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Vlsuc` Vgrhcnu`cr   Ch Lhtgr chm Lhtrc ^ldh @chducdg Regtry Dghrg Nekpcrlseh 

Acnjg`er ]jgsls 1234-123: AC @lhdulstlns „  @chducdg  @chducdg chm Nedhltleh @glmgh Whlvgrslty  Hckg? Kcrlgig vch Archmwloi ^tumght hukagr? ^37313>4 ^upgrvlser? Vlnterlc Hyst ^gnehm nerrgnter? Kccrtgh Iesskchh

 

]ca`g ef nehtghts

Njcptgr 3  „  Lhtremuntleh

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Njcptgr 1  „  Acnidreuhm

7

1.3 Jlstery

7

1.1 Mgflhltleh

6

1.1.3 Nlhgkctedrcpjln tgnjhlqugs

6

1.1.1 Lnehlnlty

6

1.1.> Lhtgrhctlehc``y nekprgjghsla`g

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1.1.= Het trchs`ctca`g

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1.> Fckeus vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkgrs

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1.>.3 Agrhcrm Arcdd

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1.>.1 Dlusgppg Dlurchhc

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1.>.> Duy Aeunjcuvgcu

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Njcptgr >  „  Kgtjeme`edy

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Njcptgr =  „  Qgsu`ts

32

=.3 ^ty`gs

32

=.=.3 Vcrlctleh tjreudj tjg ygcrs chm lhsplrctleh seurngs

33

=.=.3.3 Gcr`y vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr

33

=.=.3.1 Nehtgkpercry vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr

3>

=.=.3.1.3 Qe`g swltnjlhd chm lhnrgcsgm spggm

3>

=.=.3.1.1 F`ughny chm dggi nu`turg

3=

=.=.3.1.> Gmltlhd tee`s lh vlmges

37

=.=.3.> ^terlgs acsgm eh chy mcy gvghts

36

=.=.1 Vcrlctleh frek pgrferkgr te pgrferkgr

36

=.=.1.3 Dlusgppg Dlurchhc „  rjytjk

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=.=.1.1 Duy Aeunjcuvgcu „  nekgmy chm nekln aeeis

3:

1

 

=.=.1.> Cng Kcjacz „  pepplhd

3:

=.=.1.= Lch ^chaerh „  ac`chng agtwggh eppesltgs

3:

Njcptgr 7  „  Mlsnussleh

3<

7.3 Nctgderlzctleh

3<

7.3.3 Regtry

3<

7.3.1 ^terlgs wltj nehstrclhts

12

7.3.> Hcrrctlvgs

12

7.1 Mlffgrghngs agtwggh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr chm slkl`cr dghrgs

11

7.1.3 N`csslflgr sterlgs

11

7.1.1 Rchteklkg

1=

7.1.1.3 He n`gcr mgflhltleh

1=

7.1.1.1 Nekpcrlseh wltj mlffgrght stcdg typgs ef pchteklkg

1=

7.1.1.> Nekpcrlseh wltj dghgrc` pchteklkg njcrcntgrlstlns

17

7.1.1.= Evgrvlgw ef slkl`crltlgs chm mlffgrghngs

1:

7.1.1.7 ^uddgstleh fer futurg rgsgcrnj

1:

Njcptgr 6  „  Nehn`usleh

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Ala`ledrcpjy

>3

>

 

3. Lhtremuntleh

Tjgh `eeilhd lhte sldh `chducdg pegtry murlhd ehg ef ky n`cssgs caeut sldh s ldh `chducdg chm Mgcf nu`turg, L wcs sjewh c vlmge ef Lch ^chaerh wje pgrferkgm c pegk caeut tjg oeurhgy o eurhgy ef c nctgrpl``cr wje agnekgs c auttgrf`y. auttgrf` y. Lhtgrgstlhd`y gheudj, gvgh wltj ky `lkltgm ihew`gmdg ef Mutnj ^ldh @chducdg, L neu`m uhmgrstchm chm fe``ew f e``ew c`ehd wltj tjg stery nekp`gtg`y. nekp`gt g`y. ]jls fcsnlhctgm kg agncusg etjgr sldh `chducdg pegtry L jcm nekg cnress eftgh wcs tee jcrm fer

kg te drcsp fu``y, chm lt teei kg c `et ef gffert te fe``ew c`ehd. Tltj ^chaerh“s pegk lt wcs mlffgrght? lt wcs het eh`y fu``y uhmgrstchmca`g fer kg aut lt jcm c mlffgrght gstjgtln gst jgtln nekpcrgm te wjct L jcm sggh lh etjgr sldh `chducdg pegks? tjgrg wgrg kchy k chy f`ught kevgkghts, chm tjg sldhs usgm wgrg vgry vlsuc``y ghtlnlhd. L wcs se fcsnlhctgm f csnlhctgm ay jls weri tjct L sjewgm kchy ef ky frlghms9 lt wcs tjg flrst aemy ef sldh `chducdg pegtry weri tjct rgc``y speig te kg. @ctgr L

feuhm eut tjct tjls ferk ef sldh `chducdg pegtry ls nc``gm ‚vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr“, vgrhcnu`cr“, chm wjgh  prgsghtgm wltj flhmlhd c suaognt fer ky acnjg`er tjgsls, tjls ls tjg suaognt tjct L njesg. Vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls c suaognt tjct jcs aggh acrg`y teunjgm upeh lh tjg rgsgcrnj flg`m. ]jgrg crg he pcpgrs te ag feuhm mgmlnctgm spgnlflnc``y spgnlflnc`` y te vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, chm jcrm`y chy etjgrs tjct teunj eh tjg suaognt fer c kcoer pcrt ef tjg stumy. Kest ef tjg pcpgrs usgm fer rgfgr rgfgrghng ghng kctgrlc` lh tjls tjgsls crg eh`y kghtlehlhd vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr arlgf`y. Cs nch c`rgcmy ag cssukgm frek tjls, het kchy pgep`g ihew caeut vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Lf tjgy nekg cnress lt tjgy t jgy me het mlstlhdulsj lt frek etjgr sldh `chducdg pegtry, er etjgr slkl`cr crt ferks sunj cs  pchteklkg. Ay nekpcrlhd vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr te etjgr slkl`cr crt ferks lt ls n`gcr wjct gxcnt`y kcigs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr stchm eut cs lts ewh ferk ef crt. Cftgr dgttlhd lhtgrgstgm lh sldh `chducdg pegtry L mgnlmgm te cttghm tjg epghlhd epg hlhd ef tjg flrst sldh `chducdg wc`` pegk lh @glmgh. C pgrferkchng ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr wcs dlvgh murlhd tjg epghlhd fgstlvltlgs, chm cftgrwcrms tjg jest ef tjg epghlhd, Qees Tcttg`, sclm tjct sjg jepgm tjct tjg sldhlhd ef Mutnj sldhgrs weu`m ag lhf`ughngm ay vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Cnnermlhd te jgr, chm kchy lh tjg cumlghng cdrggm wltj jgr, Mutnj ^ldh @chducdg jcs jcm ch lhnrgcsg ef tjg usg ef ^ldhgm Mutnj (c sldh systgk wjlnj trchs`ctgs tjg Mutnj `chducdg lhte sldhs, het te ag nehfusgm wltj Mutnj ^ldh @chducdg wjlnj ls c `chducdg eh lts ewh chm het mgrlvgm frek Mutnj), chm tjls wcs het mgslrca`g. Ay lhtremunlhd kerg vlsuc` wcys ef sldhlhd, wltj vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr cs tjg lhsplrctleh seurng, ^ldhgm Mutnj neu`m ag rgmungm lh Mutnj ^ldh @chducdg. ]jg eh`y wcy fer vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr te rgcnj tjls ilhm ef lhf`ughng `gvg` ls wjgh pgep`g crg lhtremungm te lt se tjgy nch dgt lhsplrgm, chm lt ls tjgrgferg lkpertcht tjct vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr rgnglvgs kerg cttghtleh. Lh tjls tjgsls L sjc`` agdlh wltj ch c h evgrvlgw ef wjgrg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr stcrtgm chm wje dcvg lt c hckg chm c stcdg. ]jgh L sjc`` dlvg ch evgrvlgw ef tjg mlffgrght mgflhltlehs dlvgh ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, chm wjlnj cspgnts chm tgnjhlqugs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr jcs chm usgs. ]jgh tjg tjrgg kest lkpertcht chm lhf`ughtlc` pgrferkgrs ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr sjc`` ag arlgf`y lhtremungm, cftgr wjlnj L sjc`` g`caerctg eh tjg mlffgrght sty`gs usgm ay mlffgrght pgep`g, aetj cs c njchdg tjreudj tjg ygcrs cs mlffgrght frek pgrseh te pgrseh. L sjc`` prepesg lhsplrctleh seurngs tjct kcy jcvg cffgntgm tjls njchdg lh sty`g st y`g tjreudj tjg ygcrs. ]jgh L wl`` `eei lhte tjg nctgderlzctleh ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ay `eeilhd lhte tjg rgsgcrnj ef tjg Hctlehc` Cssenlctleh ef tjg Mgcf, wje kcmg ^ldh @chducdg @ltgrcturg nctgderlgs (Acjch, 1226). L sjc`` gxp`clh tjg mlffgrghng agtwggh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr chm n`csslflgr sterlgs, chm tjgh prepesg c rg-

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nctgderlzctleh te flt vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr lhte l hte tjg ^ldh @chducdg @ltgrcturg nctgderlgs. ]jgh L sjc`` gxp`clh tjg mlffgrghng agtwggh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr chm pchteklkg. ]e rgsgcrnj tjgsg teplns L jcvg usgm kchy mlffgrght ilhm ef seurngs. ]jg kest frgqught`y usgm ckehd tjgsg ls tjg aeei ‚^ldhlhd tjg aemy pegtln „  Gsscys  Gsscys eh Ckgrlnch ^ldh @chducdg

`ltgrcturg“ gmltgm ay JM@ Acukch, O@ Hg`seh chm JK Qesg. Lt nehtclhs c ku`tltumg ef gsscys  ay mlffgrght rgsgcrnjgrs, c`` teunjlhd tjg suaognt ef Ckgrlnch ^ldh @chducdg @chducdg `ltgrcturg, chm kerg tjch ehng me tjg gsscys tc`i caeut vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Lt wcs ehg ef tjg eh`y aemlgs ef snlghtlfln rgsgcrnj tjct cntuc``y kghtlehgm vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Chetjgr lkpertcht seurng wcs Acukch (122>), lh wjlnj pcrts ef c `gttgr wrlttgh ay Agrhcrm Arcdd (tjg kest lkpertcht vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkgr) wgrg quetgm lh wjlnj jg tc`igm caeut vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. ]jg kest lkpertcht chm lhferkctlvg rgseurng jewgvgr wcs c menukghtcry ay t jg ]V sgrlgs ‚`“egl` gt `c

kclh“ eh Frchng 7 eh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr nc``gm ‚VV…5“ ay ^tregssgr (1237). ]jg clk ef tjls menukghtcry wcs te lhtremung tjg pua`ln te vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, te gxp`clh wjct lt ghtcl`s chm wjct mlffgrght sty`gs tjgrg crg. Kchy mlffgrght pgrferkgrs tg`` caeut tjglr pgrferkchng sty`g chm tjglr mgflhltleh ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Fer tjls tjgsls L mgnlmgm te usg aetj snlghtlfln chm heh-snlghtlfln seurngs, agncusg aetj crg sldhlflncht fer cnjlgvlhd c agttgr uhmgrstchmlhd ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. ]jg snlghtlfln seurngs dcvg c kerg snlghtlfln vlgwpelht eh tjg tepln, nekpcrlhd lt wltj rgsgcrnj rgs gcrnj c`rgcmy nehmuntgm lh tjg sldh `chducdg `ltgrcturg flg`m, wjgrgcs tjg heh-snlghtlfln seurngs dcvg tjg pelht ef vlgw ef tjg crtlsts tjgksg`vgs. Ch lhtgr- chm lhtrc-nekpcrlseh ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls kcmg lh tjls tjgsls, c`se teunjlhd eh tjg suaognts ef pchteklkg chm n`csslflgr sterlgs. st erlgs. ]e dclh ihew`gmdg eh tjgsg suaognts L mlm het eh`y rgvlgw tjg `ltgrcturg chm etjgr seurngs cvcl`ca`g, aut c`se stumlgm chm chc`yzgm kchy mlffgrght vlmges ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchngs. Ay melhd tjls tjg tjgsls wl`` prevlmg tjg rgcmgr wltj c arecm evgrvlgw ef wjct vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ghtcl`s, wjct tjg mlffgrghngs wltjlh tjg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr dghrg crg, chm jew vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr mlstlhdulsjgs ltsg`f frek etjgr slkl`cr crt ferks. ]jls tjgsls ls ch cmmltleh te tjg ihew`gmdg ef ^ldh @chducdg pegtry, chm lt dlvgs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr tjg stcdg tjct lt mgsgrvgs.

1. Acnidreuhm 1.3 Jlstery

Lh 3. Dlurchhc pertrcylhd jls pehytcl` wltj hevg` n`csslflgr (^tregssgr, 1237) 1.1.>. Lhtgrhctlehc``y nekprgjghsla`g

Vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls cssukgm te ag uhmgrstchmca`g cnress kchy sldh `chducdg aeuhmcrlgs. Icltg E“Qgl``y, c kchy tlkgs tl kgs cwcrmgm chm rghewhgm Mgcf p`c ywrldjt, wrltgs eh jgr a`ed? ‚YLt[ nch ag usgm wer`mwlmg, lt megs het kcttgr wjlnj sldh `chducdg yeu usg, A^@, C^@, er

Ocpch ^ldh @chducdg“ (E“Qgl``y, 1237). Dlusgppg Dlurchhc jcm tjg sckg gxpgrlghng wjgh jls vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchng wcs uhmgrsteem lh Frchng, gvgh tjeudj Frghnj ^ldh @chducdg chm Ltc`lch ^ldh @chducdg crg het rg`ctgm (^tregssgr, 1237). Cng Kcjacz, c yeuhd  pgrferkgr ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, stctgs tjct het eh`y ls vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr lhtgrhctlehc``y nekprgjghsla`g cnress sldh `chducdg usgrs, lt ls c`se cnngssla`g fer jgcrlhd pgep`g (^tregssgr, 1237). Eh tjg wgasltg ef N`lh m“Egl`, c ygcr`y sldh `chducdg fl`k fgstlvc`, lt ls gvgh stctgm tjct

‚vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls c ferk ef gxprgssleh wjgrg `chducdg ls het ch lssug. YLt ls ch[ crt wjgrg tjg aemy tg``s sterlgs“ ("Fgstlvc` N`lh m'Egl`", 1234). C`tjeudj kchy stctg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr te  ag lhtgrhctlehc``y nekprgjghsla`g, lt jcs te tjls mctg het aggh snlghtlflnc``y rgsgcrnjgm chm nch tjgrgferg het ag stctgm cs c fcnt uhtl` snlghtlflnc``y snlghtlflnc`` y prevgh. Jewgvgr, lt megs sggk cs tjeudj, ct `gcst lh tjg wgstgrh wer`m, vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr nch ag uhmgrsteem lh spltg ef tjg hctlvg `chducdg ef tjg vlgwgr. 1.1.=. Het trchs`ctca`g trchs`ctca`g

Chetjgr cspgnt ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls tjct lt ls het trchs`ctca`g llhte hte speigh `chducdg. Hlne`c mg``c Kcddlerc, `lig Cng Kcjacz chetjgr yeuhd chm rg`ctlvg`y hgw vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr crtlst, scys lh ch lhtgrvlgw lh tjg menukghtcry ‚VV…5“ ay ^tregssgr (1237), tjct lt ls ch crt ferk uhlqug`y ag`ehdlhd te tjg Mgcf. Jg scys tjct tjg sterlgs neu`m ag wrlttgh mewh, aut tjct lt weu`m `esg tjg ‚suat`g huchngs“9 lt weu`m ‚he `ehdgr  ag  ag tjg sckg tjlhd. “ Agncusg ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr aglhd se vlsuc`, c pgrferkgr nch, fer lhstchng, lhstc hng, pertrcy twe lmgcs ct tjg sckg tlkg chm vlgw tjglr rg`ctlehsjlp te ehg chetjgr wjl`g lt trchsferks tr chsferks (Klhmgss, 123=). Jehgsty Tl``eudjay, wje teei sgnehm p`cng ct tjg Arltlsj ^ldh @chducdg pegtry nekpgtltleh ‐A^@ :

 

^@CK‛ lh 1234, scys tjct sjg megs het sldh werms, aut usgs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, chm tjct lf sjg weu`m wrltg jgr pegk mewh lt weu`m ag lh tjg ferk ef c drcpjln hevg` agncusg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls vlsuc` crt (Vc`ghtlhl, 1234). Icltg E“Qgl``y cdrggs wltj tjls, scylhd tjct vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls het `chducdg-acsgm, tjct lt ls kerg frgg tjch tjct. \eu me het eh`y usg lnehln sldhs, aut c`se dgsturgs, fcnlc` gxprgsslehs gxprgssl ehs chm jchm- chm aemy kevgkghts lh yeur stery (E“Qgl``y, 1237).  Lh sjert, vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls ch crt frek tjct ag`ehds te tjg Mgcf, pgrferkgm ay kest`y Mgcf  pgep`g chm ls nekprgjghsla`g cnress mlffgrght sldh `chducdgs. Furtjgrkerg, agncusg ef tjg tjg lnehln hcturg ef tjg sldhs usgm lh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, lt ls nekprgjghsla`g ay jgcrlhd pgep`g cs wg``. Vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr usgs c nekalhctleh ef f`ewlhd kevgkght, vlsuc` rjytjk, fcnlc` gxprgsslehs, pegtry chm, caevg c``, lnehln sldhs, hevg` er c`rgcmy gxlstlhd, chm nlhgkctedrcpjln tgnjhlqugs. 1.> Fckeus vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkgrs 1.>.3. Agrhcrm Arcdd

Aerh lh tjg Whltgm ^tctgs ef Ckgrlnc lh 3.1. Dlusgppg Dlurchhc

Tjgh Dlusgppg, aerh chm rclsgm lh Ltc`y, scw Agrhcrm Arcdd pgrferk vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr fer tjg flrst tlkg, jg rgc`lzgm rgc`l zgm tjct tjg sterytg``lhd sty`g jls fctjgr jcm tcudjt jlk `ehd cde jcm c hckg, chm tjct tjgrg wcs c stcdg fer f er lt cs wg`` (^tregssgr, (^tregssg r, 1237). Jg drgw eut te ag ehg ef tjg kest lhf`ughtlc` pgep`g lh tjg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr wer`m, het eh`y pgrferklhd jls vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pegks eh stcdg, aut trylhd te pcss tjg crt ferk eh ay dlvlhd werisjeps c`` creuhm tjg wer`m te mlffgrght cumlghngs. Jg ls ihewh fer jls ewh sty`g, wjgrg vlsuc` rjytjk p`cys c  ald re`g. 1.>.>. Duy Aeunjcuvgcu Aeunjcuvgcu Jg sggs jls vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr cs uhtrchs`ctca`g te speigh `chducdg chm nch eh`y mrcw lt eut cs tjeudj lt wgrg c nekln aeei. Jg scys lt ls ‚ne`m“ wrlttgh wrlt tgh mewh (^tregssgr, 1237). ]jls jcs te me wltj tjg ehg-mlkghslehc` njcrcntgrlstln ef speigh `chducdg cs eppesgm te tjg ku`tlku`tl mlkghslehc` njcrcntgrlstlns ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr? yeu crg ca`g te pertrcy c ku`tltumg ef cspgnts lh ehg sldh, wjgrgcs yeu hggm c ku`tltumg ef werms te pertrcy tjg sckg cspgnts cs pgnts lh speigh `chducdg. ]jg mrcwlhds lh c nekln aeei nch mlsp`cy ku`tlp`g cspgnts lh ehg mrcwlhd, chm crg tjgrgferg gcslgr te usg te mgplnt tjg stery (^tregssgr, 1237).

>. Kgtjeme`edy

Fer tjls tjgsls tjg fe``ewlhd pgrferkchngs ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr sjc`` ag chc`yzgm?

  Dlusgppg Dlurchhc „  ‚tjg sjgrlff chm tjg jersg“ 

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Lch ^chaerh „  ‚tjg reestgr“  Cng Kcjacz „  ‚dckg evgr“  Dlusgppg Dlurchhc „  ‚tjg ncr “  Cklhc chm Ockl`c Eucjlm „  ‚uhgxpgntgm kekght“  Lch ^chaerh „  ‚tjg supgr mgcf a`cni stc``leh“   Agrhcrm Arcdd „  ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“  Lch ^chaerh „  ‚tjg nctgrpl``cr“ 

Kchy ef tjgsg pgrferkchngs nch ag feuhm eh tjg vlmge sjcrlhd p`ctferk \eu]uag. ^ekg ef tjg crtlsts jcvg pestgm tjg vlmges tjgrg tjgksg`vgs t jgksg`vgs vlc tjglr ewh \eu]uag njchhg`s. Lch

^chaerh jcs c \eu]uag njchhg` hckgm ‚Lch ^chaerh“ eh wjlnj jg pests erldlhc` sldh `chducdg pegtry chm vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. Cng Kcjacz jcs c skc`` \eu]uag njchhg` nc``gm ‚Cng K.“ wltj ct tjg kekght eh`y ehg vlmge wltj c vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchng. ]jg sckg degs fer Cklhc Eucjlm, wjesg \eu]uag njchhg` eh`y fgcturgs twe vlmges eut ef wjlnj ehg ls

vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. ]jg njchhg` ls nc``gm ‚Cklhc Eucjlm“, chm jgr slstgr megs het sggk te jcvg c njchhg`. Dlusgppg Dlurchhc chm Agrhcrm Arcdd me het jcvg tjglr ewh \eu]uag njchhg`s eh wjlnj tjgy fgcturg pgrferkchngs. Dlurchhc sclm murlhd tjg epghlhd ef tjg wc`` pegk lh @glmgh tjct jg megs het jcvg tlkg te fl`k jls pgrferkchngs chm put tjgk eh`lhg jlksg`f. @unil`y, sekg ef jls pgrferkchngs nch ag feuhm eh`lhg, sunj cs ‚tjg sjgrlff chm tjg jersg“ chm ‚tjg ncr“ wjlnj crg fgcturgm lh c vlmge ay \eu]uag njchhg` ‚mgcfkgmlc.mgUayUzfi “. ]jgy kcig gplsemgs ay Mgcf pgep`g fer Mgcf pgep`g lh Dgrkch ^ldh ^l dh @chducdg, chm tjg tepln ef gplsemg 3< wcs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. ]jg pgrferkchng ef Arcdd ef ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“ nch  ag feuhm lh tjg menukghtcry menukghtcry ef ^tregssgr (1237). Gvgh tjeudj \eu]uag \eu]uag ls usgm kest frgqught`y fer sjcrlhd vlmges ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr  pgrferkchngs, etjgr p`ctferks sunj cs Vlkge crg usgm frek tlkg te tlkg cs wg``. Jewgvgr, wjgh ehg ls `eeilhd fer hgw pgrferkchngs eh tjg lhtgrhgt, ehg jcs tjg kest rgsu`t wjgh `eeilhd eh \eu]uag. ]jg mctcsgt ls njesgh agncusg lt ls c deem rgprgsghtctleh ef tjg mlffgrght ilhms ef vls vlsuc` uc` vgrhcnu`cr tjct gxlst9 lt fgcturgs vlmges frek vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr sunj cs lt wcs lh tjg gcr`y stcdgs te tjg kest rgnght pgrferkchngs. C`` tjg mlffgrght tgnjhlqugs tjct crg usgm te tjls mctg lh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr nch ag feuhm lh tjls mctcsgt. ]e chc`yzg tjg vlmges L stcrtgm wctnjlhd tjg  pgrferkchngs wjl`g c`rgcmy jcvlhd rgcm up eh `ltgrcturg caeut vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, chm jcvlhd wctnjgm tjg gxp`chctery menukghtcry ef ^tregssgr ^tregss gr (1237). Tltj tjls ihew`gmdg chm wctnjlhd tjg vlmges rgpgctgm`y, L stcrtgm hetlnlhd mlffgrght sty`gs s ty`gs wltjlh tjg dghrg, cs wg`` cs jew lt ls mlffgrght frek chy etjgr crt ferk tjct kcy rgsgka`g vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. =. Qgsu`ts =.3 ^ty`gs

Tltjlh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr tjgrg crg kchy kch y mlffgrght sty`gs ef pgrferklhd. Jehgsty Tl``eudjay stctgs tjct wltj vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, gvgryehg“s ewh velng nekgs eut. Gvgryehg jcs tjglr ewh kgtjem chm sty`g, chm tjg rjytjk ef sldhlhd njchdgs cnnermlhd`y (Vc`ghtlhl, 1234). ]jls kgchs tjct tjg sty`gs vcry aetj tjreudj tjg ygcrs chm frek pgrseh te pgrseh. ]jg vcrlctleh tjreudj tjg ygcrs nch ag gxp`clhgm ay tjg seurng ef lhsplrctleh fer tjg sterlgs sterlg s lh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr.

32

 

=.3.3 Vcrlctleh tjreudj tjg ygcrs chm lhsplrctleh seurngs =.3.3.3 Gcr`y vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr

Gcr`lgr vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, fer lhstchng tjct pgrferkgm ay Agrhcrm Arcdd, jcm sekg `chducdg spgnlfln sldhs lhnerperctgm, ls pgrferkgm rg`ctlvg`y s`ew chm rgsgka`gs klkg kerg tjch tjg

sty`gs me hewcmcys. Ch gxckp`g ef tjls nch ag sggh lh jls pgrferkchng ef ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“ (Arcdd, 1237). Arcdd tg``s tjg stery ef c kch wc`ilhd tewcrms c swlkklhd pee` chm  oukplhd eff ef tjg mlvlhd aecrm aecrm wjl`g tjg keeh wctnjgs. Jg stcrts eut cs tjg kch tcilhd c hlhg sgnehm wc`i, tjgh swltnjgs re`g te tjg fcng ef tjg keeh tjct `eeis ct tjg kch fer twe sgnehms, swltnjgs acni te tjg kch `eeilhd up ct tjg keeh chm wc`ilhd eh fer sgvgh sgnehms  agferg tjg kch sggs tjg mlvlhd aecrm. Tjgh nekpcrlhd tjls te Lch ^chaerh“s stery? tjg reestgr, wjgh tjg reestgr sggs tjg suh rlslhd rlsl hd chm jg swltnjgs acni chm fertj frek tjg suh te tjg reestgr, lt tcigs jlk c sldhlflncht`y sjertgr ckeuht ef tlkg? tjg reestgr spets tjg suh fer ehg sgnehm, tjg suh stcrts neklhd up fer ehg sgnehm, tjg reestgr `eeis creuhm chm acni te tjg suh fer tjrgg sgnehms cftgr wjlnj jg stcrts stc rts te tcig c mggp argctj ef clr fer tjrgg sgnehms chm tjgh `eum`y nrews ct tjg suh fer tjrgg sgnehms. Tjct tcigs up kerg tlkg lh gcr`y vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchngs wjgh nekpcrgm te kerg rgnght vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchngs ls tjg re`g swltnjlhd ltsg`f. Arcdd megs het swltnj fcst agtwggh tjg re`gs ef tjg keeh chm tjg kch,  aut tcigs jls tlkg. Hlne`c mg``c Kcddlerc, c pgrferkgr ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr jlksg`f, suddgsts tjct tjls kldjt jcvg te me wltj tjg gcr`y lhsplrctleh seurng ef Arcdd? sl`ght kevlgs (^tregssgr, 1237). Chetjgr lhtgrgstlhd fgcturg ef gcr`y gcr` y vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, wjlnj nch ag sggh lh tjg pgrferkchng ef Arcdd, ls tjct jg megs usg wje`g aemy kevgkghts fer jls stery, aut tjgy crg stl`` rgstrlntgm. Tjgh Arcdd wc`is te tjg mlvlhd aecrm, jg megs se ay kcilhd c wc`ilhd ketleh wltj jls fggt chm `gds wjl`g aglhd stctlehcry (sgg fldurg fl durg =.3). Lt ls tjgrgferg wje`g aemy kevgkghts (jls c rks swcy cs jg wc`is cs wg``), aut stl`` rgstrlntgm, agncusg j jgg pgrferks lt lh ehg p`cng. ]jg usg ef tjg wje`g aemy ls sggh cdclh wjgh jg n`lkas eh tjg mlvlhd aecrm (fldurg =.1), chm wjgh  oukplhd eh tjg mlvlhd aecrm (fldurg =.>).

33

 

Fldurg =.3. Arcdd (1237) wc`ilhd

Fldurg =.1. Arcdd (1237) n`lkalhd tjg mlvlhd aecrm

Fldurg =.>. Arcdd (1237) oukplhd eh mlvlhd aecrm ]jls ls rgkcrica`g sgglhd cs ehg ef tjg mgflhltlehs ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr tjct mlffgrghtlctgs lt frek pchteklkg (sgg 7.1.1) ls tjct vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr ls pgrferkgm wltjlh tjg sldhlhd spcng? ‚c

spcng gxtghmlhd frek oust ag`ew tjg wclst te tjg tep ef tjg jgcm“ (Gkkergy, 122:). @gds crg het pcrt ef tjg sldhlhd spcng chm crg tjgrgferg herkc``y het prgsght wltjlh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. ]jg mlffgrghng agtwggh pchteklkg chm vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr jgrg ls stl`` tjg rgstrlntleh lh njchdlhd ef pesltleh tjct ls prgsght lh tjg `cttgr. ]jgsg trclts kcig lt `lig`y `l ig`y tjct Arcdd tcigs 31

 

jls lhsplrctleh het eh`y frek sl`ght kevlgs, wjlnj crg e`mgr kevlgs chm s`ewgr lh pcng, aut c`se frek pchteklkg. ]jg spggm ef tjg wc`ilhd chm gspgnlc``y gspgnlc`` y tjg spggm ef re`g swltnjlhd cttrlautg te tjls. ]jg rgcseh fer tjls neu`m ag tjct jg jlksg`f ls c klkg p`cygr cs wg`` cs c vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr crtlst. =.3.3.1 Nehtgkpercry vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr =.3.3.1.3 Qe`g swltnjlhd chm lhnrgcsgm spggm

Cs vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchng predrgssgm, tjg spggm ef sterytg``lhd stcrtgm te lhnrgcsg. Ehg pgrferkgr tjct rgc``y stcrtgm wltj tjls ls Dlusgppg Dlurchhc, ehg ef tjg kest wg``-ihewh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr crtlsts ct prgsght wje tcigs jls lhsplrctleh frek c klxturg ef nlhgkc, nekln  aeeis chm >M (^tregssgr, 1237). 1237). ]jg kevlgs tjct Dlurchhc acsgs jlksg`f eh crg kerg kemgrh, chm tjgy crg dghgrc``y fcstgr lh pcng. ]jls kcy kc y ag tjg rgcseh wjy Dlurchhc stcrtgm tg``lhd jls sterlgs fcstgr. C drgct gxckp`g ef tjg fcst pcng ef kevlgs hewcmcys, gspgnlc``y wjgh lt nekgs te swltnjlhd pelhts ef vlgw, nch ag feuhm lh tjg kevlg ‚Jcrry Rettgr chm tjg Mgctj`y Jc``ews Rcrt 1“ (Jgykch, Acrreh, Qew`lhd & \ctgs, 1233). Lh ehg snghg, tre``s crg fldjtlhd tjglr wcy wc y evgr c arlmdg tewcrms tjg ncst`g, strcldjt strcl djt tjreudj ch crky ef stctug ihldjts. ]jg snghg jcs c  alrms gyg vlgw ef tjg tre`` swlhdlhd jls n`ua ct tjg ihldjts ihldjts fer `gss tjch c sgnehm, tjgh tjg sckg ketleh ls sjewh frek tjg slmg fer `gss tjch c sgnehm, tjgh ehg ihldjt ls sggh jlttlhd tjg tre`` lh tjg `gd fer `gss tjch t jch c sgnehm, tjgh wg crg acni ct tjg alrms gyg vlgw ef tjg tre`` jlttlhd tjg ihldjts. Cs nch ag suatrcntgm frek tjls mgsnrlptleh, mgsnrl ptleh, tjg kevlg pcng ls vgry fcst. Chetjgr tgnjhlqug tjct ls vgry typlnc` fer tjls sty`g nch c`se ag feuhm lh tjls snghg frek Jcrry Rettgr? tjg fcst swltnjlhd ef pelhts ef vlgw, er cs lt ls nc``gm lh sldh `chducdg `ltgrcturg tgrks? re`g swltnjlhd. ]jls ls c nlhgkctedrcpjln tgnjhlqug wjlnj stchms eut lh l h tjg pgrferkchngs ef Dlurchhc cs wg``. ^wltnjlhd pelhts ef vlgw jcppghs wcy kerg eftgh tjch lh gcr`y gcr` y vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, kest `lig`y cs c rgsu`t ef tjg spggm lhnrgcsg ef tjg ssterytg``lhd? terytg``lhd? ehg nch hew me kerg lh tjg sckg ckeuht ef tlkg. Ch gxckp`g ef frgqught f rgqught re`g swltnjlhd nch ag feuhm lh ehg ef tjg pgrferkchngs ef Dlurchhc? ‚tjg sjgrlff chm tjg jersg“. Jg swltnjgs re`gs frek tjg s`ggplhd sjgrlff (fldurg =.=) te tjg wc`ilhd jersg (sgg fldurg =.7) kchy tlkgs acni chm fertj.

Fldurg =.=.cs`ggp Dlurchhc (3. Eucjlm & Eucjlm (123=) lh tjg ncr nrcsj wjgh tjg wlhmew sjcttgrs

Fldurg =.3=. Eucjlm & Eucjlm (123=)? mgcm mrlvgr wlthgssgs tjg uhsunngssfu` cttgkpt ct rgvlvc` =.3.1 Vcrlctleh frek pgrferkgr te pgrferkgr =.3.1.3 Dlusgppg Dlurchhc „  rjytjk  rjytjk

^ty`gs vcry frek pgrferkgr te pgrferkgr cs wg``. Dlusgppg Dlurchhc fer gxckp`g usgs rjytjk cs c kcoer cspgnt lh jls vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkchngs. Jg pgrnglvgs rjytjk frek vlsuc` seurngs, fer lhstchng wjgh yeu crg sgctgm lh l h c ncr chm `ldjt pe`gs f`csj ay, er wjgh yeu `eei ct tjg `ldjt ef c `ldjtjeusg tjct nekgs creuhm c reuhm gvgry se eftgh, er tjg wcvgs ef tjg sgc tjct nrcsj lhte tjg schm chm kcig tjglr wcy acni lh ch ghm`gss nyn`g. ]jg rjytjk ls prgmeklhcht lh 36

 

kest ef jls sterlgs, chm nch ag sggh gspgnlc``y wg`` lh tjg pgrferkchngs ‚tjg ncr“ chm ‚tjg sjgrlff chm tjg jersg“. Lh ‚tjg ncr“ tjg rjytjk nekgs frek  c`` tjg rgennurrlhd prengssgs chm snghgry lh chm creuhm tjg ncr. Ch gxckp`g ef tjls crg tjg `chg `lhgs eh tjg jldjwcy. Lf yeu mrlvg ct c nehstcht spggm, tjgy wl`` kevg pcst yeu lh c rjytjk. Dlurchhc pertrcys tjls ay je`mlhd tjg stggrlhd wjgg` wltj jls heh-meklhcht jchm, wjl`g pelhtlhd eut tjg `chg `lhgs (fldurg =.37) chm fe``ewlhd tjgk wltj jls lhmgx flhdgr cs tjgy pcss uhmgrhgctj jlk wltj c f`lni ef tjg wrlst ef jls meklhcht jchm (fldurg =.36). Ay stekplhd jls feet eh tjg dreuhm lh ch ehdelhd rjytjk, jg kchcdgs te kclhtclh lt fer tjg murctleh ef tjg pgrferkchng, chm sgglhd jls aemy swcy mug te tjg stekplhd ef jls feet dlvgs ch gxtrc sghsg ef rjytjk te tjg pgrferkchng.

Fldurg =.37. Dlurchhc (3). Eavleus`y, tjls ls vgry mlffgrght frek vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr, agncusg fcnlc` gxprgssleh ls ehg ef tjg igy lhstrukghts c vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkgr jcs lh pertrcylhd jls stery. Eh tjg etjgr jchm tjgrg crg crtlsts, sunj cs Njcr`gs Cuagrt, wje tjlhi fcnlc` gxprgsslehs te ag rgc``y 1=

 

lkpertcht wjgh pgrferklhd pchteklkg. Cuagrt wretg ‚tjg crt ef pchteklkg“ lh wjlnj jg usgm evgr 42 pcdgs te sjew mrcwlhds ef mlffgrght fcnlc` gxprgsslehs tjct nch ag usgm lh  pchteklkg pgrferkchng (Cuagrt & ^gcrs, 3). Ch gxckp`g ef tjls ls Kcrng` Kcrngcu, Kcrn gcu, ehg ef tjg kest lhf`ughtlc` klkg crtlsts tjgrg jcs gvgr aggh, uslhd c jct wltj c f`ewgr eh lt chm c jeep lh jls pgrferkchng ef c nlrnus `leh trclhgr tjct trlgs te dgt te `leh te oukp tjreudj tjg jeep (sgg fldurg 7.4).

Fldurg 7.4. Kcrng` Kcrngcu cs c nlrnus  pgrferkgr uslhd preps ]jg vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr pgrferkgrs lh tjg mctcsgt hgvgr kcig usg ef preps te tg`` tjglr sterlgs, tjg eh`y cssgts tjgy usg crg tjglr jchms, uppgr aemy chm fcnlc` gxprgsslehs. Ehg tjlhd tjct neu`m ag nekpcrgm te tjg preps usgm lh pchteklkg ls tjg usg ef vlmge tgnjhlqugs ay sekg  pgrferkgrs. tjls ls eh`y c nekpcrlseh tjct stery. aetj preps preps chm vlmge tgnjhlqugs crg kgchs  agslmgs tjglrAut aemy tjct clm tjg pgrferkgr lhlhtjglr ^ekg pgrferkchngs ef pchteklkg lhn`umg seuhm lh tjg ferk ef kusln er cntuc` spggnj. s pggnj. ]jls wcs het sggh lh tjg mctcsgt ef vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr usgm lh tjls tjgsls. ]jg rgcseh fer tjls ls kest `lig`y tjct lt ls c ferk ef crt pgrferkgm ay Mgcf pgep`g. ]jgy weu`m het aghgflt frek spggnj er etjgr seuhms aglhd lhn`umgm, chm lt weu`m ag `est eh tjg Mgcf cumlghng kgkagrs wctnjlhd tjg pgrferkchng. ]jgrg ls tjgrgferg he rgcseh wjy tjgrg weu`m ag seuhm lh vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr. 7.1.1.> Nekpcrlseh wltj dghgrc` pchteklkg njcrcntgrlstlns

Gvgh tjeudj pchteklkg ls jcrm te mgflhg, kchy jcvg trlgm tjreudj tjg ygcrs. ]jgrgferg wg sjc`` tcig c `eei ct tjg mgflhltlehs ef Źywlnzyōsil, Tcngwlnz & ^lalgrsic (1236), wje wretg c pcpgr eh mgflhlhd pchteklkg fer `chducdg gve`utleh rgsgcrnj, chm ]g``lgr (122/C^@11>C^@N`csslfl grs.jtk

>1

 

@lfg chm Teris ef Agrhcrm Arcdd ¹ Aledrcpjy. Agrhcrmarcdd.nek. Qgtrlgvgm 3< Cprl` 123:, frek jttp?//agrhcrmarcdd.nek/aledrcpjy/ frek  jttp?//agrhcrmarcdd.nek/aledrcpjy/ E'Qgl``y, I. (1237). Vlsuc` vgrhcnu`cr | icltgergl``y. Icltgergl``y.wermprgss.nek . Qgtrlgvgm >2 Cprl` 123:, frek jttps?//icltgergl``y.wermprgss.nek/tcd/vlsuc`-vgrhcnu`cr/ Vc`ghtlhl, D. (1234). Vlsuc` Vgrhcnu`cr, `'crtg e`trg l` `lhducddle mgl sgdhl. mlddltc . Qgtrlgvgm 3= Ochucry 123:, frek jttp?//www.mlddltc.lt/v.pjp5lm;362>636&utkUseurng;m`vr.lt&utkUkgmluk;fcngaeei Vlsuc` Vgrhcnu`cr - Melhd ]jlhds Mlffgrght`y . (1234). Melhd ]jlhds Mlffgrght`y Mlffgrght`y. Qgtrlgvgm 1> Cprl` 123:, frek jttp?//www.melhdtjlhdsmlffgrght`y.erd.ui/gvghts/vlsuc`-vgrhcnu`cr/

Vlmges

Arcdd, A (1237). Rlsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg. Qgtrlgvgm 11 Hevgkagr 1234 frek ^tregssgr R. (1237) VV „  Vlsuc` Vgrhcnu`cr `“egl` gt `c kclh . . Frchng? FQCHNG 7 - Frchng tì`ìvlslehs. Dlurchhc, D (3

 

Fldurg 1.> snrgghsjet ef Dlusgppg Dlurchhc“s epghlhd snghg lh tjg menukghtcry ‚VV…5“ (^tregssgr, 1237) Fldurg =.3 snrgghsjet ef Agrhcrm Arcdd“s pgrferkchng ef ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“ ( Arcdd, 1237) Fldurg =.1 snrgghsjet ef Agrhcrm Arcdd“s pgrferkchng ef ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“ ( Arcdd, 1237) Fldurg =.> snrgghsjet ef Agrhcrm Arcdd“s pgrferkchng ef ‚plsnlhg cu n`clr mg `uhg“ ( Arcdd, 1237) Fldurg =.= snrgghsjet ef Dlusgppg Dlurchhc“s pgrferkchng ef ‚tjg s jgrlff chm tjg jersg“ (Dlurchhc, 3