and forwards or from side to side, or to make something do this. 205 Heave: to pull or lift something very heavy with one great effort. 206 Skyward: up into the sky or towards the sky. 207 Lean: to move or bend your body in a particular direction. 208 Harness: a set of bands used to hold someone in a place or to stop them from falling. 209 Sail: a large piece of strong cloth fixed onto a boat, so that the wind will push the boat along. (Las velas). 210 Snap: to move into a particular position suddenly, making a short sharp noise, or to make something move like this. 211 Swoop down: if a bird or aircraft swoops, it moves suddenly down through the air, especially in order to attack something. 212 Steepening: if a slope, road etc steepens, or if something steepens it, it becomes steeper: involving a big increase or decrease / a road, hill etc that is steep slopes at a high angle. Slope: if the ground or a surface slopes, it is higher at one end than the other. 213 Cliff: a large area of rock or a mountain with a very steep side, often at the edge of the sea or a river. 214 Hum: if a place hums, it is full of activity. 215 Barrel-roll: an airplane maneuver in which a complete revolution about the longitudinal axis is made. 216 Craggy: a mountain that is craggy is very steep and covered in rough rocks. 217 Embrace: the act of holding someone close to you, especially as a sign of love. 218 Fringe: to be around the edge of something. 219 Dive: to jump into deep water with your head and arms going in first. 220 Flash: to move very quickly. 221 Grasp: to take and hold something firmly / to completely understand a fact or an idea, especially a complicated one.

232 Relentless: something bad that is relentless continues without ever stopping or getting less severe. 233 Whisk: to take someone or something quickly away from a place.

222 Hurtle: if something, especially something big or heavy, hurtles somewhere, it moves or falls very fast. 223 Leap: to jump high into the air or to jump in order to land in a different place / to move very quickly and with a lot of energy/ to increase quickly and by a large amount / if your heart leaps, you feel a sudden surprise, happiness, or excitement. 224 Plummet: to suddenly and quickly decrease in value or amount / to fall suddenly and quickly from a very high place. 225 Shoot: to move quickly in a particular direction, or to make something move in this way / if pain shoots through your body, you feel it going quickly through it. 226 Strike: to do something that gives you an advantage over your opponent in a fight, competition etc. 227 Sweep: to clean the dust, dirt etc from the floor or ground, using a brush with a long handle / to move things from a surface with a brushing movement / to force someone or something to move in a particular direction / if winds, waves, fire etc sweep a place or sweep through, across etc a place, they move quickly and with a lot of force / to win all of the games in a series of games against a particular team. 228 Swerve: to make a sudden sideways movement while moving forwards, usually in order to avoid hitting something / to change from an idea, course of action, purpose etc. 229 Wheel: if birds or planes wheel, they fly around in circles / to turn around suddenly. 230 Whirl: to turn or spin around very quickly, or to make someone or something do this / if your head is whirling, or if thoughts are whirling in your head, your mind is full of thoughts and ideas, and you feel very confused or excited. 231 Strain: to try very hard to do something using all your strength or ability / to cause difficulties for something by making too much work or too many problems which it cannot deal with easily. 234 Murky: dark and difficult to see through. 235 Splutter: spit: to force a small amount of saliva (=the liquid in your mouth) out of your mouth. 236 Smoulder: if something such as wood smoulders, it burns slowly without a flame.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 7 Language IV 2012 237 Filter: something that you pass water, air etc through in order to remove unwanted substances and make it clean or suitable to use. 238 Fibreglass: a light material made from small glass threads pressed together, used for making sports cars, small boats etc. 242 Numb: unable to think, feel, or react in a normal way. Synonym: paralysed. 243 Foliage: the leaves of a plant. 244 Bow: the front part of a ship. 245 Tip out: to pour something from one place or container into another. 246 Whip: to move or remove something with a quick sudden movement. 247 Entangle: to make something become twisted and caught in a rope, net etc. 248 Snatch: to take something away from somewhere with a quick, often violent, movement. 249 Swish: to move or make something move quickly through the air with a quiet sound. 250 Regurgitate: to bring food that you have already swallowed, back into your mouth. 251 Fling: to throw something somewhere using a lot of force. 252 Flotsam: broken pieces of wood and other things from a wrecked ship, floating in the sea or scattered on the shore. 253 Slippery: something that is slippery is difficult to hold, walk on etc because it is wet or greasy. 266 To be at stake: if something that you value very much is at stake, you will lose it if a plan or action is not successful. 267 Will: to try to make something happen by thinking about it very hard. 268 Be taken aback: to be very surprised about something. 269 Take after sb: to look or behave like an older relative. 270 Take sb/sth apart: to separate something into all its different parts / to search a place very thoroughly / to beat someone very easily in a game, sport, fight etc / to show that someone is wrong or something is not true. 271 Take against sb/sth: to begin to dislike someone or something, especially without a good reason.

239 Bail: to remove water that has come into a boat. 240 Paddle: to move a small light boat through water, using one or more paddles. 241 Turtle: a reptile that lives mainly in water and has a soft body covered by a hard shell. 254 Crunch: to make a sound like something being crushed. 255 Rib: one of the 12 pairs of curved bones that surround your chest. 256 Smack: a hard hit with your closed hand. 257 Lose your grip: to become less confident and less able to deal with a situation. 258 Blurred: unclear in shape, or making it difficult to see shapes. 259 Wipe: to rub a surface with something in order to remove dirt, liquid etc. 260 Ceaseless: happening for a long time without stopping. 261 Fleeting: lasting for only a short time. 262 Surface: to rise to the surface of water. 263 Clutch: to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it. 264 Slimy: covered with slime, or wet and slippery like slime: an unpleasant thick slippery substance. 265 Haul: to move somewhere with a lot of effort, especially because you are injured or tired.

272 Take sth/sb away: to remove someone or something, or make something disappear. 273 To take away: if you buy food to take away, you buy cooked food from a restaurant and take it outside to eat it somewhere else. 274 Take your breath away: to be very beautiful, exciting, or surprising. 275 Take away from sth: to spoil the good effect or success that something has. 276 Take sth back: to admit that you were wrong to say something / to take something you have bought back to a shop because it is not suitable / to make you remember a time in the past. 277 Take sth down: to move something that is fixed in a high position to a lower position / to write down information.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 8 Language IV 2012 278 Take sth in: be taken in: to be completely deceived by someone who lies to you / to let someone stay in your house because they have nowhere else to stay / to understand and remember new facts and information / to collect or earn a particular amount of money / to visit a place while you are in the area / (oldfashioned) if you take in a show, play etc, you go to see it / if the police take someone in, they take them to a police station to ask them questions about a crime / to make a piece of clothing fit you by making it narrower. 279 Take off: to remove a piece of clothing / if an aircraft takes off, it rises into the air from the ground / to suddenly start being successful / to have a holiday from work on a particular day, or for a particular length of time / to copy the way someone speaks or behaves, in order to entertain people. 280 Take on: to start to employ someone (hire) / to agree to do some work or be responsible for something / to begin to have a particular quality or appearance / to compete against someone or start a fight with someone, especially someone bigger or better than you / if a plane or ship takes on people or things, they come onto it. 281 Take sth out: to take someone as your guest to a restaurant, cinema, club etc / to make a financial or legal arrangement with a bank, company, law court etc / to get money from your bank account / to borrow books from a library / to kill someone or destroy something / to treat someone badly when you are angry or upset, even though it is not their fault. 282 Take over: to take control of something. 283 Take to sb/sth: to start to like someone or something. 284 Take to your bed: to get into your bed and stay there. 285 Take sth up: to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it / to start a new job or have a new responsibility / if you take up a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it / to fill a particular amount of time or space / to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea / to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something / to make a piece of clothing 304 Hit on/hit upon sth: to have an idea or discover something suddenly or unexpectedly.

shorter / to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break. 286 Take sb up on sth: to accept an invitation or suggestion. 287 Take up with sb: to become friendly with someone, especially someone who may influence you badly. 288 Take part of sth: to be involved in an activity, sport, event etc with other people. 289 Take account on sth: to consider or include particular facts or details when making a decision or judgment about something. 290 Take issue with sb/sth: to disagree or argue with someone about something. 291 Take pity on sb: feel sorry for someone and treat them with sympathy. 292 Take advantage of sb: to treat someone unfairly in order to get what you want, especially someone who is generous or easily persuaded. 293 Take advantage of sth: to use a particular situation to do or get what you want. 294 Branch out: to start doing something different from the work or activities that you normally do. 295 Bend over backwards (to do something): to try very hard to be helpful. 296 Bounce back: to feel better quickly after being ill, or to become successful again after failing or having been defeated. 297 Leap at the chance: to accept an opportunity very eagerly. 298 Play sth down: to try to make something seem less important or less likely than it really is. 299 Rally around: if a group of people rally round, they all try to help you when you are in a difficult situation. 300 Skate over: to avoid mentioning a problem or subject, or not give it enough attention. 301 Stumble over: to stop or make a mistake when you are reading to people or speaking. 302 Stumble on/across/upon: to find or discover something by chance and unexpectedly. 303 Rope into sth: to persuade someone to help you in a job or join in an activity, especially when they do not want to.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 9 Language IV 2012 305 Strike up: to begin playing a piece of music / to start to become friendly with someone, to start talking to them, etc. 306 To be struck off: if a doctor, lawyer etc is struck off, their name is removed from the official list of people who are allowed to work as doctors, lawyers etc / to remove someone or something from a list. 307 Warm up: to do gentle physical exercises to prepare your body for dancing, sport etc. 308 Strike a bargain/deal: to agree to do something for someone if they do something for you. 309 Foot the bill: to pay for something, especially something expensive that you do not want to pay for. 310 In no time (at all)/in next to no time: very quickly or soon. 311 Grind on: to continue for an unpleasantly long time. 312 Attrition: the process of gradually destroying your enemy or making them weak by attacking them continuously. (desgaste) 313 Resuscitate: to make someone breathe again or become conscious after they have almost died. 314 Seize up: if a part of your body, such as your back, seizes up, you suddenly cannot move it and it is very painful. 315 Fairness: the quality of being fair. 316 Maze: a large number of rules, instructions etc which are complicated and difficult to understand. 317 Impose a ban on sth/ equivalent to/ in the hands of somebody/in somebody's hands: 329 Course: An area of land or water where races are held or an area of land designed for playing golf. 330 Pull out all the stops: to do everything you possibly can to make something happen and succeed. 331 Be (well) versed in sth: to know a lot about a subject, method etc. 332 Red haired- narrow minded- one sided- ill advised- widely known- readymade- well meaning- labour saving- smooth talkingtrouble free- full scale- five page. 333 Exceedingly: extremely

being dealt with, cared for, or controlled by someone/ necessity for/ without recourse to something (=without using or doing something) / correlation with/ put sb in danger/ be banned from doing sth. 318 Get away from: to avoid something that is difficult or unpleasant for you, or something that limits what you can do in some way. 319 Get on with: if people get on, they like each other and have a friendly relationship with each other. 320 Get through to: to reach a place or person that is difficult to reach / to succeed in speaking to someone on the telephone. 321 Get away with: to not be caught or punished when you have done something wrong. 322 Get out of: to succeed in saying something, especially when this is very difficult (get sth out) / to avoid doing something you have promised to do or are supposed to do. 323 Get up to: to do something, especially something slightly bad. 324 Get down to doing sth: to start doing something that is difficult or needs a lot of time or energy. 325 Get round to: to do something that you have been intending to do for some time. 326 Court: an area made for playing games such as tennis / squash/tennis/basketball etc court. 327 Pitch: a marked out area of ground on which a sport is played / football/cricket/rugby etc pitch. 328 Field: an area of ground where sports are played / a baseball/football/cricket etc field.

334 Utterly: completely - used especially to emphasize that something was very bad, or that a feeling was very strong. 335 On the job training: training while doing the job. 336 Unknown quantity: if someone or something is an unknown quantity, you do not know what their abilities are or how they are likely to behave. 337 Mere: used to emphasize that something which is small or not extreme has a big effect or is important. 338 Volume of traffic: the amount of traffic.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 10 Language IV 2012 339 Patch of: a small area of something that is different from the area around it. 340 Work load: the amount of work that a person or machine has to do. 341 Moan: to complain in an annoying way, especially in an unhappy voice and without good reason. 342 To be over the moon: very happy. 343 To be thrill to bits: very excited, happy, and pleased. 344 Slave driver: someone who makes people work very hard - used in a disapproving or humorous way. 345 To be on the ball: able to think or act quickly and intelligently. 346 Adage: a well-known phrase that says something wise about human experience (proverb) 347 Reappraise: to examine something again in order to consider whether you should change it or your opinion of it. 358 Grasp: understanding of sth 359 Quaint: unusual and attractive, especially in an old-fashioned way. 360 Conundrum: a confusing and difficult problem. 361 Appease: to make someone less angry or stop them from attacking you by giving them what they want. 362 Unabashed: not ashamed or embarrassed, especially when doing something unusual or rude. 363 Unabated: continuing without becoming any weaker or less violent. 364 Wobble: to move unsteadily from side to side, or make something do this. 365 Exultant: very happy or proud, especially because you have succeeded in doing something. 366 Haven: a place where people or animals can live peacefully or go to in order to be safe (sanctuary). 367 Thrive: to become very successful or very strong and healthy. 368 Tip: to pour something from one place or container into another. 369 Want-unwanted 370 New-newly 371 Astonish-astonishment

348 Put the lid on sth: to do something that finally stops something or ruins or ends someone's plans or hopes. 349 Chasm: a very deep space between two areas of rock or ice, especially one that is dangerous. 350 Creek: a long narrow area of water that flows from the sea into the land. 351 Girder: a strong beam made of iron or steel that supports a floor, roof, or bridge. (viga) 352 Pier: a structure that is built over and into the water so that boats can stop next to it or people can walk along it. 353 Ravine: a deep narrow valley with steep sides. (barranco) 354 Shingle: small round pieces of stone on a beach. (guijarros) 355 Winch: a machine with a rope or chain for lifting heavy objects. 356 Lashing: a rope that fastens something tightly to something else. 357 Rig: a large structure that is used for getting oil from the ground under the sea. 372 Vary-varied 373 Else-elsewhere 374 Origin-originated 375 Dispose-disposal 376 Suit- unsuitable 377 Develop-development 378 Join-joined 379 Character-characteristic 380 To not move a muscle: to stay completely still. 381 Turn a hair: to remain completely calm when something bad or surprising suddenly happens. 382 Lift a finger to help: to do nothing to help. 383 Not put a foot wrong: to do everything right and make no mistakes, especially in your job. 384 Not have a leg to stand on: to be in a situation where you cannot prove or legally support what you say. 385 Put a finger on: to know or be able to explain exactly what is wrong, different, or unusual about a situation. 386 Blow: an action or event that causes difficulty or sadness for someone. 387 Hold fast: to keep believing strongly in something. 388 Squeeze in: to manage to do something although you are very busy.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 11 Language IV 2012 389 Get/take a grip on yourself: to start to improve your behaviour or control your emotions when you have been very upset. 391 Gene-genetic- genetics-genetically. 392 Ethically-ethical-ethics-ethic. 393 Inherit-inheriting-inheritance. 394 Expand-expansion-expandable. 395 Addiction-addict-addictive-addictively. 396 Intellectual-intellect. 397 Tendency-tend. 398 Attribute-attributive-attributable. 399 Provide-provider-provision-provisionalprovisionally. 400 Modify-modified-modification-unmodified. 401 Enhancement- enhance-enhancer-enhanced. 402 Defect- defect-defective. 409 Drive: to make someone or something get into a bad or extreme state, usually an emotional one. 410 Drive sb away: to behave in a way that makes someone leave. 411 Despair: a feeling that you have no hope at all. 412 Live wire: a wire that has electricity passing through it. 413 Pride yourself on (doing) sth: to be especially proud of something that you do well, or of a good quality that you have. 414 Cutback: a reduction in something, such as the number of workers in a company or the amount of money a government or company spends. 415 Make sb pin down to sth: to make someone give clear details or make a definite decision about something. 416 Get by: to have enough money to buy the things you need, but no more. 417 Go ahead: used to tell someone they can do something / to do something that was planned, especially in spite of a problem/ to take place. 418 Go in for: to do an examination or take part in a competition / to do or use something often because you enjoy it or like it / to choose something as your job. 424 Takeaway: a meal that you buy at a shop or restaurant to eat at home. 425 Feedback: advice, criticism etc about how successful or useful something is / a very

390 At a pinch: used to say that you could do something if necessary in a difficult or urgent situation. 403 Flood of sth: a very large number of things or people that arrive at the same time. 404 Lose no time in doing something: do something immediately. 405 Shed light on sth: to make something easier to understand, by providing new or better information. 406 In the short term: during the period of time that is not very far into the future. 407 North face of sth: the face of a mountain, cliff etc is a steep vertical surface or side. 408 Put on a brave face: not show that they were sad or worried. 419 Go for sb/sth: to attack or criticize someone / to try to get or win something / go for it: used to encourage someone to try to achieve something / to choose something / used to say that you would like to do or have something / to like a particular type of person or thing / used to say that a statement you have just made is true about someone or something else too. 420 Go into sth: to start to do a particular type of job / to be spent or used to get, make, or do something / to explain, describe, or examine something in detail / to open a particular computer program, window, or file / to start to be in a particular state or condition / if a vehicle goes into a tree, wall, or another vehicle, it hits it / if a number goes into another number, the second number can be divided by the first / if a vehicle goes into a particular movement, it starts to do it. 421 Go all out for sth: to try very hard to do or get something. 422 Go it alone: to start working or living on your own, especially after working or living with other people. 423 Have a go at sth: to criticize someone/ to attack someone / to try to catch someone who you see doing something wrong, rather than waiting for the police. unpleasant high noise, caused when a microphone is too close to an amplifier. 426 Outcome: the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc - used especially when no

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 12 Language IV 2012 one knows what it will be until it actually happens. 427 Clear-out: a process in which you get rid of unwanted objects or possessions. 428 Breakthrough: an important new discovery in something you are studying, especially one made after trying for a long time. 429 Passerby: someone who is walking past a place by chance. 430 Uprising: an attempt by a group of people to change the government, laws etc in an area or country. 431 Offspring: someone's child or children - often used humorously. 432 Setback: a problem that delays or prevents progress, or makes things worse than they were. 433 Onset: the beginning of something, especially something bad. 434 Louse: a small insect that lives on the hair or skin of people or animals. (piojo) 435 Carry sth in your head/mind: to remember information that you need, without writing it down. 436 Be one step ahead of sb: to be better prepared for something or know more about something than someone else / to manage not to be caught by someone who is trying to find or catch you. 437 Be in step with sb: having ideas or actions that are like those of other people / moving your feet so that your right foot goes forward at the same time as people you are walking with. 438 Within range: the distance within which something can be seen or heard. 439 Mountain ranges: lines of mountains. 440 Be lost on sb: if something is lost on someone, they do not understand or want to accept it. 441 Beat: if a bird beats its wings, or if its wings beat, they move up and down quickly and regularly. 442 Look round: to look at what is in a place such as a building, shop, town etc, especially when you are walking. 443 Back of your mind: a thought that is at the back of your mind is one you try to ignore because you do not want it to be true. 444 Chance upon: to find something or meet someone when you are not expecting to.

445 In writing: if you get something in writing, it is official proof of an agreement, promise etc. 446 Perform: to work or do something well, badly etc. 447 Perform a useful function: to do something, especially something difficult or useful. 448 Get sth out of sb: to force or persuade someone to tell you something or give you something. 449 Succeed in sth: to be the next person to take a position or job after someone else. 450 Succeed: to do well in your job, especially because you have worked hard at it for a long time. 451 Hard evidence: facts that are definitely true and can be proved. 452 Be hard on sth: to have a bad effect on something. 453 Commentator: someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, and who writes about it or discusses it on the television or radio. 454 Bystander: someone who watches what is happening without taking part. 455 On the outskirts of sth: the parts of a town or city that are furthest from the centre. 456 Need-needs-necessity-necessary-necessitatenecessarily-unnecessarily. 457 Flicker: to burn or shine with an unsteady light that goes on and off quickly. 458 Strained: showing the effects of worry or too much work. 459 Flick: a short quick sudden movement or hit with a part of your body, whip etc. 460 At a flick of a switch: used to emphasize how easy it is to start a machine and use it. 461 To dog-ear: to fold down the corner of (a page). 462 Dog-ear: A turned-down corner of a page in a book. 463 Rip sth up: to tear something into pieces. 464 Hail: to describe someone or something as being very good. 465 Trashy: of extremely bad quality. 466 Tie-in: a product such as a record, book, or toy that is related to a new film, TV shows etc. 467 Tenacious: determined to do something and unwilling to stop trying even when the situation becomes difficult.

Vocabulary and useful phrases GOLD Proficiency 13 Language IV 2012 468 Dodo: (as) dead as a dodo completely dead or inactive, or no longer used. 470 To be glued to sth: to look at something with all your attention / to not move because you are very interested, surprised, frightened etc. 471 Be at odds with sth: if two statements, descriptions, actions etc are at odds with each other, they are different although they should be the same. 472 Cover sth up: to put something over something else so that it cannot be seen / to prevent people from discovering mistakes or unpleasant facts. 473 Lay sb off: to stop employing someone because there is no work for them to do. 474 Jolt: a sudden shock. 475 Heft: to lift something heavy. 476 Peer: to look very carefully at something, especially because you are having difficulty seeing it. 477 Back: to move backwards, or make someone or something move backwards. 478 Driveway: the hard area or road between your house and the street. 479 Gravelly: covered with or mixed with gravel: small stones, used to make a surface for paths, roads etc. 480 Bulldoze: to push objects such as earth and rocks out of the way with a bulldozer: a powerful vehicle with a broad metal blade, used for moving earth and rocks, destroying buildings etc. 481 Spindly: long and thin in a way that looks weak. 482 Topsoil: the upper level of soil in which most plants have their roots. Cut down: to reduce the amount of something.

469 Confound: to prove someone or something wrong. 483 Rake: a gardening tool with a row of metal teeth at the end of a long handle, used for making soil level, gathering up dead leaves etc. 484 Spade: a tool for digging that has a long handle and a broad metal blade that you push into the ground. 485 Secateurs: strong scissors used for cutting plant stems. 486 Slash: to cut or try to cut something violently with a knife, sword etc. 487 Hack: to cut something roughly or violently. 488 Jammed: if people are jammed in a place, there are a lot of them there, so that there is no space between them / full of people or things. 489 Whirl: to turn or spin around very quickly, or to make someone or something do this. 490 Peep through: to look at something quickly and secretly, especially through a hole or opening. 491 Wistful: thinking sadly about something you would like to have but cannot have, especially something that you used to have in the past. 492 Line up: if people line up, or if you line them up, they stand in a row or line, or you make them do this. 493 Impel: if something impels you to do something, it makes you feel very strongly that you must do it. 494 Quirky: unusual, especially in an interesting way. 495 Fluoride: a chemical which is believed to help protect teeth against decay.