Vida Cotidiana Xochitecatl-Cacaxtla

 

B K E I M [ B K B E C E P   QMIAB[OIE[F-IEIEQ[FE KÈEY 

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 EÕMY   HBFOCBMY •

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P B K E  I M [ B K B E C E QMIAB[OIE[F-IEIEQ[FE KÈEY 

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 EÕMY   HBFOCBMY •

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HEWB  I EWHOC Y OWWE T _IAO WIOO  LOYÜY I EWFMY F E\IECM  EWI

 

Trbhore okbibùc< 7455 KW. 7455 © _cbvorsbkek C Ceibmcef eibmcef Eutùcmhe ko Hâxbim Bcstbtutm ko Bcvostbneibmcos Ectrmpmfùnbies Ibukek _cbvorsbterbe, I. T. 4;?54, Imymeiåc, Hâxbim, Kbstrbtm @okoref. BYGC< 2>1-04>-47-7507-4 Kbsoõm ko pmrteke< Wmfeckm Hmrefos [mkms fms koroiams rosorvekms. Uuoke prmabgbke fe roprmkuiibùc tmtef m peribef ko oste mgre pmr iuefqubor hokbm m prmiokbhboctm, imhprockbkms fe roprmnre`èe y of tretehboctm bc`mrhåtbim, fe `mtmimpbe m fe nregeibùc, sbc fe provbe eutmrbzeibùc pmr osirbtm ko fms tbtuferos ko fms koroiams ko oste okbibùc. K.W. Koroiams rosorvekms imc`mrho e fe foy  Bhprosm y aoiam oc Hâxbim Trbctok bc Hoxbim 

 

ENWEKOIBHBOC[MY 

Osto tregelm os of rosuftekm ko fes oxieveibmcos ffovekes e iegm kurecto k urecto fes tohpmrekes ecuefos kosko of eõm 5220, aeste of 7441, nreibes e uc oqubpm ko erquoùfmnms y uc nrec cühorm ko bcvostbnekmros ko kbstbctes kbsibpfbces quo imctrbguyormc e quo fms hetorbefos erquomfùnbims cms aegfoc ko hås imses ko fes quo imhm erquoùfmnms pmkohms roimcmior.. Fms prmyoitms quo aec porhbtbkm octockor of hmkm ko vbke y fe vbke imtbroimcmior kbece oc Qmiabtâietf-Ieiextfe smc verbms< ‖Trmyoitm Qmiabtâietf, Woimrrbkm ko Yuporſtibo-  Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec‘, Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec‘, ‖Trmyoitm ‖ Trmyoitm Of amhgro y sus roiursms oc of Peffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe kurecto of @mrhetbvm y of Opbifåsbim. 5ª, 7ª, 9ª y ;ª tohpmrekes ko ox-  ieveibùc‘, ieveibùc ‘, ‖Otcmerquomfmnèe oc of sur kof Peffo Peffo ko [fexiefe. Fe ospoibefbzeiùc kur kurecto ecto of @mrhetbvm (TETBB[ (TETBB[ BC;47>22)‘, ‖Of amhgro y sus roiursms oc of sur kof Peffo Peffo ko [fexiefe. Fe ospoibefbzeibùc kurecto of @mrhetbvm (IMCEIy[ 942?>)‘. ‖Fe Wute kof Hozief-5ª  y 7ª @eso (TETBB[ BC;45045-BC;49?49)‘, ‖Bkoctbſtieibùc erquomfùnbie ko uce ibukek.  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe kurecto of @mrhetbvm y of Opbifåsbim (IMCEIy[ (IMCEIy[ _;9;2?-A)‘, _;9;2 ?-A)‘, Ostukbm erquomfùnbim ko fe bkoctbkek y kof petrbhmcbm oc [fexiefe (IMCEI (IMCEIy[ y[ 54?704)‘  y ‖_c kèe, uc hos, uc hbfocbm. hbfoc bm. Fe vbke imtbkbece imtbkb ece ko fms aegbtec aegbtectos tos proabspåc proabspåcbims bims ko

[fexiefe (TETBB[-BC;4?142-9)‘.  Enrekoiohms  Enrekoi ohms ef IMCEIy[ y e TETBB[ TETBB[-_CEH -_CEH pmr of epmym roibgbkm. Nreibes tehgbâc ef epmym ko fe bc`reostruiture kof Bcstbtutm ko Bcvostbneibmcos  Ectrmpmfùnbies ko fe _cbvorsbkek _cbvorsbkek Ceibmcef Ceibmcef Eutùcmhe Eutùcmhe ko Hâxbim y e fms porhbsms mtmrnekms pmr of Imcsolm ko Erquomfmnèe kof Bcstbtutm Ceibmcef ko Ectrmpmfmnèe o Abstmrbe. Of oqubpm ko tregelm kurecto ostms eõms ae tocbkm fe f e pertbibpeibùc ko verbms efuhcms, pesectos y erquoùfmnms. Uuorohms enrekoior su imfegmreibùc e Luec Lmsâ Nmczåfoz, Goetrbz Tefevbibcb , Hùcbie Gfecim, Yehuof Aorcåckoz, Cekbe Wmhorm, Kevbk Nmczåfoz, Orbi Holèe, Horiokos Ekåc, Ostaor Nuzhåc, Fbfbece [mrros, Cekbe Pâfoz, Efge Gerrbms y e Nbfgortm Târoz. ✘

 

Iuefqubor tregelm erquomfùnbim tboco uc imhpmcocto vbsuef bhprosibckbgfo, cm sùfm oc fe roprmkuiibùc ko erto`eitms, mglotms, pfecms y imrtos, sbcm tehgbâc oc fe bctorproteibùc nråſtie ko osioces ko fe vbke imtbkbece, oc osto iesm, of epmym y iroetbvbkek kof nrec bfustrekmr iboctèſtim @orceckm Gmtes kof BBE iuye fegmr ocrbquoio ko hecore sbncbſtietbve osto fbgrm y e Iâser @orcåckoz pmr sus kbgulms roiroetbvms. Tmr fm quo so roſtoro e fes kbstbctes kbsibpfbces quo aec bctorvocbkm oc fe bctorproteibùc ko imctoxtms y hetorbefos, quorohms enrekoior e fms fegmretmrbms kof BBE-_CEH (Tefomzmmfmnèe, Tefomgmtåcbie, Mstomfmnèe, Trmspoiibùc Erquomfùnbie) su vefbmsm epmym oc fe bkoctbſtieibùc ko verbms ko fms hetorbefos oxievekms. Ef quèhbim Webhuckm Ioe, kbroitmr kof Bcstbtutm ko Uuèhbie y e sus efuhcms qubocos cms kbormc bhpmrtectos ifevos pere bkoctbſtier fms amrcms ko imibhboctm ko henuoy y roefbzermc of ostukbm kof kostbfehboctm kof hozief. Ef Bcstbtutm ko Nomfmnèe pmr fe bkoctbſtieibùc ko fe lekoète y su prmiokocibe. Ef Kr. N. Abrta kofkof Kopertehoctm ko Ectrmpmfmnèe _cbvorsbkek ko Tocc YtetoJoccota pmr fe bkoctbſtieibùc åroe ko prmkuiibùc ko iuocteskokofelekoète. Oc perto ko fe rokeiibùc tuvbhms fe imfegmreibùc ko Ef`mcsm Eroffecm. Of tregelm erquomfùnbim cm puoko ffoverso e iegm sbc fe eyuke bcvefuegfo ko fe imhucbkek ko kmcko so kosprocko of petrbhmcbm erquomfùnbim, quo oc of `mckm os quboc fm rosiete y cms eyuke e ostukberfm. E fe imhucbkek ko Cetbvbtes y e fe ko Yec Hbnuof kof Hbfenrm qubocos kbormc su ecuocibe pere tregeler y octockor su pesekm. Oc ospoibef enrekoiohms e tmkms y ieke ucm ko fms tregelekmros quo eõm imc eõm cms aec eyukekm oc fe oxieveibùc e kmc Woyhuckm, e kmc Lufbm, e kmc Hecuofbtm†, e kmc Ectmcbm, e kmc Yovorbecm e Lmsâ y Epmfmcbm, Yefmhùc, Lmequèc, Gocbtm, Wmgortm, Efoleckrm, Foùc, Norseb, Luec, Hertèc, Wmkmf`m, Luec Gocètoz, Egof, Nubfogefkm, Hbnuof, Norerkm y Hecuof. Oste prbhore `eso ko oxpfbieibùc kof trecsiurrbr ko fe vbke imtbkbece oc âpmie proabspåcbie oc Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe cms egro iehbcm pere cuovms prmyoitms ye quo tmkevèe oxbstoc huiaes bciùncbtes pmr rosmfvor rosmfvor..  

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PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

Ibukek _cbvorsbterbe 7442

 

CKBIO È CKBIO  

B BC[WMK_IIBÙC

C[OIOKOC[OY   BB  E C[OIOKOC[OY

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59

  BBB OF HOKBM CE[_WEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 ONBÙC   BP F E  W   W ONBÙC

94 94

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  P T E  E[WÙC [WÙC KO  EYOC[EHBOC[M EYOC[EHBOC[M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9>   PB OF [BOHTM

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PBKE  IM[BKBECE  K_WEC[O OF @MWHE[BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01   PBB F E   PBKE 

 

F EY IEYEY KO FMY HO\IEFOWMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?

 

F EY IEYEY KO FMY FETBKEWBMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1>

 

F EY IEYEY KO FMY  EW[OYECMY EW[OYECMY KO A_OYM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

 

F E  IEYE  KO FE   EF@EWKE  EF@EWKE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

 

OF HMKM KO  PBKE  PBKE  @MWHE[BPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55;

PBKE  IM[BKBECE  K_WEC[O OF OTBIFÅYBIM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551  PBBB F E   PBKE 

 

R  IMHOWIBEC[OY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 F EY IEYEY KO FMY IMCY[W_I[MWOY, TBC[MWOY  R 

 

OF TÙW[BIM

 

 PBKE  OTBIFÅYBIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;5 OF HMKM KO  PBKE 

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599

  BQ F E   PBKE  PBKE  IM[BKBECE  OC OF TMY[IFÅYBIM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5;2   Q F E  Y  YMIBOKEK

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5??

  QB BKOC[BKEK Â[CBIE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505   QBB OF [WEGELM

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50?

 

COQM @ E  E_CE  _CE   R  R   @ E COQM @FMWE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

 

MGWEY IMCY_F[EKEY

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515

 

B BC[WMK_IIBÙC

  oc Hâxbim ffove tbohpm tregeleckm imc fms imctoxtms kmhâstbims, F  E   E WU_OMFMNÈE  WU_OMFMNÈE  oc e pertbr ko fms eõms miaocte, imhm rosuftekm ko fe ffeheke cuove erquomfmnèe y ko uc oc`mquo trecskbsibpfbcerbm quo ae porhbtbkm bcifubr ostukbms ko kbstbctes kbsibpfbces oc of ecåfbsbs ko fms hetorbefos erquomfùnbims.  Eituefhocto, euc iueckm fms erquoùfmnms imcsbkorec quo fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos smc bcstbtuibmcos smibefos huy bhpmrtectos cucie so voc imhm uce `uocto ko bccmveibùc smibef e fernm pfezm pmr sè smfes. Ybc ohgernm, fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos smc sbc kuke of ospeibm ko fe smibokek hås bhpmrtecto pmrquo smc bctoreitbves y effè so hecbſtoste of kèe e kèe ko sus aegbtectos. Oc ostes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos so roprmkuio e sè hbshe fe smibokek fm quo fo porhbto e sus hbohgrms nocorer fms roiursms oimcùhbims, psbimfùnbims y smibefos coioserbms pere vbvbr sus vbkes. Ymc funeros kmcko fes `ehbfbes so koſtcoc y fms vefmros iufturefos so trecshbtoc e trevâs ko uce verbokek ko eitbvbkekos kmhâstbies y rbtuefos. Ymc fe ucbkek prbherbe ko prmkuiibùc y imcsuhm ko fe smibokek y smc of funer kmcko fms prmkuitms so efheiocec, so ekquboroc y so kbstrbguyoc. Yu ſtc os smgrovbvbr y roprmkuibrso y of tregelm quo aeioc kotorhbce su âxbtm. Fes ‖ieses‘ smc ﬇oxbgfos, hmtbvekmres o bccmvekmres imhm ucbkekos smibefos, quo puokoc bctocsbſtier su prmkuiibùc pmr bcbibetbve prmpbe iueckm fes imckbibmcos oimcùhbies fm porhbtoc m fm roquboroc.  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe os of iferm olohpfm ko fm quo fe erquomfmnèe puoko rosmfvor oc of imctoxtm eituef. Of Trmyoitm Qmiabtoietf quo so ffovù e iegm octro 5227-522; oxieveckm, rosteureckm y pmcbockm oc vefmr uc sbtbm hmcuhoctef, korbvù oc uce sorbo ko iuostbmcehboctms smgro of hmkm ko vbke y of kèe e kèe ko sus aegbtectos. Of prbcibpef mglotbvm ekohås ko su imcsmfbkeibùc y rosteureibùc, `uo octockor of sbtbm imhm uce ibukek imc tmkms fms ofohoctms quo fe koſtcoc, imhm uc ioctrm urgecm, y octockor tehgbâc fe `mrhe ko vbke ko sus aegbtectos y ko sus voibcms.

 

Oc osto fbgrm bctoctehms kosirbgbr, e pertbr ko fms imctoxtms erqubtoitùcbims ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos y ko fe iufture hetorbef esmibeke e offms, fe vbke kberbe ko sus aegbtectos. Ybc ohgernm, tretehms ko roimcstrubr of kèe e kèe pmr fm quo aohms mptekm pmr kerfo uc cmhgro e ieke iese oxieveke y oxpfbieke, ifesbſtiåckmfe imhm fe vbvbocke ko uc nrupm `ehbfber quo kokbie perto ko su tbohpm e uce eitbvbkek kbstbcte, kb`orocto ef rostm ko fes mtres. Esè, aohms mrkocekm e pertbr ko fe kbhocsbùc tohpmref, oc osto iesm of Torbmkm @mrhetbvm y of Opbifåsbim, fes ieses ko fms hozieforms, fe ko fms fepbkerbms, fe ko fms pbctmros, otiâtore, gelm fe prohbse ko quo cm ostehms aegfeckm ko ospoibefbstes ko tbohpm imhpfotm sbcm ko miupeibmcos ospoièſties tohpmrefos, imekyuvectos e fes eitbvbkekos enrèimfes y ko hectocbhboctm kof nrupm smibef, quo imcvbvbù oc of ioctrm urgecm. Cetbvbtes, zmce aegbteibmcef ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe ’ioctrm ièvbim ekhbcbstretbvm’ so esbocte smgro uce sorbo ko torrezes imcstrubkes smgro fes fekores kof iorrm kmcko so koserrmffù perto bhpmrtecto ko fe vbke ko qubocos imcstbtuyormc fe geso oimcùhbie ko equof ocmrho imcluctm auhecm. Octro fms rostms erquomfùnbims ko Cetbvbtes surnbù fe vmz ko enrbiuftmros, iabcehporms, roimfoitmros, iezekmros, imcstruitmros, ertosecms. _ce vmz socibffe y segbe ko huloros y amhgros quo robtorermc su ſtkofbkek e fms kbmsos y su eponm e fes f es ectbnues imstuhgros. Ose vmz os fe quo eamre prosoctehms oc osto fbgrm quo oxpmco fms rosuftekms ko fms aeffeznms kof tregelm erquomfùnbim roefbzekm kurecto verbms eõms oc osto funer. Torm cm so trete sùfm ko ose zmce aegbteibmcef, ugbieke e hokbm jbfùhotrm kof imcluctm ko fes okbſtieibmcos hmcuhoctefos quo imc`mrhec Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, bcifuyo, esbhbshm, efnucms mtrms sbtbms kosiugbortms y rokosiugbortms kurecto of prmiosm ko bcvostbneibùc. Ostm cms ffovù e octockor of pesekm pmr hokbm ko fes tâicbies erquomfùnbies ko roimrrbkm ko suporſtibo, ko fms ostukbms nomnråſtims, nomfùnbims y gbmfùnbims, ekohås ko fes oxieveibmcos y fms ecåfbsbs ko fms hetorbefos rosietekms. Fmnrehms esè imcmior, ko fe hoho  lmr hecore pmsbgfo, of octmrcm nomnråſtim, ugbier oc su kbhocsbùc ospeibef y tohpmref fms sbtbms iorohmcbefos y aegbteibmcefos, y imhprockor fms kbvorsms espoitms rofeibmcekms imc fe vbke imtbkbece y fe oxpfmteibùc ko fms roiursms oc of åroe ibriuckecto. Os koibr, eprmxbhercms e qubocos kbormc vbke ef sbtbm.

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PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

Fms rostms aeffekms, prmkuitm ko fe oxieveibùc ko torrezes aegbteibmcefos aec porhbtbkm imcmior fes eitbvbkekos `uckehoctefos quo roefbzegec sus pmgfekmros pere su smstocbhboctm, imhm fe enrbiufture y fe oxpfmteibùc feiustro. Torm tehgbâc cms ovbkocibec fe oxbstocibe ko fms tefforos ospoibefbzekms< ko fètbie y ko teffekm ko iuoctes ko pbokre vorko m lekoète, fe `egrbieibùc ko bcstruhoctms y aorrehboctes e pertbr ko rostms ùsoms auhecms y ecbhefos, ko mgsbkbece y, tef voz fms kokbiekms e fe prmkuiibùc ko hozief. [mkes ostes eitbvbkekos cms sunboroc kbvorses `mrhes ko mrnecbzeibùc ko eiuorkm imc uce ferne tohpmrefbkek. Yegohms quo fms mglotms prmkuibkms pmr of amhgro ko ecteõm aegfec ko huiaes `mrhes ko vbke. Esè, mgtuvbhms bc`mrheibùc `uckehoctef tectm ko fe ospoibefbzeibùc imhm ko eitbvbkekos imtbkbeces, ko fes rofeibmcos kof amhgro imc su octmrcm smibef y ceturef, ko fe imciopibùc kof hokbm ehgbocto, ko sus roiursms y ko su nomnre`èe. Bctoctehms oxpfbier imc offm fms fezms quo ostegfoibormc fms aegbtectos ko oste ronbùc imc fms ko åroes ibriucvoibces, pmr olohpfm imc fms veffos ko Hmrofms y Tuogfe, imc fe iuocie ko Hâxbim, esè imhm imc ronbmcos hås foleces< imhm of Nmf`m ko Hâxbim, fms veffos ioctrefos ko Mexeie, o bcifusm fe ronbùc mfhoie. Gusiehms imhprockor fe `mrhe ko vbke ko qubocos aegbtegec of sbtbm iorohmcbef y ekhbcbstretbvm, ko equâffms bckbvbkums quo imc su tregelm pmsbgbfbtermc of smstocbhboctm kof hbshm. Octockor fms nrupms ugbiekms oc uce `ucibùc pertbiufer y imc uce mrnecbzeibùc oimcùhbie y smibef quo porhbtbù fe imcstruiibùc ko uce smibokek quo kurecto of porbmkm @mrhetbvm hokbm y terkèm (5744 e.I. ef 744 k.I.) bcbibù imc uc ioctrm iorohmcbef quo imctrmfege of veffo, y iuyms aegbtectos so ospoibefbzermc oc kbstbctms mſtibms, y `uormc imcstruyockm perefofehocto uce smibokek ieke voz hås imhpfole. Oc of sonuckm porbmkm ko miupeibùc kof veffo, kurecto k urecto of Opbifåsbim (0?4-2?4 k.I.) augm uc kmhbcbm ronbmcef oqubperegfo e ioctrms tec bhpmrtectos imhm Iamfufe, Iectmce, Qmiabiefim m [ocecnm. @uo uce smibokek quo so rofeibmcù èctbhehocto imc su octmrcm ceturef, ovbkocibe quo so ociuoctre oc fms rostms erquomfùnbims quo aohms bkm fmiefbzeckm oc fes suiosbves tohpmrekes ko oxieveibùc. Oc osto trecsiurrbr kof tbohpm fms aegbtectos ko fe ronbùc vbvbormc oc uc hokbm ehgbocto `evmregfo. [ectm oc fes pertos eftes imhm oc fe pfecbibo so kbspmcèe ko enue oc eguckecibe y oxbstèec kbvorses `uoctos ko efbhocteibùc. efb hocteibùc. Ybc ohgernm, ose hbshe ce-

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BC[WMK_IIBÙC

 

turefoze oc miesbmcos `uo kb`èibf ko imhprockor: e voios ore amstbf y so hecb`ostege imc vbmfocibe imhm of vmfiåc Tmpmietâpotf, quo e ſtcefos kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm (eprmxbhekehocto 744 k.I.) abzm orupibùc, erresù fes åroes geles kof veffo miupekm pmr fms ectbnums pmgfekmros fm quo fos mgfbnù e koler su amner. _c prbhor egeckmcm prmvmiekm pmr fe ceturefoze, kbstbctm e fms ko ieråitor smibef quo trekbibmcefhocto so aec imcsbkorekm oc bcvostbneibmcos ectorbmros quo hocibmcec fe pmsbgfo etreiibùc quo tuvm [ [omtbaueiec. omtbaueiec.  Ef quoker kostrubkes fes zmces ko egestoibhboctm ko efbhoctms, fms aegbtectos ko lermc of torrocm eciostref y heriaermc e mtrm funer. funer. Torm Torm ½eiesm ½eiesm ohbnrermc ohbnrermc oc nrupm m oc kbroiibmcos kb`oroctos, imc fe imcsoiuocto kbsmfuibùc ko equoffe smibokek= Fms sbtbms cm quokermc egeckmcekms pere sbohpro< `uormc ropmgfekms oc of Opbifåsbim (e pertbr ko 0?4 k.I.). Octmcios miupermc fes zmces ko vbvbocke y utbfbzermc fms ospeibms iorohmcbefos imhm kosiockboctos ko fms ectbnums ohbnrectos. Fe romiupeibùc kof ioctrm iorohmcbef y ko fesquo zmces aegbteibmcefos, euceke cms e fe pfectoe imcsorveibùc ko imstuhgros y rbtuefos sbhbferos e fms aegèe ectos kof egeckmcm, uce sorbo ko bctorrmnectos quo bctoctehms imctoster< ½Eiesm `uo fe trekbibùc y fe ſtkofbkek e fms kbmsos fes quo porhbtbormc rotmrcer ef mrbnoc y rovbvbr fes ectbnues iroocibes= ½Uuâ `uo fm quo abzm roimcstrubr, imc cuove nreckoze, fms tohpfms y fms ospeibms iorohmcbefos= ½Iùhm so hectuvm oso hmkm ko vbke pmr huiaes nocoreibmcos= Oc fe güsquoke ko fes rospuostes cms tmpehms imc mtrms espoitms quo eyukec e fe imhprocsbùc kof koserrmffm ko oso nrupm auhecm. Esè, fe ſtfbeibùc ko fms aegbtectos ko  Qmiabtoietf,  Qmiabto ietf, Ieiextfe y fe zmce ko torrezes torreze s aegbteibmcefos aegbteib mcefos,, luctm imc fes irmcmfmnèes irmcmfmn èes quo cms huostrec fms imctoxtms erquomfùnbims, cms abibormc ffoner e mtres imcifusbmcos quo `mrhec perto hokufer ko osto tregelm. Imcvboco ekofecter quo fms rosuftekms ko cuostres bcvostbneibmcos kbſtoroc oc ibortms espoitms ko fm quo aeste eamre eiopte fe heymrèe ko fms ospoibefbstes. Amy kèe fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos eperoioc epoces imhm uc imcluctm ko torrezes pmim porioptbgfos. Ybc ohgernm, ocimctrehms oc offes vostbnbms ko fes ieses kof puogfm hbshm< ko qubocos imcstruyormc y kbormc sustoctm e fms sbtbms sb tbms hmcuhoctefos. Cm so vo fe nreckoze ko okbſtieibmcos imhm oc Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe, porm os proibsehocto ko oses torrezes ko kmcko surno fe pmtocto vmz ko equoffms ecùcbhms ertèſtios ko ose nreckoze peseke quo cms smrprocko y ocmrnuffoio.

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BB EC[OIOKOC[OY

TWBPBFONBEKE   os fe ugbieibùc kof veffo ko

[fexiefe. Imcstbtuyo perto kof imrrokmr ceturef quo imhucbie of Miibkocto ko Hâxbim, of  Eftbpfecm Ioctref, fe imste kof Nmf`m, Mexeie y fe zmce heye. Wonbùc ko ifbhe tohpfekm, etrevoseke pmr rèms, `ârtbf y imc nreckos zmces prmpbibes pere ofOse iuftbvm. sbtueibùc sbcnufer ae kolekm sus auoffes oc cuhormsms rostms erquomfùnbims, oc pertbiufer fe zmce aegbteibmcef y fms imcluctms hmcuhoctefos ko Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe, ugbiekms oc of Gfmquo nomnråſtim Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec, quo oxprosec of pertbiufer hmkm ko vbke ko fms aegbtectos, su imciopibùc kof huckm y fe imhpfolbkek ko rofeibmcos quo hectuvbormc pmr iboctms ko eõms imc sus voibcms. Fms sbtbms ko Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe `mrhec perto ko fe ffeheke Hosmehârbie cuifoer. Imc`mrhec fms prbhorms ioctrms iorohmcbefos ko kbhocsbmcos hmcuhoctefos kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm oc of Eftbpfecm. Tmstorbmrhocto, oc of Opbifåsbim, fe ronbùc so imcstbtuyo imhm perto ko fms esoctehboctms hås bhpmrtectos ko fe âpmie. Kosko fuonm of prmiosm pere ffoner e ostes imckbibmcos tuvm quo peser pmr otepes ko euno y kosiocsm hmtbvekes pmr kbstbctms `eitmros, imhm fm vorohms. Ko oso prmiosm kec iuocte fes verbekes bcvostbneibmcos quo tuvbormc funer e fm fernm kof sbnfm  QQ , ociegozekes pmr uc imcluctm ko

erquoùfmnms y ko mtrms iboctèſtims, oc kbstbctms hmhoctms ko fms üftbhms ibciuocte eõms. Of imhpfolm iorohmcbef y ekhbcbstretbvm ko Ieiextfe-Qmiabtoietf y su zmce aegbteibmcef, aec sbkm mglotm ko kbvorses hocibmcos kosko fe ffoneke ko fms ospeõmfos ’efnuces sbstohåtbies, mtres cm tectm’. Gesto equè uce grovo rovbsbùc ko efnuces ko offes. Oc of Iùkbio Qmiabtoietf , `oiaekm oc 5097, so kosirbgoc fms ectoiokoctos abstùrbims abstùrb ims kof ioctrm iorohmcbef amhùcbhm y so oxpmcoc espoitms eiorie ko fe tococibe ko tborres y of kosfbcko ko rospmcsegbfbkekos octro Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe, e huy pmie kbstecibe ucm kof mtrm, tef imhm fm huostre ucm ko fms kbgulms ko kbiam iùkbio (@bnure 5). Ko eiuorkm imc Wocâ Eiuõe (521;), fe prbhore bc`mrheibùc osirbte imcsbsto oc uce kosirbpibùc ko fms efrokokmros ko Ieiextfe y Qmiabtoietf aoiae pmr of irmcbste hostbzm Kbonm Huõmz Iehernm, oc fe sonucke hbtek kof sbnfm QPB. Ef aegfer ko fms prbhorms pmgfekmros ko [fexiefe, etrbguyo e fms mfhoie xbiefecies fes mgres y esoctehboctms ocimctrekms y fms kosirbgo imc octusbeshm hbfbter<  

‖...abibormc su esboctm y `uckermc kmcko ostå enmre of puogfm ko Yecte Herèe ko fe Cetbvbkek y oc Auepefiefim luctm e uce orhbte quo so ffehe ko Yecte Iruz, quo fms ceturefos ffehec ko [oxbfmi, y Hbxim y Qmfbxmiabtfe kmcko ostå fe orhbte ko Yec

 

@bnure 5. Iùkbio Qmiabtoietf. Oc prbhor pfecm so eproibe of rèm Etmyei, errbge, fms iorrms ko Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe imc fe bnfosbe ko Yec Hbnuof Qmiabtoietbtfe.

Pbiocto y of iorrm ko Qmiabtoietf y [ocecyoiei kmcmtres tectes ieves y `mses ko hås ko vobcto pesms ko ko oståc kms orhbtes e pmim troiam uce ko mtre quo so eciam, y fe tborre seieke ko oste `mse sorvèe sor vèe ko gestbùc ffehec ko Yec Hbnuof y Yec @recibsim @recibsim,, quo pmr hom hureffe ko uc torrepfocm huy `uorto, y fe amckure kbm ko ostes orhbtes pese of rèm quo vboco ko fe sborre ko kbiaes ieves kogèe sor ko nrec prm`uckbkek Z...X fes coveke ko Auolmtzbcim: y equè oc osto sbtbm abibormc iuefos `mses y efgerrekes ibõoc tmke fe rokmckoz kof fms _fhoies su prbcibpef esboctm y pmgfezùc, imhm of iorrm quo cm kogbù ko sor ko pmie `uorze cb hocms kèe ko amy fm hecbſtostec fes rubces ko sus okbſtibms roperm oc equoffms tbohpms‘ (Eiuõe, 521;). quo sonüc huostres `uormc nreckos y `uortos: y ecsè fes `uorzes y gergeieces, efgerrekes, `mses y gefuertos,  Ef peroior, peroior, Huõmz Huõmz Iehernm so roſtoro roſtoro techuostrec bckbibms ko aegor sbkm fe imse hås `uorto tm ef åroe quo eituefhocto imcmiohms imhm Yec kof huckm, y ko sor mgreke pmr hecm ko bccuhore- We`eof [ocecyoiei, Yec Hbnuof Qmiabtoietbtfe, gfos y nrec impbe ko noctos fe quo vbcm e pmgfer pmgfer,, pmr-  Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe. Ieiextfe. Eucquo Eucquo so kogo kosteier kosteier,, quo kmcko tuvbormc su prbcibpef esboctm y `mrtefoze os quo of eutmr cm hocibmce osto üftbhm cmhgro.  Re  Re oc of sbnfm QPBB, of irmcbste imfmcbef Luec uc iorrm m poõmf quo tboco iesb kms fonues ko ibriubtm: y oc tmrcm e osto poõmf, pmr fes octrekes y sugbkes, Guocevocture \epete, oc su fbgrm Abstmrbe irmcm-  ectos ko ffoner e fm eftm ko âf tboco ibcim efgerrekes y 5;

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

fùnbie ko fe cmgfo ibukek ko [fexiefe , robtore quo<

 

 

‖ef vocbr ef funer quo ffehec [oxieffec, vbormc quo effå oc Qmiabtoietbtfåc Z...X rosbkèec fms quo ffehegec Mfhoies Qbiefecies‘ (Woyos?). Of mglotbvm ore< ‖…imcmior oc tmkm fm pmsbgfo of koserrmffm iufturef kof åroe ko ostukbm, kosko sus mrènocos aeste of errbgm ko fms imcqubstekmros ospeõmfos, y treter ko mgsorver mgsor ver fe bctorbc﬇uocibe kof amhgro y of hokbm e trevâs kof tbohpm oc kbiae ronbùc ronbùc‘‘ (Nerièe Immj, 52>0).

fe Osto Erhbffes os rosuftekm uc roimrrbkm roefbzekmronbùc. pmr Tokrm oc ko 52;5, iueckm aeio uc Fes torrezes aegbteibmcefos tehgbâc `uormc fovectehboctm tmpmnråſtim ko Ieiextfe. Ef iegm mglotm ko etocibùc. Yo fes kosirbgbù imhm< ko uc fustrm, oc 52;0, pugfbie su tregelm Fms mf-  hoies xbiefecies y fms sbtbms erquomfùnbims kof surmos-  ‖…uc sbtbm quo so ociuoctre smgro uce hosote y oc to ko [fexiefe . Eaè cms ke cmtbibe ko verbms sbtbms< of iectm kof koifbvo ko uce fmhe, octro iehpms ko Hbxim, Ieiextfe, Qmiabtoietf, y fms efrokokmros, iuftbvm y prosocte uc hmctèiufm ko poquoões kbhococtro offms fes torrezes aegbteibmcefos ko Cetbvbtes. sbmcos‘ (Nerièe Immj, 52>0).  Erhbffes efuko e fms poquoõms hmctèiufms quo eüc pmkohms mgsorver ef cmrto kof Iorrm  Enrone quo, oc 51?4 uc porsmcelo ko ko Qmiabtoietf. Yunboro fe oxbstocibe ko uce nrec epoffbkm Iegrore ropmrtù of sbtbm imhm< iectbkek ko hetorbef ioråhbim oc fe suporſtibo esè imhm ko octborrms< ‖…uce pmgfeibùc nrecko smgro fe imfbce, iorie ko ‖…oc fes bchokbeibmcos ko Etmyetocim y oc of ye hocibmcekm [ocecyoiei Pbolm aey oxtocsms iehpms ko tbostorèe. Yo ho bc`mrhù quo oc of puogfm ko  Etmyetocim eperoioc eperoioc octborrms ef oxiever fms ibhboctms ko fes ieses‘ (Erhbffes, 52;0>, ffove e iegm roimrrbkms ko suporſtibo oc Ieiextfe. Fms bcvostbnekmros ostegfoioc oc su bc`mrho fe oxbstocibe ko hetorbefos quo vec kof Troifåsbim ef Tmstifåsbim, esè imhm fe prosocibe ko åroes ko kosoiam m `mrheibmcos trmcimiùcbies. _c sonuckm tregelm, o`oituekm kurecto of hbshm eõm, ostuvm e iernm ko fms bcvostbnekmros Iermfyc Geus y Yornbm Yåciaoz. Offms oxievec fe fmhe ffeheke Efimym imhm perto kof prmyoitm ‖Ieiextfe‘, y kbrbnoc sus fegmros e fes prmxbhbkekos ko uc hmctèiufm quo kbstbcnuèe ef sbtbm.

ko sbtbmsoquo setbs`eiokoctrm ibortmskoofohoctms fms uc iuefos imcsbkore fes ‖zmcespmr rosbkocibefos‘. Âstes imcsbstoc oc imcstruiibmcos imc ibhboctms ko pbokre, quo oc efnucms iesms so ociuoctre ieroeke, y quo hbkoc ; pmr 0 h y 0 pmr 1 h. Fms okbſtibms iuoctec imc efnuces kbvbsbmcos bctorces, ugbiekes smgro poquoões pfete`mrhes ko tborre, topoteto imrtekm y pbokre, y quo vec ko 04 ih aeste 5.?4 h ko eftm. Efnucms ko ostms ofohoctms prosoctec roiugrbhboctms ko fmkm y ostuim. Os bhpmrtecto cmter quo kbiaes ostruitures so kbstrbguyoc `mrheckm imcluctms, smgro tmkm oc sbtbms heymros kmcko ekquboroc of ieråitor ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos (Egesief ot ef.,52>0? so roefbzec bcvostbneibmcos quo imhprockoc fe bctorproteibùc bimcmnråſtie ko

Kose`mrtucekehocto ose ostruiture erqubtoitùcbie cm oxbsto oc fe eituefbkek, puos `uo kostrubke kof tmkm pmr of sequom y of tregelm enrèimfe kof åroe quo miupege. Kurecto fe sonucke y fe iuerte tohpmrekes ko tregelm kof Trmyoitm Ieiextfe, of erquoùfmnm  Eckrâs Yectece (5224) ropmrte fe oxieveibùc oxieveibùc ko 7? pmzms ostretbnråſtims oc uc imrrokmr quo ve ko Ieiextfe e fe fmhe Efimym, (fmhe B kof sbtbm Cetbvbtes), ospeibm kmcko fmiefbze sbstohes ko imctrmf ko enues m iecefos y ioråhbie ko fe `eso [fetohpe (5744 e 144 eõms e.I.) y hetorbef terkèm imhm pfuhgeto, Hbxtoie-Tuogfe y imfmcbef. Oc of eõm ko 5219 so iroù of prmyoitm erquomfùnbim ‖Of Efimym‘, kopockbocto kof Ioctrm Wonbmcef ko [fexiefe kof BCEA. [ocèe pmr mglotbvm rosieter ovbkocibes iufturefos, oc pertbiufer fes `mrheibmcos trmcimiùcbies quo so aeffegec oc prmiosm ko kostruiibùc kogbkm e fe utbfbzeibùc ko fes kb`oroctos torrezes proabspåcbies pere of iuftbvm hmkorcm. Yo ffovù e iegm uc roimrrbkm

fms `ehmsms hurefos.

ko suporſtibo imc of ſtc ko kofbhbter y imcmior fes

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PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

imckbibmcos nocorefos kof sbtbm: tehgbâc so abzm uc huostrom ko suporſtibo ef ezer oc ieke uce ko fes torrezes, quo roibgbormc cuhoreibùc ko fe hås efte e fe hås gele imc uc tmtef ko kmio. Oc 5227 bcbibù of prmyoitm ‖Qmiabtoietf‘ imc verbms prmpùsbtms. Fms hås bhpmrtectos orec< bcvostbner of pepof ko osto sbtbm oc of koserrmffm smibef kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec,, ostegfoior su rofeibùc imc Ieiextfe Cmpefuiec y imcmior su pertbibpeibùc oc rokos m rutes ko bctoriehgbm ostegfoibkes e fm fernm ko verbms hmhoctms. Of prmyoitm ‖Qmiabtoietf‘ `uo euspbibekm pmr of @mckm Ceibmcef Erquomfùnbim kof Imcsolm Ceibmcef pere fe Iufture y fes Ertos e trevâs kof Bcstbtutm Ceibmcef ko  Ectrmpmfmnèe  Ectrmpmf mnèe o Abstmrbe, Abstmrbe , bcstbtuibmcos bcstbt uibmcos quo tu-

(Trmyoitm IMCEIy[ ifevo A-7?;;2). Yo pfectoù imcmior o bkoctbſtier fes prbcibpefos eitbvbkekos prmkuitbves ko fes smibokekos esoctekes oc of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec, su koserrmffm bctorcm y fes rofeibmcos bctre o bctorronbmcefos. Imhm imcsoiuocibe kof hbshm, so korbvù of prmyoitm ‖Otcmerquomfmnèe kof sur kof veffo ko [fexiefe‘ (7444-7447), quo ae nocorekm vefbmse bc`mrheibùc smgro fe vbke imtbkbece y fms hmkms ko tregelm quo tuvbormc imhm osiocerbm ose ronbùc, oc uc oxtocsm fepsm quo egerie pråitbiehocto kms hbfocbms< kosko of porbmkm @mrhetbvm hokbm (144 e.I.) aeste of Opbifåsbim (2?4 k.I.) (Trmyoitm TETBB[-_CEH TETBB[-_CEH ifevo if evo BC-;47>22).  E pertbr ko ostms tregelms erquomfùnbims oc of åroe so aec korbvekm cuoves bcvostbneibmcos.

vbormc fe rospmcsegbfbkek kof koserrmffm ko ietmrio Honeprmyoitms m Trmyoitms Ospoibefos ko  Erquomfmnèe  Erquomfm nèe (5227-522;) quo egeriermc nrec perto ko fe nomnre`èe proabspåcbie. [ehgbâc kurecto of eõm ko 5229 y imhm perto kof prmyoitm ‖Qmiabtoietf‘, so roefbzermc oxieveibmcos oc kms åroes< uce, fe quo imhucbie Ieiextfe imc Qmiabtoietf: y mtre, oc fe Tfeze ko fms [ros Iorrbtms, ef sur kof Nrec Gesehoctm (Feziecm, 5221). Fms tregelms porhbtbormc imcmior fe oxbstocibe ko uce ostroiae bctoreiibùc octro ehgms nrupms ko okbſtibms hmcuhoctefos, fm iuef bckbie quo orec perto ko uc hbshm imc luctm iufturef. Tmr üftbhm, imc hbres e koſtcbr eüc hås of iehgbm smibef ko fe ronbùc, so bcbibm oc 5220 of roimrrbkm ko suporſtibo oc of åroe ibriucvoibce ko fms esoctehboctms prbcibpefos ko Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe y pere 5221 so imhoczù fe oxieveibùc ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos imc of prmyoitm ‖Of amhgro y sus roiursms oc of sur kof veffo ko

 Esè, ‖Trmyoitm yoitm otcmerquomfùnbim imctehms kof sur kofimc veffoof ko‖Trm [fexiefe< Fe ospoibefbzeibùc kurecto of @mrhetbvm‘ (7445-7447). Oc ostroiam vèciufm imc osto üftbhm y pere prm`uckbzer oc of ostukbm kof henuoy, henuoy, oc vbrtuk ko quo e hokbekms ko 744; so oxievermc amrcms pere fe imiibùc ko oste pfecte, so roefbzù of prmyoitm ‖Fe rute kof hozief‘ (Trmyoitm TETBB[-_CEH ifevo BC;45045 B C;45045). ). Yonüc so eproibe oc fms tregelms ko roimcmibhboctm ko Ieiextfe, Qmiabtoietf y Hbxim,  Erhbffes (52;0) imcsbkore quo fe rofetbve eusocibe ko hetorbefos erquomfùnbims octro 744 y 044 k.I. so mrbnbce oc fm rokuibkm kof huostrerbm: rezùc pmr fe quo cm so evocturù e pfectoer abpùtosbs efnuce smgro fe sbtueibùc<

[fexiefe kurecto of @mrhetbvm y of Opbifåsbim‘

ibùc ko ef hocms Ieiextfe y Qmiabtoietf (ko Hbxim

 

‖Eucquo hb imfoiibùc ko tbostorè tbostorèee ko osms funeros cm os huy eguckecto y cm ao vbstm cbcnuce pboze imhpfote, aey oc offe suſtiboctos tbpms iereitorèstbi iereitorèstbims ms pere pmkor seier imcifusbmcos smgro fes âpmies ko miupe-

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EC[OIOKOC[OY

 

Tere of iesm ko Ieiextfe, Kbece Fùpoz ko Hmfbce ostegfoio imhm `oiaehboctm egsmfutm ko uc fepsm ko miupeibùc proifåsbie aeibe fms eõms 52; µ 549 k.I. (oc Nerièe Immj y Horbcm Ierrbùc, 522>e). Torm Torm oc fm quo tmie e fe irmcmfmnèe rofetbve, mgtocbke kof ostukbm imhperetbvm ko fe ioråhbie, so ffone e fes `esos imhprockbkes octro 044 y 244 k.I., quo imrrospmckoc e [omtbaueiåc BB, BBB y BP, [elèc P y PB (oc fe imsMtrm imhocterbm ef prmgfohe epuctekm oc te kof Nmf`m) y Iamfufe BB e BP (oc Tuogfe). Fe fes `esos `es os [ocecyoi [ocecyoiei ei y [oxiefei [oxiefei os of quo cms m`ro- porbmkbſtieibùc keke pmr `oiaehboctm egsmfutm io Gmkm Yprecz, ko fe _cbvorsbkek ko @rbgurnm. ko uc kbctof ko hekore ﬇uitüe octro ??0 y 19?  Ef oxpfmrer Qmiabtoietf y ostukber fms hetorbefos k.I., fm quo porhbto imcsbkorer quo of Huref ko rosietekms, soõefe quo< fe Geteffe `uo pbctekm aeibe 0?? k.I. Pbstes esè oc imcluctm, fes mgsorveibmcos   ‖...sonüc fms ecåfbsbs, fes m`rockes `uormc kopmsbtekes ko Nerièe Immj y Erhbffes, eucekes e fms ketms cm tocnm ioråhbie). Octro fe ko suporſtibo bkoctbſtiegfo ko Qmiabtoietf so ociuoctrec hetorbef eriebim y iamfuftoie (Iamfufe BBB): tehgbâc roimnè oc oso funer uce ſtnurbffe Hezepec: ostm sunboro uce miupeibùc ec-  tbnue y romiupeibùc pmstorbmr  m   m uce ferne miupeibùc puos fe `efte ko hetorbef ko amrbzmctos bctorhokbms puoko sor kogbke e fm rokuibkm kof huostrerbm‘ (Erhbffes, 52;0?4 y 244 k.I. (Yprecz, 52>4).

51

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hås roiboctos, `mrtefoioc fe prmpuoste komiupequo fe ronbùc ko ostukbm tuvm kms porbmkms ko ibùc< of prbhorm kurecto of @mrhetbvm, y of sonuckm kurecto of Opbifåsbim, pmr fm quo so ke uc abetm oc of porbmkm Ifåsbim.

 

BBB OF HOKBM CE[_WEF

OF   ÅWOE  ÅWOE  ko  ko ostukbm so ociuoctre ef surmosto kof eituef ostekm ko [fexiefe, smgro fe ofoveibùc tmpmnråſtie imcmibke imhm Gfmquo QmiabtoietfCetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Cetbvbtes-C mpefuiec. Yus immrkocekes nomnråſties imrrospmckoc e fms 52¼ 54‒ y 52¼ 74‒ fetbtuk cmrto, y e 21¼ 59‒ y 21¼ 7?‒ fmcnbtuk mosto. Yo

fmiefbze ef cmrmosto kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe, Tuogfe-[fexiefe, oc hokbm ko uce iuocie egborte aeibe of sur, quo os uc pmim hås gelm quo of fekm soptoctrbmcef, efrokokmr ko uc ?% ( @bnure 7). Fe eftbtuk prmhokbm kof veffo os ko 7 744 hotrms smgro of cbvof kof her. Fm rmkoec eftes

@bnure 7. Oc of fèhbto surmosto kof ostekm ko [fexiefe so fmiefbzec fms esoctehboctms proabspåcbims ko Ieiextfe, Qmiabtoietf y Cetbvbtes.

 

@bnure 9. Ef surosto ko fms esoctehboctms ko Ieiextfe-Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes Ieiextfe-Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes so oxtbocko fe heymr perto kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Tuogfe-[fexiefe.

@bnure ;. Of Gfmquo nomnråſtim Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec os oc perto uc imcm vmfiåcbim quo so ociuoctre octro of gfmquo [fexiefe y of veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Tuogfe-[fexiefe.

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hmcteões. Ef mrbocto so ofove uce imrkbffore rofetbvehocto gele< fe sorrecèe kof Wmserbm. Kmhbce of pebselo Fe Hefbciao m Hetfeiuâyotf, vmfiåc pfbmiâcbim quo efiecze uce eftbtuk ko ; ;05 hotrms smgro of cbvof kof her, iuyes ehpfbes fekores ko tmge su`roc ko uc prmiosm eioforekm ko ormsbùc kogbkm e fes kbvorses imrrboctos tohpmrefos y e fe ko`mrosteibùc (@bnure 9). Tmr of fekm cmrto so sbtüe of ffehekm gfmquo [fexiefe, hosote imcstbtubke pmr hmcteões iuye eftbtuk msibfe octro fms 7 ?44 y 7 244 hsch. Fes rmies sokbhocterbes kof [oriberbm so roimcmioc pmr su ectbnum mrbnoc ye quo eituefhocto so aeffec huy ormsbmcekes.

 

Of fèhbto mosto fm herie fe Yborre Coveke, quo ostå `mrheke pmr ostretmvmfiecos y imrro smgro uc olo cmrto-sur. Fms hmctos hås kosteiekms smc of Tmpmietâpotf, iuye eftbtuk os ko ? ;?7 hsch: of Bzteiièauetf, imc ? 910 hsch.: y fms iorrms [fåfmi, imc ; 574 hsch., y of [ofepùc, imc ; 404 hsch. Oxbstoc esbhbshm efnucms fmhorèms, iuyes eftures vec ko fms ?4 e fms 744 hotrms smgro of cbvof prmhokbm kof veffo y kec verbokek e fe hmcùtmce pfecbibo. Oc su heymrèe so trete ko @bnure ?. Oc fe kâieke ko fms eõms iuerocte kof sbnfm pesekm, fms pmQmia btoietf, poquoõms vmfiecos hmcmnocâtbims, ko fms iue- gfekmros ko Yec Hbnuof Qmiabtoietbtfe ioriece ef iorrm ko Qmiabtoietf, imcstruèec poquoõms puoctos ko tborre pere iruzer of rèm Etmyei. fos kosteiec of iorrm [mtmfquoho, [mtmfquoho, of prmpbm iorrm  Qmiabtoietf y of iorrm \mhpbtâietf \mhpbtâietf (@bnure ;). hås ekofecto ef rèm Etmyei, tmkevèe oc torrbtmrbm Oste kbspmsbibùc mrmnråſtie kosohpoõe uc pmgfecm. pepof bhpmrtecto pere fe imc`mrheibùc kof ifbOf rèm Etmyei kosteie oc fe sonucke zmce he. Esè, smc so sego fms ifbhes kmhbcectos oc fe zmce tros¼I y 52¼I. Oc rofeibùc imc tefos espoitms, fes proibpbteibmcos pfuvbefos hokbes ecuefos msibfec octro fms 044 y 5744 hh ( Ecuerbm  Ecuerbm BCONB , 522>), of 24% ko fes iuefos so imcioctre e fm fernm ko sobs hosos, ko heym e mitugro, iueckm tehgbâc miurroc nrecbzekes y covekes miesbmcefos. Ekohås, so ronbstrec octro vobcto y sosocte aofekes ef eõm.  E osto pebselo aey quo suher fe prosocibe ko uc imhpfolm sbstohe abkrmfùnbim. Kms prbcibpefos imrrboctos ﬇uvbefos iruzec fe pfecbibo pmgfece-tfexieftoie. Fe prbhore tmie ef rèm \eauepec, quo egerie of soitmr mrboctef kof veffo. Of rèm ceio oc fes vortboctos ko fe sorrecèe kof Wmserbm, ko fms iorrms Aubctâpotf y Eietzmcqubm, y ko fe fekore cmrto ko Fe Hefbciao. Of iursm kof \eauepec etrevbose of veffo kosko of cmrosto ef surmosto< iruze octro of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-

﬇uvbef. [boco su oc fefe`efke mrboctefko kofms fe Yborre Coveke y fmmrbnoc efbhocte imc﬇uocibe rèms @rèm, Yec Hertèc y Elolofe. Tocotre of veffo kosko of cmrmosto y roibgo fes enues ko efnuces imrrboctos soiuckerbes quo prmiokoc kof mosto kof gfmquo [fexiefe. Hås ekofecto, y kosko of miibkocto, rmkoe of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec, pmr fes fekores cmrto, pmcbocto y sur. Fuonm rotmhe oste üftbhe kbroiibùc y iruze of veffo, bctorcåckmso aeibe of ostekm ko Tuogfe. Iehgbe octmcios ko cmhgro verbes voios y pese pmr Mexeie, Nuorrorm y Hbiameiåc, pere kosohgmier ſtcefhocto oc of Miâecm Teièſtim uce voz ucbkm ef rèm Gefses (@bnure ?).  Esbhbshm os imcmibke fe oxbstocibe ko iuocies feiustros. Âstes, orec imcstbtubkes pmr fenuces y ibâcenes, quo so fmiefbzegec ef cmrto ko fe zmce ko ostukbm. _c hepe ko fe Imhbsbùc Nomnråſtie Oxpfmrekmre, quo kete ko 5241, bc`mrhe ko uce fenuce prbcibpef, ffeheke Of Wmserbm, quo so ugbiege octro Cetbvbtes y [opotbtfe: imctege imc

Cmpefuiec y of iorrm \mhpbtâietf, pere ucbrso

7?7 aoitåroes, porm aeibe 5110 ye so ohpozege

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OF HOKBM CE[_WEF

 

@bnure 0. Kosko fes torrezes kof sbtbm ko Cetbvbtes os pmsbgfo eproiber fms vmfiecos ko fe Yborre Coveke.

e kosoier. Mtres fenuces orec fes ko Yec Bnceibm y ko Yec Ectmcbm, iorieces e [oiuoximhei, quo `uormc krocekes e pertbr ko 52>4. Oc fm quo ectbnuehocto `uo fe fenuce Of Wmserbm puokoc mgsorverso amy nreckos iehoffmcos, koſtcbkms pmr iecefos ko rbonm. Oc su heymrèe suofoc oster soims, y iueckm tbococ enue su cbvof os huy gelm. Tmr fm quo rospoite e fes fenuces ko Yec Bnceibm y Yec Ectmcbm, fes eftes imcioctreibmcos ko sef bhpbkoc uc guoc koserrmffm enrèimfe: ko aoiam, so aeio coioserbe uce ferne sorbo ko eitbvbkekos provbes e fe sbohgre, sb so quboro esonurer uce imsoiae eioptegfo (Fuce Hmrefos?), so ae `oiaekm pere of Tfbmiocm Yuporbmr (ie.   ; hbffmcos e 7 hbffmcos ko eõms) (@bnure >). Kurecto of Tfobstmiocm (ie. 7 hbffmcos e 54 hbf eõms) fe eitbvbkek vmfiåcbie y fms vboctms prmvocboctos ko fe imste kof Nmf`m ko Hâxbim so imc lunermc pere pere koſtcbr eüc hås of pebselo eituef. Of

hec perto ko uc osiefùc tmtefhocto iugbortm vufiecbshm prmkulm imctbcues ffuvbes ko iocbze 79

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OF HOKBM CE[_WEF

 

@bnure 1. Fms osiurrbhboctms prbcibpefos kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe prmvbococ ko fe Yborre Coveke, gfmquo [fexiefe y kof vmfiåc Fe Hefbciao.

quo ieyormc smgro of veffo ko Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Kogbkm e fe `mrhe pfbcbece ko fes orupibmcos, imc ohbsbùc ko cugos erkboctos m pbrmifestms, fms hetorbefos so kopmsbtermc oc fes pfecbibos. Of ecåfbsbs ko fe ostretbnre`èe oc fenms y fenuces bckbie quo fes iepes pbrmifåstbies so eftorcermc imc fms hectms eiuåtbims. Ko aoiam, so poribgo quo fes `mrheibmcos feiustros kof [oriberbm oståc iugbortes pmr fes iocbzes kof Iuetorcerbm. Mtrm tectm suioko imc fes imfbces ebsfekes quo fes fenuces kolec fbgros, puos `ucnbormc imhm rofetbvms mgståiufms pere fes mfoekes bcieckosioctos. Fe eiuhufeibùc ko hetorbefos vmfiåcbims os tecte quo efnuces ko fes imfbces so aec bkoc-

 Qmiabtoietf-C  Qmiabtoietf -Cetbvbt etbvbtes-C es-Cmpefu mpefuiec iec imcstb imcstbtuyo tuyo uce ofoveibùc peribefhocto iugborte ko pbrmifestms, oc ospoièſtim ko feaeros (@bnure 1). Kosko tbohpms ectbnums of Tmpmietâpotf ae tocbkm orupibmcos imcstectos, koſtcbkes smgro tmkm pmr `roiuoctos oheceibmcos ko henhe ko poquoõe hencbtuk, proiokbkes y sonubkes pmr fe ffeheke eitbvbkek `uherùfbie. Oc prmhokbm, miurroc kms voios pmr sbnfm y smc huy sbhbferos e fes prosocibekes oc `oiaes roiboctos. Ybc ohgernm, ko voz oc iueckm so koserrmffec orupibmcos hås vbmfoctes, quo so ropbtoc imc bctorvefms quo ﬇uitüec octro fms 7 hbf y 9 hbf eõms, y smc fes quo aec iereitorbzekm fms üftbhms 5? hbf eõms ko ko

tbſtiekm imhm fekores ko pbrmifestms. Of Gfmquo eitbvbkek kof vmfiåc (Ybogo ot ef., 52204 eõms eprmxbhekehocto, of vmfiåc Fe Hefbciao abzm orupibùc, oc uce irmcmfmnèe ioriece, y ovoctm sbhbfer e fm eimctoibkm imc of Tmpmietâpotf Tmpmi etâpotf (Iestrm-Nmv (Iestrm-Nmvoe oe y Ybogo, 744> y 97 nrekms ioctènrekms.

e fm fernm kof Tfbmiocm, kogbkm ef euhoctm ko fes proibpbteibmcos pfuvbefos y e fe kbshbcuibùc ko fe tohporeture prmhokbm kurecto fms evecios nfeiberos oc of ioctrm ko Hâxbim, sonüc fm ae kohmstrekm Aobco (52>;). Tmr ocko so kbm of bcirohoctm ko kbvorses `uoctos ko enue, quo e su voz bc﬇uyormc smgro of rofbovo. Oc of iesm kof rèm Etmyei, sus nreckos evocbkes ieusermc prm`uckms iehgbms tmpmnråſtims ef kofbhbter nreckos torrezes y `mrher fenuces oc fms hoeckrms quo quokegec ostrecnufekms pmr fe eiuhufeibùc ceturef ko sokbhoctms ﬇uvbefos. Ef hbshm tbohtb ohpm so kbstbcnuèec iferehocto zmces bcuckegfos y zmces ofovekes quo, pmr tectm, ostegec `uore kof

_c olohpfm ko osto `ocùhocm fm prmpmribmce of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Ymgro sus fekores, pertbiuferhocto oc fes kof vmfiåc Qmiabtoietf, Of noùfmnm Aobco (52>;) fmiefbzù uce sorbo ko torrezes iugbortes, imcstrubkes pere fe enrbiufture y sbc rbosnm ko bcuckeibùc, quo ketec ko ;?4 e.I. Fe iuocie kof Etmyei `uo oc ose âpmie åroe ko `roiuoctos bcuckeibmcos. Of ieråitor feiustro y pefustro ko fe ronbùc koseperoibù imc fe eitbvbkek vmfiåcbie kof Tfobstmiocm. Torm Torm e fes ieuses ceturefos so suhec fes ectrmpmnâcbies (pmr olohpfm fe imcstruiibùc ko gmrkms) quo eftorermc rekbiefhocto fes imckbibmcos abkrmfùnbies. Aeste aeio efnucms sbnfms

efiecio ko fes bcuckeibmcos ( @bnures 2 y 54).

fe ronbùc so iereitorbzege pmr uc ehgbocto oc of

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@bnure 54. Of ifbhe eituef oc of Gfmquo nomnråſtim Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec os tohpfekm sugaühokm y prosocte kurecto of bcvborcm uc pmrioctelo ko proibpbteibùc hocmr ko ?4 hh ecuefos, cm huy kb`orocto e fm miurrbkm oc âpmie proabspåcbie.

quo kosteiegec rèms, fenms, pectecms y ffecures imc bcuckeibùc ﬇uvbef: amy of gbmtmpm ae sbkm hmkbſtiekm y fms prmiosms abkrmfùnbims aec ko lekm ko eituer peufetbcehocto oc `ucibùc ko fes eitbvbkekos auheces. Tere octockor ostms espoitms, oc of Trmyoitm  Erquomfùnbim Qmiabtoietf (5227-522;) (5227-522;) so abzm of ostukbm nomfùnbim e iernm kof noùfmnm Aunm Cowtmc Uubrmz quboc koſtcbù e pertbr ko uce imfuhce ostretbnråſtie, fms sbnuboctos suofms

﬇ulms pbrmifåstbims. Efnucms ko tbpm nrecufmsm so kopmsbtermc tectm oc fes fekores ko fes imfbces imhm oc fe zmce ko tmges: mtrms so kbstbcnuoc pmrquo `uormc kopmsbtekms ko cuove iuocte y sus irbstefos so eftorermc oc eribffes. Yo imcmioc tehgbâc efnuces ohbsbmcos ko feve oc of Iuetorcerbm.

Fe eitbvbkek vmfiåcbie fms e`oitù pmr hokbm ko

ko kbiam nrupm so aec eiuhufekm imc eguc-

g) Fms suofms ko fe âpmie Iuetorcerbe 

Tfobstmiocm tohprecm. Toso e quo fes ovbkocibes nomfùnbies cm smc eüc koſtcbtbves, aey geso suſtibocto pere prosocter uc imcluctm tme) Fms suofms ko fe âpmie [oriberbe  pmnråſtim. Yo trete kof Nrupm Iabiabceutzbc, Tfbmiocm. Kosteiec fms fenms quo e﬇mrec ef mrboc- imcstbtubkm pmr feves y pbrmifestms gesåftbimto kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. eckosètbims. Fes tmges, fms pühbios pühbio s y fes iocbzes

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@bnure 55. Fe tmge os of prbcibpef imhpmcocto nomfùnbim bkoctbſtiekm oc of Gfmquo nomnråſtim ko Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec.

kecibe< egeriec uc nrec osposmr y iugroc fe heymrèe ko fes `mrheibmcos nomfùnbies provbes. Yo sego quo fes tmges rosuftec ko `renhoctms pbrmifåstbims iohoctekms, oc osto iesm ko tbpm osimrbåiom: tbococ toxture irbstefbce pmr`èkbie: y so iereitorbzec pmr prosocter pfenbmifeses zmcoekes y hetrbz vètroe (sbfèibie). Tfobstmiocm terkèm. Woseftec sokbhoctms ﬇uvbefos y imfuvbmcos erocm-eribffmsms, oc perto fbhmsms, quo imctbococ iergmcetm. Yo fmiefbzec ef sur kof vmfiåc Qmiabtoietf. Amfmiocm. Fms kopùsbtms efuvbefos, kbstrbgubkms imc ehpfbtuk oc fes ffecures, huostrec

quo vec ko nruosms e ſtcms, esè imhm irbstefos kofnekms ko iocbze vmfiåcbie. Pefo fe poce soõefer quo fes åroes imc iefbiao aegfec ko uc ifbhe pmr fm nocoref iåfbkm, quo so vuofvo soim kurecto uce perto kof eõm, ko hmkm quo of iergmcetm ko iefibm so eiuhufe oc cùkufms. Fes iefbiaores kohuostrec pmr offm fms iehgbms ifbhåtbims suiokbkms ko ſtcos kof Tfobstmiocm e prbcibpbms kof Amfmiocm. Oc uc rânbhoc heriekm bctocsehocto pmr of vufiecbshm imhm os of kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe pmr oster ugbiekm oc of Olo Comvmfiåcbim, os huy bhpmrtecto tocor oc

iepes ko iefbiao. Ekohås bcifuyoc pbrmifestms iuocte of `eitmr toitùcbim. Yo roimcmio quo fes 71

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`effes, imhm `reitures, bc﬇uyoc oc `mrhe kotorhbcecto oc of koserrmffm ko fes åroes vmfiåcbies, y huiaes voios fe toitùcbie y of vufiecbshm so ociuoctrec gboc octrofezekms. Oc of åroe fms e`effehboctms ^-O ketec kof Tfbmiocm Yuporbmr y oståc rofeibmcekms imc of vufiecbshm quo mrbnbcù fms nreckos vmfiecos, tectm fms ko k o fe iuocie ko Hâxbim imhm oc Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Oc oste üftbhe fms e`effehboctms prmkulormc kospfezehboctms vortbiefos ko 544 e 944 hotrms y kotorkot orhbcermc esè uce zmce ko gfmquos osiefmcekms.   Of ostukbm nomfùnbim kof åroe kotorhbcù pmr fm hocms ibcim ucbkekos sustoctekes oc fms e﬇mrehboctms, quo verèec oc okek y quo msibfec octro of pfbmiocm ef amfmiocm. Fms sokbhoctms quo `mrhec fe ucbkek feiustro so kopmsbtermc

nocorec imfmreibmcos vorkmses oc fes iugbortes. Fe ucbkek geseftm-eckosètbim so imhpmco ko feves mfbvècbies y `orrmhencosbeces imc ostruitures pmrſtrètbies quo prosoctec `reiturehboctm bctocsm prmkuitm kof toitmcbshm y of bctohporbshm y quo sugyeioc e fes tmges bctorhokbes kof Tfobstmiocm. Fe ucbkek tmge bctorhokbe so ociuoctre `uortohocto imhpeiteke imc amrbzmctos puhbiètbims y fepbffb, roiugborte pmr fe iepe imfuvbef. Fms sokbhoctms ﬇uvbefos imhpmcoc fe iuerte ucbkek, imcstbtubke pmr fms hetorbefos suoftms vmfiecmifåstbims kof Tfobstmiocm (cugos erkboctos, tmge, iocbze y pùhoz) quo eperoioc ko `mrhe huy rostrbcnbke y ko huy pmim osposmr, osposmr, `mrhekms pmr eroces y fbhms, ko bnuef `mrhe quo

kurecto of Tfbmiocm oc of åroe kof veffo Tuogfe[fexiefe quo ostå imcstbtubke pmr uce eftorcecibe ko eroces y fbhms oc `mrhe ko foctos. Fms fbhms so prosoctec gboc imcsmfbkekms, hboctres quo fes foctos erocmses oståc pmim imcsmfbkekes.  Esbhbshm so tboco fe prosocibe prosocibe ko kbetmhbtes quo

fe ucbkek ko tmge bctorhokbe sugyeio e fe iepe imfuvbef. Fe ucbkek efuvbùc y imfuvbùc smc kopùsbtms `mrhekms prbcibpefhocto pmr eroces y fbhms, y soiuckerbehocto ko eribffe y nreves cm imcsmfbkekes: fms sonuckms so imcstbtuyoc ko fbhm erocmsm y oc perto eribffmsm (@bnure 55).

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 E F  F  IMCMIOW  fes   fes verbegfos oimfùnbies oc of åroe ko ostukbm, so bkoctbſtiermc cbiams oimfùnbims iuyms roiursms `uormc utbfbzekms pmr fms ectbnums aegbtectos ko fe ronbùc.

Fe ectbnue iuocie feiustro so ugbie ef cmrmosto kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec, y tboco uce fbnore pockbocto oc kbroiibùc sur (cm heymr ef ?%)< octro 7 ?44 y 7 444 hsch, pmr fm iuef kbiam Gfmquo imcstbtuyo uce gerrore ceturef pere fe iuocie. Âste egerie uce nrec zmce sbtueke octro fes eituefos pmgfeibmcos ko Yecte  Ece Cmpefuiec, [oiuoximhei y Yec Pbiocto  Qbfmxmiabtfe. Oxbstoc ketms ko 5202 quo soõefec fe oxtocsbùc ko fenms y zmces pectecmses y so sego quo ore eprmxbhekehocto ko ?04 aoitåroes,

tmrrocibefos suofoc sor imhucos, smgro tmkm oc fes zmces eftes sorreces kmcko, ekohås, smc `roiuoctos fes nrecbzekes y aofekes. Oc imcsoiuocibe cm os oxtreõm quo of cbvof `roåtbim so ofovo y fms rèms \eauepec y Etmyei so kosgmrkoc, oc ospoibef ef sur kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec. Oc oste åroe cm so ae bctoctekm eüc soier fms suofms, imhm miurrbù oc fe perto cmrto puos, imhm so roimrkerå, kosko ſtcos kof sbnfm QBQ  y  y e fm fernm kof  QQ  so  so aec ffovekm e iegm kbvorses mgres pere mgtocor uce håxbhe oxpfmteibùc enrèimfe ko fe tborre. Oc oso soctbkm, kurecto fe âpmie proabspåcbie ye oxbstèe ose güsquoke pmr mgtocor heymros gocoſtibms ko fms iuftbvms. Nreibes e fms ostukbms ef rospoitm so sego quo iabcehpes y iehpms

eocposer ko quo ye aegèec sbkm krocekes su heymrèe imcoctmcios ſtcos enrèimfes. Fe fenuce Of Wmserbm ore fe hås nrecko koctrm ko osto imcluctm (@bnure 57). Fe eiuhufeibùc ko enue porhbto quo of ifbhe kof åroe soe tohpfekm sugaühokm. Ef imcioctrerso fes ffuvbes, tmkevèe ffonec e porſtfer fe fenuc fenucee Of Wmserbm. Oc osto soctbkm, kurecto fe hocmr proibpbteibùc pfuvbef, oc fes soies kof vorecm, epoces efiecze fms ;4 hh. Ybc ohgernm, kurecto fe osteibùc ffuvbmse of èckbio so bcirohocte cmtegfohocto ’aeste of kmgfo’ puos fms enueiorms

@bnure 57. Koteffo ko uce ko fes pmies åroes ko fe fenuce Of Wmserbm quo eüc cm aec sbkm kosoiekes imc ſtcos enrèimfes.

 E. Of Fenm

 

@bnure 59. Of heèz imctbcüe sbockm of iuftbvm hås bhpmrtecto ko fms aegbtectos ko fe ronbùc.

ofovekms so kbstrbguèec oc hmkm brronufer, y so ekeptegec ko eiuorkm imc fes imckbibmcos kof torrocm. _ces y mtrms prosoctec hokbkes kbvorses, puos fes heymros tbococ 74 h ko eciam pmr 14 h ko fernm, hboctres quo fes hocmros tbococ efrokokmr ko fms ? h ko eciam pmr 74 h ko fernm.

Perbes smc fes sbohgres quo tmkevèe so koserrmffec oc fes iabcehpes. Kosko fuonm, fes prbcibpefos smc of heèz (\oe heys ) (@bnure 59) y fe iefegeze (Iuiurgbte hmsiaete ): ): ekohås, fe perto efte ko fms iehoffmcos so utbfbze pere of aege (Pbibe  `ege ) y ef`ef`e  (Hokbienm   (Hokbienm setbve ). ). Oc fms iecefos

Fe zmce iabcehpore trehmkokoYec fe ierrotore `okoref quo ve pmregerie of fekmofcmrto Kbonm Qmimyuie e [fexiefe, aeste fes bchokbeibmcos kof ko f iorrm y sbt sbtbm bm ko [oielot [oieloto, o, oc of sur. Âste so roimcmio imc `eibfbkek nreibes e fe eguckecto prosocibe ko eauolmtos   (Yefbx gmcpfeckbece ), ), ospoibo ergùroe tèpbie useke oc fe imcstruiibùc kof ospeibm kostbcekm ef åroe ko iuftbvm. Fms torrocms ko rbonm imc sus iecefos so kbstrbguyoc prbcibpefhocto e fm fernm kof iursm ko fms rèms \eauepec y  Etmyei, ef sur kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-C Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtesetbvbtes-

ko heymr teheõm (posiec ierpe), iespbm  ) y hmlerre Kbpfmkuseüc vufnerbs  ),( Iyprbcus oc mtrms os pmsbgfo fe roimfoiibùc ko eimibfos ( Iehgerofus   m auove ko zohpmefocsbs ) ( @bnure 5;) y eaueuatfb  m hmsim, eitbvbkekos soiuckerbes pere of sustoctm kberbm. Ko bnuef hecore, so oxpfmte of tufo (Iyporus ofimiaerbs ) iuye hecu`eiture trekbibmcef so roefbze `uckehoctefhocto oc of pmgfekm ko Yecte Ece Cmpefuiec, kmcko so prmkuioc potetos (@bnure 5?). Ohporm of iroibhboctm kof tufo oc fms iecefos fmiefos os ieke voz hås pmgro,

Cmpefuiec. 95

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@bnure 5;. [mkevèe [mkevèe efnucms pmims pmgfekmros so kokbiec eitbvehocto e fe roimfoiibùc ko eimibfos y auove ko hmsim.

`ocùhocm quo ro﬇ole of kotorbmrm ehgboctef ko fe zmce, fm quo aeio quo of tufo koge treorso amy ko mtres pmgfeibmcos. [ehgbâc [ehgbâc aey zmces ko pestbzefos quo oc fe eituefbkek sbrvoc sbr voc ko `mrrelo pere of necekm gmvbcm (Yorre, 5221). Of iroibhboctm urgecm ae kospfezekm oc fes üftbhes kâiekes ef sbstohe enrèimfe iabcehporm, ofohoctm quo so suhe e fe kosoieibùc quo su`rbù fe fenuce Of Wmserbm. Oste ectbnue fenu- @bnure 5?. Of tolbkm ko potetos os uce eitbvbkek prmkuitbve roefbzeke pmr huloros y amhgros heymros ko ?4 eõms, fm quo ce roibgèe enue prmvocbocto ko fes gerrecies ko prbcibpefhocto ovbkocibe of prmiosm ko pârkbke ko fe trekbibùc prmkuitmre korbveke Yec Ectmcbm, fes ko Yec Lmsâ Guocevbste, Yec kof kotorbmrm ehgboctef ko fe ronbùc. @ofbpo Bxteiubxtfe y ko fms ffecms ko Of Yefekm, quo prmkuièec bcuckeibmcos ecuefos ef cm pm- Yefekm so ae sefbcbzekm eüc hås. Oc fe kâiekor sefbr ko `mrhe ceturef aeibe of rèm Etmyei. Oc ke ko 5214 imhoczù fe oxpecsbùc urgece ko 5102, imc’octro fe ecuocibe kof nmgborcm [fexiefe so eimrkù of prmpboterbm Tfbcb mko Tfbcbm Totrbiibmfb, fms kuoõms ko fes aeibockes ko Fe Imhpeõèe y Of Wmserbm, y of puogfm ko Yecte Ece Cmpefui Cmpefuiec ec m Yecte Ecbte’ quo so kogèe kosoier fe fenuce. Oc 52;1 tmkevèe quokegec rohecoctos ko fe fenuce, puos of imhbserbm olbkef kof puogfm ko Yecte Ece Cmpefuiec smfbibtù e fes eutmrbkekos quo uce voz kosoieke fe fenuce so hbkborec fes periofes pere su ropertbibùc imhm so aegèe roefbzekm kosko 529?. Fe kosoieibùc tmtef kof vesm

fms puogfms voibcms, y fe pfecbibo quo imc`mrhege of vesm eamre so utbfbzebc`orbmr pere iuftbvms `mrrelorms y pere sohgrer heèz (Nmczåfoz  Låimho, 52224, y fe zmce kocmhbceke Of imhm güams (Gugm vbrnbcbecus ) (@bnure 5>). Oc 97

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@bnure 50. E poser ko fe kosoieibùc ko fes oxtocsbmcos feiustros, fms torrocms krocekms imctbococ uce nrec iectbkek ko cutrboctos quo `evmroioc of koserrmffm y fe prmfb`oreibùc ko imfmcbes ko poquoõms ecſtgbms o bcsoitms, efbhoctm ko evos eiuåtbies imhm fe nerze gfecie.

iuectm fms hehè`orms, so aeffec kbvorses ospoibos ko ermokmros, imhm smc< imcolms (Yyfvbfenus  ﬇mrbkecus   ﬇mrbke cus ), ), fbogros (Fopus iefb`mrcbius ) (@bnure 51), tfeiueiaos (Kbkofpabs hersupbefbs ) (@bnure 52) erkb-

ffes (Yporhmpabfus hoxbiecus  ), ekohås ), koimhm kbstbctes ospoibos ko retmcos, hås verbms roptbfos, fes vègmres ko iesiegof (Irmtefus sp.) (@bnure 74) y fenertbles (Yquehete ). ).

@bnures 5>, 51, 52 y 74. Imc fe kosoieibùc ko fes oxtocsbmcos ko fe fenuce Of Wmserbm so aec iroekm imckbibmcos oimfùnbies kbstbctes e fes mrbnbcefos,yprmpbibeckm imc offm fe pârkbke ko ospoibos `eucèstbies. Ybc ohgernm, eüc os pmsbgfo mgsorver ecbhefos fmiefos imhm güams, tfeiueiaos, fbogros vègmres ko iesiegof. 99

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@bnure 75. Peffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe.

G. Of Peffo  Iereitorèstbie prmpbe kof veffo os fe pockbocto ye hocibmceke pere fe iuocie feiustro< su efture kosibocko aeibe of sur ko fms 7 ?44 e fms 7 444 hsch. Of ifbhe kof funer porhbto of koserrmffm ko imhucbkekos vonotefos ko efte hmcteõe, imcspbiues oc fe zmce mosto. Aeibe of mrbocto of ifbhe os hås gocbncm y aühokm nreibes e fe prosocibe kof vmfiåc Fe Hefbciao quo eitüe imhm uc pmkormsm imckocsekmr ko fms vboctms prmvocboctos kof Nmf`m ko Hâxbim: cm mgstecto, oc âpmie ko soies of ifbhe ko fe ronbùc so tmrce årbkm, soholecto ef quo bhpore oc fe ffecure ko Tormto (@bnure 75). Fe ronbùc pmsoo uce vonoteibùc ergùroe

octro mtrms ecbhefos) y roimfoiibùc ko efnuces ospoibos quo so utbfbzec pere foõe y fe imrtoze imc ſtcos hokbibcefos. Oc nocoref fes tborres smc `ârtbfos kogbkm ef cbvof `roåtbim ofovekm, ye quo oc âpmie ko ffuvbes smc imhucos fes bcuckeibmcos. Oc efnuces zmces so eiuko e fe brrbneibùc pmr hokbm ko iecefos poquoõms (aeste 9? ih ko eciam) kocmhbcekms ronekores m epectfos (@bnure 77), quo porhbtoc imctrmfer of rbonm ko fes periofes ko eiuorkm imc fe ospoibo iuftbveke. Yo ke pro`orocibe e ospoibos quo roquboroc eftms èckbios ko auhokek, imhm of porolbf ( Epbuh  Epbuh potrmsofbcuh  potrmsofbcuh ), ), ibfectrm (Imrbeckruh setbruh ), ), aborgeguoce (Hoctae setbve ), ), verbms tb-

prokmhbcecto imcè`ores ocibcms< (Uuorius  sp. )   ) , y pbcms< (ko Tbcus aerwonbb  , T. psoukmstrmgus  y T. fobmpayffe ) y ko neforèe ( Efcus  Efcus eiuhbete )),, esmibeke imc mtres ospoibos, imhm of seuio imhüc (Yefbx gmcpfeckbece ), ), of seuio ffmrùc (Y. gegbfmcbie ), ), of `roscm (@rexbcus uakob ), ), of topmzåc (Gukkfobe imrkete ) y of eauoauoto   (([exmkbuh hyirmcetuh ). ). Oc fe eituefbkek eguckec ospoibos bctrmkuibkes imhm truocm, ouiefbptm, iesuerbce, åfehm y ibprâs, esè imhm pestbzefos y zeietefos ko efte hmcteõe. [mkevèe amy so roefbze oc fe zmce

pms ko quofbtos    y aueuzmctfos    ( Eherectaus  Eher ectaus sp.). Fes periofes oståc kofbhbtekes pmr `rutefos ockâhbims, pmr olohpfm of iepufèc (Trucus sormtb-  ce ), ), tolmimto (Ire Iretànus tànus pugosiocs ) y zepmto gfecim (Iesbhbrme okufbs ), ), ekohås kof iokrm gfecim (Iuprossus goctaehbb ), ), of pbruf (Yiabcus hmffo ) y of ye ibtekm eauolmto . I. Of Tbo ko Hmcto Fes fekores y `efkes ko fms kb`oroctos iorrms imc`mrhec uc gbmtmpm ko mtres iereitorèstbies. Yu

fe ieze ko `euce hocmr (rmokmros, imcolms, evos, ifbhe kbſtoro pmr iuectm os sohb`rèm sugaühokm 9;

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I(O)(^7)(^), y fe tohporeture hokbe ecuef håxbhe esibocko e fms 7;.0¼I. Imfegmrec fms vboctms, iuye kbroiibùc imrro pmr fm nocoref ko cmrto e sur. Âstms epmrtec ffuvbes, quo ieoc octro fms hosos ko heym e soptbohgro, imc uce proibpbteibùc håxbhe kohècbhe 597 hhprmhokbm (@bnure 79).ko 1 hh y uce Yo oxtbocko pmr uce suporſtibo imcsbkoregfo y, pmr fm tectm, rosufte ko nrec bhpmrtecibe pere fe ronbùc. Ko aoiam, os rbie oc gmsquos ko imcè`ores, smgro tmkm of myehof, mimto y pbcm, ekohås ko efnucms pestbzefos bckuibkms. Kogbkm e fe pockbocto kof torrocm, quo ve ko 0% e 5?%, fms suofms smc susioptbgfos ko ormsbùc: pere imc-

@bnure 79. Ekohås ko fms vboctms, uc `eitmr hås quo imctrbguyo e quo of veffo roibge ecuefhocto eftms cbvofos ko proibpbteibùc smc fes imhucbkekos ergùroes ugbiekes oc fes pertos hås eftes ko fms iorrms.

trmferfe pmkrå qubzå gester of iroibhboctm ceturef ko fms gmsquos: sbc ohgernm, fe bctorvocibùc auhece os uc `eitmr kosteiekm, puos so aec imcstrubkm torrezes y iecefos, quo ef tbohpm ko hectocor fe auhokek rotbococ of suofm. Huiaes ko oses torrezes oståc kokbiekes e fes eitbvbkekos enrèimfes< suofo sohgrerso cmpef (Mpuctbe sp.) (@bnure 7;) y henuoy (Enevo sp. )   )  (  (@bnure 7?) kostbcekms ef imcsuhm auhecm.  Eitbvbkekos bhpmrtectos oc fe eituefbkek smc fe roimfoiibùc ko foõe y efnuces ospoibos vonotefos

@bnure 77. Tmr hokbm ko ketms erquomfùnbims y otcmabstùrbims aohms imcstetekm quo of sbstohe ko brrbneibùc imhpuostm pmr epectfos ae sbkm ohpfoekm pmr fms iehposbcms kof veffo kosko fe âpmie proabspåcbie, ovbkocibåckmso imc offm of eftm cbvof ko oxpfmteibùc enrèimfe ef quo aec ostekm sulotms fms torrocms quo fm imc`mrhec.

imc hokbibcefos, gboc ofrofovecibe. pestmrom imgreetrbgutms oc fms üftbhms tbohpmssbheymr Oc fe zmce oxbsto tmkevèe `euce ockâhbie, eucquo huy horheke. Fms nreckos hehè`orms imhm of vocekm (Mkmimbfous , Hezehe ), ), ectèfmpo ( Ectbfmiepre   Ectbfmiepre ), ), puhe (@ofbkà ), ), imymto, fmgm y zmrre nrbs (Iecbkà ) smc osiesms: oc iehgbm eguckec ecbhefos poquoõms imhm of ieimhbxtfo   m imetè (Cessue cerbie ) y fe imhekrole, of imcolm (Yyfvbfenus ﬇mrbkecus ), ), fe fbogro (Fopus iefb`mrcb-  ius ) y fe imkmrcbz (Imffbcus vbrnbcbecus  y Iystmcbx

hmctozuhà ). ). Ekohås puoko ocimctrerso nrec ve-

9?

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rbokek ko erkbffes y retmcos ko iehpm. Imcolms, fbogros y imkmrcbios smc gusiekes miesbmcefhocto pere efbhocteibùc. Oste peute iufturef so eproibe kosko tbohpms ectbnums. Kurecto fms tregelms ko oxieveibùc oc fes torrezes aegbteibmcefos so fmiefbzermc kogfecie verbms ecbhefos kof vbrnbcbecus  smhmctecm< vocekm rostms ko imfe (Mkmimbfous ), ), gorrockm ( Ectbfmiepre  Ectbfmiepre ehorbiece ), ), tfeiueiao (Kbkofpabs vbrnbcbeces ), ), zmrrbffm (Ypbfmnefo putm-  rbus ) y erkbffe (Yporhmpabfus verbonetus ). ). Mtrms ecbhefos, imhm of fmgm ( Iecbs fupus ) y of porrm kmhâstbim (Iecbs `ehbfberbs ), ), `uormc kopmsbtekms oc m`rockes ocimctrekes oc of sbtbm.

@bnure 7;. Fe oxpfmteibùc bctocsbve ko ospoibos vonotefos imhm of cmpef oc of veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe so ae roefbzekm pmr fm hocms kosko of 744 e. I. ef 744 k. I., `oiaes quo imrrospmckoc imc of porbmkm @mrhetbvm.

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@bnure 7?. Of enevo, ekohås ko userfm imhm efbhoctm, tehgbâc `uo utbfbzekm pere aeior toxtbfos, iuorkes, seckefbes y mtrms mglotms ko usm imhüc.

 

P TE[WÙC KO EYOC[EHBOC[M

7

OF   ÅWOE  ko   ko ostukbm smgropese fms 544 jh . Of prmyoitm tuvm imhm mglotbvm ioctref bkoctbſtier fms sbtbms aegbtekms pmr fms imcstruitmros ko fms nreckos okbſtibms iorohmcbefos ko Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe, imc of prmpùsbtm ko roimcmior fes kb`orocibes smibefos, ecefbzer fms petrmcos ko esoctehboctm y fmiefbzer fes zmces ko egestoibhboctm. [mkm offm porhbtbrèe kbspmcor ko mtrms ofohoctms pere imcmior imc heymr iortbkuhgro fe vbke imtbkbece ko fms aegbtectos kof åroe, esè imhm su mrnecbzeibùc oimcùhbie smibef. Tmr mtrm fekm, fmnrehms imcter imc fms ofohoctms ekoiuekms pere imctrester fe abpùtosbs ko fe oxbstocibe ko uc olo roitmr ko fe kbstrbguibùc ospeibef gesekm oc fe estrmcmhèe y fe rofbnbùc (Yorre, 5220). Fe bcvostbneibùc iugrbù of åroe oc tmrcm ef Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec, oc

Ieiextfe. Egeriù fes pmgfeibmcos ko Yecte Ece Cmpefuiec, Yecte Bcâs [oiuoximhei, Yectbenm Hbiaei, Yecte Bsegof [otfetfeauie, Yec We`eof [ocecyoiei y Yec Pbiocto Qbfmxmiabtfe, efnuces ko offes provbehocto ostukbekes pmr of prmyoitm erquomfùnbim ‖Tuogfe-[fexiefe‘ ‖Tuogfe-[fexiefe‘ ko fe @uckeibùc  Efohece pere fe Bcvostbneibùc Iboctèſtie, octro 52>7 y 52>0 (Yorre y Feziecm, 5220e). Pmfvbhms e fmiefbzer kbvorsms sbtbms, verbms ko fms iuefos aegèec sbkm ye ropmrtekms oc miesbmcos ectorbmros, porm augm efnucms cuovms quo hås ekofecto ecefbzerohms. Oc tmtef bkoctbſtiehms troio sbtbms quo ko eiuorkm imc sus resnms `uormc mrkocekms imhm sbnuo< tros ko prbhor cbvof, ibcim soiuckerbms y ibcim quo imcstbtuyoc ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Yo bkoctbſtiù tehgbâc fe zmce iabcehpore ye hocibmce-

fms efrokokmros ko eiukbhms Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Imc fe hbshe bctocibùc e fe bctorproteibùc ko `mtmnre`èes eâroes: `uo nreibes e âstes quo so kotoitermc verbes poiufberbkekos, quo `uormc imhperekes imc tregelms provbms, octro offms fes bcvostbneibmcos roefbzekes pmr Åcnof Nerièe Immj oc fe kâieke ko fms sotocte. Of rosuftekm bchokbetm `uo roimcmior cuhormsms funeros ropmrtekms oc efnüc hmhoctm imhm sbtbms erquomfùnbims. (Nerièe Immj, 52>0). Fe oxpfmreibùc so imcioctrù oc uce zmce ko 21 jh7  oc fms efrokokmros ko Qmiabtoietf y

ke, quo cms bc`orbr oc aegbtectos guoce hokbke fefm`mrhe ko porhbtbù sugsbstocibe ko fms ko fe ronbùc (@bnures 70 y  7>  7>). FMY YB[BMY WOI[MWOY

_gbiekms oc fes zmces hås eftes ko fms iorrms y fmhes kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec, fms sbtbms roitmros `uormc fms funeros kmcko fe ifeso nmgorcecto rosbkèe so fonbtbhege y ekhbcbstrege fms gbocos trbgutekms. Oc ostms ospeibms cm so prmkulormc efbhoctms cb utocsbfbms gåsbims. Fms sbtbms roitmros ostuvbormc imc`mrhe-

 

@bnure 70. Kurecto of porbmkm @mrhetbvm (144 e.I.’744 k.I.) fms esoctehboctms prbcibpefos kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe so roefbzermc oc fe ibhe ko fms iorrms, fmhes y pbo ko hmcto.

@bnure 7>. Oc of porbmkm Opbifåsbim (0?4-2?4 k.I.) fms sbtbms roitmros y voibcms hocmros hectuvbormc of petrùc ko esoctehboctm kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm. Fes ieses so kbstrbguyormc tehgbâc efrokokmr ko fes zmce feiustro.

kms pmr nreckos imcstruiibmcos kbstrbgubkes oc pfezes. Tùrtbims, tohpfms y pefeibms imc petbms egbortms y auckbkms, iereitorbzermc efnuces ko sus okbſtieibmcos.

Wopmrtekm oc fms eõms 52>4 y oxievekm oc 5214, huostre bhpmrtectos enrupeibmcos ko ostruitures ekohås ko nreckos iectbkekos ko hetorbef erquomfùnbim. Oc efnucms imrtos prmkuibkms pmr fe eporture ko iehbcms ko torreiorèe so mgsorvec e) [otfetfeauie (_[H O?>; ;;> C75 7> 94>) pbsms ko ostuim y ostruitures ko pbokre ieroeke Yo trete ko uc sbtbm iorohmcbef ko prbhor cbvof: (@bnure 71). sus okbſtieibmcos imc`mrhec verbes pfezes. Ostå Fes imcstruiibmcos oc [otfetfeauie [otfetfeauie imc`mrugbiekm oc fe ibhe ko uce `mrheibùc vmfiåcbie, hec verbms ospeibms y åroes. Kosteie uce nrec oc fe pmgfeibùc kof hbshm cmhgro, ef mrbocto pfete`mrhe smgro fe iuef oxbsto uc poquoõm hmckof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. tèiufm. Ef mrbocto ko offe y ibriuckekm pmr mtrms 91

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

g) [oieloto (_[H O?01 044 C75 94 744)

Mtrm sbtbm hmcuhoctef ko prbhor cbvof os of ko [oieloto: quo so ugbie smgro fe ibhe kof iorrm Cmpefuiec, e 7.? jh ef cmrto ko Qmiabtoietf. Os uce pfete`mrhe quo hbko 04 h ko fernm y 7? h ko oc iuym oxtrohm surmosto so epro-0 ibe uceciam, hmctèiufm ko poquoões kbhocsbmcos< h ko fernm pmr ; h ko eciam y 9 h ko eftm. Kose`mrtucekehocto `uo imrtekm pmr of iehbcm quo porhbto of eiiosm ef iorrm (@bnure 72). Fms ofohoctms imcstruitbvms quo so mgsorvec, tectm oc fe pfete`mrhe imhm oc of hmctèiufm ro`orbkm, smc roffocms ko topoteto iohoctekms imc fmkm. Oc of iesm ospoièſtim kof hmctèiufm so eproibec kms pbsms ko ostuim imc sus gesos ko tozmctfo, e iesb 7 h ko efture imctekms kosko fe geso kof hbshm. Of hetorbef erquomfùnbim mgtocbkm oc suporſtibo bcifuyo ioråhbie kof @mrhetbvm terkèm y kof Opbifåsbim. i) Hbxim Pbolm (_[H O?>5 2?4 C75 72 244)

Osto esoctehboctm os ko prbhor cbvof. Yo ugbie oc uc iorrm kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec, koctrm ko fm quo ore fe Aeibocke Yec hmctèiufms ko hocmr eftbtuk aey uc nrec ospe-  Luec, e 944 h ef mosto kof rèm \eauepec. Os sbhbibm egbortm, e hmkm ko pfeze. Fes kbhocsbmcos ko @bnure 71. Fms cuovms iehbcms ko torreiorèe y of usm ko pbokre ieroeke kostruyoc fms hurms y pbsms ko ostuim kof sbtbm ko [otfetfeaueie. [otfetfeaueie.

ieke imcstruiibùc 5?quo h ko fernm oc imcluctm egeriecoxiokoc tmke fe fms zmce, iugro ucey oxtocsbùc eprmxbheke ko 744 h7.  E pertbr ko fm mgsorvekm oc suporſtibo y oc fms imrtos ectos soõefekms, os iferm quo osto sbtbm kogbù tocor uce nrec rofovecibe. Fe irmcmfmnèe imrrospmcko e `oiaes quo msibfec octro 0?4 y 2?4 k.I. os koibr, portocoio ef Opbifåsbim. Fms `oiaehboctms so aec ostegfoibkm e pertbr kof hetorbef mgsorvekm y imc geso oc fms ketms ko I5;, mgtocbkms kurecto fes oxieveibmcos roefbzekes oc fe kâieke ko 5214 (Imctrores, 5225).

@bnure 72. Oc fe iüspbko kof iorrm kof hbshm cmhgro of sbtbm [oieloto tuvm uce ugbieibùc prbvbfonbeke. Kosko osto funer `uo pmsbgfo imctrmfer nrec perto ko fms roiursms mgtocbkms mgt ocbkms oc fe ectbnue y voibce zmce feiustro.

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fer e Ieiextfe, oc ospoièſtim ef Nrec Gesehoctm, porm ko heymros kbhocsbmcos. Erhbffes fm ropmrte oc 52;0 y soõefe oc su ostukbm quo of olo kof sbtbm ve oc kbroiibùc kb roiibùc cmrmosto-cmrosto, imc efnucms hmctèiufms quo so efzec octro ; y 57 h, imc

kbencùstbims ko fms porbmkms @mrhetbvm terkèm y Opbifåsbim (Yorre y Feziecm, 5220e) (@bnure 94). FMY POIBCMY HOCMWOY

@uormc imcstrubkms oc fes fekores y zmces geles

kbåhotrm 5? e 7? 52;0). h, quo rmkoec uce nrec pfete`mrheko(Erhbffes, Hbxim Pbolm os uc ocmrho imhpfolm quo eprmvoiae fes imckbibmcos ceturefos kof torrocm< ostå imcstbtubkm pmr verbes pfete`mrhes y iuorpms osiefmcekms quo sugoc aeste fe perto hås efte kof iorrm. Fes pfete`mrhes tbococ uc fernm ko 514 h pmr uc eciam hècbhm ko 574 h: verbes ko offes kolec kb`oroctos ospeibms ko ibriufeibùc y imcstruiibùc. Oc fe ibhe oxbsto uc hmctèiufm quo, kose`mrtucekehocto, ae

kof Gfmquo Fms nomnråſtim Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec. voibcms hocmros sbrvbormc pere imctrmfer of pesm e fes zmces prbcibpefos kof gfmquo. Yo iereitorbzec pmr tocor okbſtieibmcos ko hokbecm teheõm, pfezes poquoões imc uce okbſtieibùc prbcibpef oc fe quo roefbzege efnüc tbpm ko iuftm. E offes so esmibegec ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos ko nrec teheõm imcstrubkes imc hetorbefos ko guoce iefbkek.

sbkm sequoekm. Fe perto mosto iuocte imc uce zmce aegbteibmcef, eucquo tehgbâc sequoeke y kostrubke. Ef osto so aeffe mtre okbſtieibùc quo ostå holmr imcsorveke. Imhm oc mtrms iesms, of hetorbef imcstruitbvm os ko topoteto roiugbortm ko ostuim: oc verbms puctms so ocimctrù hetorbef ostuiekm y pbcture y so fmiefbzermc kbvorsms tbpms ioråhbims

@uo ropmrtekm pmr of prmyoitm ‖Tuogfe-[fex ‖Tuogfe-[fexiefe iefe‘. ‘. Imcste ko uce pfete`mrhe iuekrecnufer imc uc hmctèiufm ugbiekm oc of oxtrohm mosto. Os ko `mrhe mvefeke y hbko 9.>4 h ko efture pmr 2.?4 h ko kbåhotrm håxbhm. Ef cmrto so fmiefbze uc sbstohe ko torrezes ko verbms teheõms, kmcko so ocimctrù ioråhbie y fesies ko mgsbkbece nrbs ko fms porbmkms @mrhetbvm y Opbifåsbim (@bnure 95).

@bnure 94. Ybc kuke of sbtbm roitmr ko Hbxim Pbolm `uo, luctm imc  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, of esoctehboctm kmcko fms nrupms ko âfbto rosbkèec, tmhegec koibsbmcos y roefbzegec kbvorses eitbvbkekos imc of ſtc ko fonbtbherso.

@bnure 95. Ybtuekm octro nreckos periofes enrèimfes of sbtbm Of Hbfenrm os ucm ko fms voibcms hocmros quo holmros imckbibmcos ko prosorveibùc tboco. Yu ugbieibùc sunboro of rosnuerkm kof åroe cmrmosto kof Gfmquo nomnråſtim ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe-Cetbvbtes.

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e) Of Hbfenrm (_[H O?>4 444 C75 7> 144)

 

@bnure- 97. Ef bnuef quo su voibcm of [oieloto, of sbtbm Fe Iruz sonurehocto imctrmfù perto ko fms roiursms feiustros mgtocbkms ko fe ectbnue fenuce.

@bnure 99. Imcsbkorekm uc voibcm hocmr, of sbtbm Yec Pbiocto imctrmfù, pmr of rèm \eauepec, of eiiosm aeibe of sur, ef veffo Tuogfe[fexiefe.

g) Fe Iruz (_[H O?01 C75 72 744)

k) Fmhe Imiùhbtf (_[H O?95 2?4 C75 >7 194)

Osto sbtbm so aeffe ef cmrto ko fe pmgfeibùc ko Yec Lmsâ Etmyetocim, e >44 h ef sur ko fes ostruitures quo imc`mrhec of sbtbm ko [oieloto. Imcste ko uce pfete`mrhe ko ;4 h pmr 74 h y uc hmctèiufm ko pfecte ibriufer, ko iesb 1 h ko efture y iuym kbåhotrm ve ko 54 e 59 h. Eaè so ocimctrù eguckecto hetorbef kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm< ioråhbie, ſtnurbffes, fesies ko mgsbkbece y fètbie pufbke. Oxbsto tehgbâc miupeibùc Opbifåsbie (@bnure 97).

Yo ugbie oc fe ibhe ko fe fmhe amhùcbhe, tehgbâc iorie ko Yec Pbiocto Qbfmxmiabtfe. Fe @uckeibùc Efohece pere fe Bcvostbneibùc Iboctèſtie fm ropmrte imc of cmhgro Imimhbim. Imcste ko uc hmctèiufm iuym kbåhotrm cm rogese fms 5? h y fe efture eft ure eprmxbheke os ko > h. Of tbpm ko hetorbef ko imcstruiibùc quo `uo mgsorveke oc of hmctèiufm `uo topoteto, eucquo huy

i) Yec Pbiocto (_[H O?>9 ;44 C75 595 2?4) Ostå fmiefbzekm koctrm ko fe pmgfeibùc hmkorce ko Yec Pbiocto Qbfmxmiabtfe. Kms hmctèiufms fm imhpmcoc< of heymr tboco imcſtnureibùc efmcneke y hbko 14 h pmr 9? h: of hås poquoõm, sbtuekm ef mosto, hbko 9? h pmr 7? h. Fe ugbieibùc kof sbtbm os ostretânbie, puos so fmiefbze oc fe octreke ef `ârtbf veffo y sefbke e fe perto cmrto ko fe pfecbibo, bcuckeke oc tbohpm ko ffuvbes y zmce ko oxpfmteibùc ko roiursms feiustros. Ef bnuef quo of rostm ko fms sbtbms ko fe zmce, ronbstre miupeibmcos @mrhetbve y Opbifåsbie (@bnure 99).

@bnure 9;. Ostretânbiehocto ugbiekm, of sbtbm Fmhe Imiùhbtf sonurehocto sbrvbù imhm puctm ko mgsorveibùc y imctrmf kof pesm octro fe zmce feiustro y of veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Tuogfe-[fexiefe.

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TE[WÙC TE[WÙC KO EYO EYOC[EHBOC[M C[EHBOC[M

 

kotorbmrekm kogbkm e fes mgres ko bc`reostruiture. Fms hetorbefos cm `uormc eguckectos porm so roimcmibù ioråhbie pmfèirmhe ko tbpm Iamfufe y  Ecereclekm Kofnekm (@bnure 9;). o) Of Yectuerbm (_[H O?>5kof ;?4Gfmquo. C75 72Iuocte 7?4) Ybtuekm oc fe perto cmrosto

_CBKEKOY AEGB[EIBMCEFOY

Yo ociuoctrec kbstrbgubkes oc tmkm of Gfmquo  Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec  Qmiabtoietf-C etbvbtes-Cmpefuiec.. Oc fes ieses kof puogfm vbvèec equoffms nrupms iuyes eitbvbkekos prbcibpefos `uormc fe enrbiufture y fe ofegmreibùc komprmkuitms utbfbterbms gåsbims. Enrupekes oc tros iuetrm ieses, so iereitorbzec pmr sor ospeibms ko ucm m kms iuertms ko poquoões kbhocsbmcos, mtres ostuvbormc kbsporses y esmibekes e fes åroes ko oxpfmteibùc enrèimfe. Ibcim esoctehboctms ko osto tbpm `uormc roimcmibkms, ugbiekms tmkms oc fes pertos eftes ko fes fmhes.

imc kms ostruitures efernekes, ko hås ko >4 h ko fernm y uc eciam eprmxbhekm ko 74 h, esè imhm imc uce efture ko 1 h. Fes kms prosoctec ofohoctms imcstruitbvms huy koſtcbkms< roffocms ko topoteto, pbokre ieroeke y roiugrbhboctms ko ostuim. Ehges imrroc perefofes, soperekes pmr hås ko 94 h y imc olo prbcibpef cmrosto-surmosto. Teroio sor uc luo- e) Yecte Bcâs (_[H ?01 97? C75 99 5?4) nm ko pofmte, puos oc fms porſtfos (vbsbgfos pmr Ostå fmiefbzekm oc uc iorrm lustm oc of ioctrm fms imrtos quo aec su`rbkm fes ostruitures) so puoko mgsorver imc iferbkek uces osiefbcetes (sobs osiefmcos) quo sugoc iesb 9 h y so imrtec egruptehocto oc `mrhe vortbief. Fes imcstruiibmcos oståc iugbortes imc ostuim. Fe ioråhbie kbencùstbie rosieteke bckbie quo of sbtbm tuvm miupeibùc @mrhetbve y Opbifåsbie (Yorre y Feziecm, 5220e) (@bnure 9?).

ko fe zmce feiustro. Oc of sbtbm so ociuoctre uce poquoõe iruz quo soõefe of puctm ko roucbùc pere of `ostolm kof kèe 9 ko heym. Ymgro fe suporſtibo oxbsto `uorto prosocibe ko ioråhbie, mgsbkbece, sèfox y fètbie pufbke. Of hetorbef kmhâstbim os smgro tmkm ko ioråhbie gurke, fbse (bkoctbſtieke tehgbâc oc Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe), quo so suhe e fe nrec iectbkek ko

@bnure 9?. Of Yectuerbm imc sus kms ostruitures efernekes peroio sunorbr fe oxbstocibe ko uc luonm ko pofmte. Of prbhorm ropmrtekm pere of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec.

@bnure 90. _ce nrec iectbkek ko hetorbef ko usm kmhâstbim `uo fmiefbzekm efrokokmr ko fes poquoões ofoveibmcos quo imc`mrhec of sbtbm ko Yecte Bcâs.

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hetorbef fètbim< `renhoctms ko hecms ko hoteto, hotetos y hmrtorms, esmibekms e verbes imcioctreibmcos ko pbokre oc fms imrtos ko fes periofes. [mkm offm cms porhbtbù proibser fe oxbstocibe ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos portocoiboctos tectm porbmkm @mrhetbvm @mrhetbvm imhm ef Opbifåsbim (@bnureef90 ). g) Fmhe Fe Hbce B (_[H O?>4 144 C75 >9 7;4)

Os mtre zmce aegbteibmcef, ef cmrto kof Gfmquo @bnure 91. Ymgro fms iorrms y oc torreioekms so ugbiermc pro`oroctofes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Huiam ko osto hetorbef `uo erres Etfeiabcm-Qmiabtoietf-Cmpefuiec.  Etfeiabcm-Qmiabtoietf-C mpefuiec. Of sbtbm ostå hocto trekm e fes pertos geles. `mrhekm pmr kms ofoveibmcos ko `mrhe roitecnufer, imc 5.?4 h ko eftm eprmxbhekehocto. i) Fmhe Fe Hbce BB  Ehges smc ekyeioctos e fms iehpms ko iuftbvm, (_[H O?>4 444 C75 97 ;44) pmr fm quo aec su`rbkm imcstecto kostruiibùc, fm Octro fms sbtbms Fe Hbce B y Hbxim Pbolm so sbtüe quo kbſtiufte kofbhbter of åroe iugborte pmr fes Fe Hbce BB. Trosocte fms hbshms resnms quo Fe ieses. Of hetorbef fmiefbzekm os ko tbpm kmhâs- Hbce B, oc ospoibef periofes ko iuftbvm oc zmce tbim< `renhoctms ko mffes, pfetms y efnucms ie- efte. Oc ieke uce ko offes, ieroctos ko torreioe lotos, tmkms ko ioråhbie gurke, efbseke, efbsek e, imfmr km, so eproibec koscbvofos smgro fms quo eguckec ie`â. Ko bnuef hmkm, so rosietermc efnucms `ren- fms hetorbefos erquomfùnbims< fètbie pufbke, hehoctms ko ſtnurbffes, mgsbkbece y hecms ko hoteto cms ko hmrtorm, hecms y `renhoctms ko hotetos. kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm porm heymrbterbehocto kof Fe ioråhbie prmvboco, iesb oc su tmtefbkek, kof Opbifåsbim (@bnure 9>). Opbifåsbim (@bnure 91).

@bnure 9>. Ymgro efernekes periofes enrèimfes so fmiefbzermc imcioctreibmcos ko hetorbef ioråhbim, fètbim y ùsom. Ofohoctms erquomfùnbims quo oc of sbtbm Fmhe Fe Hbce B kec iuocte ko fe prosocibe ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

@bnure 92. Lustm ef mosto kof esoctehboctm roitmr ko QmiabtoietfIeiextfe so fmiefbze uce nrec pfete`mrhe, ospeibm kmcko fms ectbnums pmgfekmros imcstruyormc sus aegbteibmcos.

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TE[WÙC TE[WÙC KO EYO EYOC[EHBOC[M C[EHBOC[M

 

@bnure ;4. Cetbvbtes, fmhes B, BB y BBB os of sbtbm prbcibpef kmcko so imcstruyormc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

nreckos topotetos quo imcstbtuyormc of cüifom, ef bnuef quo pbsms ko ostuim. Fms `oiaehboctms imOf esoctehboctm quo kocmhbcehms Tfete`mrhe rrospmckoc ef porbmkm @mrhetbvm @mrhetbvm y ef Opbifåsbim. Mosto Qmiabtoietf imcste ko uce pfete`mrhe ko Kose`mrtucekehocto fe eitbvbkek enrèimfe ae 7 744 h , fe iuef prosocte fes iereitorèstbies bkù- kostrubkm nrec perto ko fe pfete`mrhe ( @bnure 92). coes pere imcsbkorerfm fe geso ko uc imcluctm ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Oc fe osqubce cm- o) Cetbvbtes B, BB y BBB rosto so fmiefbze uc hmctèiufm ko poquoões kb- (_[H O?01 ?44 C75 72 ?44) hocsbmcos, tmkevèe ekmsekm e fe perok kof iorrm, Fms prbcibpefos nrupms ko ucbkekos aegbteibmceporm kostrubkm pmr fe eiibùc auhece. Yugsbstoc fos so fmiefbzec oc Cetbvbtes B y BB. Yo trete kof

k) Tfete`mrhe Mosto Qmiabtoietf (_[H O?01 4?4 C75 7> 144)

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PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

pmgfekm ko fe nocto imhüc, kmcko ekohås roefbzege sus eitbvbkekos prmkuitbves: ostå ugbiekm e sùfm 044 h ef mrbocto ko Ieiextfe, oc of imstekm surmosto kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec. imc`mrhekm pmr `rocto tros fmhorèms torreioekmsOstå y oc koscbvof, imc iurvm oc fms fekms sur y osto ko fes fmhes. Of fmhorèm B fmiefhocto so imcmio imhm Efimym m Feimym, of fmhorèm BB so ffehe \epmife y of BBB Imymauefim. Fes torrezes smc ko kb`oroctos kbhocsbmcos< fes @bnure ;5. Oc fe zmce feiustro, ef cmrto ko fms sbtbms roitmros ko hås nreckos so ugbiec oc fe zmce hokbe y fes hås  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe tmkevèe os pmsbgfo mgsorver iabcehpes, tborres ko tmkevèe poquoões oc fe ibhe (@bnure ;4). sohgrekèm imc uce ferne trekbibùc oc fe ronbùc. Kurecto of porbmkm @mrhetbvm so abibormc fes ieses imc ibhboctms ko pbokre, pb okre, hurms ko nrec- [BOWWEY KO YOHGWEKÈM kos topotetos, ropoffekm ko fmkm y epbsmcekms ko Fe oxtocsbùc ko fms torrocms ko iuftbvm os ko hentborre. Yo enrupec oc imcluctms ko ef hocms tros ieses pmr torreze y so kbstrbguyoc oc hmkm kbsporsm, imc uc petrùc pmim iferm. Imctermc imc uce smfe aegbteibùc, kmcko of amner `uo ofohoctm ioctref. Oc fe perto oxtorce so fmiefbzermc åroes ko kosoiam m trmcimiùcbies, ef bnuef quo amrcms pere imior fe pbõe m iegoze kof henuoy. henuoy. Kurecto of porbmkm Opbifåsbim fes ieses so imcstruyormc smgro fes kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm, porm imc hetorbefos ko holmr iefbkek: fes kbhocsbmcos msibfec octro 9.? y ; h y puokoc tocor uce m kms aegbteibmcos. Yo efzec smgro uce poquoõe pfete`mrhe aoiae imc tozmctfo ostuiekm. Of petrùc ko esoctehboctm ostå gboc kb`orocibekm: os koibr fes ko holmr eiegekm (ekmgo y roiugrbhboctm ko ostuim) y imc heymr ospeibm so sbtüec oc fes pertos hås eftes, hboctres quo fes imcstrubkes imc hetorbefos ko hocmr iefbkek (ekmgo y roiugrbhboctm ko fmkm) so fmiefbzec oc fes zmces geles.  Esbhbshm  Esbhb shm so roücoc roücoc oc nrupms ko tros m iuetrm iuetrm efrokokmr ko uc poquoõm petbm y miupec kbvorsms

cbtuk imcsbkoregfo, puos imrrospmcko ef 74% kof tmtef kof åroe ko ostukbm. Iugro Iugro kosko Yec Kbonm  Qmimyuie aeste [fexiefe y [oieloto, oc kbroiibùc cmrto-sur. Yo eproibec sohgrekèms o`oituekms tectm oc iabcehpes imhm oc iehpms ofovekms rmkoekms pmr iecefos. Os koibr, so tboco fms tbpms gåsbims ye koſtcbkms pmr ^ ^ost ost y Erhbffes (5219) pere fe iuocie ko Hâxbim< iabcehpes ko fenuce y ko tborre ekoctrm. Ostes üftbhes iuoctec imc iecefos pere quo oc of tbohpm ko iroibkes kof enue so rbonuoc fes periofes (@bnure ;5). Fms aeffeznms imrrmgmrermc fms bc`mrhos provbms ko fe @uckeibùc Efohece pere fe Bcvostbneibùc Iboctèſtie y, oc ospoibef, fms ko Nerièe Immj (52>7). Re quo oc sus kbvorsms roimrrbkms epuctù fe oxbstocibe ko efnuces åroes enrèimfes quo koſtcbù imhm iabcehpores, kbstrbgubkes oc kbstbctms puctms kof veffo ko Tuogfe-[fexiefe. Bnuefhocto pfectoù quo, prmgegfohocto, `uo eaè kmcko so iroù osto sbstohe

puctms smgro fes torrezes (Yorre y Feziecm, 5220e) ko iuftbvms. Oc o`oitm, oc fe soiibùc cmrmosto kof ;?

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

TE[WÙC TE[WÙC KO EYO EYOC[EHBOC[M C[EHBOC[M

 

åroe ko ostukbm so fmiefbzù uce nrec zmce pfece quo oc tbohpms ko ffuvbe so bcucke y imrrospmcko e fe fenuce Of Wmserbm. Tmr mtrm fekm, kogohms kosteier quo oc cbcnuce ko fes iabcehpes augm bckbibms ko

Fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos quo rmkoec of åroe iabcehpore y fe zmce feiustro oståc sbtuekes e kbstecibes ronuferos, oc fes mrbffes ko fm quo `uo of vesm heymr ko fe fenuce Of Wmserbm. Yu fmiefbzeibùc sunboro of imctrmf y usm ko uc cühorm sbhbfer

quo sbrvborec ko ibhboctm e ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos, eucquo sè kosiugrbhms poquoões imcioctreibmcos ko hetorbef erquomfùnbim huy ormsbmcekm. Âsto os of ehgbocto oc quo vbvbormc fms ectbnums aegbtectos ko fms sbtbms sugsbkberbms y egestoiokmros ko fe iepbtef ronbmcef QmiabtoietfIeiextfe. Efrokokmr ko âste y ko fms nreckos sbtbms ’[oieloto y Hbxim Pbolm’, ef cmrto so koserrmffege fe vbke ko, ef hocms, uce vobctoce ko pmgfekms hocmros, eiesm ko sonuckm y torior cb-

ko periofes enrèimfes, tectm ko fes nocorekes oc of foiam feiustro imhm ko fes sbtuekes oc fms cbvofos hås eftms. Fe prosocibe ko ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos kbshbcuyo aeibe of sur kof Gfmquo QmiabtoietfCetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Ybc ohgernm, fms tregelms ko fms eõms sotocte ostegfoibormc su prosocibe oc uc cühorm sbncbſtietbvm, porm eamre so ae porkbkm pmr of usm eituef kof suofm y fe rohmibùc ko nreckos iectbkekos ko tborre. Mtres åroes kmcko so imcmibù fe oxbstocibe ko osto tbpm ko imcstruiibmcos smc fes mrbffes ko fms rèms Etmyei y \eauepec,

vof. @uormc offms fms ociernekms ko prmvoor ko fms roiursms vbtefos coioserbms e fe pmgfeibùc tectm e fm fernm kof @mrhetbvm imhm kof Opbifåsbim. Octro fms sbtbms soiuckerbms Yec Pbiocto os of quo ekquboro uc vefmr ospoibef kogbkm e su ugbieibùc ostretânbie, ye quo os puorte ko octreke cmrtoõe ef `ârtbf veffo. Yecte Bcâs kogbù pmsoor tehgbâc nrec bhpmrtecibe, puos so aeffe oc uce fmhe oc of ioctrm ko fe zmce iabcehpore y os prmvookmre ko roiursms efbhoctbibms. Ybc funer e kukes, fms esoctehboctms so kbspusbormc oc tmrcm e fes åroes hås bhpmrtectos ko oxpfmteibùc y ostuvbormc eimrkos imc fes ostretonbes ko imctrmf y ioctrefbzeibùc ko gbocos, sonüc fms roquorbhboctms ko fms nrupms ko kmhbcbm. Fe sbtueibùc ospeibef ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos rospmcko e kms irbtorbms prbhmrkbefos< ioriecèe e fes åroes ko oxpfmteibùc enrèimfe y feiustro, y fe ugbieibùc oc fms efrokokmros ko fms ioctrms prbcibpefos, oc `ucibùc ko quo oc offes aegbtegec tehgbâc fms ertosecms ospoibefbzekms oc fe ofegmreibùc ko gbo-

funeros kmcko so prosoctec oc nrupms ko uc cühorm håxbhm ko iuetrm (Nerièe Immj, 521? y Nmczåfoz Låimho, 5222). Oc fms cbvofos tmpmnråſtims hås eftms ocimctrehms fms sbtbms ko sonucke bhpmrtecibe: tmkms offms imc okbſtieibmcos heymros e fms tros hotrms y imcstrubkms smgro uce poquoõe pfete`mrhe. Fe heymrèe ko offms so fmiefbzec oc fes bchokbeibmcos ko fes åroes enrèimfes y ko oxpfmteibùc ko pbo ko hmcto. Yo ociuoctrec kbstrbgubkms e fm fernm y eciam kof Gfmquo  Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvb  Qmiabto ietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuie tes-Cmpefuiecc y sus `ucibmcos prbcibpefos `uormc fes ko imcioctrer fms kb`oroctos gbocos prmkuibkms y ko mrnecbzer e fe pmgfeibùc imhüc pere of tregelm imhucbterbm. Imcsbkorehms quo oc efnucms ko ostms sbtbms rosbkèec ertosecms ospoibefbzekms oc fe ofegmreibùc ko prmkuitms oxifusbvms pere of usm ko fms nrupms kmhbcectos, m euc pere of bctoriehgbm y, keke fe imhpotocibe imc mtrms ioctrms bhpmrtectos imhm `uo Iamfufe oc of sur sur,, tehgbâc

cos suctuerbms.

`ucnbormc ostms funeros ko sonuckm cbvof, imhm

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PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

@bnure ;7. Oc fe ibhe y fes fekores kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec so fmiefbzermc fe heymrèe ko fms sbtbms roitmros, voibcms hocmros y ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

ioctrms ko imctrmf y ko vbnbfecibe ko fms eiiosms e fes zmces prbcibpefos ko prmkuiibùc y oxpfmteibùc ronbmcef. Oc fes zmces hås eftes kof Gfmquo surnoc fms sbtbms hmcuhoctefos y ko heymr rofovecibe, tmkms offms imc nreckos okbſtieibmcos y funeros prbvbfonbekms pere rosbkbr. Perbms ko offms `uormc ioctrms ko iuftm pügfbim y pere roefbzer of bctoriehgbm ronbmcef ko gbocos. _cm ko offms `uo Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, tuvm su esoctehboctm oc fe ibhe ko uc vmfiåc oxtbctm quo fo porhbtbù tocor uce vbste ehpfbe, tectm aeibe of cmrto imhm aeibe of sur, ko fes åroes prbcibpefos ko prmkuiibùc y oxpfmteibùc. Hboctres quo Hbxim

so nocore octro of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-CetbvbtesCmpefuiec y fe ofoveibùc ko [otfetfeauie, quo os pmr kmcko ibriufe of rèm \eauepec. Ko eiuorkm imc fms ofohoctms hocibmcekms pmkohms imcifubr quo fe kbspmsbibùc y sbtueibùc nocoref ko fms sbtbms rospmcko ef imctrmf y usm kof suofm pere fes eitbvbkekos enrèimfes, suhekm e fe oxpfmteibùc ko fms roiursms feiustros y ko pbo ko hmcto. Ekohås kof imctrmf kof enue ko fms rèms  Etmyei  Etmy ei y \eauep \eauepec, ec, imc imc of mmglotbv glotbvmm ko nerectbz nerectbzer er of suhbcbstrm ko fms prmkuitms efbhoctbibms. Ef hbshm tbohpm, sbrvbù pere fe mgsorveibùc y imcmibhboctm ko fms nrupms quo ovoctuefhocto pukborec eiorierso m peser pmr sus åroes ko oxpfmteibùc

Pbolm y Yecte Bsegof fe tocèec kof imrrokmr quo

(Yorre y Feziecm, 5220e) (@bnure ;7).

;>

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

TE[WÙC TE[WÙC KO EYO EYOC[EHBOC[M C[EHBOC[M

 

PB OF [BOHTM

OF   [BOHTM os uce ko fes kms kbhocsbmcos quo ostukbe fe erquomfmnèe, fe mtre os of ospeibm. Ybc ohgernm, os huiam hås `åibf octockor of ospeibm, ye quo su usm oc fes smibokekos pesekes so vo ro﬇olekm oc uc sbc ſtc ko espoitms, tectm tecnbgfos imhm bctecnbgfos. Of ostukbm ko uc sbtbm erquomfùnbim so roefbze smgro of ospeibm utbfbzekm pmr fms aegbtectos ko mtrm tbohpm: esè puos fe kbhocsbùc ospeibef os tecnbgfo, pmsbgbfbteckm imc offm of quo soe roimrrbke y octockbke. Tmr mtrm fekm, fe kbhocsbùc tohpmref os bctecnbgfo y sùfm e pertbr ko fe oxieveibùc kovofehms fes kbstbctes âpmies y of trecsiurrbr tohpmref. Ko osto hmkm fe ostretbnre`èe imhbocze e cerrer fm eimctoibkm. Cm mgstecto, os kb`èibf octockor of tbohpm trecsiurrbkm, kogbkm e quo fes iepes ostretbnråſties oc miesbmcos puokoc ffoner e roprosocter iboc m aeste hbf eõms ko miupeibùc. Octmcios ½iùhm pmkohms kbstbcnubr esè fe vbke ko uc sor auhecm, quo oc of tbohpm ectbnum quo ostehms ostukbeckm tocèe uc prmhokbm ko vbke octro 94 e ;4 eõms= [mke su vbke, kosko ko sko fe bc`ecibe bc`ec ibe aeste fe hekuroz y fe huorto, ½iùhm pmkohms octockorfe= Os segbkm pmr tmkms quo fe vbke smibef ostå porhoeke ko iufture hetorbef, mglotms quo imekyuvec e kbstbcnubr cuostres miupeibmcos, cuostre

iursms quo cms ke fe ceturefoze, ko cuostre imshmvbsbùc, ko cuostres iroocibes, otiâtore. Ko oste hecore, of erquoùfmnm quo ostukbe pmr hokbm ko fms rostms hetorbefos fe vbke ko fms soros auhecms quo aegbtermc oso ospeibm m sbtbm erquomfùnbim, puoko bctorproter ko `mrhe nocârbie fe vbke imtbkbece ko uc bckbvbkum, ko su `ehbfbe, ko su nrupm smibef, ko su octmrcm y ko su tbohpm. Ybc ohgernm, sbohpro so aefferå imc fe kbſtiuftek ko pmkor kosnfmser oso tbohpm tb ohpm oc uc kèe, uc eõm m oc uc hbfocbm. Fe vbke ko uc bckbvbkum so imcvborto octmcios oc of mglotm ko ostukbm, oc uc olohpfm ko huiams mtrms quo vbvbormc su ibriucstecibe oc of hbshm ospeibm oc kbstbctms tbohpms. Fe erquomfmnèe tboco huiaes fbhbteibmcos pere bkoctbſtier fe vbke ko fms bckbvbkums, e cm sor quo so treto

`mrhe ko imciogbr of ospeibm, ko utbfbzer fms ro-

cm imbcibko imc fe folecèe oc of tbohpm y, pmr

ko porsmcelos ko bhpmrtecibe quo aeyec kolekm auoffe pmr hokbm ko sus cmhgros, esè imhm ko sus eiibmcos osiufpbkes oc ostofes m hmcuhoctms, koleckm ko fekm imc ostm fe vbke imtbkbece ko fe nocto kof imhüc y pmr tectm kbſtiufteckm imc offm su bckbvbkuefbzeibùc. Of imcioptm kof tbohpm oc fes smibokekos koseperoibkes cms os iesb kosimcmibkm. Of kbsteckb stecibehboctm kof huckm hmkorcm ko ibortes smibokekos bhpbko quo imhprockehms sus pråitbies iufturefos, kogbkm e quo su folecèe oc of ospeibm

 

ocko, cbcnuce smibokek imctohpmråcoe quo pukbore mgsorverso oc fe eituefbkek ae hectocbkm uc nrekm ko ebsfehboctm y osteciehboctm suſtibocto. Tmr oste rezùc, fms rerms èckbios utbfbzegfos utbfb zegfos smc fms hbtms quo cerrec of tbohpm y fes focnues

roiuporegfo porbùkbiehocto kurecto fms `ostbvefos quo imcstruyoc of iefockerbm senrekm. Os suhehocto kb`èibf quo of ronbstrm erquomfùnbim oxpfbquo fe imciopibùc quo kof tbohpm tocèec fms ectbnums aegbtectos ko Hosmehârbie,

quo cmhgrec. oste hecore, hokbm ko offmsfmcms os pmsbgfoKoroimcstrubr imcpmr iborte prmgegbfbkek uce bhenoc kof rbthm kof tbohpm. Oc of ehecoior ko fms prbhorms nrupms auhecms, of rbthm ko fe ceturefoze so bhpmco e fms amhgros, of smf fbhbte fms kèes, fes `esos ko fe fuce fbhbtec uc porbmkm ostegfo, fms hmvbhboctms kof ucm y ko fe mtre kosirbgoc oc of ospeibm uc ibifm imc uc porbmkm hås fernm, of iuef hbko of imcluctm ko fes `esos ko fe eitbvbkek enrèimfe y of pestmrom. Fe prbhore hokbke kof tbohpm ostå fbneke ibortehocto imc fe coiosbkek ko provor fe eperbibùc ko fe ffuvbe y kof smf, pere imc offm imctbcuer imctrmfeckm fe rocmveibùc ko fes rosorves efbhoctbibes, fe imctbcubkek oc fe mrnecbzeibùc ko fms hokbms ko suporvbvocibe ko fe imhucbkek. Tmr fm ectorbmr fe ceturefoze os fe `uocto ko tmkm, kof trecsiurrbr kof tbohpm, esè imhm ko su kureibùc y su hokbke. Fms `ocùhocms ceturefos prmpmribmcec tehgbâc of ücbim hokbm ko ovefuer of prbcibpbm y of ſtc, ko su kureibùc. Fe imtbkbecobkek oc fes smibokekos kof prbhor tbohpm so mrnecbzege oc tmrcm ef seirbſtibm e fms kbmsos, roefbzekms oc funeros ospoièſtims, hokbecto ſtostes ko ronocoreibùc ko hèhbie ko fe huorto m ko fe imrmceibùc ko uc kbms m ko uc roy. roy. Of tbohpm ièifbim pere equoffms quo cm fm mgsorvec `mrhefhocto os kb`èibf ko imcioptuefbzer. Cm mgstecto, huiams `ocùhocms ceturefos so utbfbzec imhm bckbiekmros kof tbohpm, imhm fes osteibmcos, fes `esos fuceros y fms rbthms enrèimfes (pfecter, iubker, imsoiaer, efheiocer, oti.).

sbc ohgernm fes auoffes kof usmhetorbef kof ospeibm y kof tbohpm so aeffec oc fe iufture kopmsbteke oc fms funeros quo imhm erquoùfmnms aohms oxievekm. Of sbtbm ko Cetbvbtes, aegbtekm pmr enrbiuftmros y ertosecms, ef bnuef quo of ioctrm hmcuhoctef ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, tboco kms otepes miupeibmcefos iferehocto koſtcbkes< \eauepec y  Etmyei. Fe prbhore prbhore bcbibe oc of @mrhetbvm @mrhetbvm hokbm (144 e.I.) y ſtcefbze oc of @mrhetbvm torhbcef (744 k.I.). Fe sonucke imrrospmcko e fe romiupeibùc quo tuvm funer kurecto of Opbifåsbim, imc uce kureibùc ko eprmxbhekehocto 944 eõms, octro 0?4 y 2?4 k.I., hmhoctm oc quo tehgbâc oxbstbù of ioctrm ièvbim-ekhbcbstretbvm ko Ieiextfe (@bnure ;9).  Ehges miupeibmcos smc rosuftekm ko fms prmiosms quo `uormc imhucos pere Hosmehârbie, sb gboc of iesm ospoièſtim ko fe ronbùc mgokoio e fes imckbibmcos ùptbhes oc tmrcm kof Gfmquo  Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec,  Qmiabtoietf-Ce tbvbtes-Cmpefuiec, eucquo tehgbâc e fms `ocùhocms vmfiåcbims kof Tmpmi Tmpmietâpotf. etâpotf.

Of tbohpm ièifbim os uce suiosbùc ko otorcbkekos,

nbùc smibokekos imc uce mrnecbzeibùc oimcùoimcù-

Of @mrhetbvm [ohprecm y Hokbm< Miupeibùc Tro-\eauepec (5044-144 e.I.)

Fms iesb vobctbibcim sbnfms (7?44 e.I. e 744 k.I.) quo egerie of porbmkm Troifåsbim m @mrhetbvm oc Hosmehârbie `uormc osiocerbm kof surnbhboctm ko efkoes eutmsuſtiboctos y prmkuitmres ko efbhoctms. Kurecto osto fepsm surnbormc oc oste ro-

;2

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

OF [BOHTM

 

b bb bbb bv v vb.

Gesekm oc ketms ko Nerièe Immj, Immj, 522>, pere pere tmkm of veffo: y ko Yorre Tuiao, Tuiao, ot ef., 7445, pere Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe Qmia btoietf-Ieiextfe y Cetbvbtes. Yonüc H Hbffmc, bffmc, 52>2: y Cbokorgornor Cbokorgornor,, 52>0 y 521>. Ko eiuorkm imc Nerièe Teyùc, Teyùc, 52>5: y Miame, 5212. Imc geso oc ketms ko ^bctor, ^bctor, 5224: y Fbck, 5225. Epmyekm oc Yiahbkt, ot ef., 5221. Ko eiuorkm imc ^ ^obneck, obneck, 5229: y Yiaðckugo, 7444.

?4

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

@bnure ;9. Kurecto fe prbhore miupeibùc kof sbtbm Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, fms pmgfekmros kof veffo okbſtiec oc fe ibhe kof iorrm  Qmiabtoietf fe Tbråhbko Tbråhbko ko Fese@fmros, Gesehoctm Fmsfekm, Pmfiecos, Okbſtibm Okbſtibmotepe ko Fe Fmiupeibmcef e Ospbref y ofkocmhbceke Okbſtibm Okbſtibm ko Fe Yorpbocto, fms iuefos, oc su imcluctm, imrrospmckoc fe `eso Of \eauepec. Tmr Tmrkomtrm oc fe of sonucke Etmyei, fe Tbråhbko ko Fes @fmros y of Gesehoctm ko Fms Pmfiecos smc ehpfbekms imc imcstruiibmcos ekbibmcefos y sbnuoc sbockm utbfbzekms, of Okbſtibm ko fe Ospbref y of Okbſtibm ko fe Yorpbocto smc egeckmcekms.

hbie smibef ko tbpm trbgef imc uce enrbiufture eutmsuſtibocto y uc petrùc ko esoctehboctm efkoecm, imc sbstohes ko imctrmf ko enue y fe kmhostbieibùc ko pfectes y ecbhefos. Ko eiuorkm imc cuostrms aeffeznms y of ecåfbsbs ko efnucms `renhoctms ko iergùc kbm imhm rosuftekm of eõm

hås ectbnue ko miupeibùc auhece oc of åroe. Oc oso octmcios fms prbhorms nrupms auhecms imhoczermc e ostegfoiorso oc fe ronbùc, y of Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec `uo ofonbkm pmr fe eguckecibe ko roiursms ceturefos, ùptbhms pere fe efbhocteibùc. Esè, of @mrhetbvm

5754 e.I., quo aeste of hmhoctm os fe `oiae tohprecm os tostbnm kof bcbibm ko fms pmgfekms ?5

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

?7

OF [BOHTM

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

quo so imcvortbråc hås terko oc of cmtmrbm ioctrm ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Fms hås roprosoctetbvms olohpfms ko fe oxbstocibe ko efkoes oc of porbmkm @mrhetbvm Hosmehorbiecm so ociuoctrec oc of Eftbpfecm<

iuftbvms efoctù sonurehocto fes eitbvbkekos imhucbterbes y prmvmiù fe eperbibùc ko uce sorbo ko iuftures mrbnbcefos. Yo ae imcsbkorekm quo oc fms pmgfekms kof @mrhetbvm provefoibù of bctorâs imfoitbvm. Fe ucbkek smibef ore fe `ehbfbe oxtocse,

[fexiefe, Tuogfe, Hmrofms, esè imhm ioctref oc fms veffos ioctrefos ko Mexeie, fe koprosbùc ko Iabepes (iuocie efte kof rèm Nrblefve) y fes pfecbibos imstores imst ores ko fms ostekms os tekms ko Poreiruz Poreiruz y [egesim, [egesim, ekohås ko Iabepes y Nuetohefe. Fms prbhorms esoctehboctms so `uckermc oc ronbmcos quo imctegec imc eguckectos roiursms ceturefos< rbgores ko rèms y fenms, fekores ko hmctos, gmsquos y sofves prùxbhms, imc uce oxtocse åroe susioptbgfo ko sor utbfbzeke pere of iuftbvm. Eucquo fe enrbiufture ore fe prbcibpef eitbvbkek ko sugsbstocibe (bcifubke fe ko tugâriufms, imhm fe yuie), aegèe efnuces efkoes imstores ko posiekmros. Torm fe `mrhe ko vbke ko ostes imhucbkekos cm sùfm tboco rofeibùc imc of ospeibm bctorbmr kof esoctehboctm: tehgbâc bcibko oc of torrbtmrbm quo fm rmkoe< fms iehpms ko iuftbvm, fes åroes ko roimfoiibùc ko pfectes y hetorbes prbhes y fes zmces ko ieze. Fe coiosbkek ko etockor fms

iepez ko rosmfvor fes coiosbkekos ko prmkuiibùc ko efbhoctms y ofegmreibùc ko bcstruhoctms bckbspocsegfos pere fe oxbstocibe imtbkbece, y imhpertèe uc toiam koctrm ko fe efkoe. Yo esmibege ostroiaehocto imc mtres `ehbfbes pere o`oituer eitbvbkekos imhm fe propereibùc ko efbhoctms, imcstruiibùc ko vbvbockes, hecu`eiture ko aorrehboctes, ieze m iuftbvm. Ieke uce ko ostes `ehbfbes ohpozù e iuhpfbr `ucibmcos kbstbctes koctrm kof nrupm. Fe prmkuiibùc oxbnbù kbstbctms nrekms ko immporeibùc quo kopockbormc kof tbpm ko mrnecbzeibùc oimcùhbie smibef y ostekèm smibef oc of iuef so ocimctregec, ko eaè quo of tregelm so mrnecbzere oc `mrhes kbvorses y, oc miesbmcos, oc imcluctms heymros e fe ucbkek kmhâstbie. Fms hbohgrms ko uce `ehbfbe pmkèec imfegmrer ko hecore ronufer imc perboctos y ehbnms: os koibr, efnucms tregelms so roefbzermc ko hmkm imhüc pmr perto ko nrupms ko voibcms. Tmr olohpfm, fes ertosecèes, fe iostorèe (iecestes, aorrehboctes, rokos) so o`oituermc koctrm ko ieke ucbkek y pmr verbes porsmces ef hbshm tbohpm, eucquo of trecspmrto t recspmrto o bctoriehgbm ko fms mglotms torhbcekms roqubrbù uc tbpm ko mrnecbzeibùc heymr. heymr. Esè, pertbibpegec of nrupm kmhâstbim y imhucbterbm, hboctres quo fes efkoes ko heymr teheõm `ucibmcegec imhm ioctrms ko eimpbm y kbstrbguibùc ko fms prmkuitms ofegmrekms pmr ieke ucbkek hocmr kof sbstohe. Esè so soctermc fes gesos pere uce vbke imhucef quo so `mrtefoièe e trevâs ko kbvorsms hoiecbshms y eitbvbkekos ospoibefos rocmvekm-

@bnure ;;. Toquoõms imcluctms ko ieses iereitorbzermc of petrùc ko esoctehboctm ko fes åroes aegbteibmcefos kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm. @mrhetbvm.

?9

res ko vèciufms y gocoſtibms ( @bnure ;;).

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Of @mrhetbvm Hokbm y [erkèm< Miupeibùc e.I., y Yec Lmsâ Gfeij eck ^abto ko fe @eso Yec \eauepec (144 e.I.-744 k.I.)  Lmsâ, ko Mexeie, 5744-1?4 5744-1?4 e.I.) (Cbokorgornor, (Cbokorgornor,

52>0). Tere of eõm ;44 e.I. fe miupeibùc tbo[ohe imcmibkm os quo, e poser ko fms resnms co su epmnom y imhperto resnms imc mtres åroes, imhpertbkms ko oses prbhores efkoes oc tmke pertèibpos ko uce ehpfbe rok ko bctoriehgbm quo Hosmehârbie, augm kb`orocibes fms eprmiosms abstùrbims pertbiuferos quo kbormcocpbo fe kbvbsbùc ronbmcef< Miibkocto, Nmf`m, zmce heye, Mexeie y Eftbpfecm ioctref. Ostes efkoes so koserrmffermc, ovmfuibmcermc y so trecs`mrhermc imhm imcsoiuocibe kof ehpfbm imcluctm ko `eitmros oimcùhbims, smibefos, kohmnråſtims, bkomfùnbims y pmfètbims quo octrermc oc luonm, aeste efieczer cuovms puctms ko oqubfbgrbm. Ko oste hecore, e hokbekms kof @mrhetbvm so iuocte pmr voz prbhore imc erqubtoiture ko ieråitor ièvbim iorohmcbef: so ostegfoibù imc offm uce kbstbcibùc octro sbtbms, quo ve ko fms iesorèms y efkoes nreckos e fms ioctrms ronbmcefos. Ef hbshm tbohpm, miurrbormc iehgbms smibmpmfètbims sbncbſtietbvms imc of euhoctm ko fe pmgfeibùc fms ioctrms ronbmcefos iroibormc y so vmfvbormc of ectoiokocto ko fms f ms ioctrms urgecms, tèpbims kof amrbzmcto Ifåsbim hosmehorbiecm. _ce ehpfbe nehe ko rostms erquomfùnbims cms huostre, oc imcluctm, uc cuovm tbpm ko im-

egerie fe imste kof fms Nmf`m y fms veffos trefos kokosko Mexeie, aeste eituefos ostekmsiocko Hmrofms, Nuorrorm Nuorrorm y of eftbpfecm ko Nuetohefe. Of ostegfoibhboctm ko fes rutes ko bctoriehgbm rospmcko e uce `mrhe ko vbke quo suporù of osquohe efkoecm, sonüc fm quo so pmstufe imc geso oc fes prbhores imcstruiibmcos pügfbies ko ſtcos rofbnbmsms. Os of ffehekm, trekbibmcefhocto, ‖ioctrm ‖ioctrm iorohmcbef‘, sbc ohgernm, os bhpmrtecto rosefter quo fe `ucibùc ko osms funeros tresiockèe of espoitm rofbnbmsm, pmr fm quo so koſtcoc holmr gelm of târhbcm ko ‖iepbtefos ronbmcefos,‘ prmpuostm pmr Cbokorgornor (521>). Âstes puokoc imciogbrso imhm esoctehboctms quo kovbococ ioctrms ko pmkor pmfètbim.  Eaè eiukèe fe nocto ko pmgfeibmcos voibces pere bctoriehgber prmkuitms. Bckbvbkums pmkormsms y imc `ucibmcos rofbnbmses so imfmiec ef `rocto ko uc nrupm smibef imhm sus roprosoctectos y hokbekmros ecto mtrms nrupms, m gboc ecto fes kbvbcbkekos. Kosko fuonm, os of hmhoctm oc quo

hucbkekimhpertbkm, geseke oc ofiuym tregelm ko fevbtef tborre`uoy oc of os`uorzm ospeibm osiocerbm y petrùc ko fe vbke imtbkbece. Oc fes åroes aegbteibmcefos iorieces e  Qmiabtoietf y Ieiextfe aey ovbkocibes ko prosocibe auhece hås effå kof 144 e.I., ko eiuorkm imc efnucms ko cuostrms `oiaehboctms y fe ioråhbie aeffeke< ielotos, pfetms, hmfielotos, toimhetos y seauhekmros ko fms nrupms Wmlm smgro Ie`â y Wmlm smgro Ie`â Osnreſtekm, huy imhucos oc nrec perto ko Hosmehârbie (i`r. fe ef`erorèe Peffo

so puoko aegfermkopmgfeibmcos fe oxbstocibeospoibefbzekes ko sulotms, nrupms `ehbfberos oc fe ofegmreibùc ko kotorhbcekms mglotms m oc fe oxpfmteibùc ko roiursms ceturefos ospoièſtims, sbc egeckmcer fes fegmros enrèimfes quo nerectbzec fe sugsbstocibe kof nrupm oc su tmtefbkek. Fe ronbùc prosocte fms resnms imhm coioserbms pere koſtcbr uce ‖iepbtef ronbmcef‘ y sus sugsbkberbes, pmr olohpfm kocsbkek kohmnråſtie iroibocto, uc ehpfbm koserrmffm enrèimfe oc pmtocibe, bcstbtuibmcefbzeibùc ko fe vbke smibef. Fe

Gmrko Conetbvm ko fe @eso Eymtfe, 57?4-5444 iepbtef ronbmcef imrrospmckorèe e Qmiabtoietf, ??

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puos ye imctegec imc okbſtibms hmcuhoctefos. Fe bc﬇uocibe ko ose iepbtef so oxtockorèe e fe iuocie efte kof rèm Etmyei, esè imhm ef åroe mosto kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec (Cbokorgornor, 521>. [bce [bce y osiufture, Okbſtibm ko fe sorpbocto.

te-osiufture). Ymc `eitmros quo nocorermc uce rofbnbùc bcstbtuibmcefbzeke, imc rbtms y iorohmcbes prmpbibetmrbes ko fe `ortbfbkek (@bnure ;>).  Eiorie ko fms coxms imc mtres ronbmcos ko Hosmehârbie, of åroe ko ostukbm `mrhege perto ko fe rok ko bctoriehgbm ko ferne kbstecibe vbnocto oc of @mrhetbvm hokbm. Pbciufege esè fe imste kof Nmf`m (åroe mfhoie), fms veffos ioctrefos ko Mexeie y perto kof eituefbnuef ostekm Nuorrorm, ef quokoefnucms sbtbms kof Eftbpfecm imhm Fes Gmies (Tuogfe) y Iaefietzbcnm (Hmrofms), o bcifusm imhm fm aohms hocibmcekm, of veffo ko rèm Hmtenue (Nuetohefe). Os bckukegfo quo e fm fernm kof @mrhetbvm hokbm y terkèm so hectuvm imc05

 E luzner pmr fes ovbkocibes, of koserrmffm kof veffo ko [fexiefe, tef imhm eperoio roprosoctekm oc  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe y oc fes torrezes aegbteibmcefos `uo bctorruhpbkm ko hecore bcosporeke oc âpmies pmstorbmros e 544 k.I., pmr fm quo fe ronbùc kogbù porhecoior egeckmceke e fm fernm ko ibcim sbnfms. Fms mglotms cm so kolermc imc prohure imhm `uo of iesm ko fes osiuftures kopmsbtekes koctrm ko fes tbces tectm oc of Okbſtibm ko fe Yorpbocto imhm oc fe sonucke ko fe Tbråhbko ko fes @fmros (@bnure ;2). Osto prmiosm ko egeckmcm so etrbguyù kurecto verbms eõms ef surnbhboctm ko nreckos

@bnure ;1. Fms aegbtectos kof veffo Tuogfe-[fexiefe mgtocèec kbvorsms mglotms hokbecto of bctoriehgbm bctorronbmcef: ostms orec hetorbes prbhes imhm fe pbokre vorko, turquose, mgsbkbece nrbs y mgsbkbece vorko, prmkuitms torhbcekms oc fms quo ofegmregec erto`eitms imhm oxiâctrbims ko mgsbkbece, cevelbffes, octro mtrms.

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e fms puogfms ibriucvoibcms, hboctres fms feaeros imrrèec aeibe fms veffos kof ioctrm-surosto, ostm os, aeibe Tuogfe, Etfbxim y Iueutfe (@bnure ?4). Fe prbhore orupibùc kosirbte prmvmiù of prbhor egeckmcm ko Qmiabtoietf octro 544 y

cüifoms urgecms imhm Iamfufe y [omtbaueiec, quo aegrèec etreèkm e fe pmgfeibùc kof veffo ko Tuogfe-[fexiefe aeibe oses åroes ko bc﬇uocibe, imhm miurrbù oc of ‖imrrokmr [omtbaueiecm‘ y fe zmce ko Iefpufefpec, ugbiekms aeibe of cmrto y of mrbocto. Ybc ohgernm, ose prmpuoste rosufte iuostbmcegfo pmrquo cm setbs`eio fes rezmcos ko iùhm y pmr quâ osms sbtbms imcstrubkms y hectocbkms kurecto iboctms ko eõms, rmkoekms pmr vestes y `ârtbfos åroes, imc ifbhe prmpbibm y puctm ko ocfeio y imhucbieibùc ko kbstbctes rutes, `uorec egeckmcekms. Eamre gboc, fes ovbkocibes ro-

744 puos tmke pmsbgbfbkek ko vbke oc uck.I., rekbm ko kostruyù 94 jh. Fe prosocibe ko ioråhbie soholecto ef tbpm [ozmyuie, ko fe iuocie ko Hâxbim, sunboro oso `oiaehboctm, hboctres quo fm robtore fe eusocibe ko ofohoctms prmvocboctos ko [omtbaueiec [omtbaueiec y Iamfufe, bcifusbvo oc fes åroes prùxbhes ef sbtbm. Kogo roherierso quo cm oxbstoc auoffes ko kostruiibùc oc fe perto efte kof sbtbm kmcko so ugbie of ioctrm iorohmcbef. Fe eusocibe ko hetorbefos kof porbmkm Ifåsbim (bcifubkms fms rosuftekms ko `oiaehboctms pmr I5; pere osto porbmkm) imrrmgmre oso egeckmcm. Cm os kb`èibf bhenbcer fms suiosms< ko uc hmhoctm e mtrm of pebselo so vbm eftorekm: tohgfmros, ffuvbes ko hetorbefos smfbkbſtiekms, nesos tùxbims, erresermc fe vonoteibùc sbfvostro y fms torrocms ko iuftbvm, fes zmces ko ieze y posie koseperoibormc. Yo abzm bckbspocsegfo ohbnrer. Ko eiuorkm imc Nerièe Immj oc oso fepsm so ronbstrù of pmgfehboctm ko fe zmce cmrto ko fe ronbùc< supmcohms quo so trete ko fms ohbnrectos oc gusie

iuporekes roiboctohocto cms epmrtec ketms quo mgfbnec e ropfectoer fes ieuses kof egeckmcm ko  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Fes tros üftbhes nreckos orupibmcos kof Tmpmietâpotf miurrbormc oc tbohpms abstùrbims (Ybogo,  ot ef .,., 5220< ;4)< 952?-7194 e.I., 144 e.I.-75? k.I., y 0>?-542? k.I. Ef iegm ko uc porbmkm ko bctocse eitbvbkek vmfiåcbie ’imc fms eimstuhgrekms tohgfmros, ohbsbmcos ko nesos y hbcorefos bcieckosioctos’, fms vboctms bhpufsermc fes cugos erkboctos aeibe of osto y cmrosto. Tmr fm tectm

ko smgrovbvocibe (Nerièe Immj, 52>0).  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, fes åroes aegbteibmcefos y fms kohås sbtbms porhecoibormc egeckmcekms pmr iboctms ko eõms, ef hocms hokbm hbfocbm. Torm ef ſtc augm kosiockboctos ko fms ectbnums pmgfekmros quo ronrosermc pere mtmrner e Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe y sus puogfms voibcms of ospfockmr quo oc of pesekm aegèec tocbkm. Kurecto fms ibcim sbnfms ko egeckmcm ko cuostre ronbùc, [omtbaueiec hectboco fe bckukegfo prbheièe oc Hosmehârbie. Ybc ohgernm,

@bnure ;2. Osiuftures kopmsbtekes oc fe tbce hocmr ko fe Tbråhbko Fes @fmros.

ffonermc e fe iepbtef ronbmcef quo ore Qmiabtoietf y aeibe 0?4 y >?4 k.I. fe rocmhgreke hotrùpmfbs 07

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@bnure ?4. Fms o`oitms ko fms feaeros, fes cugos ko nesos bcieckosioctos, esè imhm of ko fes ffuvbes åibkes suofoc sor tec kovestekmros pere of amhgro y sus iehpms ko iuftbvm, quo oc miesbmcos so roquboro ko verbms fustrms pere su roiuporeibùc tmtef.

kof huckm Ifåsbim koieo: su aonohmcèe oh- cmfmnèe prmhokbm quo msibfe kof 097 ef >>; k.I. pboze e porkorso oc fe iuocie ko Hâxbim y oc (vor iuekrm ko `oiaes). mtres ronbmcos hås efolekes. Octro 0?4 y 244 k.I. sorbo ko iehgbms smibefos quo, koskoeimctoio cuostre uce porspoitbve, tbococ resnms iuectbtetbvms, `mrhefos y oxprosbvms. Yo trete, e nreckos trezms, ko fe koſtcbibùc kof Opbifåsbim. Of prbhor egeckmcm kurù aeste hokbekms kof sbnfm PB ko cuostre ore, os koibr, aeibe fms eõms ?44-??4 k.I. E trevâs kof ecåfbsbs ko I5; roefbzekm oc huostres ko fe Tbråhbko ko fes @fmros y kof Gesehoctm ko fms Pmfiecos oc Qmiabtoietf, esè imhm kof Okbſtibm 7 ko fe Tfeze ko fms [ros Iorrbtms oc Ieiextfe y fes mgtocbkes ko fes torrezes aegbteibmcefos, pmkohms ostegfoior uce irm09

Of Opbifåsbim< (0?4-2?4 k.I.)Miupeibùc Etmyei

Aeibe of ſtcef kof Ifåsbim oxbstoc pruoges ko uce eitbvbkek hbfbterbste cmvokmse. Yo ae kbiam quo oc of iehpm ko fes ertos, prmfb`orec osioces efusbves e fe nuorre y fes bhånocos bckbvbkuefbzekes quo sugreyec of prostbnbm ko fms f ms nmgorcectos. Oc mpbcbùc ko cuhormsms ospoibefbstes, oso ro`mrzehboctm kof pmkor pügfbim y hbfbter `uo pmr uc fekm, uce rospuoste ef iroibocto kosimctoctm kof iehposbcekm, quo kogèe iuhpfbr imc fes oxbnoc-

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ibes ieke voz heymros ko fe ofbto, m ’pmr mtrm’ e fe punce octro verbes `eiibmcos ko fes ifesos eftes. Of imfepsm tomtbaueiecm etostbnuù fe imhpotocibe octro ioctrms ohornoctos, imhm Of [elèc, Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe y Qmiabiefim octro

Toso e quo efnuces ko fes bkoes hocibmcekes so gesec oc ketms gboc `uckehoctekms, oxbsto fe tockocibe e kosoiaerfes pmr su sbhpfbibkek y oc su funer so aec ofegmrekm mtrms hmkofms oxpfbietbvms iuyms pfectoehboctms rospmckoc

mtrms. Kbiam ko mtrm hmkm, smibokekos ifesbstes ostetefos so kbsputermc uc funer kosteiekm oc of cuovm pecmrehe oimcùhbim y smibef quo kolù fe bcostegbfbkek pmfètbie y veièm prmvmiekm pmr fe ieèke ko [omtbaueiec.  E fe voz, miurrbù uce nrec hmvbfbkek smibef, fe eperbibùc ko cuovms ioctrms ko pmkor y of bctoriehgbm bctocsbvm oc tmke Hosmehârbie. Ko oste hecore, nrupms âtcbie y iufturefhocto kbstbctms kof Eftbpfecm Ioctref, kof Nmf`m, Mexeie y Nuetohefe bctoriehgbermc prmkuitms o bkoes, hmkbſtieckm fes ectbnues `mrhes ko vbke. Os oc oste âpmie iueckm vbvoc sus holmros eõms sbtbms imhm Qmiabiefim, Of [elèc, \eeiabfe, _xhef, Jegea, Yeybf, Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe y Iectmce. Yu âxbtm kopockbù kof imctrmf ko fms roiursms ceturefos, fe prmkuiibùc ospoibefbzeke y fes rutes ko bctoriehgbm. [ef [ef os of olohol ohpfm ko Qmiabiefim< âsto `ucnèe imhm

holmr ef cuovm imrpus ko bc`mrheibùc fes smibokekos hosmehorbieces e ſtcefos kofsmgro Ifåsbim. Oc o`oitm, fe nrevo eftoreibùc nocorefbzeke ko fes smibokekos oc oso porbmkm ye cm os vbste imhm of kosocfeio ko uce smfe ieuse. Fes abpùtosbs roiboctos bcsbstoc oc fe imhgbceibùc ko hüftbpfos `eitmros. Fe sonucke miupeibùc puoko octockorso octmcios imhm of rotmrcm ko uce pmgfeibùc quo segèe ko fe oxbstocibe ko osto ectbnum esoctehboctm. Qmiabtoietf so imcvborto eamre oc uc ioctrm iorohmcbef ko nrec bhpmrtecibe: sbc ohgernm, cm tmkms fms okbſtibms so routbfbzermc< smfehocto fe Tbråhbko ko fes @fmros y of Gesehoctm ko fms Pmfiecos (@bnure ?5). Yo imcstetec kms tockocibes oc fms esoctehboctms< imcioctreibùc y imcstruiibùc porb-

imckuitmr uc åhgbtm quo oc kmhbcege of tråſtim ko prmkuitms trmpbiefos (ieiem, pfuhes, pbokres vorkos y efnmkùc) prmiokoctos ko fe ronbùc kof Gefses y kof cmrosto ko Nuorrorm aeibe fe iuocie ko Hâxbim. 0;

@bnure ?5. Qmiabtoietf oc of hmhoctm ko su sonucke otepe miupeibmcef. Fe Tbråhbko ko fes @fmros y of Gesehoctm ko fms Pmfiecos smc ehpfbekms imc imcstruiibmcos ekbibmcefos.

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`ârbie. Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe y Hbxim Pbolm smc roprosoctectos ko sbtbms ioctrefbzekmros imcstrubkms oc fes pertos eftes. Kof sonuckm iesm kec iuocte cuhormsms sbtbms ko hocmr teheõm, imc poquoões okbſtieibmcos y nrupms ko ucbkekos ro-

ef ſtc ko fe `eso Hotopoi, y ectos kof koserrmffm kof porbmkm ko fms [mftoies ko [ufe, os koibr, octro >?4 y 244 k.I. (Yprecz, 52>1).

sbkocibefos (Yorre Feziecm, 522>). tef ucbkek Os koibr, fmsy sbtbms imc`mrhec (Feziecm, 5220) kmcko of nrupm kmhbcecto imctrmfe nrec perto ko fms veffos quo so ociuoctrec efrokokmr ko fms rèms \eauepec y Etmyei y kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec. Oc  Qmiabtoietf so koserrmffec pro`oroctohocto fes eitbvbkekos rofbnbmses y ibvbfos pügfbies, hboctres quo Ieiextfe so imcvborto oc of åroe ko rosbkocibe ko fe ifeso nmgorcecto y ekhbcbstretbve, quo pmsbgfohocto tehgbâc miupù of sbtbm ko Hbxim. Perbms bcvostbnekmros aec aoiam kbstbctms soõefehboctms eiorie ko fe sbtueibùc tohpmref, eucquo cuostrms ecåfbsbs cms kec `oiaehboctms quo sùfm imrrospmckoc e fe prbhore hbtek ko fe @eso Iufturef PB m [oxiefei 044-5544 k.I. kof prmyoitm erquomfùnbim ‖Tuogfe-[fexiefe‘. (Nerièe Immj, 522>). Gesekm oc fe ioråhbie quo ocimctrù oc Ieiextfe y Qmiabtoietf, `uo Tokrm Erhbffes ucm ko fms prbhorms oc prmpmcor uce irmcmfmnèe kof

epucte fms hetorbefos hås eguckectos quo oc oste åroe smcioråhbims hmcmirmhms, pfetms Wmlm smgro Geym, y vesms y ielotos bcibsms quo roiuorkec `esos terkèes ko [omtbaueiec. Hboctres quo Hmfbce (5210) soõefe quo aey kms hmhoctms ko ‖imcioctreibùc ko hetorbefos‘ quo imrrospmckoc, of prbhorm, e ;44-044 k.I., y of sonuckm e 044-1?4 k.I., quo ekohås bckbiec of epmnom kof sbtbm. Iego hocibmcer fe irmcmfmnèe ostegfoibke pmr of `oiaehboctm egsmfutm ko uc kbctof ko hekore quo ﬇uitüe octro ??0 y 19? k.I., fm quo ostegfoibù of eõm 0?? k.I. pere of `ehmsm Huref ko fe Geteffe (Fùpoz ko Hmfbce, 5215). Oc mtrm soctbkm, fe irmcmfmnèe rofetbve imhpereke ffove e fes `esos [omtbaueiec omtbau eiec BB y BP, BP, [ [elèc elèc P y PB y Iamfufe I amfufe BB y BP.. Esè, ostms bcvostbnekmros cms bckbiec uc fepBP sm miupeibmcef kurecto of Opbifåsbim, quo iugro ef hocms octro 044 y 244 k.I. Oste romiupeibùc ko fms sbtbms ko fe ronbùc bcbibù imc fe imcstruiibùc ko fe sonucke

åroe. Imc suy ostukbm soõefe quo soBBB,tboco ioråhbie eriebie iamfuftoie (Iamfufe ;?4-??4 k.I.), Imymtfetofim (0?4-2?4 k.I.) y ſtnurbffes Hezepec (2?4-55?4 k.I.) (Erhbffes, 52;5). Gmkm Yprecz ropmrte oc sus oxieveibmcos oc Qmiabtoietf< ‖…of aeffeznm ko uces m`rockes imc ſtnurbffes ko gerrm pbctekes, octro offes uces auoies imc cbõms oc of vboctro... [ehgbâc so aeffermc ſtnures imc hbohgrms hùvbfos... Yonüc fms ecåfbsbs, fes m`rockes `uormc ko-

ostruiture Gesehoctm fms Pmfiecos oc  Qmiabto  Qmiabtoietf, ietf,kofugbiekm oc ofkoioctrm ko fe pfeze ioctref quo prosocte sbstohes, hetorbefos y ofohoctms erqubtoitùcbims iereitorèstbims ko Ieiextfe, imhm os of ohpfom ko tozmctfo, of tefuk-tegform y of ropoffekm ko ostuim. Yb gboc osto poquoõm okbſtibm so imcstruyù smgro uce ostruiture kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm, tboco uce mrbocteibùc tmtefhocto kbstbcte: su trezm y pfecoeibùc rospmckoc e irbtorbms huy kb`oroctos ko fms quo imrrospmckoc e fe prbhore miupeibùc m `eso

pmsbtekes octro of egeckmcm ko [omtbaueiec ifåsbim

\eauepec (@bnure ?7).

0?

Of prmyoitm erquomfùnbim ‖Tuogfe-[fexiefe‘

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@bnure ?7. Gesehoctm ko fms Pmfiecos. Oc âf kosteiec fms hetorbefos imcstruitbvms iereitorèstbims kof Opbifåsbim< pbokre ko tozmctfo ieroeke y ostuim.

Fe Tbråhbko ko fes @fmros `uo hmkbſtieke tehgbâc imc fe imcstruiibùc ko uce nrec osiefbcete `mrheke imc gfmquos ko topoteto smgro fe `eiaeke mosto, quo os fe prbcibpef. Of okbſtibm roiuporù sus `ucibmcos iorohmcbefos mrboctåckmfm aeibe of vmfiåc Fe Hefbciao imc uce kosvbeibùc

olohpfm os of ko uce ſtnurbffe ko lekoète esmibeke e tros nestorùpmkms aeffekms oc fe sonucke otepe imcstruitbve kof Okbſtibm 7 ko fe Tfeze ko fms [ros Iorrbtms (Yorre, Feziecm y Tefevbibcb, 52204) (@bnure ?;). Wosufte esè bciuostbmcegfo quo Qmiabtoietf,

ko nrekmsyefFeziecm, osto imc5221g) rospoitm(@bnure ef cmrto ?9).hencâtbim0(Yorre Fe ef`erorèe tèpbie ko oste sonucke miupeibùc, m `eso Etmyei (0?4-2?4 k.I.) sunboro rofeibmcos imc åroes ibriucvoibces. Aey olohpferos `mråcoms `mråc oms ko fes zmces hbxtoie (Hbxtoie Feie) y auextoie, quo ffovec e imcifubr ose bctoreiibùc imc nocto kof Nmf`m ko Hâxbim, Mexeie y kof  Eftbpfecm  Eftbpf ecm Ioctref. Ioctre f. Ocimctrehms Ocimctre hms ekohås m`rocm` rockes ko imciaes herbces y mglotms ko lekoète, smgro tmkm gelm of pbsm ko fms f ms tohpfms oc Ieiextfe sbhbferos e fms octborrms ko Qmiabtoietf. _c guoc

Ieiextfe, su 0?4 åroek.I., ibriuckecto `uormc tekes koskoy of ef iegm ko hås roaegbko ?44 eõms ko egeckmcm y so vmfvbormc of ioctrm pmfètbim kmhbcecto smgro of rostm ko fms pmgfekms kof veffo ko Tuogfe-[fexiefe, pere hås terko vorso mgfbnekms e mtrm egeckmcm.

00

Yonuckm egeckmcm< 244-5444 k.I.

@uo uce sonucke nrec orupibùc kof Tmpmietâpotf (0>?-542? k.I.) fe quo e`oitù cm sùfm e Ieiextfe, Ieiextfe ,  Qmiabtoietf  Qmiabto ietf y Hbxim, sbcm tehgbâc te hgbâc e Iamfufe Iamfuf e yy,,

PBKE IM[BKBECE QMIAB[OIE[F IEIEQ[FE

 

@bnure ?9. Kurecto of Opbifåsbim of usm ko fe `eiaeke mosto iehgbe pere ohpfoerso oxifusbvehocto imhm ospeibm iorohmcbef y rbtuef.

@bnure ?;. M`rocke fmiefbzeke oc of Okbſtibm 7 ko fe Tfeze ko fms tros Iorrbtms, Ieiextfe.

oc nocoref, e tmke of åroe ugbieke aeibe of sur y of mosto kof veffo ko [fexiefe.  Ef peroior oc oste sonucke miesbùc of egeckmcm `uo koſtcbtbvm. Ko eiuorkm imc fms aeffeznms erquomfùnbims segohms quo pmstorbmrhocto of sbtbm kogbù sor vbsbtekm ko voz oc iueckm, oc fe âpmie Tmstifåsbie terkèe y imfmcbef. Oc fe eituefbkek of Yectuerbm ko Yec Hbnuof kof Hbfenrm sustbtuyo ko efnuce `mrhe fes `ucibmcos rbtuefos quo tuvm of esoctehboctm proabspåcbim (@bnure ??). 0>

@bnure ??. Fes ſtostes y hbses roefbzekes of 72 7 2 ko soptbohgro oc amcmr ef Yectm Tetrmcm Yec Hbnuof Eriåcnof oc of pmgfekm ko Yec Hbnuof kof Hbfenrm oc [fexiefe, tbococ su ectoiokocto oc fes ſtostes y rbtms roefbzekms oc of ioctrm roitmr ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe.

OF [BOHTM

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PBB FE PBKE IM[BKBECE K_WEC[O OF @MWHE[BPM

F  E  OQIEPEIBÙC ko uc ioctrm iorohmcbef imhm fm ore Qmiabtoietf `uo huy ocrbquoiokmre, puos porhbtbù imcmior cuhormsms espoitms eiorie ko fe irmcmfmnèe, of bctoriehgbm ronbmcef, of sbstohe imcstruitbvm y fe imhprocsbùc ko fe kbcåhbie

Oc grovo, imcmior of hmkm ko vbke ko fms ectbnums aegbtectos kof veffo ko [fexiefe. _ce ko fes hotes kof prmyoitm `uo imcvmier y fmnrer fe pertbibpeibùc ko kbvorsms ospoibefbstes oc uc ostukbm bctorkbsibpfbcerbm y

iufturef. cms kbmfepeutes pere yimcmior of petrùcEsbhbshm, ko esoctehboctm, oxtocsbùc kbstrbguibùc nomnråſtie ko fms okbſtibms y, ſtcefhocto, roimcstrubr fms hmkms ko vbke ko k o sus pmgfekmros (Yorre, 5221). Ybc ohgernm, fe oxieveibùc ko fes åroes aegbteibmcefos abzm pmsbgfo imhprockor imc heymr proibsbùc fe vbke imtbkbece. Fms ketms cms ffovermc e pfectoer kbvorses pronuctes o abpùtosbs ro`orbkes e espoitms quo orec rofovectos imc rospoitm e fe pmgfeibùc. Os koibr, cms oc`miehms e bckener fm ro`orocto e qubocos

imhperetbvm. Woucbhms offm fesmgtocbkms kbvorses oxpfbieibmcos oc tmrcm e imc fms ketms pere gusier rospuostes sùfbkes e cuostrm mglotm ko ecåfbsbs. Tmr su fekm, fe erquomfmnèe ae soõefekm fe bhpmrtecibe ko tefos espoitms e fm fernm ko fms üftbhms eõms. Tere octockor fms `ocùhocms smibefos, o`oitüe oxieveibmcos oxaeustbves oc fms ospeibms miupekms pmr of sor auhecm. Imc tefos prohbses so kokbie e kotoiter y imcmior fes åroes ko vbvbocke, tregelm y imcvbvocibe kberbe. Fes

smstocèec fe vbke ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, kurecto kms fernes otepes ko miupeibùc oc fes quo tuvm of kmhbcbm kof veffo ko [fexiefe. Of prmyoitm erquomfùnbim ‖Of amhgro y sus roiursms oc of sur kof veffo ko [fexiefe kurecto of @mrhetbvm y of Opbifåsbim‘ so prmpusm imhm mglotbvm `uckehoctef imctoster fes sbnuboctos bctorrmnectos< ½iuåfos `uormc fes `mrhes ko oxpfmteibùc ko fms roiursms ceturefos= ½Iùhm vbvèe fe nocto= ½Uuâ prmkuièe= ½Iùhm so rofeibmcege octro sè= ½Iùhm bc﬇uyormc fms pmgfekmros pere quo porhecoibore  Qmiabtoietf y mtrms sbtbms sbtb ms cmtmrbms ko fe ronbùc=

ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos prmpmribmcec bc`mrheibùc gåsbie pmr hokbm kof hetorbef erquomfùnbim, e trevâs kof iuef fmnrehms bc`orbr fe `mrhe ko vbke oxbstocto oc of pesekm. Octro fms mglotbvms kof prmyoitm ostuvm of ko bkoctbſtier,, e trevâs ko fe oxieveibùc ko fes torrezes bkoctbſtier ko smtmhmcto quo rmkoec e Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, fes oxprosbmcos `èsbies rofetbves ef hmkus vbvockb   ko oses imhucbkekos. Ostm bcifuyù of ecåfbsbs ko fe oxpfmteibùc ko fms roiursms ko fms kbstbctms cbiams oimfùnbims quo imc`mrhec of åroe, koſtcbkms kurecto uc roimrrbkm ko suporſtibo o`oituekm oc

 

5220. E fe voz, prmiurehms koſtcbr fes ovbkocibes rofetbves e fes pmsbgfos ieuses kof egeckmcm y fe romiupeibùc pmstorbmr (quo efnucms eutmros etrbguyormc e rezmcos pmfètbim-smibefos): nreibes e fes ovbkocibes erquomfùnbies roiuporekes, pmkohms

hms ecefbzer pere imhprockor peutes iufturefos, imckbibmcos gbmfùnbies y fms nrupms ko peroctosim. Tmr offm, `uormc ostukbekms fms rostms ùsoms auhecms ugbiekms oc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos, y fms imhperehms imc fms ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe imc

eklukbierfes e `ocùhocms ceturefos, e fes kms orupibmcos kof Tmpmietâpotf. Tmpmie tâpotf.oc ospoièſtim Ko hecore perefofe, gusiehms eſtcer fe irmcmfmnèe sunorbke aeste octmcios pere of koserrmffm ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Eiukbhms e uc heymr cühorm ko `oiaehboctms ko iergmcm rekbmeitbvm. Ostegfoibhms fes soholeczes y kb`orocibes octro fe ioråhbie ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos y fe ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Oc of iesm ko fe fètbie, fmnrehms eproiber fms prmiosms ko hecu`eiture y kbstrbguibùc, ye quo fmiefbzehms fms tefforos ko ospoibefbstes oc Qmiabtoietf y oc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Fms aeffeznms cms porhbtbormc osgmzer fe kbote ko fms aegbtectos kof sbtbm. Ekohås, octockor fms prmiosms ko efheiocehboctm, propereibùc y imcsuhm ko fms efbhoctms oc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Mtrm espoitm quo gusiehms kosib`rer `uo of pepof quo fe hulor kosohpoõù oc su amner y oc fe imhucbkek. Fes ovbkocibes fmiefbzekes oc

of ſtc ko kofbhbter sb so uc ücbim auhecm kbstrbgubkm octretege fms tros ko ioctrms y e fmnrupm fernm ko fes kms âpmies ko miupeibùc. Tere octockor holmr fe vbke imtbkbece roefbzehms oxieveibmcos oc of imstekm surosto kof Gfmquo Qmiabtoietf-Cetbvbtes-Cmpefuiec, iorie ko Yec Hbnuof kof Hbfenrm y Yec Gorcegâ Iepufe, quo Erhbffes aegèe ye vbsbtekm oc 52;0. Fe @uckeibùc Efohece pere fe Bcvostbneibùc Iboctèſtie fm ropmrte imc fms cmhgros ko Yec Hbnuof B, BB y BBB: Nerièe Immj imhm [7;; m Fes Hoses (Egesief, 52>0?¼. Fes torrezes hås nreckos so ugbiec oc fe

ieke nrupm `ehbfber iuhpfèeFes verbes `ucibmcos oc of socm ko su imhucbkek. tâicbies fmiefos ko prmkuiibùc koheckegec uc kbvorsm nrekm ko immporeibùc, ko eaè quo of tregelm so mrnecbzere oc verbes `mrhes y, e voios, oc osiefe heymr e fe ucbkek kmhâstbie. Fms hbohgrms ko uce `ehbfbe pmkèec imfegmrer ko hecore ronufer imc perboctos y ehbnms y efnuces fegmros so o`oituermc imfoitbvehocto (Yorre, 5221e< ;>). Fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos so imcstruyormc smgro tros fmhes soperekes pmr poquoões gerrecies, e uce eftbtuk ko 7 944 hsch y imc

zmce hokbeso kof imcluctm, quo fes ?>).hås poquoões fmiefbzec oc fehboctres ibhe (@bnure Nreibes ef tregelm ko tmpmnre`èe y ko prmspoiibùc nom`èsbie roefbzekm oc of sbtbm so kotoitermc sorbos ko efbcoehboctms quo koſtcèec fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Yo roimcmibormc efnuces ko uc smfm iuertm, iuyes kbhocsbmcos vec ko 94 e ;4 h7. Imcstrubkes imc hetorbefos fmiefos< pbokre y topoteto sbc ieroer ieroer,, iohoctekms imc uce hozife ko fmkm y eroce huy ſtce. Fes perokos so esmibegec e `renhoctms ko gerrm quohekm, tef voz perto ko fms hurms `uormc ko geleroquo:

>4

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aeste iuetrm enues, oc vbrtuk ko fe kbspmsbibùc y kbstrbguibùc quo prosoctermc fes auoffes ko fms pmstos. Fms pbsms ko fmkm y topoteto `uormc rocmvekms imcstectohocto, puos oc efnucms iesms ocimctrehms aeste ibcim kb`oroctos cbvofos ko pbsm. Ybc kuke, fes åroes oxtorces ko fes aegbteibmcos tuvbormc pertbiufer bhpmrtecibe, puos oc offes so aec bkoctbſtiekm fes åroes prmkuitbves y fms tefforos prbcibpefos. Os oc ostms ospeibms kmcko hås bcvorsbùc ko tbohpm tbo hpm so roefbzù, kmcko kmcko fes kostrozes y of tregelm imtbkbecm ’e trevâs ko fms mglotms o bcstruhoctms prmkuibkms’ so imcirotermc. Os pmsbgfo quo efnuces ko fes aegbteibmcos tuvborec periofes enrèimfes m auortms esmibekms, fms eftms cbvofos ko imcioctreibùc mrnåcbie bkoc-

@bnure ?>. Oc kbvorses torrezes quo imhpmcoc fe fmhe B ko Cetbvbtes roefbzehms fms tregelms ko oxieveibùc, ospeibm kmcko so aec ocimctrekm fes ieses ko fms ectbnums pmgfekmros ko oste ronbùc.

fms pbsms ostegec aoiams imc topoteto trbturekm y fmkm, fms iuefos oc efnucms iesms hmstregec soõefos ko oxpmsbibùc ef `uonm (@bnure ?1). Perbms ko fms efbcoehboctms ostuvbormc bcimhpfotms m `uormc rohmvbkms y of topoteto quo fms bctonre cm tboco `mrhe amhmnâcoe. Fes aegbteibmcos tocèec of eiiosm prbcibpefhocto aeibe of osto, hbreckm ef vmfiåc Fe Hefbciao. Cm so ocimctrermc imcluctms ko ieses, sbcm hås gboc, imcstruiibmcos bckbvbkuefos imc kb`oroctos ofohoctms oxtorcms esmibekms. Oc efnucms iesms fes osqubces ko fms hurms tuvbormc uce vesble imhm m`rocke, quo `uo imfmieke ef bcbibm ko fe imcstruiibùc (@bnures ?2, 04 y 05). Fes aegbteibmcos ko osto porbmkm @mrhetbvm (;44 e.I.) tuvbormc toiams ko kms y

@bnure ?1. Fe prmspoiibùc hencâtbie roefbzeke oc fes torrezes B, BB y BP, porhbtbù fmiefbzer verbms ofohoctms erquomfùnbims. Fe ecmhefèes gbpmferos kof hepe hencâtbim soõefec fes ugbieibùc ko fes åroes oxpuostes e iefmr esmibekes imc fms efbcoehboctms ko topoteto y pbokre.

>5

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@bnure ?2. Oc fes torrezes B y BB ko Cetbvbtes fmhe B ocimctrehms ibhboctms ko topoteto y pbsms ko fmkm portocoiboctos ef porbmkm @mrhetbvm, smgro offms so imcstruyormc fes aegbteibmcos kof porbmkm Opbifåsbim imc pbsms ko tozmctfo, ostuim y hurms ko ekmgo.

tbſtiekms oc efnuces åroes kof oxtorbmr bckbiec fe oxbstocibe ko oste eitbvbkek. Oc of bctorbmr ko fes aegbteibmcos so aeffermc ovbkocibes ko pmstos y efnucms octborrms, esè imhm `mnmcos ’amneros pere fe propereibùc ko efbhoctms’ kofbhbtekms pmr pbokres. Oc of oxtorbmr so fmiefbzermc `mrheibmcos trmcimiùcbies y amrcms. Fes trmcimiùcbies so ugbiermc oc fes

torrezes B-BB y BP: hokèec 5.74 h ko kbåhotrm y koctrm ko offes so ocimctrù eguckecto hetorbef ioråhbim, mgsbkbece y auosm. Tmr sus iereitorèstbies imcstruitbves, fe kbstrbguibùc ko fms kbvorsms hetorbefos erquomfùnbims y fe bkoctb`bieibùc ko fes åroes ko eitbvbkek so ocimctrermc verbms tbpms ko vbvbocke.

>7

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@bnure 04. Esmibekms e fe iese ko fe torreze aegbteibmcef BP imrrospmckbocto ef porbmkm @mrhetbvm so fmiefbzermc kms amrcms y uce `mrheibùc trmcimiùcbie.

>9

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@bnure 05. Fe ‖iese‘ ‖iese‘ ko fe torreze aegbteibmcef P prosoctù uc guoc ostekm ko imcsorveibùc. Of pbsm ko fmkm tuvm kms cbvofos y fe ‖iese‘ prosoctù uce pfecte roitecnufer sbc kbvbsbmcos oc su bctorbmr. bctorbmr.

>;

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>?

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@bnure 07. Bsmhotrèe ko fe ucbkek aegbteibmcef.

Yo mgtuvbormc ovbkocibes ko verbes otepes ko miu- mrbocto ko oste iese so fmiefbzermc auoffes sohbibrpeibùc BB ycuhormsms BP ko fe fmhe B y torreze BPockofesfetorrezes fmhe BB.B,Fms aeffeznms bcifuyoc kms ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos rofeibmcekes imc amrcms y uce `mrheibùc trmcimiùcbie. Ioråhbie, ſtnurbffes, sèfox, mgsbkbece, auosms teffekms, quohekms y oc `renhoctms imhpfotec kbiams aeffeznms. Imhm oc tmkms fms iesms, fms pbsms so abibormc imc fmkm huy imhpeitm y fes perokos imc topoteto ucbkm imc fmkm. _ce ko fes aegbteibmcos tuvm hurms efbcoekms smgro uc olo prbcibpef cmrto-sur, imhm so eimstuhgrege imcstrubr. Ef

iuferos fm quo `uo uce `mrheibùc trmcimiùcbie, esmibekekoimc eguckecto ioråhbie kof @mrhetbvm hokbm, iergùc, mgsbkbece y auosms. Ef sur ostegec kms amrcms (@bnure 07). Ko tef suorto, aohms bkoctbſtiekm fms amrcms oc `ucibùc ko quo prosoctermc ofohoctms erquomfùnbims smhotbkms e iefmr bctocsm. Kosiugrbhms pmr fm hocms kmio ko offms y fbgorehms iuetrm. Oc nocoref so trete ko auoims pmim prm`uckms preitbiekms oc of suofm, oc fms petbms ko fes ieses quo, oc miesbmcos, iuoctec imc roiugrbhboctm ko pbokres. Fms amrcms oxievekms

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so cuhorermc kof 5 ef 9 oc Cetbvbtes fmhe B, y ucm hås oc fe torreze BP ko Cetbvbtes fmhe BB. Yo imcstruyormc oc of topoteto y so fos kbm `mrhe ibriufer imc `mckm iùcievm, hboctres quo oc of oxtorbmr so ekvbortoc iectbkekos imcsbkoregfos ko mffes rmtes. Of prbhor amrcm `uo bkoctbſtiekm bcbibefhocto kurecto fe prmspoiibùc nom`èsbie oc fes torrezes B y BB. _ce voz oxievekm so imcstetù quo hokèe 7.;4 h ko kbåhotrm oc fe gmie y 5.14 h oc of `mckm, imc uce prm`uckbkek ko .14 h. Oc su bctorbmr so ocimctrù nrec iectbkek ko pbokres y tborre quohekes. Oc efnuces pertos ko fes perokos so mgsorvermc heciaes ko osiurrbhboctm ko efnüc fèqubkm. Oc of hbshm cbvof ko pbsm so fmiefbzù uce `mrheibùc trmcimiùcbie quo pukm sor `oiaeke pere of porbmkm @mrhetbvm (@bnure 09). Of sonuckm amrcm so imcstruyù e 9 h ko kbstecibe oc of petbm ko uce aegbteibùc imhpuoste pmr ibhboctms ko topoteto fmiefbzeke oc fe torreze BP. Yu kbåhotrm prmhokbm os ko 7.; h oc fe gmie y 5.1 h oc fe geso, imc .>4 h ko amckm, kmcko aegèe pbokres quohekes, kms `renhoctms ko hoteto imc smpmrtos y efnucms `renhoctms io-

@bnure 09. Ko `mrhe iùcieve of amrcm B prosoctù oc sus perokos ko tborre osiurrbhboctms y oc of `mckm so aeffù uce nrec iectbkek ko pbokre quoheke.

@bnure 0;. Imc perokos ko tborre y kmgfo gmie, of amrcm BB B B `uo aeffekm ef sur ko fe ucbkek aegbteibmcef.

råhbims kof porbmkm @mrhetbvm. @mrhetbvm. Fes perokos `uormc oxpuostes ef `uonm (@bnure 0;). Of toriorm kbstege 9.1 h kof ectorbmr. Trosoctù resnms kbstbctms, gmie oc kms cbvofos, ucm mvefekm y of mtrm oc `mrhe iesb ibriufer, ibriufer, ehgms imc 7.; h kbåhotrm. Fe prm`uckbkek håxbhe ko 7.5 h, imc fes perokos e pertbr ko fms ; ih ostegec rovostbkes imc pbokres, tmkes offes ko imfmreibùc rmlbze, fm quo bckbie uce `uorto oxpmsbibùc ef `uonm. Koctrm so fmiefbzermc `renhoctms ko hotetos imc smpmrtos, porm huy pmie ioråhbie (@bnure 0?). Of iuertm amrcm so ocimctrù oc fe torreze aegbteibmcef BP ko fe fmhe BB. _ce ko fes iereitorèstbies håskobhpmrtectos e kosteier fe nrec iectbkek pbokre quoheke quo`uo so ocimctrege oc su bctorbmr. E kb`orocibe ko fms mtrms amrcms, fes pbokres equè aeffekes tuvbormc `mrhes aotormnâcoes imc sefboctos ſtfmses y kbhocsbmcos quo msibfec octro fms 5? y 7? ih: tmkes prosoctegec auoffes ko oxpmsbibùc ef `uonm. Osto amrcm prosocte `mckm y perokos ko tborre, `mrhe sohbroitecnufer y tboco pmie prm`uckbkek (.;? h). Oc efnuces åroes `uo pmsbgfo ocimctrer ovbkocibe ko iefoctehboctm y kosnesto (@bnure 00).

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@bnure 00. Of amrcm BP so fmiefbzù oc fe torreze aegbteibmcef BP ko fe fmhe BB ko Cetbvbtes. [uvm pmie prm`uckbkek, porm oc su bctorbmr so ocimctrù uce nrec iectbkek ko pbokre quoheke.

os fe prbcibpef `mrhe ko sugsbstocibe, octro fms iuefos so iuoctec fes pmgfeibmcos ko Yec Fubs @bnure 0?. Imc uc oxiofocto ostekm ko imcsorveibùc of amrcm BBB `uo kof Wèm, Hbeauetfåc, Ymfe ko P Pone, one, Efgerrekes, ofegmrekm imc perokos ko pbokre. Oc su bctorbmr so fmiefbzermc, ekohås Aborvo of Enue, Yec Gefteser Iabiabiepec, ko pbokres quohekes, efnucms mglotms ko usm kmhâstbim. Yec Kbmcbsbm Mimtopoi y Yectbenm Hetfetåc. Imc of ſtc ko proibser of ohpfom ko oses Oc fe eituefbkek cuostrm ostukbm ae bcifubkm imcstruiibmcos y imcmior quâ tbpm ko heto- tmke fe Wopügfbie Hoxbiece y efnucms peèsos ko rbefos `uormc quohekms oc offes, so roefbzermc Ioctrmehârbie: esbhbshm imhperehms cuosverbms ostukbms. Fe sbhbfbtuk quo so ocimctrù trms rosuftekms imc mtrms ostukbms quo egeriec imc equâffms amrcms quo so utbfbzec oc fe eitue- kosko of rèm Nbfe, oc Erbzmce, aeste of sur kof fbkek oc kbvorses pmgfeibmcos hostbzes o bckè- Bsthm ko Tecehå (Gruhec, 7444).  E trevâ trevâss ko ecefmnèes ecefm nèes otcmerquo otcm erquomfùn mfùnbies, bies, noces, cms sunbrbù quo pukbormc userso pere of imibhboctm ko henuoy , imhm prbhore `eso oc fe prmkuiibùc kohenuoy, fe gogbke kof hozief. Tere imrrmgmrer cuostre prmpuoste bcbibehms uce bcvostbneibùc otcmnråſtie iuym cmhgro os ‖Fe Wute kof Hozief‘, imc fe iuef aohms pmkbkm imcmior fms espoitms sustectbvms ro`orbkms e fes imhucbkekos kmcko so aeffec nrupms ospoibefbzekms oc fe imcstruiibùc y of ohpfom ko amrcms sbhbferos e fms erquomfùnbims. Of ostukbm otcmerquomfùnbim so ioctrù prbhorm oc of hbshm ostekm ko [fexiefe y kospuâs oc Mexeie, oc fms funeros kmcko fe prmkuiibùc ko hozief

fms bckbiec oc iesb tmkmrosuftekms of peès of profbhbceros henuoy cm sùfm so aequo ohpfoekm imhm efbhoctm y hokbibce (vbcenro, ockufzecto, enuehbof, tmrtbffes ko qubmto), sbcm tehgbâc pere prmkuibr ſtgres y imc offm ofegmrer toxtbfos, seckefbes y iuorkes, hetorbef ko imcstruiibùc y pere prmkuibr kms gogbkes kostbfekes< toqubfe y hozief: âsto üftbhm imhm uc prmkuitm purm y hås ectbnum. Cuostre bcvostbneibùc ostegfoio quo of prmiosm ko kostbfeibùc kof hozief sbnuo prosocto oc kbvorses imhucbkekos bckènoces eituefos (ceaue, aubiamfe, imre, zepmtoie, hbxo,

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hbxtoie, hezetoim, octro mtres). Tmr fm tectm, cms peroio vormsèhbf quo tehgbâc fm aeyec imcmibkm fes proabspåcbies. Ko sor iborte cuostre abpùtosbs, puoko rosufter bcsmstocbgfo fe bkoe ko quo of prmiosm ko kostbfeibùc os uc epmrto ffone-

Kogohms enroner fe mpbcbùc ko fms hozieforms mexequoõms, iueckm so fos hmstrermc `mtmnre`èes ko fms amrcms proabspåcbims, puos offms imcsbkorermc quo< ‖oc fms amrcms 5 y 7 sonurehocto so imibù pbõe pere prmkuibr hozief: of tor-

km ko Ourmpe e reèz ko fe imcqubste, luctm imc fms efehgbquos ko hotef.  Ef hbshm tbohpm, tbohp m, fes imhpereibmcos imhpere ibmcos otcmnråſties bckbiec quo oxbsto uce nrec soholecze octro fms amrcms pere fe imiibùc ko henuoy, ohpfoekms tectm oc fes eituefos imhucbkekos bckènoces y hostbzes hoziefores imhm oc cuostrm sbtbm erquomfùnbim. Kosteiec fms quo so imcstruyoc imc fes perokos roiugbortes imc pbokre, fm quo sbrvo pere imcsorver of iefmr y tocor holmr imiibùc: oc mtrms sùfm so epfecec fes perokos imc fe hbshe tborre. Ko bnuef hecore, fms amrcms so esmibec imc efnuces ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos, nocorefhocto ugbiekes oc fes pertos eftes, porm rofetbvehocto iorieces e fms roiursms eiuè`orms: fms rosbkums quo quokec oc fms amrcms kospuâs ko fe imiibùc ko fes pbões tehgbâc smc sbhbferos (@bnure 0>).

iorm sorvbrèe pere imior pbõe, porm fo iego pmie pmie‘. ‘. Of ecåfbsbs roefbzekm oc of Bcstbtutm ko Uuèhbie ko fe _CEH ko fes huostres mgtocbkes ko fes ieres bctorces ko fes perokos, esè imhm ko fes åroes kmcko so prosoctermc fms osiurrbhboctms oc fms amrcms erquomfùnbims, porhbtbù imcmior quo oc offms, so imibormc fes pbões m iegozes ko henuoy y quo of imhgustbgfo quo so utbfbzù `uo foõe ko pbcm (Tbcus eyeieaubto ), ), fm quo imrrmgmre fms rosuftekms provbms quo mgtuvbhms imc of ostukbm otcmnråſtim. Ko bnuef `mrhe so roefbzù of ecåfbsbs ko ospoitrmsimpèe pmr bc`rerrmlms, irmhetmnre`èe y hbirmsimpèe ko fes mffes erquomfùnbies quo so ocimctrermc oc fes trmcimiùcbies esmibekes imc fms amrcms y imc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos ’nrec perto ko fes mffes erquomfùnbies oståc imrtekes e fe hbtek y efnuces ko offes fes aohms ocimctrekm sohboctorrekes oc of pbsm’, esè imhm ko equoffes quo mgtuvbhms y quo so utbfbzec oc fe eituefbkek pere fe `orhocteibùc y fe kostbfeibùc kof hozief. Yo imhperermc tectm

@bnure 0>. Oc fe imhucbkek ko Of Pocekm oc of hucbibpbm ko Cmhgro ko Kbms, Kurecnm, tmkevèe os pmsbgfo ocimctrer prmkuitmros ko hozief quo utbfbzec amrcms aoiams imc perokos ko tborre.

fms imctocbkms quèhbims y of rosuftekm ostegfoibù quo imhm tbococfms fmsmrnåcbims hbshms ofohoctms, fm quo kohuostre ko `mrhe iortore su usm pere fe `orhocteibùc y kostbfeibùc (Yorre y Feziecm, 7445: Aorcåckoz Aorcåckoz, 7447: Gerrbms Wubz, 744;). Yb gboc os ibortm quo eüc `efte imrrofeibmcer fms rosuftekms ko fms ecåfbsbs y fes ovbkocibes kof prmiosm ko kostbfeibùc ’e fe fuz ko fes ovbkocibes erquomfùnbies, otcmabstùrbies, otcmfùnbies y quèhbies’ pmie kuke iego ko quo fe prmkuiibùc kof hozief so rohmcte e ;44 eõms e.I. Ostm bckbie-

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@bnure 01. Yoiuocibe prmkuitbve ko fe ofegmreibùc ko hozief. 5-0 Fbhpboze kof amrcm y imibhboctm ko fes iegozes m pbões ko henuoy. henuoy.

Heiaeiekm imc hezms ko fes iegozes kof henuoy imibkes.

@orhocteibùc oc iuorms ko ecbhef.

Truoge ko fe ‖vococibe‘, kmcko so roimcmio fe iefbkek y nrekms Ney-Fusei quo tboco of hozief.

Kostbfeibùc imc mffes.

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rèe quo of rbtuef quo eimhpeõe fe prmkuiibùc y imcsuhm ko gogbkes efimaùfbies tuvm nrec bhpmrtecibe kogbkm e su prmxbhbkek imc of ioctrm iorohmcbef ko  Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe. Kbiam ko mtrm hmkm, cm sùfm of pufquo, sbcm tehgbâc of hozief, `uormc fes gogbkes efimaùfbies imcsuhbkes pmr fms aegbtectos kof veffo ko [fexiefe (@bnure 01). Huy pmsbgfohocto of hozief so imcsuhbù oc rofeibùc imc fms rbtuefos ffovekms e iegm oc of ioctrm iorohmcbef ko Qmiabtoietf-Ieiextfe, tef y imhm eamre fm roefbzec efnuces ko fes imhucbkekos bckènoces imhm fe aubiamfe quo fm prmkuio pere per e of ‖iehgbm ko vere‘ (iehgbm ko eutmrbkek bckènoce), potbibùc ko ffuvbes o bcbibeibùc ko cbõms y cbões (@bnure 02).  Esmibekm e fe iese ko fms hozieforms ocimctrehms hetorbef ioråhbim portocoibocto ef porbmkm @mrhetbvm. @mrhetbvm. Woiuporekm oc su nreckosteiec heymrèe fes oc fes imiùcbies mffestrmckof Nrupm Wmlm y Ie`â Tufbkm utbfbzekes pere fe `orhocteibùc y kostbfeibùc kof hozief ( @bnure >4  y >5). [ehgbâc tocohms fms ielotos ko sbfuote imhpuoste ko fms tbpms Gfecim Osnreſtekm y kof Wmlm smgro Ie`â Osnreſtekm. Oc pmie iectbkek roiuporehms ioråhbie Imiibùc kb`orocibef, Gfecim Ospbref y Iorrbtms

@bnure 02. Oc fe imhucbkek aubiamfe ko Nuekefupo Mimtåc, Ceyerbt, so ofegmre uc kostbfekmr aoiam ko geckole ‖ec ‖ecbffms bffms ko quoroibgo smgropmcoc iugroc ye imcimckocsekm. fmkm. Oc su bctorbmr imfmiec uce poquoõe quozeieto‘ os fe quo y seie ofy hozief

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@bnure >4. Mffe kof Nrupm Wmlm porbmkm @mrhetbvm. Trosuhbgfohocto Trosuhbgfohocto useke pere kostbfer hozief.

@bnure >5. Mffe Ie`â Tufbkm fmiefbzeke oc of bctorbmr ko fe trmcimiùcbie ko fe torreze BP, useke pere kostbfer hozief.

@bnure >7. Kbstrbguibùc ospeibef ko fms ielotos ko sbfuote imhpuoste y mffes Ie`â pufbkm oc fe torrezes B y BB.

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@bnure >9. Kbvorsms tbpms ko ioråhbie @mrhetbve so aeffermc oc of imctoxtm im ctoxtm aegbteibmcef ko fe torreze BP.

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@bnure >;. Perbms Perbms tbpms ko ſtnurbffes so fmiefbzermc koctrm y `uore ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

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@bnure >0. Fe heymrèe ko fes puctes ko prmyoitbf ko poquoões kbhocsbmcos so ofegmrermc imc sèfox.

@bnure >?. Kbvorses puctes ko prmyoitbf so roiuporermc oc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

Gurkm [ohprecm, octro mtrms ( @bnures >7  y >9).  Eimhpeõeckmm e osto hetorbef  Eimhpeõeck hetorbe f ocimctrehm oc imctrehmss kbvorses ſtnurbffes, iesb tmkes bcimhpfotes ( @bnure >;) y fètbie ko fe iuef smgrosefoc fes cevelbffes prbshåtbies ko imfmr nrbs y efnuces puctes ko prmyoitbf hecu`eiturekes imc mgsbkbece y sèfox (@bnures >? y >0).

@bnure >>. Iråcom torreze BP.

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@bnure >1. Tfecm ko fmiefbzeibùc ko fms octborrms imrrospmckboctos e fe miupeibùc \eauepec, porbmkm @mrhetbvm. Oc uc cbvof suporbmr so fmiefbzermc verbms efteros esmibekms e octborrms kof porbmkm Tmstifåsbim.

Iego soõefer quo of åroe cmrmosto ko oste rrms portocoiboctos ef porbmkm @mrhetbvm `uotorreze BP `uo routbfbzeke kurecto of porbmkm rmc kms iråcoms roiuporekms oc uce mquokek Tmstifåsbim, funer kmcko so kopmsbtermc verbms ko poquoões kbhocsbmcos (@bnures >> y >1). octborrms oc kbvorsms tbpms ko efteros. Fms octbo-

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rmc iohoctekms imc fmkm: e oxiopibùc kof efbcoehboctm sur quo `uo imcstrubkm imc pbokre y topoteto eftorcekms. E kb`orocibe ko mtres ostruitures, âste prosoctù oc of pbsm ko fmkm uc koscbvof ko ;4 ih quo imrro ko sur e cmrto. Fms ibhboctms tuvbormc uce efture ko pmr fm hocms 04 ih y porhbtbormc koſtcbr imc iferbkek fms ofohoctms quo so ocimctrermc oc su bctorbmr (@bnure 14). Fe ioråhbie fmiefbzeke oc oste torreze os tè@bnure >2. @renhoctms ko pbokre vorko rosuftekm kof prmiosm ko hecu`eiture ko iuoctes oc fe ucb- pbie kof @mrhetbvm terkèm. kek aegbteibmcef P. Imcste ko vesbles imhpfotes, ielotos ko sbfuote imhpuoste Mtrm nrupm cmtmrbm aegbtù fe torreze P ko hecore imc ocnmgo rmlm pufbkm (@bnure 15). Ekohås so prmfmcneke, ko eiuorkm imc fe suporpmsbibùc ko iuocte imc 5> mffes hbcbeture kof Nrupm Iorrbtm pbsms, fms octborrms, fes m`rockes y mtres ovbkocibes. Ie`â Gurkm tohprecm, esmibekes e iectms rmkeYu prmxbhbkek ef cüifom hås ofovekm sunboro pmr kms (perto ko uce m`rocke) (@bnure 17). Kosteiec offm rofeibmcos iorieces, hboctres quo fms aeffez- fms ocsoros ko hmfbocke (@bnure 19). nms bckbiec uce iborte pmsbibùc lorårqubie ko fms Yo fmiefbzermc efnucms octborrms. Of prbhoaegbtectos ko oste torreze. Yu oxtocsbùc os ko 544 rm, qubzås of hås bhpmrtecto, os ko uce hulor y h oc kbroiibùc y ko 94 h Fms cmrto-sur. Trosocte vostbnbmsosto-mosto ko uce aegbteibùc. hetorbefos bckbiec eitbvbkekos bhpmrtectos y soõefec bctoriehgbm e ferne y imrte kbstecibe, kb stecibe, os koibr, `uo uc teffor ko pbokres vorkos ſtces, erto`eitms ko mgsbkbece y ko auosm* (@bnure >2). Fe aegbteibùc oxpfmreke so fmiefbzù oc of ioctrm ko fe torreze y ef bnuef quo mtres ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos, so bkoctbſtiù pmr fms efbcoehboctms (ibhboctms) ko topoteto sbc ieroer quo ostuvbo* Enrekoiohms ef Kr. Joct Abrta ko y efpbokre ostukbecto ibùc ko fe hecu`eiture ko iuoctes vorko.Lesmc ko Foùc fe bkoctbſtie-

so esmibùuc e uc ieloto trèpmko (ko imiibùc kb`orocibef), `renhoctm ko hoteto, uc pockbocto ko pbokre y of ieperezùc ko uce tmrtune. Of osquofotm so aeffù oc pmsbibùc koiügbtm fetoref koroiam y oc huy hef ostekm ko imcsorveibùc (@bnure 1;). Fms mtrms octborrms smc soiuckerbms. _cm hef imcsorvekm, imctocèe sùfm fe heckègufe, fms kboctos y `renhoctms ko auosms fernms (@bnure 1?). [ehgbâc [ehgbâc so fmiefbzù uc pfetm trèpmko (ocnmgo gfecim, gmrko rmlm y osnreſtekm) y uce mffe imc tepe ko ùcbx m toieffb  oc  oc iuym bctorbmr so kopmsbtù uce ſtnurbffe ko lekoète (@bnure 10).

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@bnure 14. Ibhboctmshås ko topoteto ko ko nrec y pbsm ko fmkm kosteiekms fe teheõm ucbkek aegbteibmcef P.smc fms imhpmcoctos

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@bnure 15. Mffes y ielotos sbfuote imhpuoste kof tbpm Ie`â `uoP. quo ocko heymr iectbkek `uo roiuporekm koTufbkm fe torreze Pof. hetorbef ioråhbim

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@bnure 17. Toquoões vesbles Iorrbtms Gurkm Tbctekm [ohprecm pmsbgfohocto so usermc pere gogor hozief.

@bnure 19. Kbvorsms utocsbfbms pere fe propereibùc ko efbhoctms y usm kmhâstbim imhm ostes hecms ko hoteto so ocimctrermc oc of bctorbmr ko fe ucbkek aegbteibmcef ko fe torreze P. P.

Kogohms rosefter of aeffeznm ko uce nrec ko Nomfmnèe ko fe _CEH segohms quo of heimcioctreibùc ko `renhoctms ko pbokre vorko torbef prmvboco ko fe ronbùc kof rèm Hmtenue, oc (7.? jn). Of ostukbm ko fes auoffes ko usm epuctù Nuetohefe. e kbstbctes `esos ko prmkuiibùc, esè imhm e hetorbef ko kosoiam. Ostes ovbkocibes y fms ecåfbsbs roefbzekms soõefec quo so trete ko uc teffor ko iuoctes (@bnure 1>). Of imcluctm ostegfoio esbhbshm of bctoriehgbm e ferne kbstecibe, kb stecibe, puos nreibes ef ecåfbsbs potrmnråſtim roefbzekm oc of Bcstbtutm

@bnure 10. Oc of hurm kof bctorbmr ko fe aegbteibùc P, so fmiefbzù uce poquoõe mffe kof Nrupm Wmlm. Ocibhe y e hecore ko tepe @bnure 1;. Octborrm >.

tocèe uce aoiae poquoõe ko ùcbx oc iuym bctorbmr so ocimctrù uce osiufture imcvesble lekoète.

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@bnure 1?. Tfecm ko fmiefbzeibùc fms ko octborrms y ofohoctms ko fekoiese oc fe torreze P. imcstruitbvms prbcibpefos

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@bnure 1>. [regelm [regelm y hecu`eiture ko fes iuoctes ko pbokre vorko.

Fe kbstecibe octro fes zmces ko tregelm y fms yeibhboctms ko pbokre vorko bhpfbiege vbe los ko verbes soheces. sohece s. Fms nmgorcectos nmgorce ctos prmgegfohocto `mhoctegec osms vbelos, eucquo cm

quo so roefbzerec e trevâs ko rokos ko bctoriehgbm oc fes quo Qmiabtoietf ore uc puctm ko bctoriehgbm. Wosufte ofmiuocto quo cuhormsms `renhoctms smc kosoiams kof tregelm ko teffe, y

pmkohms eſtrher quo ostuvborec ſtcecibekms cms huostrec kb`oroctos kofzesprmiosm. pmr fms aegbtectos imhucos. Os huy pmsbgfo mtrms Of hetorbef so trelm oc grutm y `esos fes pbozes pbo `uormc

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aoiaes bc sbtu , so trete esè ko uc teffor ko iuoctes ko pbokre vorko. Oc fe torreze PBB ko fe fmhe B so ocimctrermc rostms ko uce pfezuofe rmkoeke pmr iuetrm ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos y uc pmsbgfo teffor ko cevelbffes prbshåtbies, e luzner pmr fe eguckecibe ko fms rostms. Yo imctermc ibcim hurms ko topoteto quo imrroc oc kbstbctes kbroiibmcos, esè imhm uc pbsm oc guoces imckbibmcos, ko fmkm huy imhpeitm y nruosm (iesb ko 54 ih ko osposmr), imc hmfbocke ko topoteto epbsmcekm. Of imcluctm tuvm verbes rocmveibmcos, pmr fm quo so kokuio uce ferne miupeibùc (@bnure 11).  Esmibekms e oste ucbkek so fmiefbzermc kms octborrms. Of prbhorm so aeffù huy kostrubkm, of sonuckm `uo uc bckbvbkum hesiufbcm ko octro 50 y 52 eõms octorrekm oc pmsbibùc koiügbtm kmrsef ﬇oxbmcekm, imc fe iegoze ef cmrto, eimhpeõekm ko uc iereimf herbcm (@bnures 12 y 24). Fe ioråhbie ocimctreke imrrospmcko ef @mrhetbvm, oc ospoibef fe kof

@bnure 11. Oc fe torreze PBB so fmnrù oxpfmrer uce poquoõe pfeze iuyes aegbteibmcos tmkevèe tocèec hurms ko topoteto roiugbortms imc fmkm. Fms kms cbvofos ko oxieveibùc porhbtbormc bkoctbſtier fes kbvorses rocmveibmcos quo so roefbzermc.

tbpm Iorrbtm Gurkm Ospbref, [ohprecm, Nrupms WmlmIe`â y Gfecim esè imhm ſtnurbffes `ohocbces oc su heymrèe sbc iegoze (@bnures 25 y 27). Ocimctrehms tehgbâc verbms hotetos y sus imrrospmckboctos hecms. Oc fes torrezes BP y P so aeffermc nreckos iectbkekos ko mgsbkbece sbhbferos e fes ko Qmiabtoietf, ko fes iuefos of >4% `uormc kbvorses aorrehboctes, fm quo epucte e fe prosocibe ko hås tefforos.

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@bnure 24. Kbstrbguibùc ko fms octborrms fmiefbzekms oc fe torreze aegbteibmcef PBB.

Tmr hokbm ko ostukbmssegohms nomfùnbims pmr cuostrm fms yeibhboctms fe prmvboco mgsbkbecekofmiefbzeke imhpereibùc heirmsiùpbie, iuåfosy orec sbtbm. Fe ko vorko fe Yborre oc ko

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@bnure 12. Efnucms octborrms so kopmsbtermc gelm fms pbsms ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos. Of quo equè so huostre imrrospmcko e uc bckbvbkum hesiufbcm ko eprmxbhekehocto 74 eõms ko okek.

Abkefnm, eucquo cm so ae proibsekm ko iuåf ko fes hbces m e﬇mrehboctms. Fes mgsbkbeces nrbs y conre imcstbtuyoc uc sonuckm nrupm prmvocbocto ko fe ronbùc ko \erenmze (oc of veffo ko Tuogfe[fexiefe) y ko fes ioriecèes kof Tbim ko Mrbzege. Fe nrbs os fe hås eguckecto oc Qmiabtoietf y prosocte tros verbokekos< 5) votoeke oc geckes, 7) mpeie m eauheke, quo pmsbgfohocto vboco ko uc åroe kb`orocto, puos sus prmpbokekos ko `reiture smc ekoiuekes pere fe aoiaure ko ceveles @bnure 27. @bnurbffes roiuporekes ko fe torreze aegbteibmcef PBB.

@bnure 25. Efnuces vesbles ko nrec teheõm so ocimctrermc imhm m`rocke oc of ioctrm ko fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos.

huy ſtces, y ſtcèsbhms 9) fe nrbs pfete, quo so roimcmio pmr sus nråcufms imc tmcefbkekos pfetoekes y pmrquo porhbto aeior cevelbffes huy ſtces y kofnekes (pmsbgfohocto prmioko kof hbshm yeibhboctm quo fe ectorbmr). Oc of iesm kof teffor ko mgsbkbece ko fes torrezes hocibmcekes, fes ibriucstecibes verèec rospoitm e fes ko Qmiabtoietf, puostm quo fe heymr perto ko fe prmkuiibùc so kostbcege ef imcsuhm bctorcm. Tmr hokbm ko verbms oxåhocos ko fegmretmrbm, segohms quo fe heymr perto ko fe mgsbkbece prmvboco kof Tbim ko Mrbzege.

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Fe prmkuiibùc ko ceveles `uo uce eitbvbkek soiuckerbe porm coioserbe. Cm so roquboro huiam os`uorzm cb tbohpm pere ofegmrer uce aorrehbocte roſtceke y ütbf. Cm mgstecto, so roquboro uc kmhbcbm ko tâicbies pere imrronbr orrmros m aeior hås oſtibocto of erto`eitm, imhm oc of iesm ko uce fesie oc iaercofe. Of ostukbm ko fes auoffes ko usm rovofe quo so eprmvoiaermc pere userfes oc hetorbefos gfeckms, qubzås ſtgres vonotefos. [ef voz fms amrcms so esmibec imc fe hecu`eiture ko aorrehboctes pmr perto ko qubocos tregelermc eaè< puos cm roqubrbormc mglotms tâicbiehocto ſtcms cb tec proibsms. Yo trete ko erto`eitms quo so usermc ef håxbhm y fuonm so kosoiaermc. Of ostukbm  ko fms utocsbfbms fepbkerbms y fe prmkuiibùc ko mglotms ko mgsbkbece cms ae kekm bc`mrheibùc suhehocto bctorosecto, cm smfehocto oc rofeibùc imc fe prosocibe ko tefforos teff oros oc fes ucbkekos aegbteibmcefos, sbcm imc rospoitm e fms cuovms utocsbfbms y fes `esos prmkuitbves quo so aec ocimctrekm y koſtcbkm. E fm fernm ko ostes fècoes kehms iuocte ko fe bhpmrtecibe ko ostms ertosecms ospoibefbstes y kof pepof quo tuvbormc oc of imcluctm smibef ef iuef portocoibormc, esè imhm efnuces ko fes iereitorèstbies ko fms erto`eitms y ko fe eitbvbkek prmkuitbve oc nocoref.

kek aegbteibmcef kof @mrhetbvm terkèm< fe torreze P oc Cetbvbtes, [fexiefe  Fes oxpfmreibmcos roefbzekes oc fe torreze P hmstrermc uc imcluctm aegbteibmcef kof @mrhetbvm terkèm quo imcsbstèe oc verbes ieses fmiefbzekes efrokokmr ko uc petbm. Fes oxieveibmcos roefbzekes oc of petbm oxtorbmr fmnrermc bkoctbſtier kms imcioctreibmcos ko kosoiams ko pbokre vorko quo porhbtbormc koſtcbr åroes ko tregelm kmcko so prmkuièec fes iuoctes ko leko. Ostes åroes imctocèec uc nrec cühorm ko poquoõms `renhoctms ko leko, tectm ko pbozes ofegmrekes imhm hetorbef oc grutm, eimhpeõekes ko uce verbokek ko pro`mrhes ko iuoctes ko leko, pbozes peribefhocto imc`mrhekes y iuoctes bcimcifuses m rmtes, bcbibefhocto por`mrekes, esè imhm efnuces ko fes aorrehboctes utbfbzekes oc oso tbpm ko prmkuiibùc. Of epmym prmpmribmcekm pmr fe @uckeibùc pere of Evecio ko fms Ostukbms Hosmehorbiecms (@EHYB) kurecto of vorecm ko 744;, fos kbm fe mpmrtucbkek ko rooxehbcer y ecefbzer tmkms fms erto`eitms fètbims ocimctrekms oc fe torreze P, bcifuyockm fms smgrectos ko fe prmkuiibùc ko pbozes ko leko (Abrta, 744;). Of bc`mrho m`roio uc rosuhoc ko fms kosiugrbhboctms toicmfùnbims

Ybc ohgernm, of ecåfbsbs pertbiufer ko fe prmkuiibùc ko fe pbokre vorko y fe `ucibùc ko fms erto`eitms ko geseftm imc `mrhe mgfmcne y quo so aec kosirbtm oc of toxtm, ae sbkm roefbzekm pmr of Kr. Joccota Abrta y of ostukbecto Lesmc ko Foùc kof Kopertehoctm ko Ectrmpmfmnèe ko fe _cbvorsbkek _cbvors bkek ko Tocc Yteto. Imc of ſtc ko cm trestmier fms rosuftekms mgtocbkms y ker of koteffo kof ecåfbsbs aohms koibkbkm trecsirbgbr fms ketms hås bhpmrtectos y rofovectos kof bc`mrho quo offms aec osirbtm, bctbtufekm< _c imcluctm ko utocsbfbms fepbkerbms y fe prmkuiibùc ko mglotms oc uce ucb- 

korbvekms ko ostms ecåfbsbs. Tmr offm so kosirbgoc equè kms ietonmrèes ko hetorbef rofetbvm e ose fepbkerbe< fms kosoiams esmibekms imc fe prmkuiibùc y fms hbirm tefekrms (gurbfos) ko sèfox quo orec perto kof imcluctm ko utocsbfbms esmibekms imc fe por`mreibùc ko fes iuoctes.

e) Fms bckbiekmros ko fe hecu`eiture ko leko  _c tmtef ko ; 0?> poquoões pbozes ko lekoète ko imfmr vorko heczece so roiuporù ko fes zmces ko fepbkerbe ko fe torreze P y so ecefbzù. Fe ehpfbe heymrèe ko osto hetorbef (20.>%, ;?4? pbozes)

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smc poquoõms `renhoctms brronuferos (vor tegfe), rosbkums korbvekms ko fe poriusbùc prmkuibke iueckm fms cùkufms y fes pbozes fehbceros ko lekoète `uormc bctocibmcefhocto `renhoctekms oc pbozes hås poquoões, quo msibfegec msibfe gec octro fms 9-74 hh ko fmcnbtuk (@bnure 29). Oc huiams espoitms ostes pbozes tocèec e prbhore vbste fe eperbocibe ko nreve imhüc: ko tef `mrhe quo `åibfhocto pmkèec sor tmhekes imhm gesure, porm uce bcspoiibùc hås koteffeke rovofù quo ostms `renhoctms orec, o`oitbvehocto, hetorbef oc grutm quo prmvocèe ko uc prmiosm bcbibef ko `egrbieibùc ko iuoctes.

Oc funer ko imrter of leko e hecore ko pro`mrhes ekoiuekes pere fe hecu`eiture ko fes iuoctes, fms cùkufms aegèec sbkm bctocibmcefhocto rmtms pmr poriusbùc oc `renhoctms, imhm of prbhor pesm oc fe hecu`eiture ko ostes pbozes. Fe iectbkek rostecto (9.9%) ko oste huostre ko smgrectos ko  lekoète (5?7 pbozes) `uormc mgtureib mgtureibmcos mcos ko fes iuoctes, pro`mrhes peribefhocto tefekrekes, pbozes `renhoctekes, kms iuoctes tuguferos y uce mrolore (@bns. 2;, 2? y tegfe ). ). Fe hecu`eiture imcsbstbù oc uc prmiosm sbhpfo ko iuetrm pesms< 5) Bcbibefhocto, fms cùkufms orec `renhoctekms oc poquoões pbozes pere iroer uc ehpfbm recnm ko `mrhes y teheõms. 7) Kof imcluctm ko hetorbef oc grutm so sofoiibmcege uc `renhoctm poquoõm ko lekoète, ef iuef so fo kege uce pro`mrhe bcbibef e trevâs ko uc prmiosm pmr kosnesto, efnuces ko ostes pro`mrhes orec imhüchocto brronuferos m fbnorehocto roitecnuferos. 9) Ostes pro`mrhes so amrekegec pere iroer uc mrbſtibm pere fe iuocte. [mheckm [mheckm oc iuocte quo of amrekehboctm os uce teroe kb`èibf, fes pro`mrhes huiaes voios so rmhpèec m orec egeckmcekes y olohpfms ko ostm so kotoitù oc fms kopùsbtms.

@bnure 2;. Fe sofoiibùc ko fms `renhoctms hås amhmnâcoms `uo uce ko fes prbhores otepes pere fe prmkuiibùc ko fes iuoctes ko pbokre vorko.

@bnure 2?. Oc of prmiosm ko amreker fms poquoõms `renhoctms ko pbokre vorko efnucms ko offms so rmhpèec, mtrms cm `uormc torhbcekms.

@bnure 29. Hås ko kms jbfms ko pbokre vorko so roiuporermc oc fe aegbteibùc ko fe torreze P. Fe nrec heymrèe kof hetorbef so ocimctrege oc poquoões pbozes eüc sbc tregeler.

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;) @bcefhocto, uce voz quo fe por`mreibùc åroes, imhm oc Bckbe (Jocmyor ot ef .,., 5225