Vitamins (Kuposhana Janya Vyadhi) Final

 

KUPOSHANA VYADHIJANYA Malnutrition in relation to vitamin deficiency

 

INTRODUCTION •  Nutrients play an important role in the human life. • The nutritional requirements of growing children are more since their energy requirements is high due to the fast tissue growth in early age.

• Lack of sufficient food intake leads to conditions like nutritional deficiency termed as malnutrition (kuposhanajanya vyadhi).

• Malnutrition leads to growth retardation,. retardation,.w resistance to infections and many other health problems.

 

Kuposhana janya vyadhi dealt in Ayurvedic Ayurvedic classics;

• Karshya • Phakkaroga • Parigarbhika • Balshosha

 

KARSHYA • It is a condition of insufficient supply of nutrients in any stages of age. • In Ayurveda Ayurveda karshya has been explained as clinical feature of a disease or as a complication of certain diseases.

• Most of the diseases which are of acute nature causes karshyata in children due to their less tolerance to diseases.

• It can also be correlated with under weight in children. • Acharya dalhana explains that a person having a lean and thin body hut doesnot have any other compaints is called krusha.

• Acharya charaka included it under astaunindhithya.

 

CAUSES:

• Ruksha annapana • Upavasa • Trushna • Kshuth • Vata dushita stanyapana • Vatayja prakruti • Chronic diseases

 

SYMPTOMS:

 

षकसगदरव धमनजलतत।

 

वगस सतक  लपव नर मत॥ (Ca.su-21/15)

 Features of Atikrisha person or children;

• The flanks, abdomen and neck region will be dried up. • There will be visible arteries over the body. body. •  It seems that there are only skin and bones are remaining and at the same time the joints will look apparently larger in size.

 

CHIKITSA:

• karshya is a vata pradhana vyadhi, mainly occurring due to dhatu kshaya so vata prashamana upakrama should  be carried out. The principle treatment are;

• Bruhmana chikitsa •  Nidan parivarjana • Bruhmana therapy to the lactating mother  • Balanced diet to the children • Balya jeevaniya bruhmaniya aharas should be given.

 

PARIGARBHIKA   मत कमर गसणयतय य सपबसप।   कयसद वम त कय अस भम॥ ययत  यत कवय य  तमह परगसकम। (A.S.U-2/63-64) • When a women becomes pregnant, while feeding the first child, the quantity of milk decreases in her.

• Even though milk is produced it will be deficient in nutrients. • Then the first child gets deficiency of nutrients and becomes lean. • This is described as parigarbhika. parigarbhika .

 

Symptoms: • Agnisada(weak digestive power)  Agnisada (weak digestive power) • Vamathu(vomiting) Vamathu (nausea and vomiting) • Tandra(drowsiness) Tandra (drowsiness)  Karshya (emaciation) • Karshya(emaciation)  Aruchi(poor  appetite)  appetite) • Aruchi(anorexia)  Brama(vertigo  Kostha vriddhi) (distention of the abdomen) • Brama(giddiness)

• Kosta vriddhi(distention of abdomen)

 

Treatment:   रग परवखय  यञयत ञ यत त  त असदपन। अ..उ-2/64   The principle treatment of parigarbhika includes;  

* Agni deepana

 

उस ध बल  परत त लपयत त।

 

सवदरयवगधमक घत घततम त म।।।।

 

पययत तन  र त  मध करम।।।। अ..उ-2/43

  * Medicated ghrita with dravyas like vidari, yava, godhuma , pippali, pippalimula, should be given. * Anupana milk mixed with honey and sugar 

 

 vitamins

 

INTRODUCTION Vitamins

are complex organic substances for the normal functioning and development of the

 body. Though

they are needed in small quantity they carry out vital functions in the body, and so it

was named as vitamins. 

They are not synthesised in our body , hence to be acquired from our diet.

 

VITAMINS

FAT FA T SOLU SOLUBLE BLE

WATER SOL SOLUBL UBLE E

Vitamin-A

B Complex vitamins

Vitamin-D Vi tamin-D

* Thiamine(B1)

Vitamin-E Vi tamin-E

* Riboflavin(B2)

  Vitamin-K Vi tamin-K

* Niacin(B3)

 

* Pantothenic acid(B5)

 

* Pyridoxine(B6)

 

* Biotin(B7)

 

* Folic acid(B9)

 

* Cyanocobalamin(B12)

 

Fat soluble vitamins

Absorbed with help of fat molecules

Water soluble vitamins

Dissolved in water and absorbed by tissues

Since water soluble Excess amount is Stored in liver 

Excess intake may leads to toxicity

excess amount is excreted in urine

Toxicity from excess intake is rare

 

VITAMIN - A This

occurs in two forms, as retinol in animal foods and as beta-carotene in plant

foods.  Carotene is converted into retinol in the t he intestine, which is then absorbed and stored in the liver as retinol-palmitate. The

daily requirement of vitamin - A for children is 300IU.

 

FUNCTIONS: Retinol, It

a derivative of vitamin-A helps for our vision in dim light

is essential for the maintenance of mucus secreting epithelium

Participates

in the hormonal regulation of cell growth i.e,epithelial cell

differentiation Acts It

as an anti-oxidant , hence prevents oxidant induced mutagenic effect

has anti-carcinogenic effect through epithelial regulatory function

Immunity

enhancing functions.

 

Wald’s visual cycle:

 

• Sources of vitamin – A includes;  

liver 

 

fish

 

eggs

 

milk 

 

butter 

 

yellow and green leafy

vegetables(carrot, sweet potato,  pumpkins ,Mangoes and spinach  

sources

 

Deficiency  Night

blindness - This is because of failure in the dark adoptation because of decreased synthesis

of rhodopsin in the retina. Xeropthalmia(dry

eye) Bitot’ Bitot’ss spot - : These are triangular, foamy, pearly-white or yellowish spots on the bulbar conjunctiva, usually lateral to cornea and often bilateral. Keratomalacia

- As the deficiency of vitamin A continues, the entire cornea or a part of it

 becomes soft and later it is liquefied.it was a medical medical emergency because, the soft cornea may  burst open, leading on to prolapse of iris. If the eye collapses, vision is lost.

 

Squamous

metaplasia of columnar epithelium lining respiratory, respiratory, urinary system and glandular

ducts Secondary Urinary

lithiasis

Follicular Immune

pulmonary infections

papillary dermatosis

deficiency

 

VITAMIN - D • It is also known as sun shine vitamin • There are two forms namely vitamin D2 (calciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol). Chemically, these are steroids. • D2 is formed by the irradiation of ergosterol in the plants and is not obtained. • D3 is the naturally occurring vitamin D, obtained from animal fats and fish liver oils. • It is also naturally synthesized in the body, on exposure of 7-dehydrocholesterol (present as  provitamin D under the skin) to ultraviolet rays of sun.

• It is then stored in the liver and fat depots •  Children requires 600 IUof vitamin – D per day.

 

FUNCTIONS: Vitamin

D promotes the absorption of calcium and

 phosphorus in the intestine. It

helps in the mineralization, i.e. calcification of bones and

their hardening SOURCES:

 exposure to sunlight, fish liver oil. egg yolk, fish like herring, tuna and sardines

 

DEFICIENCY Deficiency

leads to inadequate absorption of calcium and phosphors phosph ors and further faculty mineralization of

 bone and tooth structure Deficiency

of vitamin – D leads to;

 

Rickets in growing children

 

Osteomalacia in adults

 

Hypocalcemic tetany  The required amount of vitamin D3 is obtained from exposure to sunlight. Therefore, rickets is rare in India.  Dietary

Vitamin D is essential only when exposure is inadequate. Vitamin

 

VITAMIN - E 

Vitamin E or tocopheral is a kind of anti oxidant As an anti-oxidant, it i t is used as a free radical scavenger. A normal

Child requires about 400-600IU of vitamin E per day. day.

 

FUNCTIONS: The

principal role of vitamin E is as an antioxidant, it intercepts free radicals and prevents

destruction of cell membrane by modulation of lipid per oxidation.  Regulation

of immune response through cell mediated immunity.

Participates

in the maintenance of nervous system

 

Protects from various diseases like cancer, arthritis arthritis and ischemic heart disease disease by preventing

 peroxidation and maintaining integrity of cellular membrane.  It

inhibits platelet aggregation and enhances vasodilation.

 

SOURCES The

sources of vitamin – E includes;

•  vegetable oil, • almonds •  sunflower oil, •  peanuts •  soybean, corn-oil, • green leafy vegetables, • egg-yolk •  butter

 

DEFICIENCY  Its

role in human beings is not understood completely. But in experimental animals, its

deficiency has been shown to be associated with miscarriage and sterility. sterility. Patient

develops spinocerebellar syndrome, syndrome, characterized by neurological symptoms which

includes impaired coordination and muscle weakness due to degenerations of axons in posterior columns. There

is increased risk of cardio vascular diseases in adults and hemolytic anemia (premature destruction of RBC) in children

 

VITAMIN - K It 

occurs in two forms vitamin K1 and K2.

 Vitamin K1 is found in our dietary source and Vitamin  Vitamin Vitamin K2 is synthesized by the bacterial flora in the human gut.

Vi Vitamin tamin  Daily

K is stored in the liver.

requirement is about 55 micrograms for children.

 

FUNCTION:  It

plays an important role in the formation of prothrombin, a coagulation factor 

 Vitamin

K is a cofactor for hepatic carboxylation of prothrombin, factor VII, IX and X

SOURCES:

  40-50% from gut bacteria   Dietary sources includes;  

* vegetables

 

* almonds

 

* peanuts

 

* spinach

 

* broccoli…

 

DEFICIENCY 

Vitamin K deficiency leads to haemorrhage, Vitamin It was rare in adults, except those with severe liver diseases and in cases of intake of oral anti coagulants. The

deficiency occurs exclusively in breastfed and premature babies, because human milk is

low in vitamin – K and their gut is not yet colonized with bacteria

 

VITAMIN – B1  Thiamine

is lost during cooking, because it is present in the outer pericarp of the cereal and it

leaches into the water while cooking. Hence food should be cooked in minimal water to conserve its thiamine content.  It

is less in the milled rice than in the raw, home pounded rice, because vitamin B1 is lost during

milling and polishing. During milling, outer pericarp and germ of the rice is lost, which is rich in vitamin B1. It is further lost, if cooked with baking soda. The

dietary requirement of vitamin – B1 ranges from 1 - 2 mg/day

 

FUNCTIONS: In

the brain and liver, thiamine gets converted to its active form thiamine pyrophosphate,

which helps in maintaining the nervous system 

 This is essential for the carbohydrate metabolism.  It helps in the complete oxidation of pyruvic and lactic acids. Clinically

thiamine is used for treatment of congestive heart failure and Alzheimer’s

disease as well as cancer prevention SOURCES:  Thiamine

is obtained from unmilled cereals, pulses and groundnuts, dry beans, peas,

soybeans etc.. and it is very low in meat, fish and eggs.  Milk

is an important source of thiamine for infants and if mothers are deficient in

thiamine, the infants are at risk of thiamine deficiency. deficiency .  

DEFICIENCY  vitamin

– B1 deficiency was most often associated associated with severe malnutrition and alcoholism.

Deficiency

 

of this vitamin leads to the following conditions; * Beri beri(dry & wet)

 

* Wernicke – Korsakoff syndrome



 Nowadays the incidence of beriberi is reduced because of the changes in the food habits and improvement in the socioeconomic conditions

 

DRY BERI BERI:  In  It

this type, there is involvement of the nervous system.

is characterized by polyneuropathy. The calf muscles become tender, progressively become

weak and wasted. The

tendon reflexes are sluggish. The child finds it difficult to stand from sitting position.

 All

these are due to accumulation of pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the muscles.

Other

symptoms includes, the child will also have anorexia, dyspepsia, constipation, slow growth

and emaciation.

 

WET BERI BERI:  In

this type, there is involvement of mainly cardiovascular system.  It is characterized by palpitation, tachycardia, dyspnea and edema feet. It 

may cause congestive heart failure associated with dilated cardiomyopathy

Congestive heart failure occurs due to peripheral dilation of arterioles and capillaries

 

Wericke’s

encephalopathy

  * It is common in Europe and North America and also among alcoholics.   * It is characterized characterized by bilaterally symmetrical ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus and ataxia. * Later the state of confusion progresses to stupor and coma. 

 Korsakoff’s psychosis * It is characterized by memory defects and disorientation.

 

VITAMIN – B2 It

is an odorless, odo rless, orange yellow, bitter tasting compound, sparingly soluble in water.

 It

is resistant to heat, oxidizing agents and acids.  It is sensitive to light, and so it decomposes when exposed to visible light especially in newborns treated with phototherapy Riboflavin

acts as a cofactor in several enzymes concerned with cellular oxidation and cellular

growth.  Daily

requirement is about 1 - 2.3 mg.

 

SOURCES:

  Rich sources are ;  milk   liver  

 green leafy vegetables   Fair sources are cereals and pulses.  

Germination of pulses increases the riboflavin content.

 

DEFICIENCY Deficiency 

of vitamin – B2 leads to a condition called d ‘Ariboflavinosis’.

It is characterized by the following symptoms; * angular stomatitis,

 

* glossitis (sore, red, glazed, smooth tongue),

 

* cheilosis (cracking at the angle of the mouth),

 

* nasolabial dyssebacia (scaly desquamation at nasolabial folds), * scrotal dermatitis * vascularization of cornea and keratitis, resulting in watering of eyes, photophobia, and blurring

of vision.

 

VITAMIN – B3  Niacin

can be synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan with the help of  pyridoxine.

 Niacin

is present in two forms- nicotinic acid and its amide nicotinamide (niacinamide).

These

are water soluble and resistant to acids, bases, light or heat

Daily

requirement is about 15 mg.

 

FUNCTION: It

is a component of the NAD and NADP , which is essential for glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and other oxidative metabolic processes.

 It

is required for conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.

 provided

at required level , the helps to combat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis,

neurological problems and skin diseases

 

SOURCES:

   

* beef liver or chicken liver  * tuna fish

 

* peanuts

 

* brown rice * green peas

 

* mushrooms

 

* sweet potatoes

 

DEFICIENCY Persons

with severe niacin deficiency develops pellagra , which is characterized by 3D’s 0;

 

* Dementia

 

* Dermatitis(keratotic scaly leisons on exposed area such as face , neck, dorsum of

hands and feet)  

* Diarrhoea

There

is presence of red ulcerated oral mucosa, thickening of colon wall with atrophy of

crypts.

 

VITAMIN – B5 Vi Vitamin tamin

– B5 also called as pantothenic acid.

Its

name originates from a Greek word ‘pantos’ which means everywhere, as it can be found throughout all living cells.

It

is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract by intestinal cells and enters the circulation.

It

is part of o f two important coenzymes- Co A (coenzymes A) and ACP (Acyl carrier protein) prot ein)

which are part of the carbohydrate and fat metabolism. The

daily intake of this vitamin ranges from 3 – 12mg for adults.

 

SOURCES The richest sources of vitamin B5 are;  

yeast

 

eggs

 

milk 

 

vegetables   legumes  whole

grain cereals

 

DEFICIENCY Since,

vitamin B5 occurs to some extent in all foods , its deficiency is extremely rare

People

who are alcoholic, women on oral contraceptives, insufficient food intake and impaired

absorption are at the risk of deficiency Some

of the vitamin B5 deficiency incudes;

 

* fatigue

 

* depression

 

* vomiting * burning feet

* insomnia * irritability * stomach pain * muscle cramos

 

VITAMIN B6  There

are 3 different natural forms of vitamin B6 : pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and pyridoxal

which are normally present in food. An It

average dietary recommendation for adults is 1.5mg/day

is required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine and also for

myelin formation. In

adults its deficiency affects the PNS , skin, mucous membrane and the blood cell system, and

in children the CNS is also affected.

 

SOURCES Major sources of vitamin B6 includes;    

* milk  * cereal grains

 

* legumes

 

* vegetables(carrots, spinach, peas)

 

* cheese

 

* fish

 

* meat

 

* flour 

   

DEFICIENCY A

deficiency of vitamin B6 alone is rare and is usually associated with the deficit of other B

complex vitamins(especially with vit B 2) Peoples

who are at the risk of deficiency are;

 

* chronic alcoholics

* pregnant and breast feeding women

 

* women who takes oral contraceptives

 

* underweight peoples

* liver diseases

 

* genetic disorders

* renal dialysis

* elderly peoples

 

• Symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency includes;  

* cheilosis

 

* glossitis

 

* dermatitis

   

* microcytic hypochromic anemia * convulsions in infants

 

* neurologic dysfunction

 

VITAMIN B7 Biotin  

is a cofactor in several carboxylation reactions

It is usually combined with proteins in the food and in tissue. tissue.



The dietary vitamin is absorbed by the intestinal cells. In addition, intestinal bacteria produce  biotin in the gastrointestinal tract. The

 

estimated intake for adults is 100-200mg/day.

 

SOURCES The

richest sources of biotin includes;

  * egg yolk    * soya bean   * nuts   * liver    * cereals   * yeast

 

DEFICIENCY Its

deficiency is extremely very rare, which is probably due to the fact that biotin is synthesized

 by beneficial bacteria in human digestive tract. People at the risk of deficiency are;  

* patients who are maintained under intravenous nutrition

   

* haemodialysis patients * diabetes mellitus

 

* impaired uptake of vitamins

 

• Symptoms of deficiency includes;  

* hair loss

 

* dry or scaly skin ,

 

* cracking in the corners of the mouth, * swollen and painful tongue,

 

* dry eyes,

 

* loss of appetite, * fatigue, * insomnia,

* depression.

 

VITAMIN B9 Vi Vitamin tamin The

B9 also called folate.

name comes from a Latin word folium, which means leaves, because folates were first

isolated from spinach. Vitamin Daily

B9 can occur in two different forms; folate and folic acid.

requirement for adults is 100 µg.

 

FUNCTION:  

Folic acid is necessary for the synthesis of DNA in the rapidly multiplying multiplying cells

like RBCs.  It

is also necessary for the maturation of normoblasts to RBCs.

SOURCES:

  Liver    soybean dark green leafy vegetables  beans

  egg yolk    milk and dairy products  

  or oran e..

DEFICIENCY Deficiency  Tissues

impairs the synthesis of DNA in the cells resulting in abnormal cell division.

with rapidly dividing cells such as intestinal mucosa and bone-marrow are affected in

folic acid deficiency. Therefore, megaloblastic anemia and diarrhea are predominant symptoms and it is more commonly observed in children and pregnant mothers. Folic

acid deficiency in pregnant women leads to neural tube defect in the new borns

 

VITAMIN B12 It

is also known as cobalamine.

 It It

is a red crystalline substance containing cobalt atom. plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain, nervous system and for the formation

of blood. Vi Vitamin tamin

B12, is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of an intrinsic factor secreted by

the stomach and is transported in blood circulation bound to a protein

 

FUNCTION: It

forms part of coenzymes of some important metabolic reactions like synthesis of

DNA, methionine and choline.  For

the metabolism of folic acid.

 Along

with folate and iron, required for formation of red blood cells.

 Involved

in formation of mylelin sheath surrounding the nerve fiber 

 

SOURCES •  Beef liver •  Fish •  meat •  poultry •  eggs •  milk, and other dairy products •  cereals

nutritional yeasts

 

DEFICIENCY • Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to pernicious anemia. The mature red blood cells (RBC) are not  produced by the bone marrow and thus the capacity to carry oxygen by the hemoglobin is reduced

• Other symptoms of vitamin B12 includes;    

* palpitation of the heart * pale skin

 

* nervous problems like numbness, muscle weakness and mobility problems

 

* mental problems like memory loss, depression or behavioural changes.

 

VITAMIN C Vitamin

C is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for normal growth and development.

 vitamin

C is an antioxidant, which can help to neutralize free radicals in the body.

Daily

allowance of 40 mg is recommended for adults

 

FUNCTION: Ascorbic

acid is easily oxidized. It is able to protect other substances from oxidation; acting as an antioxidant.

 In It

body tissues, ascorbic acid protects the easily oxidizable nutrients.

is effective in ‘mopping up’ free radicals and it has a preventive function for f or diseases in which free

radicals are involved.  It

helps in absorption of dietary iron.

It

is involved in collagen collagen (intercellular connecting protein) synthesis, formation of bone and teeth

calcification

 

SOURCES • Dietary Sources of Ascorbic acid occurs in mainly in foods of plant origin, especially fruits and vegetables.   * vegetables like cabbage, lettuce, spinach, amaranth and cucumber contain this vitamin.  

* The citrus fruits (lemons and oranges), berries and melons are particularly rich in the

vitamin.  

* Gooseberry (Amla) is one of the richest sources of this vitamin.

 

DEFICIENCY • Vitamin C deficiency results in a condition called scurvy-characterized by weakness, bleeding gums and defective bone growth. • Other symptoms includes;  

* slow wound healing

 

* Poor immunity, leads to the risk of infections

 

* muscle and joint pain

 

* easy bruising

 

HYPERVITAMINOSIS •  Hypervitaminosis is the condition which occurs due to excess amount of vitamin intake than the normal level.

•  It may be acute and chronic with very specific and general clinical symptoms. •  Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamin toxicity has their own specific effects on the body leading to intoxication syndrome.

• Certain symptoms of intoxication syndrome are common to all the forms of hypervitaminosis like headache, severe weakness, dizziness, inability to exercise, inability to perform daily routine, nausea, sensations of internal tremor, constipation or diarrhoea.

• Hypervitaminosis due to fat soluble vitamin groups have a more pronounced course as these get accumulated in the body tissues and cause severe intoxication. Hypervitaminosis due to water-soluble

vitamins has a less pronounced course and does not impose a threat to the life of a person. Therefore, it can be normalized by increasing the urinary output and restricting the intake of such type of supplements.  

HYPERVITAMINOSIS HYPERVITAMINOS IS – A It occurs due to prolonged uncontrolled ingestion of too much of preformed vitamin A from foods and supplements. The chronic hypervitaminosis A is associated with the symptoms like; * dry patchy skin    

* hair loss and brittle nails. * baldness

 

* low grade fever

* dry fissured lips * hepatomegaly * weight loss * papilloedema (optic disc swelling

caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause),    

HYPERVITAMINOSIS HYPERVITAMINOSIS D  D •  The chronic toxic dose in adults is higher than 50,000 IU/day. In infants younger than 6 months, 1000 IU/day may be considered unsafe.

• Toxicity is much more likely to occur from high intakes of dietary supplements containing vitamin D • Hypervitaminosis D results in;  

* muscle weakness,

 

* frequent and rapid fatigue, * functional dyspepsia (indigestion), * sub febrile type of fever,

 

* progressive weight loss, * constant headaches without clear localization,

 

HYPERVITAMINOSIS HYPERVITAMINOSIS E  E

• The side effects are observed when the doses are above 1g/kg. •  High doses of alpha tocopherol supplements can affect blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin Kdependent carboxylase and thus leads to increased bleeding.

• Management is by discontinuing the supplements and treats the cause.

 

HYPERVITAMINOSIS K • High doses of vitamin K can worsen the clotting problems caused by severe liver disease. • Vitamin K toxicity can occur only with type K3 that leads to haemolytic anemia by inhibiting the glutathione function

• This may cause rupture of RBC membrane due to oxidative stress and thus lead to haemolytic anemia, jaundice and liver damage.

• This is rarely observed in adults and is mostly seen in infants.

 

HYPERVITAMINOSIS HYPERVITAMINOSIS C • The chronic toxic dose is more than 2 g/day g/day.. hypervitaminosis C manifested in general as ; •  The symptoms of hypervitaminosis  

* feeling of weakness,

 

* dizziness, * diarrhoea, * nausea and vomiting, * insomnia, * strong headache,

* allergic reactions to skin, * heartburn and stomach ache  

HYPERVITAMINOSIS HYPERVITAMINOSIS  B • Hypervitami Hypervitaminosis nosis of B- complex are very rare because the excess amount is excreted through urine. • Hypervitamino Hypervitaminosis sis of vitamin B complex has combined characters character s and the symptoms appear in the form of ;  

* generalized hyperemia and * hypersensitivity of skin,

 

* headache of varying degrees of intensity without limited localization localization,,

 

* intestinal ulcers, * occurrence of sleep disorders,

 

* fatty liver, * hyperglycemia,

* nausea and indigestion are found.

 

• Hypervitaminosis B12 may lead to various types of allergic reactions, congestive heart failure,  pulmonary oedema, reduction in the size of vascular controlled reflexes, palpitation, tingling sensation and numbness of limbs.

• Hypervitaminosis B9 (folic acid) are specified by tonic convulsions in the gastrocnemius muscles that may occur at any time of the day and inhibition of the function of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase. Sleep, stomach and skin problems are also associated with overdose.

•  Hypervitaminosis B5 (Pantothenic acid) may cause diarrhoea, gastrointestinal problems, and water retention leading to oedema.

 

• Hypervitaminosis B2 (Riboflavin) may result in liver dysfunction, photophobia, zaeda in the corners of mouth and cardiomyopathies, vomiting, itching, numbness, burning or prickling sensation, hypotension, fatigue and production of bright yellow urine.

• Overdose of Thiamine (B1) blocks nerve transmission, cause paralysis, restlessness, convulsions, respiratory paralysis and cardiac failure.