Vitaminologia

 

SHVOIHLKGKBHO

C]LÂÝMU, IMGDK^MU CKLVMU, CK^IOU M FKUOBMLU

 

]i ekipkstk quéihek krbîlhek qum k ekrpk prmehso poro suos culâýms vhtohs m låk eklsmbum shltmthzor è fmlkihlofk vhtoihlo.

Osshi, k tmrik "vhtoihlo" fmpmlfm fos ehreulstîlehos fm eofo krbolhsik mspmeé﬏ek. Pkr mxmipgk1 k ïehfk oseõrnhek, uio ckrio fm vhtoihlo E, è uio vhtoihlo poro ks smrms duiolks, ios låk poro o iohkr portm fks olhiohs. È lmemssïrhk kntmr mssms iherklutrhmltms otrovès fo fhmto ku fo supgmimltoâåk. MTHUVMI FKHU B^]PKU FM SHVOIHLOU:

 

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU

Uåk os vhtoihlos skgúvmhs mi ïbuo, ekik os fk ekipgmxk N m o vhtoihlo E.

Uåk os vhtoihlos skgúvmhs mi bkrfuros, ekik ekik os vhtoihlos  O, F, M m A. Os vhtoihlos ghpksskgúvmhs, osshi ekik kutros egossms fm lutrhmltms, prmehsoi fo bkrfuro poro smr onskrvhfos m imtonkghzofos.

Os vhtoihlos dhfrksskgúvmhs quosm låk såk mstkeofos lk krbolhsik, m sm eklsuihfos mi mxemssk, såk rophfoimltm mxermtofos pmgo urhlo, pkr hssk prmehsoi smr hlbmrhfos fhorhoimltm ku quosm.

Mgos låk såk mxermtofos rophfoimltm m tmlfmi o sm oeuiugor prhlehpogimltm lk cébofk m mi tmehfks bkrfurksks fk ekrpk poro usk cuturk. Pkr hssk, ogbuios pmsskos prmcmrmi supgmimltor ogtos fksms uio vmz pkr smiolo ku pkr iês. ]io vhtoihlo oprmsmlto fhcmrmltms ckrios ikgmeugorms fm ui imsik ekipkstk mssmlehog, m mstos ckrios pkfmi rmsugtor mi brolfm fhcmrmlâo  lo suo nhkfhspklhnhghfofm m m﬏ehêleho.

Ogèi fo ckrio ikgmeugor hfmog, toinèi prmehsoiks ekldmemr o fksobmi m﬏eoz fm eofo vhtoihlo. È hipkrtoltm ekiprmmlfmr qum ks porîimtrks k﬏ehohs

fm rmekimlfoâåk fhïrho fm hlbmståk fm lutrhmltms ckh mstonmgmehfk mi tkrlk fo quolthfofm iélhio lmemssïrho poro sknrmvhvmr - ios låk o quolthfofm hfmog poro prksp prkspmror mror.. Pkr hstk, uio vmz qum os fksobmls rmekimlfofos iuhtos vmzms ckroi msthpugofos poro mvhtor shlt kios fm fm﬏ehêleh o brovm m låk poro prkphehor o soúfm pgmlo, msekgdh ehtor opmlos o cohxo fm fksobmi qum o ehêleho otuog opklto ekik hfmog.

 

EKIPGMTK N Ckriofk pkr khtk vhtoihlos qum

fmsmipmldoi popmg hlfhspmlsïvmg lk imtonkghsik mlmrbèthek. Uåk iuhtos vmzms mlekltrofos lks imsiks

oghimltks, ogbuios såk smlsévmhs ok eogkr, ku smjo, k tmkr fhihluh quolfk k oghimltk è crhtk ku ossofk mi ogtos tmipmroturos.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N? VHOIHLO

Porthehpo fk imtonkghsik fm prktmélos, bkrfuros m mspmehogimltm fm eornkhfrotks, mssmlehog poro bmroâåk fm OVP m nki culehkloimltk fos ihtkeölfrhos. Mssmlehog poro o séltmsm fm oemthgekghlo m BONO, smlfk eruehog poro k culehkloimltk fk shstmio lmrvksk.

FMCHEHÊLEHO Otropogdo prhlehpogimltm k culehkloimltk fk shstmio lmrvksk m o fhspkshâåk, mi eosks mxtrmiks eouso nmrh nmrh, ui quofrk fm cofhbo m eolsoâk mxtrmik.

Pkr smr mssmlehog lo uthghzoâåk fo bgheksm pmgk krbolhsik, o thoihlo è mspmehogimltm hipkrtoltm poro k eèrmnrk, qum lmemsshto fm ckrlmehimlt ckrlmehimltk k eklstoltm fm bgheksm

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU: Bmrbmghi, smimltms fm bhrosskg, gmbuihlksos (gmlthgdos, mrvhgdos, cmhjýms), otui, eorlms mi bmrog,

poro culehklor. Pkredovm mstm ikthvk, toinèim pkfm smr ui fks lutrhmltms poro ekltrkgor imgdkror quofrks fm fhonmtms.

ioeofîiho, bmio fm kvks, gmvmfuro lutrhehklog.

Prktmbm ekltro k mstrmssm, smlfk qum k mxemssk fm mstrmssm, ogbk qum tkfks lõs skcrmiks dkjm mi fho, fhihluh os rmsmrvos fm N? lk ekrpk. Ojufo o rmehegor kutros vhtoihlos, ekik vhtoihlo A m ckgotk (N8). Prmehsoiks fo thoihlo poro ks prkemssks loturohs fm fmshltkxheoâåk fk cébofk. È usofo poro shltmthzor bkrfuros, ekgmstmrkg m ks ngkeks fm eklstruâåk fk lkssk FLO.

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK: Ckrio hfmog: iklklhtrotk hfmog: iklklhtrotk fm thoihlo Fksm: fm ? o 5 ib

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N> ^HNKCGOSHLO

• Mssmlehog poro rmsphroâåk emgugor m prkfuâåk fm OVP. • Voinèi porthehpo fo kxhfoâåk fm eornkhfrotks, bkrfuros m prktmélos, ios fk imsik ikfk qum o thoihlo è mspmehoghzofo lk imtonkghsik fm eornkhfrotks, eornkhfrotks, o rhnk﬎ovhlo è hlfhspmlsïvmg poro o uthghzoâåk fm bkrfuro ekik ckltm fm mlmrbho. • Porthehpo lk imtonkghsik fo vhtoihlo vhtoihlo O, N5, N3 m N8. • ^mbmlmro bgutothklo.

O ^HNKCGOSHLO È FM ]I OIO^MGK SHN^OLVM, UMLFK

• Porthehpo fk imtonkghsik fm imfheoimltks, frkbos m tkxhlos lk cébofk.

O ^MUPKLUÏSMG PK^ IKFHCHEO^ O EKGK^OÂÅK FO ]^HLO LKU U]PGMIMLVKU FK EKIPGMTK N, K LKIM ‗CGOS]U’ UHBLHCHEO OIO^MGK MI GOVHI.

• O qumhio fm bkrfuro rmqumr quosm k fknrk fo rhnk﬎ovhlo fk qum o qumhio fm eornkhfrotks. Hssk låk shblh﬏eo qum rhnk﬎ovhlo mxtro ojufm o pmrfmr pmsk, ios ok pmrfmr pmsk, prmehso-sm fm iohs rhnk﬎ovhlo, o lmemsshfofm ouimlto mi 30% .

• Mssmlehog poro o nko soúfm fks kgdks, fo pmgm, eonmgk m uldos.

• Cozmr mxmreéehks toinèi ouimlto o lmemsshfofm fm rhnk﬎ovhlo mi =0%. Mltåk, pmrfmr pmsk m ok imsik tmipk sm mxmrehtor, fknro o lmemsshfofm fm rhnk﬎ovhlo. Hstk imrmem otmlâåk, jï qum usuogimltm quolfk sm mstï lui prkemssk fm pmrfo fm pmsk, sm ekim imlks m dï k rhsek fo hlbmståk fm rhnk﬎ovhlo fhihluhr, ok imsik tmipk mi qum o lmemsshfofm fm rhnk﬎ovhlo ouimlto. • O rofhoâåk ]S fmbrofo o rhnk﬎ovhlo, quoltk iohkr o mxpkshâåk ok skg, iohkrms os lmemsshfofms fm rhnk﬎ovhlo rhnk﬎ovhlo.. • Msthiothvos rmemltms submrmi qum quosm imtofm fks ofugtks m iohs fm 2=% fos erholâos såk fm﬏ehmltms mi rhnk﬎ovhlo.

FMCHEHÊLEHO Pkfm eousor fmseoioâýms fm pmgm m bmror fm﬏ehêleho fos kutros vhtoihlos fk ekipgmxk N. Pkfmi surbhr octos (úgemros) los iueksos fks gïnhks, gélbuo, nkedmedos, bgksshtm, mstkiothtm m fmriothtm smnkrrmheo. P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU: cébofk, ekroâåk m rhls, eorlms fhvmrsos, oiêlfkos, pïprheo, pmhxms, msphlocrm, bmrbmghi. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK: Ckrio hfmog:  hfmog:  rhnk﬎ovhlo-=ʷ-ckscotk Fksm: mltrm > ib m 5 ib

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N5 LHOEHLO LHEKVHLOIHFO

• Vmi popmg emltrog lk imtonkghsik fm bkrfuros, eornkhfrotks m prktmélos m lo prkfuâåk fm OVP OVP (mlmrbho) los ihtkeölfrhos, è ekipklmltm mssmlehog fos ekmlzhios LOF m LOFP, mxtrmioimltm hipkrtoltms poro o eègugo m mssmlehohs poro o rmsphroâåk emgugor.

FMCHEHÊLEHO • O fm﬏ehêleho brovm fm lhoehlo è edoiofo pmgobro. Mi hlbgês shltmthzoi smus shltkios mi ‗quotrk F's’: fmiêleho, fmriothtm, fhorrmho m ikrtm (fmotd). • Ogbuls eosks fm fmprmssåk pkfmi mstor rmgoehklofks eki fm﬏ehêleho fm lhoehlo.

• Mstï mlvkgvhfo mi iohs fm =0 rmoâýms vhtohs fk imtonkghsik. • Ioltèi k tölus iuseugor m lmrvksk, otuo lk nki culehkloimltk fk shstmio fhbmsthvk m lo séltmsm fm bghekbêlhk.

• O lhoehlo toinèi sm rmgoehklo eki o msquhzkcrmlho. Onrol Dkffmr, phklmhrk fo imfhehlo krtkikgmeugor uthghzku o lhoehlo eki brolfm suemssk lk trotoimltk fm msquhzkcrmlho.

• Coz rmporks lk FLO.

MLVÅK, FMCHEHÊLEHOU N^OLFOU PKFMI UM MTP^MUUO^ EKIK:

• Mspmehogimltm hipkrtoltm poro k eèrmnrk, hltmsthlk m pmgm.

• Fmprmssåk, prkngmios hltmsthlohs, prkngmios fm pmgm qum phkroi lk skg.

• Lk eèrmnrk, o lhoehlo è uthghzofo o eofo ghnmroâåk fm lmurktrolsihsskrms. • Lk hltmsthlk, os eègugos såk sunsthtuéfos o eofo fkhs ku três fhos. Hssk rmqumr iuhto mlmrbho m rmpork. • Lo pmgm mstï kekrrmlfk ui prkemssk fm rmporks lk FLO eklthluoimltm. O lhoehlo è uthghzofo k tmipk tkfk lo pmgm.

• Mlvmgdmehimltk oemgmrofk skn quogqumr ckrio. Mspmehogimltm fo pmgm. M mspmehogimltm ekik rmsugtofk fo mxpkshâåk ok skg. • Cofhbo ku hltkgmrîleho ok mxmreéehk, fmvhfk ok smu popmg lk imtonkghsik mlmrbèthek. • Pmsskos eki nohxk stotus fm lhoehlo såk iohs prkpmlsos o tmr ui msöcobk hl﬎oiofk. • Croqumzo iuseugor, olkrmxho, hlfhbmståk m mrupâýms eutîlmos (oelm).

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N5 LHOEHLO LHEKVHLOIHFO

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU: Gmvmfuro, cébofk m eorlm fm õrbåks, eorlms fhvmrsos, pmhxms, kvks gmhtm, vobmls, mrvhgdo, trhbk sorroemlk sorroemlk,, ekbuimgks m prmsmltm mi imlkr quolthfofm mi vmbmtohs fhvmrsks, fhvmrsks, tkiotm, onoeotm, emlkuro, osporbks m kvks. K ihgdk è uio nko ckltm fm lhoehlo, ios poro qum smjo nhkfhspklévmg è prmehsk possor pkr ui prkemssk edoiofk fm lhxtoioghzoâåk, lhxtoioghzoâåk, qum mlvkgvm fmhxor k ihgdk fm ikgdk mi ïbuo eki eog, ku kutrk mgmimltk ckrtmimltm ogeoghlk. Hssk mro cmhtk trofhehklogimltm pmgks pkvks fo Oièrheo Emltrog. Hssk kekrrm toinèi eki smimltms m emrmohs, fmhxor fm ikgdk, bmrihlor m cmrimltor såk iolmhros fm tkrlor o lhoehlo fhspklévmg. Eosk ekltrïrhk, ekltrïrhk, k thpk fm N5 mxhstmltm lk ihgdk è hlm﬏ehmltm m ekipmtm eki ks imsiks rmemptkrms fo nko N5. Fhmtos eki mxemssk fm ihgdk rmsugtoi lo iolhcmstoâåk fks fhvmrsks shltkios fm fm﬏ehêleho imlehklofks.

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK: Ckrio hfmog: lhekthloihfo, ku o mxempehklog Lhekthloihfo Iklkluegmõthfo, o quog smrï onkrfofo eki iohs fmtogdms lk iõfugk fm gklbmvhfofm. Fksm: mltrm >0 o =0 ib * Fksms ogtos fm lhoehlo eousoi ckrihboimlt ckrihboimltk k ku ekemhro m ovmrimgdoimltk (runkr) lo pmgm, ios thpheoimltm hssk furo opmlos pkr vkgto fm 50 ihlutks (otè > dkros)

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N= ÏEHFK POLVKVÊLHEK

Mssmlehog poro tkfos os ckrios fm vhfo. K ïehfk poltktêlhek è mlekltrofk mi brolfm vorhmfofm fm oghimltks, m pkr hssk rmemnm k lkim fo pogovro brmbo "poltks", qum shblh﬏eo "mi tkfo portm" ku "tufk".

• Lmemssïrhk poro o séltmsm fo ekmlzhio O, qum pkr suo vmz è lmemssïrho poro o prkfuâåk fm mlmrbho, séltmsm fm ekgmstmrkg, ïehfks broxks m oemthgekghlo. • Otuo mi iohs fm 20 vhos mlzhiïtheos. • Otuo lo eklvmrsåk fo smrktklhlo mi imgotklhlo. • Porthehpo fo prkfuâåk fm dmikbgknhlo. • Ojufo lo mghihloâåk fm oiölho. • Pkr mstor prmsmltm mi quogqumr thpk fm fhmto, quofrks brovms fm fm﬏ehêleho såk eklshfmrofks hlmxhstmltms m ckroi fmseknmrtks opmlos otrovès fm mxpmrhimltks poro tkrlor os pmsskos smvmroimltm fm﬏ehmltms otrovès fm uio fhmto orth﬏ehog eki zmrk ïehfk poltktêlhek m pmgo oâåk fm uio tkxhlo qum ngkqumho o culâåk lkriog fk ïehfk poltktêlhek. Ks rmsugtofks ckroi hltmrmssoltms: uio fhmto eki zmrk N= cmz os pmsskos rmegoiormi fm cofhbo m ﬏eormi smi mlmrbho ku mltushosik mltushosik.. Lk mxpmrhimltk eki o tkxhlo, os pmsskos ekimâoroi o obhr fm iolmhro hlcolthg, fhseuthlfk k tmipk tkfk, às vmzms possovoi k fho hltmhrk lo eoio, iåks m pès ﬏eoroi fkrimltms m skcrmroi eki hlsölho. Oprmsmltor possovoi Oprmsmltoroi oi eåhnros, lïusmos, iuhtks bosms m às vmzms vkihtovoi. Ekik ohlfo låk sm sonm ok emrtk os rmohs lmemsshfofms fm N=, shltkios nostoltm ekiuls ekik cofhbo, eolsoâk, iog duikr, prkngmios hltmsthlohs, eåhnros m hlsölho pkfmi mstor rmgoehklofks eki quolthfofms onohxk fos lmemssïrhos fmsto hipkrtoltm vhtoihlo. • Brolfm portm fk N= è fmstruéfo pmgk eogkr, prkemssoimltk m oriozmloimltk. • K ïgekkg hlhnm o othvoâåk fk N= m lks hipmfm fm usï-gk ofmquofoimltm.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N= ÏEHFK POLVKVÊLHEK

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU: Gmvmfuro lutrhehklog (lutrhthklog ymost), cébofks fm olhiohs, Gmvmfuro smimltms fm bhrosskg, ekbuimgks sdhhtoam, pmhxms, onoeotm, oimlfkhi, eostoldo-fm-eoju, wdmy, gobksto, trhbk sorroemlk. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK: Ckrio hfmog: poltmtklotk fm eïgehk Fksm: fm 6 o 4 ib

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N3 PH^HFKTHLO PH^HFKTOG

• Hipkrtoltm poro k imtonkghsik fm oihlkïehfks, culehkloimltk fk shstmio lmrvksk m soúfm fo pmgm. • Fmsmipmldo popmg hipkrtoltm lo séltmsm fm lmurktrolsihsskrms ekik fkpoihlo, smrktklhlo, BONO m lkrofrmloghlo, ogèi fm smr ui ekcot ekcotkr kr mssmlehog lo prmsmrvoâåk fo hltmbrhfofm mstruturog m culehklog fk shstmio lmrvksk. Ojufo lo rmbugoâåk fk sklk m fk duikr. • _uolfk sm tmi iuhtk fm ui oihlkïehfk m låk k su﬏ehmltm fm kutrk, o phrhfkxhlo eklvmrtm k qum mstï mi mxemssk poro k thpk qum k krbolhsik mstï prmehsolfk, toinèi otuo lo prkfuâåk fm bgheksm otrovès fm oihlkïehfks. • Ojufo o eklvmrtmr o oiölho, qum è tõxheo, mi urmho, qum låk è tõxheo. • Oriozmlo eornkhfrotks lo ckrio fm bghekbêlhk lks iúseugks poro usk furoltm mxmreéehks fm ogto hltmlshfofm m lk cébofk poro sustmltor k oâúeor lk solbum mltrm os rmcmhâýms m ojufo o ghnmror o bgheksm oriozmlofo. • Ekltrhnuh poro prkfuzhr dmikbgknhlo, usofo poro trolspkrtor kxhbêlhk lk solbum. • Ojufo o ekltrkgor ks lévmhs fm dkikehstmélo, lévmhs ogtks pkfmi ekltrhnuhr poro fkmlâos eorféoeos. • Ojufo o fhihluhr ks lévmhs lév mhs fm dhstoihlo, qum pkfm eousor ogmrbhos. • Mstï mlvkgvhfo toinèi lo séltmsm fm ekgïbmlk. • Prmvhlm o obrmboâåk pgoqumtïrho, qum ckrio ekïbugks m pkfm eousor minkgho m fmrroims. • Pkfm ojufor mi eosks fm fmprmssåk, fè﬏eht fm otmlâåk m prkngmios ekblhthvks mi bmrog.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N3 PH^HFKTHLO PH^HFKTOG

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU OGHIMLV OGHIMLVO^MU: O^MU: FMCHEHÊLEHO

• Iohkrms rhseks fm hrrhtoâåk, fmprmssåk, fmprmssåk,  eklcusåk olshmfofm m hlsölho. • Prkngmios fm fm pmgm qum sm ossmimgdoi ,

iuhtk à fm﬏ehêleho fm rhnk﬎ovhlo. • Uhstmio hiulkgõbhek eki o m﬏ehêleho fhihluéfo, vkeê ﬏eo fkmltm eki iohs crmquêleho. • Olmiho, pmgo fhihluhâåk fhihluhâåk fo prkfuâåk prkfuâåk fm dmikbgknhlo. • Dkikehstmélo ogto, prhlehpogimltm prhlehpogimltm fmpkhs fm ekimr. ekimr. O N3, N8 m N?> såk eruehohs poro ioltmr ks lévmhs fm dkikehstmélo nohxks. • K sug﬏tk, sug﬏tk, ofhthvk oghimltor ekiui, ekiui, fmstrõh o vhtoihlo N3. • O hl﬎oioâåk ouimlto os lmemsshfofms lmemsshfofms fm N3.

O N3 pkssuh fuos ckrios lks oghimltks: oghimltks fm krhbmi olhiog têi phrhfkxog, oghimltks vmbmtohs têi phrhfkxhlo. Umimgdoltm ok eosk fo vhtoihlo O, è o ckrio olhiog fm qum prmehsoiks. Pkfmiks eklvmrtmr eklvmrtmr o ckrio vmbmtog lk cébofk, ios poro hssk prmehsoiks uthghzor rhnk﬎ovhlo m tmr ui cébofk soufïvmg. Ogèi fhssk, o iohkrho fos pgoltos pkssuh brolfm portm fo N3 ghbofk o oâúeorms qum fh﬏eugtoi o onskrâåk. Pkrtoltk, è imgdkr låk sm krhmltor pmgks vogkrms fm N3 mi prmsmltms Pkrtoltk, lks oghimltks vmbmtohs. Sorhoâýms lo bmlètheo m lo ﬎kro hltmsthlog toinèi pkfmi fh﬏eugtor o kntmlâåk fk N3 lks oghimltks vmbmtohs. Prhlehpohs ckltms: gmvmfuro lutrhehklog, cébofk, pmhxms m eorlms fhvmrsos. Fos vhtoihlos dhfrksskgúvmhs è o úlheo qum pkfm tmr mcmhtks tõxheks mi fksms mgmvofos, rmekimlfo-sm låk mxemfmrr >00 ib pkr fho. mxemfm U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

Ckrio hfmog: ckscotk fm phrhfkxog Fksm: fm >0 o 30 ib

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N2 NHKVHLO

• Ekcotkr mssmlehog poro os vhos imtonõgheos fos bkrfuros, eornkhfrotks m prktmélos. • Mssmlehog poro o soúfm fo pmgm, uldos m eonmgks. • Mstï mlvkgvhfo lo bgheklmkbêlmsm, lo fmbrofoâåk fm ogbuls oihlkïehfks, lo séltmsm m kxhfoâåk fm ïehfks broxks, ks prhlehpohs ekipklmltms fos iminrolos emgugorms. P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU OGHIMLV OGHIMLVO^MU: O^MU: Os imgdkrms

ckltms fm nhkthlo såk fm gklbm os bmios fm kvks m k cébofk, ios toinèi è mlekltrofo mi eorlms, pmhxms, oimlfkhi, smimltms fm bhrosskg, oiêlfkos m lkzms. Ekbuimgks, nrõekghs nrõekghs m onoeotm têi ogbuio quolthfofm. Låk dï tkxhehfofm ekldmehfo poro o nhkthlo, mltåk, o supgmimltoâåk mi fksms ogtos è tktogimltm smburo.

FMCHEHÊLEHO

• Pkfm phkror o oporêleho m o hltmbrhfofm fo pmgm, eonmgks m uldos. • Os ïrmos fo pmgm ocmtofos tmlfmi o smr s mr ks kgdks, lorhz, nkeo m pmrélmk, ﬏eolfk ovmrimgdofo, fmseoiolfk  m pkfmlfk smr kgmkso. • K eonmgk, otè imsik os sknrolemgdos m ks eéghks pkfmi ekimâor o eohr. • O lmemsshfofm fm nhkthlo ouimlto iuhtk furoltm o brovhfmz. • K solbum qum lutrm k cmtk tmi 5 o ?2 vmzms iohs nhkthlo fk qum k solbum fo iåm. K gmhtm fm uio iåm qum oioimlto tmi ?0 o ?00 vmzms iohs nhkthlo qum k solbum. K ekrpk fm uio iåm bosto mlkrim mlmrbho ckrlmemlfk

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

nhkthlo ok nmnê às suos prõprhos eustos. • ]i tmrâk fos iåms sm tkrlo fm﬏ehmltm mi nhkthlo furoltm o brovhfmz. • Pkrtoltk, Pkrtoltk, è supmr hipkrtoltm qum os iugdmrms brïvhfos tkimi nhkthlo su﬏ehmltm. Lmstm eosk, os imgdkrms kpâýms

Ckrio hfmog: F ― nhkthlo Fksm:  fm 50 o 30 ieb

såk ks kvks m ks supgmimltks.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N8 CKGOVK

• Otuo lo ckrioâåk emgugor, emgugor, séltmsm fm FLO m ^LO, ckrioâåk m ioturoâåk fm dmiïehos m gmueõehtks. • È mssmlehog poro k fmsmlvkgvhimlt fmsmlvkgvhimltk k m nki culehkloimltk fk shstmio lmrvksk m fo imfugo õssmo Pkr hssk è smiprm rmekimlfofo poro os brïvhfos. • K ckgotk è lmemssïrhk poro ks imeolhsiks fm imthgoâåk, qum ikfh﬏eo ekipkstks quéiheks ogtmrolfk suos culâýms, è otrovès fo imthgoâåk qum kekrrm k edoiofk ‗shgmlehoimltk fm bmlms’ fo mphbmlètheo, qum è quolfk ui bmlm pktmlehogimltm prkngmiïthek fmhxo fm sm mxprmssor.

EKI]IMLVM EDOIOFK FM ÏEHFK CÕGHEK.

 Ogèi fhssk, o imthgoâåk è hipkrtoltm poro iuhtos ekhsos:

K LKIM FMUVO SHVOIHLO È FM^HSOFK FK GOVHI, ‗CKGH]I’,  _]M UHBLHCHEO CKGDO, JÏ _]M È EKI]IMLVM

• Ghipo o dkikehstmélo, oihlkïehfk rmshfuog r mshfuog tõxhek tõxhek qum pkfm ekltrhnuhr poro fkmlâos eorféoeos m eîlemr.

MLEKLV^OFO LKU SMBMVOHU, MUPMEHOGIMLVM LOU CKGDOU SM^FMU.

m ﬏eoi iohkrms fk qum fmvmrhoi. Hssk eouso eolsoâk, croqumzo m cogto fm or ok sm mxmrehtor. Pkfm Pkfm toinèi fmhxor o pmgm pïghfo m ks nothimltks fk ekroâåk hrrmbugorms.

• O imthgoâåk fo dhstoihlo rmfuz o brovhfofm fm ogmrbhos m shltkios smimgdoltms o ogmrbhos. • O imthgoâåk è lmemssïrho poro prkfuzhr ermothlo. • Ouimlto ks lévmhs fm ekghlo, qum prktmbm ekltro o mstmotksm dmpïtheo, imgdkro o fhbmståk fm bkrfuros, ojufo lo ekltroâåk  iuseugor m prkpheho uio otmlâåk ckeofo m sustmltofo. Mssms popèhs fk ckgotk rmgoehklofks à imthgoâåk toinèi såk ekiporthgdofks pmgo vhtoihlo N?> m ekghlo. • O fm﬏ehêleho fm ckgotk gmvo à olmiho ioerkeétheo imbogkngïstheo mi qum sm tmi imlks bgõnugks vmrimgdks fk qum fmvmrho

• K ckgotk è mxtrmioimltm hipkrtoltm lo brovhfmz, brovhfmz, pkhs è lmemssïrhk poro mvhtor fmcmhtks lk tunk lmurog, ekik o msphldo né﬏fo, qum lmemsshto fm ehrurbho poro ekrrmâåk, m olmlemcogho, ui sunfmsmlvkgvhimltk cotog poro k nmnê. • Mxhstmi iuhtks bmlms mlvkgvhfks lk imtonkghsik fk ckgotk m vorhoâýms bmlètheos hl﬎umlehoi lk imtonkghsik fk ckgotk. • K eklsuik fm ïgekkg m ehborrk pormem prmjufheor o onskrâåk m uthghzoâåk fm ckgotk.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

FMCHEHÊLEHO

N8 CKGOVK

• Ogtmroâýms lo ikrckgkbho luegmor emgugor, emgugor, prkngmios fm ermsehimltk, olmiho, cofhbo hrrhtonhghfofm, bgksshtm, fhstúrnhks bostrkhltmsthlohs. • O fm﬏ehêleho pkfm ekltrhnuhr poro o fmprmssåk m phkros ekblhthvos m fm oprmlfhzofk. oprmlfhzofk. P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU OGHIMLV OGHIMLVO^MU: O^MU:

 vmbmtohs vmrfms, gmvmfuro lutrhehklog, cébofk fm boghldo m fm kutrks olhiohs, gmbuihlksos, eorlm nkvhlo, bmio fm kvks. • È hipkrtoltm imlehklor qum k ckgotk prmsmltm lk cébofk sm prmsmrvo furoltm k ekzhimltk, ekzhimltk,  ios mi oghimltks vmbmtohs, nko portm è fmstruéfo pmgk eogkr m pmrfhfk lo ïbuo fk ekzhim ekzhimltk. ltk.  K ckgotk toinèi è mstïvmg lk cébofk eklbmgofk, eklbmgofk, ios låk mi vmbmtohs eklbmgofks. È pmrfhfk toinèi quolfk ks vmbmtohs såk pheofks m mi smbuhfo govofks1 pkrtoltk, smiprm ks govm oltms fm ekrtor. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

K ckgotk låk tmi tkxhehfofm ekldmehfo, pkrèi o ckrio fm supgmimltk iohs ekiui, k ïehfk cõghek låk è fmvhfoimltm imtonkghzofo pmgk krbolhsik, ogèi fo nohxo eklvmrsåk poro ckgotk, mstï osskehofk à iohkrms rhseks fm ogbuls thpks fm eîlemr m prkngmios lk shstmio hiulm m toinèi quolfk uthghzofk furoltm o brovhfmz, oprmsmlto rhseks iohkrms fm prkngmios lk nmnê, ekik outhsik. O supgmimltoâåk fmvm smr smiprm cmhto eki o ckrio imthgckgotk. imthgckgotk. Ckrio hfmog: imthgckgotk

Fksm:  fm 500 o =00 ieb

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N?> EKNOGOIHLO

• È mssmlehog poro k imtonkghsik emgugor, prhlehpogimltm fk shstmio bostrkhltmsthlog, imfugo õssmo m tmehfk tm ehfk lmrvksk.

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU OGHIMLV OGHIMLVO^MU: O^MU:

• Ekltrhnuh poro o ckrioâåk fks bgõnugks vmrimgdks lk solbum. • È mssmlehog poro o soúfm fk ekroâåk pkhs ojufo lo qumnro fo

mxegushvoimltm mi prkfutks fm krhbmi olhiog, hleguhlfk, eorlm fm õrbåks, mspmehogimltm cébofk, eorlms fhvmrsos, pmhxms, crutks fk ior m mi imlkr brou, kvks m gotheélhks.

dkikehstmélo, ui oihlkïehfk osskehofk às fkmlâos eorfhkvoseugorms. • Jultk eki o N8, o N?> porthehpo fo imthgoâåk qum: • Ekltrhnuh poro k nki culehkloimltk emrmnrog, prmvmlhlfk

O vhtoihlo N?> è mlekltrofo quosm qum

o lèvko imltog, fmhxolfk k pmlsoimltk iohs ïbhg m egork.

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

• Ioltèi nohxks ks lévmhs fm dhstoihlo m mvhto qum iuhtos ogmrbhos

Eklckrim ehtmh mi ougo, o ckrio iohs ekiui, eholkeknogoihlo è iuhtk pkuek nhkfhspklévmg, pkfmlfk smr prmjufhehog. Ckrio hfmog: imthgeknogoihlo

ku shltkios ogèrbheks ouimltmi. • Ouimlto ks lévmhs fm ekghlo qum prktmbm ekltro o mstmotksm dmpïtheo (cébofk bkrfurksk) m ekltrhnuh poro o fhbmståk fm bkrfuro, iúseugks ckrtms m otmlâåk eklemltrofo m eklstoltm. • Porthehpo fo séltmsm fm ermothlo, ekltrhnuhlfk poro iúseugks ckrtms, fhbmståk soufïvmg m imgdkros ekblhthvos. ekblhthvos. • O N?>, osshi ekik k ckgotk, prmvhlm o olmiho ioerkeétheo m imbogkngïstheo.

Fksm: fm = o >0 ieb

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

N?> EKNOGOIHLO

FMCHEHÊLEHO

• Ks shltkios hlegumi croqumzo, eolsoâk, fhsplmho (cogto fm or quolfk rmoghzofk msckrâk m sckrâk),), pmrfo fm pmsk. Iuhtos fos eoroetmréstheos fm fm﬏ehêleho fm N?> mståk lk îinhtk imltog ku emrmnrog: • Pmrfo fm imiõrho • Iufolâos lo pmrskloghfofm ku duikr, duikr, hrrhtonhghfofm. • Mi eosks brovms, fmgérhk ku psheksm. • O fm﬏ehêleho fm vhtoihlo N?> è portheugorimltm pmrhbkso pkrqum pkfm eousor fmbmlmroâåk hrrmvmrsévmg fk shstmio lmrvksk. • Ckrihboimltk, Ckrihboimltk, fkriêleho ku o smlsoâåk fm ogbk rostmjolfk lo pmgm. • Pmrfo fm ekltrkgm tktog sknrm smus ikvhimltks. • Umr hleopoz fm rmgoxor ks iúseugks. • Lmurhtm õptheo, qum pkfm eousor fkr m pmrfo tmipkrïrho fo vhsåk lks kgdks. • Fhstúrnhks vhsuohs. • Vklturos Vklturos ku fmsiohks ok ﬏eor fm pè eki iufolâos rmpmlthlos lo prmssåk ortmrhog. • O hltkgmrîleho ok mxmreéehk. O fm﬏ehêleho fm N?> è bmlmroghzofo. Mspmehoghstos submrmi qum iohs fm 30% fo pkpugoâåk pkfm smr fm﬏ehmltm. • ]i pkltk iuhtk hipkrtoltm è qum o onskrâåk fo vhtoihlo N?> kekrrm otrovès fk suek bïstrhek, smlfk qum o prkfuâåk hlsu﬏ehmltm fm ïehfk egkréfrhek lk mstöiobk pkfm oeorrmtor lo eorêleho fm N?>. Ks fhstúrnhks fhbmsthvks pkfmi prmjufheor o onskrâåk fm quogqumr lutrhmltm, ios lk eosk fo N?>, uio fhbmståk croeo pkfm eousor uio fm﬏ehêleho sèrho.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

_uosm tkfks ks olhiohs prkfuzmi suo prõprho vhtoihlo E - eki o roro mxemâåk fks smrms duiolks, fo eophvoro, fm ogbuls ioeoeks m fm kutrks pkueks olhiohs qum prmehsoi kntmr mssm lutrhmltm l utrhmltm otrovès fm oghimltks. Msekrnutk è uio fkmlâo qum eouso solbroimltk los bmlbhvos m mi kutros ïrmos fo nkeo, dmiotkios, cofhbo,

E

UM] LKIM _]ÉIHEK È ÏEHFK OUEÕ^NHEK, _]M UHBLHCHEO "K ÏEHFK _]M MSHVO K MUEK^N]VK".

 gmsýms lo pmgm, fmprmssåk, solbroimltk solbroimltk lks õrbåks hltmrlks hlt mrlks qum, lks eosks iohs brovms, pkfm eousor o ikrtm. O prhlehpog rozåk fmstms tmrrévmhs shltkios è o fmbrofoâåk fk ekgïbmlk. ekgïbmlk. Uonmiks qum k ekgïbmlk è uio prktmélo hipkrtoltm  poro o mstruturo m culâåk c ulâåk fo lksso pmgm, ortheugoâýms, kssks m iminrolos qum prktmbmi ks vosks solbuélmks m mlvkgvmi tkfks ks lkssks õrbåks. O vhtoihlo E låk opmlos ojufo o eklstruhr m ioltmr k ekgïbmlk, ios toinèi k prktmbm mi smu popmg ekik olthkxhfoltm. • Pkr smr hlfhspmlsïvmg poro o prkfuâåk fm ekgïbmlk è toinèi hlfhspmlsïvmg poro o soúfm fo pmgm, kssks, ortheugoâýms m vosks solbuélmks. • Ojufo lk nki culehkloimltk fk shstmio hiulkgõbhek. • Porthehpo fo prkfuâåk fm oihlkïehfks hipkrtoltms ekik o eorlhthlo m thrkshlo m fm lmurktrolsihsskrms ekik o smrktklhlo m fkpoihlo. • È ui fks olthkxhfoltms iohs vmrsïtmhs poro lmutroghzor ks rofheohs ghvrms mi fhvmrsos ïrmos fk krbolhsik. • È culfoimltog poro k mquhgénrhk mltrm rmfuâåk m kxhfoâåk. • È iuhtk hipkrtoltm poro ioltmr o hltmbrhfofm fos ortèrhos, prmvmlhr ku otè imsik rmvmrtmr prkngmios eorfhkvoseugorms, ekik otmrksegmrksm, eklckrim opkltoi fhvmrsks mstufks. • Ouimlto o onskrâåk fm cmrrk låk-dmim fks vmbmtohs, quolfk tkiofo jultk fo rmcmhâåk. Pkr smr mxtrmioimltm vkgïthg, oghimltks prkemssofks, ekzhfks ekzhfks ku ekgdhfks fhos oltms fm smrmi eklsuihfks pkssumi ui tmkr iuhtk iohs nohxk fk qum ks crmseks, k qum tkrlo o fhmto ikfmrlo mspmehogimltm pknrm mi vhtoihlo E.

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

E

FMCHEHÊLEHO K] LÉSMHU ONOHTK FK HFMOG:

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

• Prmjufheor o prkfuâåk m hltmbrhfofm fk ekgïbmlk • Fmhxor k ekrpk iohs susemptévmg susempt évmg oks folks fks rofheohs

Ckrio hfmog: ïehfk oseõrnhek ku osekrnotk fm eïgehk (ghpksskiog). O vmrsåk ghpksskiog tmi iohkr toxo fm onskrâåk m imlkr pksshnhghfofm fm fmseklckrtks bïstrheks  ku hltmsthlohs.

ghvrms, k qum gmvo ok mlvmgdmehimltk m ok ouimltk fk rhsek r hsek fm hlúimros fkmlâos, hlegushvm eorfhkvoseugorms, ekik otmrksegmrksm. • Prmjufheor k nmi-mstor m k nki culehkloimltk imltog, ekltrhnuhlfk otè imsik poro o fmprmssåk. P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU:

Fksm:  fm ? o 5 b O vhtoihlo E låk è tõxheo. Ogtos fksms pkfmi opmlos skgtor ks hltmsthlks.

Eoiu-eoiu, oemrkgo ( quolfk vmrfm tmi iohs vhtoihlo E fk qum iofuro), ahwh, bkhono, ghiåk, eétrheos, phimltos...

Bmrogimltm hssk kekrrm mi quolthfofms

Ks lothvks fk Ïrthek, klfm ks oghimltks vmbmtohs såk  iuhtk ghihtofks, eklsuihoi fmghnmrofoimltm os bgîlfugos

fm 6 o ?0 ? 0 broios, ios vorho fm pmssko poro pmssko.

supro-rmlohs fm olhiohs poro suprhr vhtoihlo E.

 

SHVOIHLOU DHF^KUUKGÚSMHU  

K rmthlkg ku vhtoihlo O è hlerhvmgimltm hipkrtoltm poro k ermsehimltk lkriog. • Lmemssïrho poro o Hltmbrhfofm Hltmbrhfofm fo rmthlo, eõrlmo m fo vhsåk, mspmehogimltm hipkrtoltm poro o vhsåk lkturlo.

O

^MVHLKG

P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU : Mlekltrofo Mlekltro fo mi iohkrms quolthfofms lk cébofk fm olhiohs, bmio fm kvks m gmhtm.

Ioltèi ks kgdks gunrh﬏eofks. • Mssmlehog poro poro k nki culehkloimltk fk shstmio hiulm. • Hipkrtoltm poro poro o soúfm fks kssks, mi poremrho eki o vhtoihlo F m A>. • Ojufo o ioltmr o pmgm soufïvmg, ioeho m éltmbro. éltmbro. ]sofo mi trotoimltk fm oelm.

• Minkro smjo ekiui egossh﬏eor ogbuls eorktmlkhfms, eorktmlkhfms, ekik k nmto eorktmlk ekik vhtoihlo O, è hipkrtoltm sonmr qum ks eorktmlkhfms prmehsoi smr eklvmrthfks pmgk ekrpk mi vhtoihlo O, pkr hssk, k iohs ekrrmtk è egossh﬏eï-gks ekik prõ-vhtoihlo O.

FMCHEHÊLEHO • Kgdks smeks, fhsculâåk lks kgdks, embumhro lkturlo m embumhro. • Prkngmios lk shstmio hiulm. • Oelm m prkngmios fm pmgm pmgm m iueksos. - Prkngmios fmltïrhks.

eklvmrtmrr ohlfo imlks eorktmlks mi vhtoihlo O. eklvmrtm

- K ïgekkg otropogdo k imtonkghsik imtonkghsik fo vhtoihlo O. O fm﬏ehêleho pkfm oekltmemr pmgk nohxk eklsuik fm oghimltks rheks  mi vhtoihlo O, ios toinèi otrovès fm prkngmios fk shstmio fhbmsthvk fhbmsthvk,,  ekik prkngmios lk cébofk, ehrrksm, fkmlâo fm Erkdls, fkmlâo emgéoeo,  ousêleho fo vmséeugo, pkueo prkfuâåk fm nhgm, pkhs ekik o vhtoihlo O è ghpksskgúvmg uio nko fhbmståk fm bkrfuros è hipkrtoltm

•Os prhlehpohs ckltms fm eorktmlkhfm eorktmlkhfmss såk sphrughlo, ckgdos fm nrõekgh, emlkuro, nototo fkem, ekuvm.

poro suo onskrâåk.

• O toxo fm eklvmrsåk eklvmrsåk è pmqumlo, nmnês pkfmi • Eorktmlkhf Eorktmlkhfms ms toinèi såk ghpksskgúvmhs ghpksskgúvmhs,, pkrtoltk, eklsuihr oghimltks ekik emlkuro ku quogqumr ckltm vmbmtog fm eorktmlks eki ioltmhbo, ozmhtm ku quogqumr õgmk soufïvmg è k iohs hlfheofk.

Mi bmrog, ckgdos vmrfms m oghimltks oiormgks m goroljos ekltèi eorktmlks.

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK Ckrio hfmog: oemtotk hfmog: oemtotk fm rmthlkg

O

^MVHLKG

Fksm: fm ?.000 o 5.000 ]Hs Mi supgmimltoâåk, o vhtoihlo O è culehklo nmi mi osskehoâåk eki o Shtoihlo F m A>. O vhtoihlo O è buorfofo lk cébofk, hssk shblh﬏eo qum sm eklsuihfo mi mxobmrk pkr ui pmrékfk fm tmipk prkgklbofk pkfm tmr mcmhtks tõxheks. Otrovès fo oghimltoâåk k rhsek sõ mxhstm quolfk sm eklskim cébofk fm olhiohs fhorhoimltm ku ogtos fksms fm õgmk fm cébofk fm noeogdou. Lk eosk fm supgmimltks, os fksms låk fmvmi smr iohkrms fk qum ?0.000 ku ?=.000 ]HU fhïrhks.

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

• O vhtoihlo F, minkro smjo egossh﬏eofo ekik vhtoihlo, è fhcmrmltm fm tkfos os kutros, pkhs è shltmthzofo mi lkssk prõprhk ekrpk, smlfk eklshfmrofo eklshfmrofo pkr iuhtks pmsquhsofkrms uio mspèehm fm dkriölhk ku prõ-dkriölhk. • Fm cotk, o sunstîleho prmeurskro fo vhtoihlo F è o imsio fo fm tkfks ks dkriölhks mstmrkhfms ekik FDMO, prmblmlkgklo,

F

ekrthskg, tmstkstmrklo, prkbmstmrklo, mstrkbêlhk m kutrks. Msto sunstîleho vhtog prmeurskro è k ekgmstmrkg. Hssk surprmmlfm iuhto bmltm qum shipgmsimltm osskeho k ekgmstmr ekgmstmrkg kg o prkngmios fm soúfm, ios jï msegormemiks msso eklcusåk lo Portm H. • Conrheoiks o vhtoihlo F otrovès fo mxpkshâåk ok skg, quolfk ks rohks ugtrovhkgmto hltmrobmi eki k ekgmstmrkg m bmroi o vhtoihlo F. • Ks rohks ugtrovhkgmto N mståk prmsmltms prhlehpogimltm lks pmrékfks mi qum k skg mstï iohs ogtk lk eèu, ios hssk vorho iuhtk eklckrim o rmbhåk bmkbrï﬏eo m pmrékfk fk olk. • Mi ogbuls gkeohs, ekik ok gklbk fo cohxo fk mquofkr è pkssévmg prkfuzhr vhtoihlo F mi nko portm fk fho ok gklbk fm tkfk olk, jï lk lkrtm fo Murkpo, protheoimltm låk sm prkfuz vhtoihlo F mi nko portm fk kutklk m furoltm k hlvmrlk, m o jolmgo fm dkrïrhk toinèi è iohs eurto, nmi ok rmfkr fk imhk fho. -Ios, hlfmpmlfmltm fo rmbhåk, mi lkssk msthgk fm vhfo ikfmrlk, uthghzoiks rkupos, possoiks iuhtk tmipk mi oinhmltms cmedofks, mi gkeohs skinrmofks pkr mfhcéehks, usoiks ﬏gtrk skgor m mvhtoiks k skg ckrtm. Fmssm ikfk, smbulfk os mstotéstheos - iohs fo imtofm fo pkpugoâåk iulfhog è fm﬏ehmltm mi vhtoihlo F. • Porthehpo fm iohs fm 4= culâýms fk ekrpk, smlfk rmspklsïvmg pmgo othvoâåk fm iohs fm >000 bmlms hipkrtoltms. • Ojufo lo onskrâåk fk eïgehk m cõsckrk fks oghimltks, rmbugo ks lévmhs fmstms fkhs ihlmrohs lk solbum, ks ﬏xo lks kssks m hipmfm fm sm fmpkshtormi mi gkeohs hlofmquofks. _umrmiks k eïgehk lks kssks m fmltms. Mstms såk ks "tmehfks furks". Vkfks ks kutrks tmehfks såk ikgms" m sm k eïgehk m kfks cõsckrk jultormi fmltrk ios fmgms,toinèi ﬏eoråk eogeh﬏eofks m furks, k qum èku ruhi. pkfmgubor. oekltmemr låk "tmehfks sõ lks eosks iohs ekldmehfks rhls msm vosks solbuélmks, los ortheugoâýms, lo nmxhbo mi Hssk quogqumr

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

_uolfk fhrmehklo mssms ihlmrohs poro ks kssks m fmltms m poro gklbm fks tmehfks ikgms, o vhtoihlo F coz poremrho eki os vhtoihlos O m A>. Pkr mstm ikthvk, qumi supgmimlto eki eïgehk fmvm supgmimltor jultk os vhtoihlos F5, O, A> m k ihlmrog ioblèshk toinèi.

F

O SHVOIHLO F OHLFO: • Porthehpo ohlfo fo séltmsm fo iosso iuseugor, coehghtolfk k boldk m o iolutmlâåk fm iúseugks. • È lmemssïrho poro k nki culehkloimltk imltog, tmiks rmemptkrms fm vhtoihlo f lo iohkr portm fks õrbåks fk ekrpk, hlegushvm mi ogbuios ïrmos fk eèrmnrk. • Othvo m mquhghnro o culâåk hiulm, hl﬎umleholfk fhrmtoimltm os eègugos rmspklsïvmhs pkr ekinotmr os ekinotmr os hlcmeâýms, smlfk iuhtk hipkrtoltm poro ekrrhbhr quofrks outk-hiulms. • Ikfugo iohs fm >.000 bmlms. • Porthehpo fo séltmsm fk cotkr lmurktrõ﬏ek lmurktrõ﬏ek (prktmélo qum msthiugo k ermsehimltk m o hltmbrhfofm fks lmurölhks), fo bgutothklo m fm kutros sunstîlehos fk krbolhsik. • Hlhnm o prkghcmroâåk m msthiugo o fhcmrmlehoâåk fm eègugos, smlfk, pkrtoltk, iuhtk hipkrtoltm iuhtk  hipkrtoltm lo prmvmlâåk m trotoimltk fk eîlemr, qum sm eoroetmrhzo pkr eègugos qum sm iugthpgheoi m låk sm fhcmrmlehoi. • Hlfhspmlsïvmg poro k fmsmlvkgvhimltk fos mstruturos õssmos, suo fm﬏ehêleho lo hlcîleho eouso k roquhthsik, roq uhthsik, lo hfofm ofugto, kstmkpmlho m kstmkpkrks kstmkpkrksm. m. Ogèi fmstos culâýms nmi fm﬏lhfos, o vhtoihlo F mstï rmgoehklofo eki o imgdkrho m o prmvmlâåk fm fhvmrsks prkngmios prkngmios fm soúfm: • Ojufo o rmbugor o prkfuâåk fm hlsughlo m o prmssåk ortmrhog. • Ekltrhnuh poro o gklbmvhfofm.

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F

• Prmvmlâåk fm ogbuls thpks fm eîlemr.

FMCHEHÊLEHO

• Imgdkros mi quofrks fm fmprmssåk ekiporïvmhs à fm olthfmprmsshvks.

Iuhtos vmzms shltkios fm fm﬏ehêleho såk suths m pkfm

• Mstï osskehofo à soúfm ekblhthvo m emrmnrog. Fhvmrsks mstufks ikstroroi

lmi smr lktofks. Ekhsos ekik eolsoâk, ﬏eor brhpofk

qum o fm﬏ehêleho fm vhtoihlo F ouimlto k rhsek fm fkmlâos rmgoehklofos

ku fkmltm eki crmquêleho, fkr lks kssks m iúseugks

à hfofm ekik fmiêleho m Ogzdmhimr.

ku otè imsik fmsîlhik ku fmprmssåk pkfmi hlfheor

• Uuprmssåk m rmihssåk fks shltkios fm msegmrksm iúgthpgo. Otrovès fm suo

uio eorêleho.

otuoâåk lk shstmio hiulm, fmsmipmldo hipkrtoltm popmg lo imgdkro fm fhstúrnhks ekik hlcmeâýms vhrohs m noetmrholos noetmrholos,, fhvmrsos fkmlâos

Ekik jï ehtmh, o fm﬏ehêleho ekltrhnuh poro o kstmkpmlho

outkhiulms m ogèrbheos ekik osio, ortrhtm rmuiotkhfm, sélfrkim fk hltmsthlk hrrhtïvmg, thrmkhfhtm fm Dosdhiktk Dosdhiktk,, mte.

m o kstmkpkrksm. Mstos såk os fuos eklfhâýms mi qum o mstruturo õssmo sm mlcroqumem m ouimltoi os prknonhgh-

• O vhtoihlo F tmi popmg hipkrtoltésshik furoltm o brovhfmz, brovhfmz, toltk poro o

fofms fm croturos. Kstmkpmlho è uio ckrio iohs

iåm quoltk poro k nmnê, pkfm rmfuzhr k rhsek fm prè-megîipsho, portk

ikfmrofo fo fkmlâo1 o kstmkpkrksm è iohs brovm.

prmioturk, ekltrhnuhr poro k nki culehkloimltk iuseugor los ekltroâýms fk portk. O fm﬏ehêleho pkfm ocmtor o iåm m smu ﬏gdk mi eurtk m gklbk prozk,

Mi tmriks fm lévmhs solbuélmks, shltkios fm fm﬏ehêleho

hleguhlfk ui ouimltk fk rhsek fo erholâo fmsmlvk fmsmlvkgvmr gvmr fhonmtms, rhlhtm ogèrbheo, osio, ortrhtm, oehfmltm voseugor emrmnrog m fkmlâos

pkfmi sm iolhcmstor quolfk ks vogkrms mståk onohxk fm =0 lb/ig. Ks vogkrms mltrm =0 m 20 lb/ig såk hfmohs mi

eorfhkvoseugorms. eorfhkvo seugorms. O vhtoihlo F toinèi otuo lo pgoemlto, hlfuzhlfk o

hlfhvéfuks soufïvmhs soufïvmhs..

prkfuâåk fm pkfmrksos sunstîlehos prktmtkros olthvhrohs, olthcúlbheos m noetmrhehfos,, os eotmghehfhlos m nmto-fmcmlshlos, mvhtolfk o ekltoihloâåk noetmrhehfos

Mcmhtks tmropêutheks m prmvmlthvks poro prkngmios fm

fk cmtk m fhvmrsks rhseks ekik mlemcoghtm vhrog, prkvkeofo pmgk zhao vérus.

soúfm sm hltmlsh﬏eoi mltrm 20 m ?00 lb/ig.

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

Oehio fm ?00 lb/ lb/ig ig pkfm hlfheor mxemssk, prhlehpogimltm quolfk mi fmsmquhgénrhk eki kutrks lutrhmltms. Hssk låk kekrrm eki o mxpkshâåk ok skg m eosks osshi ckroi eousofks pkr fksms fm supgmimltoâåk mxtrmioimltm ogtos furoltm ui pmrékfk  prkgklbofk m smi k mquhgénrhk fo vhtoihlo O, A> m ioblèshk, è nmi rork fm kekrrmr m pkfm gmvor o quofrks fm dhpmreogemiho

F

solbuélmo, ku mxemssk fm eïgehk lk solbum. Poroo kntmr vhtoihlo F, mxhstmi 5 iolmhros: mxpkshâåk ok skg, oghimltoâåk m supgmimltoâåk Por Poro fksms mcmthvos prmehsoiks fo mxpkshâåk ok skg m / ku fm supgmimltoâåk. Oghimltks pkfmi ckrlmemr opmlos pmqumlos quolthfofms quolthfofms.. • Mxpkr-sm ok skg eki o iohkr ïrmo pkssévmg fm pmgm lks dkrïrhks iohs qumltms fk fho, quolfk k skg mstï nmi ogtk, nosheoimltm mltrm os ?0:00 m ?6:00 m lk kutklk m hlvmrlk, mspmehogimltm mltrm ??:00 m ?5:00. • O pmgm fmvm mstor ghvrm fm eksiètheks, prhlehpogimltm fm ﬏gtrk skgor, mstm ngkqumho o prkfuâåk fm vhtoihlo F. • Um vkeê msekgdmr sm mxpkr ok skg otrovès fm uio jolmgo, ks vhfrks prmehsoi mstor onmrtks, o guz posso otrovès fks vhfrks, ios o rofhoâåk ugtrovhkgmto (]SN), rmspklsïvmg pmgo prkfuâåk fm vhtoihlo F, è ﬏gtrofo pmgk vhfrk. Mi bmrog, k rmekimlfofk è sm mxpkr mltrm mxpkr  mltrm >0 m 50 ihlutks. Ios sm vkeê tmi uio pmgm iuhtk egoro, pkr vkgto vkgto fm ?0 o ?= ihlutks jï pkfm smr k su﬏ehmltm, sm vkeê tmi pmgm mseuro, pkfm smr qum prmehsm fm otè uio dkro ku iohs. ]sm k nki smlsk poro mlekltror mlekltror k pkltk hfmog poro vkeê, quolfk o pmgm ﬏eo vmrimgdo jï othlbhu k pkltk mi qum låk prkfuz vhtoihlo F ofhehklog, sm vkeê sm qumhior, possku iuhtk ogèi fmssm pkltk m ekimâo o bmror folks poro o pmgm.

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SHV SHVOIHLO OIHLO F LKU OGHIMLVKU OGHIML VKU M U]PGMIMLVKU F> m F5

F

Oghimltks fm krhbmi olhiog, ekik pmhxms m kvks ekltèi o vhtoihlo F5, qum è k imsik thpk qum conrheoiks. O ckrio F> låk è nhkfhspklévmg m prmehso smr eklvmrthfo poro smr uthghzofo pmgk ekrpk, hssk kekrrm eki uio pmqumlo poremgo fo F> hlbmrhfo, pkrtoltk supgmimltks supgmimltks m oghimltks qum ekltèi msso ckrio låk såk nkos ckltms fm vhtoihlo F. O ckltms oghimltorms iohs eklemltrofos såk õgmk fm cébofk fm noeogdou, pmhxms m bmios fm boghldos erhofos ok or ghvrm. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK Ckrio hfmog: F5, ekgmeogehcmrkg, ekgmeogehcmrkg, mi osskehoâåk eki os vhtoihlos O, A> m ioblèshk. Fksm: fm >.000 o ?0.000 ]Hs

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

F M

tkekcmrõhs m tkektrhmlkhs.  O vhtoihlo M onrolbm khtk ekipkstks ghpksskgúvmhs fhvhfhfks mi fkhs brupks, ks tkekcmrõhs K ogco tkekcmrkg è k iohs pktmltm fks tkekcmrõhs m suo otuoâåk prhlehpog è ekik olthkxhfoltm. Umu mcmhtk prktmtkr è iojkrhtorhoimltm fhrmehklofk poro os iminrolos emgugorms, hipmfhlfk o kxhfoâåk fks ghpéfmks qum os ekipým. Ks tkektrhmlõhs ohlfo såk pkuek mstufofks, ios toinèi såk pkfmrksks olthkxhfoltms,eki olthkxhfoltms, eki mcmhtk mspmehogimltm nmlè﬏ek poro ks lmurölhks. O vhtoihlo M è mlekltr mlekltrofo ofo lo pkrâåk kgmkso fos oiêlfkos, smimltms fm bhrosskg, los ckgdos vmrfms. Umu prkpõshtk los pgoltos è k imsik: prktmbmr smus ïehfks broxks fo kxhfoâåk eousofo pmgk prõprhk imtonkghsik, pmgk kxhbêlhk m pmgk eogkr. Pkssuhiks ïehfks broxks mssmlehohs pkgh-hlsoturofks, ekik ks öimbo 5 m 3, qum såk iuhtk susemtévmhs oks rofheohs ghvrms m prmehsoi fm prktmâåk prktmâåk.. _uolfk såk kxhfofks pkr rofheohs ghvrms, mgms imsiks ekimâoi otuor ekik rofheohs ghvrms bmrolfk uio rmoâåk mi eofmho m hssk è mxtrmioimltm lkehvk. lkehvk. O vhtoihlo M eklsmbum hltmrrkipmr msso rmoâåk mi eofmho qum gmvorho à sunprkfutks tõxheks, prkngmios lk culehkloimltk culehkloimlt k fos eègugos m otè imsik folks ok FLO.Hssk tkrlo o vhtoihlo M fhrmtoimltm rmspklsïvmg pkr prktmbmr ks ïehfks broxks los iminrolos emgugorms m hlfhrmtoimltm rmspklsïvmg pkr prktmbmr tkfk k rmstk fo eègugo.

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M

FMCHEHÊLEHO Eki nosm lk qum ckh mxpgheofk, pkfmiks fmfuzhr qum uio u io fm﬏ehêleho mi vhtoihlo M lks fmhxo iohs sujmhtks ok mlvmgdmehimltk oemgmrofk oemgmrofk m ok fmsbostm fks tmehfks mi bmrog, ouimltolfk k rhsek fm prkngmios fm tkfks ks thpks, mi mspmehog fm fkmlâos erölheos m fmbmlmrothvo fmbmlmrothvos, s, ekik prkngmios eorfoeks m elemr.

Mstufks fmiklstroroi qum uio fksobmi iohs ogto (?400 ]Hs) ckh uthghzofo ut hghzofo poro lkrioghzor os culms culms rmlohs mi fhonètheks thpk ? m toinèi rmfuzhu o lmemsshfofm fo hlsughlo mi 50% lo imtofm fks poehmltms. Låk pkfmiks msqumemr qum k eèrmnrk è ui õrbåk cmhtk mi suo iohkr portm fm bkrfuro, mi mspmehog fm FDO, qum è justoimltm ui öimbo 5 pkgh -hlsoturofk m pkssuh ui imtonkghsik iuhtk hltmlsk, qum bmro iuhto kxhfoâåk, pkrtoltk uio fm﬏ehêleho brovm pkfm rmsugtor r msugtor mi prkngmios lmurkgõbhe l murkgõbheks. ks.

CKLVMU P^HLEHPOHU:  Oiêlfkos, smimltm fm bhrosskg, ozmhtm fm fmlfê, mi imlkr brou: ozmhtm fm kghvo, nmgfrkmbo,  onoeotm, nrõekghs. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK Ckrio hfmog: F G ogco tkekcmrkg Fksm: fm ?.000 o >.000 ]Hs

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

F A

A? M A>)

O gmtro A prkvèi fk tmrik ogmiåk poro "ekobugoâåk", pkhs mstm lutrhmltm fmsmipmldo ui popmg vhtog lmstm prkemssk. Uonmiks qum o ekobugoâåk è lmemssïrho poro oeonor eki solbroimltk solbroimltk mi cmrhfos, ios imsik quolfk mstoiks nmi, lkssk solbum lmemsshto fm emrto quolthfofm fm ekobugoâåk, poro qum mgm ioltmldo suo fmlshfofm m låk mseopm pkr pkrks lks vosks solbuélmks. Ios o vhtoihlo A låk prkfuz fhrmtoimltm ekïbugks, mgo ekkrfmlo ks prkemssks fm ekobugoâåk, pkr mstm ikthvk låk dï rhsek fm uio quolthfofm iohkr fm vhtoihlo A ekobugor iohs k solbum ku eousor ekïbugks. ekïbugks. Mstm popmg lo ekobugoâåk è otrhnuéfk prhlehpogimltm à A?, ﬏gkquhlklo, ohlfo qum o A> toinèi porthehpm. O vhtoihlo A? mstï prmsmltm mi ckgdos m vmbmtohs fhvmrsks, suo fm﬏ehêleho è roro. O vhtoihlo A> mstï prmsmltm opmlos mi oghimltks fm krhbmi olhiog m ogbuls cmrimltofks, ekik k lottö, lottö, m suo fm﬏ehêleho è nostoltm ekiui.  Obkro vku ehtor culâýms qum såk protheoimltm mxegushvos fo A>, imloquhlklo. ]io fos culâýms iohs hipkrtoltms è o fm fhrmehklor k eïgehk poro ks gkeohs ekrrmtks ekrrmtks m mvhtor qum k eïgehk mltrm mi guborms mrrofks, osshi, jultk eki os vhtoihlos O m F, hipmfm o eogeh﬏eoâåk fks tmehfks ikgms . O vhtoihlo A> toinèi ekltrhnuh poro o prkfuâåk fm mlmrbho fk krbolhsik krbolhsik.. O A>, pkssuh fhvmrsos ckrios, smlfk o IA2 m o IA6 os prhlehpohs. O IA-6 pormem smr imlks m﬏eoz qum o IA-2 poro otuor lk cébofk m kssks pkrèi iohs m﬏eoz mi othlbhr o iohkrho fks kutrks tmehfks. tmehfks.

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P^HLEHPOHU CKLVMU:

F A

A? M A>)

A?: ckgdos vmrfms ekik ekuvm, fmltm fm gmåk, msphlocrm, sogshldo, ioljmrheåk, ekmltrk. A>: lottö, cébofk fm potk, qumhjks furks, bmio fm kvk, ioltmhbo, cébofk, eorlms mi bmrog, eduerutm .  Låk dï tkxhfofm ekldmehfo A? m A>. U]PGMIMLVOÂÅK

Ckrio hfmog: A? Chgkquhlklo, A> imloquhlklo IA2 m IA6 Fksm: fm =0 o >00 ieb

SHVOIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU  

M_]HGHN^M OU SHV SHVOIHLOU OIHLOU GHPKUUKGÚSMHU Os vhtoihlos O, F5 m A> otuoi mi ekljultk poro fhvmrsos culâýms m lévmhs nohxks fm uio oeonoi fmsrmbugolfk o otuoâåk uio fos kutros. È culfoimltog uio supgmimltoâåk qum ekltmldo os três mi fksobmls mquhghnrofos. Pkr mxmipgk - sm vkeê tmi ogto vhtoihlo F m nohxo vhtoihlo A>, smus nmlmcéehks poro ks kssks smråk brolfmimltm fhihluéfks m ks rhseks fm ogbui mxemssk ouimltoi. Pkr mstm ikthvk, k Iugthvhtoiélhek Ogpdo fo Purovhfo (o cõriugo qum mgonkrmh mi ekljultk eki ui ièfhek lkrtm oimrheolk) ekltèi tkfos os vhtoihlos fk ekipgmxk N ehtofos m os vhtoihlos O,F5, A? m A> mi suos ckrios m fksobmls hfmohs m mquhghnrofos, ogèi fm ihlmrohs vhtohs - tkfks eki k iïxhik fm nhkfhspklhnhghfofm, m mi fksobmi ofmquofo. Pkr ﬏i, qumrk rmssogtor qum o ehêleho lks ossmburo qum k usk mquhghnrofk fm supgmimltks fm vhtoihlos m ihlmrohs lo fksobmi m ckrio ofmquofo è smburk, m pkr hstk nkls supgmimltks pkfmi smr ofquhrhfks ghvrmimltm smi lmemsshfofm fm prmserhâåk.

 

Uupgmimltks såk, o﬏log, uio mxtmlsåk fo oghimltoâåk m låk fm uio imfheoâåk.