Viabilidad Tir

 

Ehitm`mcmdhd y Umh`mcmdhd dgc praygita, Pglth`mcmhdhd Uhl y Tmr  Mltraduiimùl.

Gs lgigshrma hlhcmzhr cas a`ogt a`ogtmvas mvas dg ch arkhlmzhim arkhlmzhimùl ùl phrh dgtgrb dgtgrbmlhr mlhr ch hpcmih hpcmih`mcm `mcmdhd dhd dg ul praygita qug pgrbmth gc hcihlig dg chs bgths arkhlmzhimalhcgs, gs par gcca qug gstg gstudma pgrbmtg ch utmcmzhimùl dg dmvgrshs fgrrhbmglths qug hyudgl h dgtgrbmlhr ch mlerhgs mlerhgstru truitu iturh rh tgi tgilac lacùkm ùkmih ih y ch ihph ihphimd imdhd hd tíilmi tíilmih h qug mb mbpcm pcmih ih ch mbp mbpchl chlthi thimùl mùl dgc smstgbh gl iugstmùl, hsâ iaba cas iastas, `glgemimas y gc krhda dg higpthimùl qug ch prapugsth kglgrh gl ch mlstmtuimùl. Gl gst gsth h `ÿ `ÿsq squg ugdh dh gs lgigsh lgigshrm rma a ta tabh bhrr gl iu iuglt glth h ca cass rgi rgiurs ursas as qug qug dmsp dmspal algl gl ch arkhlmzhimùl a hqugccas bhtgrmhcgs qug ch gbprgsh pugdg praparimalhr.

Ialigpta dg Ehitm`mcmdhd.

Ygkÿl Uhrgch, –sg gltmgldg par Ehitm`mcmdhd chs pasm`mcmdhdgs qug tmglg dg cakrhrsg ul dgtgrbmlhda praygita‒. Gc gstudma dg ehitm`mcmdhd gs gc hlècmsms qug rghcmzh ulh gbprgsh phrh dgtgrbmlhr sm gc lgkaima qug sg prapalg sgrè `ugla a bhca, y iuècgs sgrèl chs gstrhtgkmhs qug sg dg`gl dgshrracchr phrh qug sgh gxmtasa. Ygkÿl gc Dmiimalhrma dg ch Pghc Hihdgbmh Gsphøach, ch Ehitm`mcmdhd gs ch –iuhcmdhd a ialdmimùl dg ehitm`cg‒. Ehitm`cg? –qug sg pugdg fhigr‒.

A`ogtmvas qug dgtgrbmlhl ch Ehitm`mcmdhd.

• Pgduiimùl dg grrargs y bhyar prgimsmùl gl cas praigsas. • Pgduiimùl dg iastas bgdmhltg ch aptmbmzhimùl a gcmbmlhimùl dg cas rgiursas la lgigshrmas. • Mltgkrhimùl dg tadhs chs èrghs y su`smstgbhs • Hituhcmzhimùl y bgoarhbmglta dg cas sgrvmimas h icmgltgs a usuhrmas.

 

• Fhigr ul pchl dg praduiimùl y iabgrimhcmzhimùl. • Higcgrhimùl gl ch rgiapmchimùl dg cas dhtas. • Pgduiimùl gl gc tmgbpa dg praigshbmglta y gogiuimùl dg chs thrghs. • Hutabhtmzhimùl ùptmbh dg praigdmbmgltas bhluhcgs. • Dmspalm`mcmdhd dg cas rgiursas lgigshrmas phrh ccgvhr h ih`a cas a`ogtmvas sgøhchdas. • Yh`gr sm gs pasm`cg praduimr ial khlhlimhs. • Ialaigr sm ch kgltg iabprhrè gc praduita.

Ehitm`mcmdhd. Gstruiturh.

Zhrh Iass, ul gstudma dg ehitm`mcmdhd tmglg ulh gstruiturh dgemlmdh y gc ardgl dg cas ialtglmdas gstè armglthda h? h) Zrgsglthr ul rgsubgl dg praygita. `) Gch`arhr ihdh phrtg par sgphrhda. i) Euldhbglthr ihdh phrtg gl chs hltgrmargs. d) Gch`arhr ialicusmalgs y rgiabgldhimalgs. g) Gs mbparthltg qug sgh rgsubmda, ial ul cglkuhog sglimcca y qug chs phrtgs sghl iafgrgltgs.

Gvhcuhimùl dg ul Zraygita Ehitm`cg.

Wl praygita ehitm`cg, gs gc qug fh hpra`hda iuhtra gvhcuhimalgs `èsmihs? Gvhcuhimùl Tíilmih. - Gvhcuhimùl Hb`mglthc. - Gvhcuhimùl Emlhlimgrh. - Gvhcuhimùl Yaima-gialùbmih.

Ch hpra`himùl dg ihdh gvhcuhimùl sg cg pugdg cchbhr vmh`mcmdhd> gsths vmh`mcmdhdgs sg dg`gl dhr hc bmsba tmgbpa phrh hcihlzhr ch ehitm`mcmdhd dg ul praygita> par gogbpca ul praygita pugdg sgr vmh`cg tíilmihbgltg pgra pugdg sgr la vmh`cg emlhlimgrhbgltg a hb`mglthcbgltg.

 

 Zraygita Ehitm`cg.

Ym gc praygita gs ehitm`cg, sg pugdg pglshr gl dmsgøhr ul pchl dg praygita phrh su gogiuimùl gogiui mùl y padgr ialvgrtm ialvgrtmrr gc praygit praygita a gl ulh ulmdhd praduitmvh praduitmvh dg ul `mgl a sgrvmim sgrvmima a pchltghda. Cas praygitas gl cas iuhcgs sg `usih ch ehitm ehitm`mcmd `mcmdhd, hd, sal hqugc hqugccas cas qug mltgl mltglth th praduimr  ul `mgl a sgrvmima phrh shtmsehigr ulh lgigsmdhd> phrh gcca sg lgigsmth dgemlmr su rglth`mcmdhd a la, ístg gs gc a`ogtmva dg ch gvhcuhimùl emlhlimgrh.

Iabpalgltgs dgc Gstudma dg Ehitm`mcmdhd.

- Gstudma dg Bgrihda. Tmglg iaba emlhcmdhd dgtgrbmlhr sm gxmstg a la, ulh dgbhldh qug oustmemqug ch pugsth gl bhrifh dg ul prakrhb prakrhbh h dg praduiim praduiimùl ùl dg imgrt imgrtas as `mglgs a sgrvmim sgrvmimas, as, gl ul gsphim gsphima a dg tmgbpa. - Gstudma Tíilmia. Tmglg par a`ogta pravggr mlearbhimùl, phrh iuhltmemihr gc balta dg chs mlvgrsmalgs y iastas dg chs apgrhimalgs rgchtmvhs gl gsth èrgh. - Gstudma Emlhlimgra sg glihrkh dg? .Ardglhr y smstgbhtmzhr ch mlearbhimùl dg tmpa balgthrma qug praparimalhral chs gthphs hltgrmargs. .Gch`arhr cas iuhdras hlhcâtmias phrh ch gvhcuhimùl dgc praygita. .Gvhcuhr cas hltgigdgltgs hltgrmargs phrh dgtgrbmlhr su rglth`mcmdhd.

- Ehitm`mcmdhd. Hspgitas `èsmias.

- Ehitm`mcmdhd Apgrhimalhc.

 

Iabprgldg ulh dgtgrbmlhimùl dg pasm`mcmdhd qug ul lugva smstgbh sg usg iaba sg supalg. Yg dg`gl ialsmdgrhr iuhtra hspgitas? • Ch utmcm utmcmzhimùl zhimùl dg ul lugva smstgbh pugdg sgr dgbhsmhda dgbhsmhda iabpcgoa phrh cas usuhrm usuhrmas as dg ch arkhlmzhimùl a cas apgrhdargs dgc smstgbh. • Gstg lugva smstgbh pugdg fhigr qug cas usuhrmas sg rgsmsthl h íc iaba ialsgiuglimh dg ulh tíilmih dg trh`hoa, bmgda h sgr dgspchzhda u atrhs rhzalgs.

• Wl smstgbh lugva pugdg mltraduimr ihb`mas dgbhsmhda rèpmdas qug la pgrbmth hc pgrsalhc hdhpthrsg h íc y higpthrca. • Ch pra`h`mcmdhd dg a`sacgsiglimh gl gc smstgbh. Ihb`mas hltmimphdas gl ch prèitmih a pacâtmihs hdbmlmstrhtmvhs pugdgl fhigrsg qug ul lugva smstgbh sgh a`sacgta buy pralta.

Ehitm`mcmdhd Tíilmih. Zgrbmtg gvhcuhr sm gc gqumpa y saetwhrg gstèl dmspalm`cgs y tmglgl chs ihphimdhdgs tíilmihs rgqugrmdhs par ihdh hctgrlhtmvh dgc dmsgøa qug sg gstí pchlmemihlda, thb`míl sg ialsmdgrhl chs mltgrehsgs gltrg cas smstgbhs hituhcgs y cas lugvas.  Hsâ bmsba, gstas gstudmas ialsmdgrhl sm chs arkhlmzhimalgs tmglgl gc pgrsalhc qug pasgg ch gxpgrmglimh tíilmih rgqugrmdh phrh dmsgøhr, mbpcgbglthr, apgrhr y bhltglgr gc smstgbh prapugsta.

 Ehitm`mcmdhd Gialùbmih. Dgltra dg gstas gstudmas sg pugdgl mlicumr gc hlècmsms dg iasta y `glgemimas hsaimhdas ial ihdh hctgrlhtmvh dgc praygita. Ial hlècmsms dg iasta/`glgemimas, tadas cas iastas y `glgemimas dg hdqumrmr y apgrhr ihdh smstgbh hctgrlhtmva sg mdgltmemihl y sg gsth`cgig ulh iabphrhimùl gltrg gccas. Gsta pgrbmtg sgcgiimalhr gc bès ialvglmgltg phrh ch gbprgsh. Dgltra dg gsth iabphrhimùl sg dg`g tabhr gl iuglth ca smkumgltg? • Yg iabphr iabphrhl hl cas iasta iastass gspgrhdas dg ihdh hctgrlht hctgrlhtmvh mvh ial cas `glgemim `glgemimas as gspgrhdas phrh hsgkurhrsg qug cas `glgemimas gxigdhl cas iastas.

 

• Ch prap prapar arim imùl ùl iast iasta/ a/`g `glg lgememim ima a dg ihdh ihdh hctg hctgrl rlht htmv mvh h sg iabp iabphr hrhl hl ial ial chs chs qu qug g praparimalhl cas iastas/`glgemimas dg chs atrhs hctgrlhtmvhs phrh gsiakgr ch bgoar. • Yg dgtgrbmlhl chs earbhs gl qug ch arkhlmzhimùl padrâh khsthr su dmlgra.

Ialigpta dg Umh`mcmdhd.

Ygkÿl gc dmiimalhrma dg ch Pghc Hihdgbmh Gsphøach Umh`mcmdhd? –iuhcmdhd dg vmh`cg‒, Umh`cg? –Xug, par sus imriulsthlimhs, tmglg pra`h`mcmdhdgs dg padgrsg ccgvhr h ih`a‒. Ygkÿl @hih? gs ch pasm`mcmdhd qug tmglg ul praygita phrh sgr gogiuthda y apgrhda dg thc bhlgrh qug iubpch ial su a`ogtmva. Gstè rgchimalhdh ial prmlimpmas dg ihcmdhd, gemimglimh y pgrtmlglimh dg ul praygita gl tírbmlas tírbm las dg cas gcgbgltas ialigptu ialigptuhcgs hcgs qug ca iabpalgl, ch mlearb mlearbhimùl himùl utmcmzh utmcmzhdh, dh, ch iafgrglimh dg cas pchltghbmgltas y gc bhyar higrihbmglta h ch rghcmdhd h ch qug sg rgemgrg gc praygita.

Tmpas dg Umh`mcmdhd Ch vmh`mcmdhd gstè ialearbhdh par? hspgitas tíilmias, saimagialùbmias, hb`mglthcgs g mlstmtuimalhcgs.

Umh`mcmdhd Tíilmih. Zgrbmtg dgtgrbmlhr ch ihcmdhd y iafgrglimh dg ch mlearbhimùl rgchimalhdh ial gc a`ogtmva bmsba dgc praygita, sus pchltghbmgltas `èsmias, ch dmbglsmùl dg chs vhrmh`cgs qug mltgrvmglgl, sacuimalgs y hitmvmdhdgs. Iuhlda sg rghcmzh ch gvhcuhimùl sg dg`g rgvmshr ch mdgltmemihimùl dg ch smtuhimùl, chs hctgrlhtmvhs tíilmihs prapugsths, chs hitmvmdhdgs y cas iastas

Umh`mcmdhd Yaimagialùbmih. Zgrbmtg mdgltmemihr y vhcarhr cas `glgemimas, ial gc eml dg dgtgrbmlhr sm gc praygita kglgrh gegitmvhbgltg dmifas `glgemimas y sâ su vhcarhimùl sg gliugltrh gl rhlka higpth`cg.

 

Cas irmtgrmas saimagialùbmias sg rgemgrgl hc mbphita gialùbmia dgc praygita h lmvgc rgkmalhc a caihc y h cas gegitas saimhcgs sa`rg cas krupas dg pgrsalhs hegithdhs.

Umh`mcmdhd Mlstmtuimalhc. Yg rgemgrg hc hlècmsms dg cas bgihlmsbas dg gogiuimùl prapugstas gl gc praygita> ch gvhcuhimùl dg ch ihphimdhd mlstmtuimalhc phrh su gogiuimùl, apgrhimùl y sgkumbmglta dg cas praygitas. Yg rgchimalh hc hlècmsms dg mbphita hb`mglthc, iaba chs bgdmdhs pchltghdhs phrh su bmtmkhimùl, prgvglimùl a iabpglshimùl, sgkÿl sgh gc ihsa. Gstas irmtgrmas sg hpcmihl gspgimhcbgltg h cas praygitas qug mlvacuirhl a`rhs qug tmglgl rgchimùl ial mlerhgstruiturhs y qug pugdgl kglgrhr mbphitas gl gc hb`mgltg thlta pasmtmvas iaba lgkhtmvas.

Gstruiturh dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygitaZhrh qug gc gst gstudm udma a dg vmh vmh`mc `mcmdh mdhd d dg ul pra praygit ygita a   sgh gegitmva, dg`g ialthr, hc bglas, ial chs sgms smkumgltgs phrtgs?

8. Hcihlig dgc praygita?  ialtrm`uyg h dgemlmr cas câbmtgs y gvmthr dgsvmhimalgs qug hcgogl dg cas rgsucthdas gspgrhdas. 

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Fhig hcusmùl hc prapùsmta y sg utmcmzh phrh dgemlmr gc pra`cgbh dg ch gbprgsh qug lgigsmth sgr rgsugcta a ch apartulmdhd dg lgkaima qug sg qumgrg hpravgifhr. Dg`g dgemlmr gc èb`mta dg hpcmihimùl dg earbh ichrh, ialimsh y prgimsh, phrh gvmthr ialeuldmr h cas phrtmimphltgs dgc praygita. Tmglg qug mlearbhr sa`rg ch gstruiturh y phrtgs dg ch gbprgsh, mlicuyglda ch dgsmklhimùl dg cas phrtmimphltgs gl gc praygita, ch mdgltmemihimùl dgc prabatar y chs èrghs dg cas usuhrmas emlhcgs hegithdas par gc bmsba.

0. Hlècmsms dg smtuhimùl?  smrvg phrh mdgltmemihr chs earthcgzhs y dg`mcmdhdgs dgc gleaqug hituhc. 

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 Hyudh h iabprgldgr bgoar gc smstgbh y gltgldgr cas bgihlmsbas dg dgshrracca dg ihdh gltrgkh`cg. Ehimcmth ch mltraduiimùl dg ihb`mas gl chs èrghs daldg sal rgqugrmdas.

 

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Zgrbmtg dgemlmr dmrgitrmigs qug pugdgl hpcmihrsg h euturas praygitas, supalmglda ul hfarra ialsmdgrh`cg gl tmgbpa y dmlgra. Dg`g gbpcghrsg iaba faoh dg ruth y la iaba cchbhdh h ch hiimùl, par ca qug sus ialicusmalgs sg tmglgl qug gliuhdrhr gl ch pchlmemihimùl y la tabhrsg iaba prmarmdhdgs h rgsacvgr dg mlbgdmhta.

9. Dgemlmimùl dg rgqumsmtas ? gsth gthph dgpgldg dgc a`ogta dg ch htglimùl dgc praygita y sg lutrg dg ch phrtmimphimùl ialoulth dg mltgkrhltgs dgc praygita h dmegrgltgs lmvgcgs. 4. Dgtgrbmlhimùl dgc gleaqug?  qug rgprgsglth ch sacuimùl rgiabgldhdh a iursa dg hiimùl ùptmba qug ialicumrè gl ch shtmsehiimùl dg lgigsmdhdgs. 

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Gs mbprgsimldm`cg ch vhcarhimùl dg chs dmstmlths hctgrlhtmvhs dg sacuimùl h ihdh pra`cgbh. Yg pchl pchltg tgh h ch mdal mdalgm gmdh dhd d dg usa usa dg chs chs gstr gstrui uitu turh rhss gxms gxmstg tglt ltgs gs y dg chs chs hctgrlhtmvhs. Yg gsth`cgigl prmarmdhdgs gl `hsg h su prhkbhtmsba y vmh`mcmdhd.

7. Gvhcuhimùl dg ch vmh`mcmdhd dgc praygita ? gxhbmlh ch rglth`mcmdhd dgc gleaqug sgcgiimalhda.  

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Mlmimh ial ul hlècmsms dgc iasta tathc gstmbhda dgc praygita. Yg ih ihci ciuc uch h th thb` b`mí míl l gc ia iast stg g dg atrh atrhss hctg hctgrl rlht htmv mvhs, hs, hp hphrt hrtg g dg ch sa sacu cuim imùl ùl rgiabgldhdh, ial gc eml dg aergigr ulh iabphrhimùl gialùbmih. Ialvmglg iabpcgthrch ial ul prakrhbh dg praygita qug bugstrg ch ruth dgc praygita y chs egifhs dg mlmima y dg emlhc dg chs hitmvmdhdgs gl ialoulta. Iucbmlh ial gc ièciuca dgc iastg tathc, hspgita gsglimhc phrh padgr dgtgrbmlhr  ch vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita.  H gstg ièciuca fhy qug høhdmrcg ul rgsubgl dg cas iastas y ulh gvhcuhimùl gl `hsg h ul hlècmsms dg iasta - `glgemima y dg ch rglth`mcmdhd dg ch mlvgrsmùl.

5. Pgvmsmùl dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita?  tadas cas gcgbgltas hltgrmargs sg glshb`chl gl ul gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd qug dg`g sabgt sabgtgrsg grsg h ulh rgvmsmùl earbhc gl ch qug phrtmimpgl tadhs chs phrtgs mlvacuirhdhs. Gstg gxhbgl tmglg das prapùsmtas?  

Oustmemihr gc rmkar y ch prgimsmùl dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd. Tabhr Tab hr ulh dgi dgimsm msmùl ùl higrih higrih dg cas pra praygit ygitas, as, hpr hpra`è a`èldac ldaca, a, rgifhzè rgifhzèlda ldaca ca a sacmimthlda ulh rgvmsmùl dgc bmsba a dg hckula dg sus hspgitas.

Fhy qug rgiardhr qug gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita  gs bès ulh earbh dg pglshr qug ul praigsa `urairètmia. Zhrh hubglthr su ush`mcmdhd gs mbparthltg qug

 

ialtglkh ialtglk h sue suemim mimglt gltgs gs dgthcc dgthccgs gs iaba iaba phr phrh h pgrb pgrbmtm mtmrr ialtml ialtmluhr uhr ial ch smku smkumglt mgltg g ehs ehsg g suigsmvh gl gc praygita, ehimcmthlda ch hpcmihimùl dg ul hlècmsms iabphrhtmva gl ch prgphrhimùl dg ch hudmtarâh dgc praygita emlhc qug gvhcÿg ca qug sg ialsmkug gltrgkhr, gl iabphrhimùl ial ca qug sg prapusa gl gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd.

Dmegrglimh gltrg ehitm`mcmdhd y vmh`mcmdhd Gl aihsmalgs sg sugcg fh`chr dg praygitas vmh`cgs y ehitm`cgs, y hulqug h vgigs hsmbmchbas gltrg sâ gstas das ialigptas, glimgrrhl ul smklmemihda buy dmegrgltg. Umh`cg? 0. hdo. Dmifa dg ul hsulta? Xug, par sus imriulsthlimhs, tmglg pra`h`mcmdhdgs dg padgrsg ccgvhr h ih`a. Ehitm`cg? 8. hdo. Xug sg pugdg fhigr. Ygkÿl ca hltgrmar sg pugdg dgimr qug ul praygita ehitm`cg gs ul praygita qug sg pugdg rghcmzhr, qug gs pasm`cg dg rghcmzhr. Wl praygita vmh`cg, gs ul praygita qug hdgbès dg sgr ehitm`cg, gsta gs qug gs pasm`cg dg rghcmzhr, gs ul praygita qug rgsucth vmh`cg, qug gl lugstra ialtgxta sg dg`g gltgldgr iaba ul praygita qug pugdg sgr sastglm`cg, rglth`cg gialùbmihbgltg. Wl praygita dg gbprgldmbmglta dg`g prmbgra sgr ehitm`cg, y cugka sg dg`g dgbastrhr  qug gs vmh`cg, qug gs gialùbmihbgltg pasm`cg, htrhitmva.

Gcgbgltas phrh mdgltmemihr vmh`mcmdhd gl praygita Wl praygita gs vmh`cg iuhlda gstèl dhdhs chs ialdmimalgs dg tada ardgl dg cas gcgbgltas gcgbg ltas thcgs iaba? gltarl gltarla, a, bgrihda, bgrihda, tgilac tgilacùkmia, ùkmia, cgkhc, hb`mgl hb`mglthc, thc, emlhlimgra emlhlimgra,, gialùbmia y saimhc. Gc a`ogtmva prmlimphc dgc hlècmsms dg ch vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita  gs khrhltmzhr qug gstg sgh tíilmihbgltg ehitm`cg, gialùbmihbgltg oustmemih`cg y, par supugsta, cgkhc. Gl paihs phch`rhs, sh`gr sm ch mlvgrsmùl qug sg vh h rghcmzhr vh h sgr a la rglth`cg. Cas prmlimphcgs `glgemimas dg fhigr ul hlècmsms dg ch vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita pugdgl sgr? 

Igrihr chs hctgrlhtmvhs dg lgkaima

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Cakrhr mdgltmemihr ulh rhzùl vècmdh phrh dgshrracchr gc praygita

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Ialsgkumr bgoargs rgsucthdas bgdmhltg ch gvhcuhimùl dg dmstmltas phrèbgtras

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Ialsgkumr ulh ichrmdhd dg kgstmùl qug dí cukhr h ulh bhyar rglth`mcmdhd dg ch mlvgrsmùl.

 

Wl pray praygit gita a vm vmh`c h`cg g gs ul pr prayg aygit ita a hcih hcihlzh lzh`c `cg, g, da dald ldg g sg tmtmgl glg g ch ihph ihphim imdh dhd d dg glerglthrsg h chs imriulsthlimhs ialirgths a`tglmglda cas rgsucthdas gspgrhdas. La gs ul pral pralùs ùstmtmia ia,, lm mb mbpc pcmi mih h qu qug g gc pr pray aygi gita ta sg vhyh vhyh h gl gltr trgk gkhr hr h tmgb tmgbpa pa,, gl chs chs ialdmimalgs emohdhs y dgltra dgc prgsupugsta dgsmklhda phrh gcca> ch mligrtmdub`rg la dgshphrgig h pgshr dg ulh rgspugsth pasmtmvh dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd. Yml gb`hrka, iuhlda sg dgtgrbmlh qug ch mlmimhtmvh gs vmh`cg gxmstg ulh bhyar ialemhlzh gl ch gltrgkh. Gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd gstè buy eaihcmzhda y dg`g sgr smgbprg gspgiâemia. Hckulhs dg sus prmlimphcgs ihrhitgrâstmihs sal? 

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Yg trhth dg ulh fgrrhbmglth dg mlvgstmkhimùl qug mlearbh sa`rg ch ihphimdhd dg fhigr rghcmdhd ulh mdgh. La gs ca bmsba qug ul pchl dg lgkaimas. Gs pasm`cg utmcmzhr ul gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd iaba ul prgdgigsar h ch irghimùl dg ul pchl dg lgkaimas. Zhrtg dg ca kglgrhc phrh hvhlzhr fhimh cas dgthccgs bès ialirgtas. A`cmkh h ialsmdgrhr ch lgigsmdhd dgc icmgltg y ch pasm`cg iabpgtglimh.  Hyudh h mdgltmemihr cas rmgsk rmgskas as h cas qug gs pra`h`cg tglgr qug glerglthrsg gl gc dgshrracca. Dgsirm`g chs hiimalgs h gbprgldgr, sus `glgemimas y gc iastg qug mbpcmihl. Zgrbmtg prgdgimr gc `glgemima qug sg a`tgldrè.

Ch prmlimphc vglthoh vglthoh dg fhigr ul gstudm gstudma a dg vmh`mcmdhd vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita gs gc dmseruthr dg ch apartulmdhd dg hthr tadas cas ih`as hltgs dg iabprabgtgrsg gl tmgbpa, dmlgra y rgiursas phrh ulh mdgh qug pugdg la eulimalhr dg ch bhlgrh qug sg fh`âh pchlghda armkmlhcbgltg. Yu hpcmihimùl gvmth krhvgs mlialvglmgltgs iaba? 

Tglgr qug hubglthr gc prgsupugsta gl pcglh ehsg dg gogiuimùl.

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Ch bhch mbhkgl dg ch gbprgsh ch pírdmdh dg ul icmgltg hc la padgr ccgvhr h ih`a ca hiardhda h ihush dg chs y/a cmbmthimalgs. Mliurrmr gl pra`cgbhs dgrmvhdas dg ch gltrgkh dgegituash a hcgohdh dg chs ialdmimalgs dg ihcmdhd y gspgimemihimalgs dgemlmdhs.

Yus vglthohs bès mbparthltgs, y daldg rgsmdg su mbparthlimh, tmglgl qug vgr ial gc fgif fg ifa a dg qu qug g cas gs gsttudmas dmas dg vmh` vmh`mcmcmd mdh hd hy hyu udh dhl l h h` h`rm rmrr cas cas aoas aoas h lu lugv gvhs hs pasm`mcmdhdgs, apartulmdhdgs y sacuimalgs qug, dg atrh atrh earbh earbh,, lulih sg fu fu`mgsgl `mgsgl dgsiu`mgrta. Gc bgoar babglta phrh fhigrca gs iuhlda yh sg fhl mdgltmemihda ulh sgrmg dg hctgrlhtmvhs dg sacuimùl phrh h`ardhr ch gogiuimùl dgc praygita y ca qug sg lgigsmth gs

 

sh`gr iuèc dg gcchs gs ch bès ehitm`cg dg mbpcgbglthr. Gl ch prèitmih, as prapalka gc rgiarrmda dg chs smkumgltgs imlia gthphs?

8. Mlvgstmkhimùl dg cas mbpucsargs dgc lgkaima? gl ch bhyarâh dg cas ihsas, gc praygita gstè smglda mbpucshda par ul pra`cgbh gl gc lgkaima a hspgita h bgoarhr dgc qug fhy qug tglgr ulh iabprglsmùl ichrh. Gl gsth ehsg fhy qug dgsiu`rmr par quí gstas batmvas su`yhigltgs sal mbparthltgs phrh ch gbprgsh y quí pchza bèxmba pugdg gbpcghrsg phrh rgsacvgr ch iugstmùl qug sg fh dg h`ardhr. Thb`míl gs gc babglta dg hvgrmkuhr iuèc pugdg sgr gc mbphita phrh ch gbprgsh, ihsa dg qug gc praygita la tgrbmlg iaba gs gspgrhda. 0. Ialemrbhimùl dg chs sacuimalgs hctgrlhtmvhs?  ulh vgz qug ch bmsmùl dgc praygita gstè ichrh, gs lgigshrma iabprgldgr quí sacuimalgs hctgrlhtmvhs qugdhl dmspalm`cgs. Ísths dg`gl sgr rghcmsths y prapari praparimalhr malhr ulh ia`grturh gemihz hc pra`cgbh qug sg gstè trhthlda. Fh`rè qug vhcarhrhs ulh h ulh y rgifhzhr chs qug la iubpchl ial gstas rgqumsmtas. tmglgl l qug khrhltmzhr  9. Dgtgrbmlhimùl dg ch vmh`mcmdhd dg ihdh sacuimùl?  phrh gcca tmglg qug su hpcmihimùl pgrbmtmrâh ch gltrgkh h tmgbpa y dgltra dg prgsupugsta. Ísth gs, sml dudh, ch phrtg bès iabpcmihdh dgc praigsa dg hlècmsms dg ch vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita y, phrh bmlmbmzhr gc rmgska dg grrargs sg pugdgl hpcmihr dmstmltas bítadas, iaba? 

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Mlvgstmkhimùl iabphrhtmvh?  ialsmstg gl iabpra`hr ch gvacuimùl y krhda dg shtmsehiimùl shtmse hiimùl dg atrhs iabphøâhs qug fhl mbpcgbglth mbpcgbglthda da chs bmsbhs sacuim sacuimalgs algs qug sg gstè vhcarhlda hpcmihr hc praygita. Dgshrracca dg pratatmpas? gsth hctgrlhtmvh prapalg mdgltmemihr ch phrtg dg ch sacuimùl qug tmglg gc bhyar rmgska phrh padgr, gl `hsg h gcch, irghr ulh bugstrh, ul pratatmpa, qug pgrbmth, h pgqugøh gsihch, iabpra`hr su vmh`mcmdhd. gstg bí bíta tada da sg ccgv ccgvh h h ih`a ih`a hc iabp iabpcg cgth thr  r  Iabphrtmbg Iabphr tmbglthim lthimùl ùl tgbp tgbparhc arhc? gstg hckulhs dg chs thrghs mlicumdhs gl gc pchl dgc praygita y bgdmr gc tmgbpa lgigshrma phrh su gogiuimùl. Gsth bhrih sg fh dg iabphrhr ial ch prgvmsmùl qug sg fh`âh fgifa phrh iabpra`hr gc krhda dg prgimsmùl dg ch pchlmemihimùl.

4. Ygcgiimùl dg ch sacuimùl mdùlgh?  ulh vgz sg ialaig gc krhda dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ihdh sacuimùl hctgrlhtmvh prapugsth, gc smkumgltg phsa gs gcgkmr ch qug sg hpcmihrè h ch gogiuimùl dgc praygita. Gsth dgimsmùl sg fh dg `hshr gl trgs hspgitas?   

Ehimcmdhd dg mbpcgbglthimùl. Bâlmba lmvgc dg rmgska. Bèxmbh ialemhlzh dg gltrgkh.

 

7. Pggvhc Pggvhcuhimùl? uhimùl? gs gc babglta dg tabhr ch sacuimùl gcgkmdh y vacvgr h gvhcuhr su vmh`mcmdhd gl ul lmvgc mlegrmar. Zhrh gcca gs prgimsa? 

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Md Mdgl gltmtmememihr ihr ta tadhs dhs ch chss th thrg rghs hs a ph phqu qugt gtgs gs dg tr trh` h`ho hoa a qu qug g sg lg lgig igsm smth thl l ph phrh rh iabpcgthr ch sacuimùl. Ialtrhsthr chs prgvmsmalgs sa`rg ch durhimùl dg ihdh thrgh ial cas bmgb`ras dgc gqumpa dg praygita.  Høhdmr tadhs chs thrghs y sus pchzas hc pchl dg praygita. Iabpra`hr sm, tadhvâh, sg gstè gl ialdmimalgs dg gltrgkhr dgltra dgc pchza bèxmba emohda. Daiubglthr tadas cas rgsucthdas phrh igrrhr gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd iabpcgta.

  Tada praygita vmh`cg gs ehitm ehitm`cg, `cg, pgra la tada praygita ehitm`c ehitm`cg g gs vmh`cg. Wl praygit praygita a ehitm`cg gs hqugc qug gs pasm`cg dg rghcmzhr, gl thlta ul praygita vmh`cg gs hqugc qug pugdg sgr sastglm`cg, rglth`cg gialùbmihbgltg. Gl kglgrhc, ul praygita dg`g prmbgra sgr ehitm`cg, y cugka dg`g dgbastrhrsg vmh`cg, qug gs gialùbmihbgltg pasm`cg, htrhitmva. Ym hprgimhbas chs das dgemlmim dgemlmimalgs algs sal buy smbmchrg smbmchrgs, s, ichra, sml gltrhr gl dmsius dmsiusmalgs malgs sgbèltmihs a dmhcíitmihs thc vgz hfâ sâ glialtrgbas ulh dmegrglimh> pgra gc prapùsmta dg gstg gsirmta gs dmegrglimhr cas ialigptas dgltra dg cas praygitas. Gc gst gstud udma ma dg eh ehit itm` m`mcmcmd mdhd hd gs ul ml mlst strub rubgl glta ta qu qug g smrv smrvg g phr phrh h ar armg mglt lthr hr ch ta tabh bh dg dgimsmalgs dgimsm algs gl ch gvhcuhim gvhcuhimùl ùl dg ul praygita y iarrgsp iarrgspaldg aldg h ch ÿctmbh ehsg dg ch gthph prg-apgrhtmvh a dg earbuchimùl dgltra dgc imica dgc praygita. Yg earbuch ial `hsg gl mlearbhimùl qug tmglg ch bglar mligrtmdub`rg pasm`cg phrh bgdmr chs pasm`mcmdhdgs dg íxmta a erhihsa dg ul praygita dg mlvgrsmùl, hpayèldasg gl íc sg tabhrè ch dgimsmùl dg praigdgr a la ial su mbpcgbglthimùl.

Wl praygita ehitm`cg, gs dgimr qug sg pugdg gogiuthr, gs gc qug fh hpra`hda iuhtra gvhcuhimalgs `èsmihs? 8. 0. 9. 4.

Gv Gvhc hcuh uhim imùl ùl Tí Tíil ilmi mih h Gv Gvhc hcuh uhim imùl ùl Hb` Hb`mg mglt lthc hc Gv Gvhc hcuh uhim imùl ùl Emlhl Emlhlim imgrh grh Gvh Gvhcuh cuhimù imùl l Yai Yaimama-gia gialùb lùbmih mih

Ch hpra`himùl a –vmsta dg tmgbpa ihdh gvhcuhimùl ch cchbhrgbas gsths vmh`mcmdhdgs sg dg`gl dhr`ugla‒ hc bmsba phrh hcihlzhr ch ehitm`mcmdhdvmh`mcmdhd> dg ul praygita>

 

par gogbpca ul praygita pugdg sgr vmh`cg tíilmihbgltg pgra pugdg sgr la vmh`cg emlhlimgrhbgltg, y hsâ chs atrhs pasm`cgs iab`mlhimalgs> gltaligs ial ulh gvhcuhimùl qug rgsuctg la vmh`cg, gc praygita la sgrè ehitm`cg. Gl ch gvhcuhimùl tíilmih sg hlhcmzhl cas tùpmias rgegrgltgs hc iabparthbmglta dgc bgri bg rihd hda, a, ch tg tgil ilac acak akâh âh dm dmsp spal alm` m`cg cg,, ca cass hspg hspgit itas as cg cgkh khcg cgss y ch pa pasm sm`c `cg g gstr gstruit uiturh urh arkhlmzhimalhc. Ch gvhcuhimùl hb`mglthc fhig rgegrglimh h cas rgsucthdas dgc gstudma dg mbphita hb`mglthc qug sg dg`g rghcmzhr phrh iuhltmemihr y iuhcmemihr ch mlogrglimh qug gc praygita ihushrè hc mlsgrthrca gl ul bgdma `mùtmia y h`mùtmia> y pudg sgr qug gc mbphita sgh pasmtmva a lgkhtmva. Gl gc ihsa qug sgh lgkhtmva thb`míl dg`g pchltghr gc iùba glihbmlhr gc praygita dgltra dg cas phrèbgtras dg ch cgkmschimùl hb`mglthc vmkgltg y iuèc gs su pchl dg sastglm`mcmdhd dgc bgdma hb`mgltg hegithda. Gl cas praygitas qug `usihbas ch ehitm`mcmdhd, sal praygitas qug `usihl praduimr ul `mgl a sgrvmima phrh shtmsehigr ulh lgigsmdhd a iacbhr ulh gxpgithtmvh> phrh ca iuhc sg lgigsmth dgemlmr su rglth`mcmdhd a la, qug gs gc a`ogtmva dg ch gvhcuhimùl emlhlimgrh. Gvhcuhimùl saima-gialù Gvhcuhimùl saima-gialùbmih> bmih> y ch bglim bglimalhbas alhbas hsâ fhimgl fhimglda da rgegrgl rgegrglimh, imh, y ílehsm ílehsms, s, gl gc mbphita saimhc dgc praygita, hulqug gl ul hlècmsms bès praeulda salhrâh hcka rgduldhltg tglmglda gl iuglth qug ch gialabâh, par dgemlmimùl, gs ulh imglimh saimhc qug `usih shtmsehigr chs lgigsmdhdgs fubhlhs bhtgrmhcgs. Gs mbparthltg gvhcuhr gsths vhrmh`cgs, yh qug gc praygita pugdg tglgr rgstrmiimalgs rgspgita h pacâtmihs gialùbmihs par gogbpca? dg mbparthimùl y gxparthimùl, ihb`mhrmhs, hrhligchrmhs, gltrg atrhs. Gl ialicusmùl, ul praygita ehitm`cg gs gc qug tíilmih, hb`mglthc, emlhlimgrh y saimagialùbmihbgltg gs vmh`cg.

Mbparthlimh dg ch ehitm`mcmdhd y vmh`mcmdhd Phzalgs phrh ccgvhr h ih`a gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita  Hdgbès dgc gleaqug dg sgltmda iabÿl qug gc  gs gstu tudm dma a dg vmh` vmh`mc mcmd mdhd hd dg ul praygita hp hpart arth h h ch pchl pchlmememi mihi himù mùl l dg dgcc bm bmsb sba, a, gx gxms mstg tgl l bu buif ifhs hs at atrh rhss rhz rhzal algs gs qug mbpucshl h chs gbprgshs h iabprabgtgrsg ial su gch`arhimùl. Ch rghcmzhimùl dg ul gstu gs tudm dma a dg gst gstg g tmtmpa pa gs ul ulh h `u `ugl glh h prèit prèitmi mih h gb gbpr prgsh gshrm rmhc hc y su hp hpcmcmih ihim imùl ùl pu pugd gdg g a`sgrvhrsg gl tadas cas lgkaimas dg íxmta. Chs arkhlmzhimalgs qug bglargs iaths dg

 

erhihsa dg praygita prgsglthl tmglgl gl iabÿl gc fh`gr dgdmihda gc tmgbpa y cas rgiursas lgigshrmas h gxhbmlhr h ealda tadhs chs iugstmalgs y gvhcuhr su pra`h`mcmdhd dg íxmt íxmta a hl hltg tgss dg ml mlmi mimh mhrr gc smku smkumg mglt ltg g pr pray aygi gita ta.. Hdgbè Hdgbèss dg bm bmlm lmbm bmzh zhrr gc rm rmgsk gska, a, gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd cgs hyudh h? 

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Igltrhrsg gl gc praygita gl sâ y a`tglgr ulh pgrspgitmvh bès iabpcgth dg chs dmstmlths hctgrlhtmvhs. Dgsiu`rmr lugvhs hctgrlhtmvhs dg lgkaima a earbhs dg aptmbmzhr rgsucthdas. Mdgltmemihr apartulmdhdgs dg mllavhr, h trhvís dgc praigsa dg mlvgstmkhimùl. Dgtgithr cas smklas qug hdvmgrtgl dg qug gs bgoar la ialtmluhr y chs rhzalgs qug oustmemihl gsth ihutgch.  Hubglthr ch pra`h`mcmdhd dg íxmta hc dgsiu`rmr cas dmstmltas ehitargs qug, dgsdg gc prmlimpma, padrâh hegithr hc praygita y pgroudmihr h sus rgsucthdas. Ialthr ial mlearbhimùl dg ihcmdhd phrh ccgvhr h ih`a ulh tabh dg dgimsmalgs `hshdh gl dhtas a`ogtmvas y emh`cgs. Dmspalgr dg daiubglthimùl iabpcgth, eruta dg ch mlvgstmkhimùl h ealda qug ch gbprgsh fh ccgvhda h ih`a gl dmegrgltgs èrghs.  Hsgkurhr ch emlhlimhimùl dg chs mlstmtuimalgs dg irídmta y atrhs eugltgs balgthrmhs. Thb`míl ialtrm`uyg h htrhgr mlvgrsmùl dg ihpmthc, ula dg cas `glgemimas bès hpchudmdas dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg ul praygita.

Mbparthlimh dgc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd gl praygitas Ch mlvgstmkhimùl y ch mlearbhimùl dgsthphdhs gl gc gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd hpayhrèl ch gthph dg ch pchlm pchlmemihim emihimùl ùl dg gbprgs gbprgshs hs y rgduimr rgduimrèl èl gc tmgbpa dg ch mlvgst mlvgstmkhim mkhimùl. ùl. Zar ca thlta, gc iastg dgc pchl dg lgkaima thb`míl sgrè rgduimda. Wl hlècmsms iumdhdasa dg ch vmh`mcmdhd praparimalh ulh h`uldhlimh dg ch mlearbhimùl qug gs thb`míl lgigshrmh phrh gc pchlchdg lgkaima.dgc lgkaima. Zar gogbpca, gogbpca,dgc ullgkaima. `ugl gstud gstudma dg bgrihdapraparimalh gs lgigsh lgigshrma rma phrh dgtgrbmlhr vmh`mcmdhd ialigpta Gsthmamlearbhimùl ch `hsg phrh ch sgiimùl dgc bgrihda dgc pchl dg lgkaima Emlhcbgltg, ul gstudma dg vmh`mcmdhd dg`g ialtglgr ch gvmdglimh ichrhbgltg dg sapartg phrh sus rgiabgldhimalgs. Ch eugrzh dg chs rgiabgldh rgiabgldhimalgs imalgs sg pugd pugdg g pgshr ialt ialtrh rh ch ihphimd ihphimdhd hd dgc gstudm gstudma a dg dgbastrhr ch ialtmlumdhd qug gxmstg gltrg gc hlècmsms dg ch mlvgstmkhimùl y gc badgca prapugsta dgc lgkaima. Chs rgiabgldhimalgs sgrèl ialemhdhs gl ulh bgzich dg dhtas lubírmias ial ch daiubglthimùl iuhcmthtmvh, gxpgrmglimh-`hshdh.

Gc gstudma dg ehitm`mcmdhd dg`g ialduimr h ?

 

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Dgtgrbmlhimùl pcglh g mlgquâvaih dgc praygita h trhvís dgc gstudma dg bgrihda, ch dgemlmimùl dgc thbhøa, ch u`mihimùl dg chs mlsthchimalgs y ch sgcgiimùl dg tgilacakâh. Dmsgøa dgc badgca hdbmlmstrhtmva hdgiuhda phrh ihdh gthph dgc praygita. Gstmbhimùl dgc lmvgc dg chs mlvgrsmalgs lgigshrmhs y su iralacakâh/ca bmsba qug cas iastas dg apgrhimùl y gc ièciuca dg cas mlkrgsas. Mdgltmemihimùl pcglh dg eugltgs dg emlhlimhimùl y ch rgkuchimùl dg iabprabmsas dg phrtmimphimùl gl gc praygita. Dgemlmimùl dg tírbmlas dg ialtrhthimùl y pcmgkas dg cmimthimùl dg a`rhs phrh hdqumsmimùl dg gqumpas y ialstruiimalgs imvmcgs prmlimphcgs y iabpcgbglthrmhs. Yabgtmbmglta dgc praygita sm gs lgigshrma h chs rgspgitmvhs hutarmdhdgs dg pchlghimùl y hb`mglthcgs.  Hpcmihimùl dg irmtgrmas dg gvhcuhimùl thlta emlhlimgrh iaba gialùbmih, saimhc y hb`mglthc, qug pgrbmth hccgkhr hrkubgltas phrh ch dgimsmùl dg rghcmzhimùl dgc praygita.

Dgc gst gstudm udma a dg ehi ehitm` tm`mcm mcmdhd dhd sg pugdg pugdg gsp gspgrh grhr  r ? a h`hldalhr gc praygita par la glialtrhrca suemimgltgbgltg vmh`cg, ialvglmgltg u apartula> a bgoarhrca, gch`arhlda ul dmsgøa dgemlmtmva, tglmglda gl iuglth chs sukgrglimhs y badmemihimalgs qug surkmrèl dg cas hlhcmsths rgprgsglthltgs rgprgsglthltgs dg chs hctgrlhs eugltgs dg emlhlimhimù emlhlimhimùl, l, a dg eulim eulimalhrmas alhrmas gsththcgs dg pchlghimùl gl cas dmegrgltgs lmvgcgs, lhimalhc, sgitarmhc, rgkmalhc, caihc a gbprgshrmhc. Gl ialsgiuglimh, cas a`ogtmvas dg iuhcqumgr gstudma dg ehitm`mcmdhd sg pugdgl rgsubmr gl cas smkumgltgs tírbmlas? h. Ugrm Ugrmemi emihim himùl ùl dg ch gxms gxmstgl tglimh imh dg ul bgrihd bgrihda a patglimhc patglimhc a dg ulh lgig lgigsmd smdhd hd la shtmsegifh. `. Dg Dgba bast strh rhim imùl ùl dg ch vmh` vmh`mcmcmd mdhd hd tíil tíilmi mih h y ch dmsp dmspal alm` m`mcmcmd mdhd hd dg cas cas rg rgiu iurs rsas as fubhlas, bhtgrmhcgs, hdbmlmstrhtmvas y emlhlimgras. i. Iarr Iarra`a a`arhim rhimùl ùl dg chs vglt vglthoh hohss dgs dgsdg dg gc pul pulta ta dg vms vmsth th emlhl emlhlimg imgra, ra, gialù gialùbmi bmia, a, saimhc a hb`mglthc dg hsmklhr rgiursas fhimh ch praduiimùl dg ul `mgl a ch prgsthimùl dg ul sgrvmima.

Pglth`mcmdhd (Uhl y TMP) Ch gcgiim gcgiimùl ùl dg ul praygit praygita a dg mlvgrsm mlvgrsmùl ùl phrh phrh ch gbp gbprgsh rgsh larbhcbgl larbhcbgltg tg mlv mlvacu acuirh irh apartulmdhdgs ial ul hbpcma rhlka dg rgsucthdas patglimhcgs. Gstg hrtâiuca prapalg ulh gxpcmihimùl dg cas bítadas bès utmcmzhdas phrh ch gvhcuhimùl dg ul praygita dg ml mlvg vgrs rsmù mùl, l, su rgi rgiup upgrh grhim imùl ùl gl tmtmgb gbpa pa y su rgl rglth th`m `mcmcmdh dhd. d. Gs Gsta tass bí bíta tada dass tg dhrèl dhrèl fgrrhbmglths phrh iabphrhr vhrmas praygitas u apimalgs y, hulqug sal badgcas qug tmglgl cmbmthimalgs, vglthohs y dgsvglthohs, hyudhl gl ch tabh dg bgoargs dgimsmalgs.

 

Wlh vgz mdgltmemihda imgrta lÿbgra dg praygitas iaba pasm`mcmdhdgs dg mlvgrsmùl, gs lgigshrma ihciuchr su vhcar. Cas bítadas phrh fhigrca h bgluda mlicuygl ihciuchr gc vhca vhcarr prgs prgsgl gltg tg lg lgta ta,, ch thsh thsh mltg mltgrl rlh h dg rg rgta tarl rla, a, ushr ushr gc bíta bítada da dg pg pgrm rmad ada a dg rgiupgrhimùl y gc âldmig dg rglth`mcmdhd.

Pglth`mcmdhd emlhlimgrh Gc âldmig dg ecuoa dg ihoh rgprgsglth sachbgltg ulh bugstrh dg ch pasmimùl dgc gegitmva ihdh høa> la aergig ulh gvhcuhimùl kglgrhc dgc praygita. Zar ca thlta, la gs buy ÿtmc phrh iabphrhr dmegrgltgs praygitas a phrh gvhcuhr gc praygita gl rgchimùl h ul pulta dg rgegrglimh. Ym ul ka`mgrla, praygita dg dgshrracca a mlicusa gc bmsa sacmimthltg dgsgh gsiakgr gc usa bès praduitmva dg cas ealdas dmspalm`cgs, lgigsmthrè gbpcghr ul âldmig dmstmlta. Ístg rgqugrmrè ulh gvhcuhimùl dg ch rglth`mcmdhd emlhlimgrh dgc praygita. Gc hlècmsms emlhlimgra tabh cas rgsucthdas dg tadas cas høas gl gstudma y cas prgsglth gl tírbmlas dg ulh sach imerh. La a`sthltg, phrh hcihlzhr gstg a`ogtmva, ch bgtadacakâh dg`g tabhr gl iuglth gc vhcar dgirgimgltg dgc dmlgra y cas `glgemimas kglgrhcgs qug tmglgl cukhr ial gc phsa dgc tmgbpa. ±Iùba sg dg`g rghcmzhr gstg hlècmsms1 Fhy das âldmigs qug mltglthl rgspaldgr rgspaldgr h gsth prgkult prgkulth? h? gc Uhcar Hituh Hituhcc Lgta (UHL) y Thsh Mltgrlh dg Pgtarla (TMP). Hb`as tmglgl gl iabÿl vhrmas gcgbgltas ichvg? 

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 Hb`as ihrkhl ihr khl gc iasta tathc dg ch mlvgrsmùl gl gc høa gl qug ísth tmglg cukhr, h eml dg qug gc bítada y iasta dg emlhlimhbmglta la hegitgl gc rgsucthda dgc hlècmsms. Pgiugrdg, gc prapùsmta dgc hlècmsms gs mdgltmemihr ul `ugl praygita, la sgcgiimalhr ch bgoar apimùl dg emlhlimhbmglta.  Hb`as mlicuygl gc vhcar dg cas prmlimphcgs hitmvas dgc praygita hc emlhc dgc pgrâada dg hlècmsms (iaba gdmemimas, bhqumlhrmh y atras âtgbs susthlimhcgs). Ístas la gstèl gl gegitmva, y par ca thlta sg gxicuygl dgc hlècmsms dgc ecuoa dg ihoh hluhc, pgra tmglgl vhcar y la sg dg`gl phshr par hcta.  Hb`as hsmklhl vhcar hc huta-h`hstgimbmglta (v.k. bhla dg a`rh ehbmcmhr la phkhdh) y hc hutaialsuba (praduitas ushdas a ialsubmdas, pgra qug la sg fhl phkhda gl gegitmva).

h) Uhcar Hituhc Lgta (UHL)   Gc Uhcar Zrgsgltg Lgta (UZL) gs ch dmegrglimh gltrg gc vhcar dg bgrihda dg ulh mlvgrsmùl y su iasta. Gsglimhcbgltg, gc UZL bmdg iuèlta vhcar gs irghda a hdmimalhda par ccgvhr h ih`a imgrth mlvgrsm mlvgrsmùl. ùl. Yùca cas praygitas dg mlvgrsmùl ial ul UZL pasmtm pasmtmva va dg`gl dg sgr ialsmdgrhdas phrh mlvgrtmr.

 

Ch eùrbuch phrh ihciuchr gc UZL gs ch smkumgltg? UZL2 - MM + (subh dg) ^EGA/(8+P(r))tR + ^EGT/(8+P(r))lR Daldg? MM2 Mlvgrsmùl mlmimhc EGA 2 Ecuoas dg gegitmva dg apgrhimùl gl gc høa t 2 høa l 2 durhimùl dg ch vmdh dgc praygita gl høas P(r) 2 thsh dg rgldmbmglta rgqugrmdh dgc praygita EGT? Ecuoa dg gegitmva dg tgrbmlhimùl dgc praygita Ca qug fhig gsth giuhimùl gs tabhr cas ecuoas dg gegitmva euturas qug sg gspgrh qug praduzih gc lgkaima y dgsialthrcas hc prgsgltg. Gsta smklmemih qug tg dmrè gc vhcar qug gsas ecuoas qug sg a`tgldrèl gl gc eutura tmglgl fay gl dâh. Wlh vgz fgifa gsta, gc UZL sg shih dg ch dmegrglimh gltrg gc vhcar prgsgltg dg cas ecuoas dg gegitmva euturas y gc iasta dg ch mlvgrsmùl. Wl praygita dg mlvgrsmùl dg`g sgr tabhda gl iuglth sm gc vhcar prgsgltg lgta gs pasmtmva y rgifhzhda sm gs lgkhtmva. Gogbpca? Yupalkhbas qug tglgbas qug dgimdmr sm sg dg`g fhigr ulh gdmimùl gspgimhc dg zhphtas dg ch bhrih Hrrït. Cas ecuoas praygithdas dgc praduita sal $0:,::: gl gc prmbgr høa, $4:,::: phrh cas smkumgltgs das høas,uly 8:% $8:,::: phrh gc iuhrtaDgspuís høa. Mlmimhr  gstg praygita iasthrè $7:,::: y Hrrït rgqumgrg dg rgldmbmglta. dg iuhtra høas, Hrrït dgohrè dg praduimr cas zhphtas y la cas vgldgrè bès, pugs gc badgca sgrè vmgoa. Yacuimùl? UZL 2 - 7:,::: + (0:,:::/8.8:) + (4:,:::/8.8:0) + (4:,:::/8.8:9) + (8:,:::/8.8:4) UZL2 - 7:,::: + 86,868.6 + 99,:7;.= + 9:,:70.5 + 5,69:.8 UZL2 $ 96,800.4

 

Gc UZL dgc praygit praygita a gs pasmt pasmtmva, mva, par ca qug ihcme ihcmemih mih phrh mlvgrtmr gl íc (sm sùca sg pugdg mlvgrtmr gl ul praygita) smgbprg y iuhlda la gxmsthl atras ial ul UZL bhyar.  Hul iuhlda gc UZL gs ialsmdgrhda ia lsmdgrhda iaba gc badgca dg vhcuhimùl bès utmcmzhda, la gs gc ÿlmia. Ughbas atras bítadas. Gc âldmig bès sglimcca gs gc Uhcar Hituhc Lgta (UHL). Dgspuís dg ihciuchr gc mlkrgsa hluhc lgta phrh ihdh høa (iaba sg fmza gl gc ecuoa dg ihoh hluhc, pgra ial chs dmegrglimhs hlathdhs hltgrmarbgltg). Yg hpcmih ulh thsh dg dgsiuglta phrh rgduimr gc vhcar thlta dg cas `glgemimas iaba dg chs pírdmdhs lgths gl høas euturas. Hsâ, gc UHL gs ulh imerh qug rgprgsglth gc vhcar dgc praygita dgspuís dg dgsialthr cas `glgemimas lgtas h eutura. gc hspgita irâtmia dgc ièciuca dgc UHL gs ch sgcgiimùl dg ch thsh dg dgsiuglta (a thsh dg mltgrís). Wlh thsh hcth tgldrè iaba rgsucthda gc rgifhza dg bès praygitas y ehvargigrè hqugccas praygitas qug kglgrgl khlhlimhs gl cas prmbgras høas. Kglgrhcbgltg, ulh thsh dg dgsiuglta `hoh, tgldrè iaba rgsucthda ch higpthimùl dg bès praygitas y dhrè bès pgsa h cas `glgemimas kglgrhdas gl ul eutura bgdmhta. `) Thsh Mltgrlh dg Pgtarla (TMP) Ch Thsh Mltgrlh dg Pgtarla (TMP) ^87R ush ulh bgtadacakâh buy smbmchr h ch dgc UHL. Ch dmegrglimh prmlimphc gstè gl qug, hc ushr gc TMP, ch prgkulth qug sg fhig gs ±quí thsh dg dgsiuglta (a thsh dg mltgrís) hpayhrè gsth mlvgrsmùl1 Ym gc TMP gs dgc 87%, gsta smklmemih qug ch mlvgrsmùl mlmimhc rgldmrè ulh thsh dg mltgrís dgc 87% durhltg ch vmdh dgc praygita. Ihciuchr gc TMP gs iabpcmihda, yh qug prmbgra sg dg`g gstmbhr gc TMP, cugka fhigr gc ièciuca dgc UHL y vgr sm gc UHL rgsucthltg gs pasmtmva a lgkhtmva. Gltaligs, gc TMP gstmbhda sg housth (fhimh hrrm`h sm gc UHL gs pasmtmva, fhimh h`hoa sm gs lgkhtmva) y sg rgpmtg gc ièciuca. Gsta sg rgpmtg fhsth qug gc UHL hcihlig gxhithbgltg :. Gltaligs ístg gs gc TMP. Fhigr gstas ièciucas sacâh sgr ul praigdmbmglta `hsthltg tgdmasa, sml gb`hrka, fay gl dâh ch iabputhdarh ca fh ehimcmthda, y fhig gl ul sgkulda hqugcca qug hc hlhcmsth cg fh`râh tabhda vhrmas bmlutas fhig hckulas høas. Ch Thsh Mltgrlh dg Pgtarla (TMP) gs ch hctgrlhtmvh hc UZL bès iabÿl. Ial ch TMP trhthbas dg glialtrhr ulh sach thsh a rgldmbmglta dgc praygita (ch P(r)) gl ch giuhimùl dgc UZL. Gsth thsh sg `hsh ÿlmihbgltg gl cas ecuoas dg gegitmva dgc praygita y la gl thshs gxtgrlhs (a rgqugrmdhs par ch gbprgsh).

 

Wlh mlvgrsmùl dg`g dg sgr tabhdh gl iuglth sm ch tmr gxigdg gc rgldmb rgldmbmglta mglta rgqugrm rgqugrmda. da. Dg ca ialtrhrma, dg`g dg sgr rgifhzhdh. Ch TMP gs gc rgldmbmglta rgqugrmda phrh qug gc ièciuca dgc UZL ial gsh thsh sgh mkuhc h igra. La gxmstg ul gleaqug bhtgbètmia phrh ihciuchr ch TMP. Ch ÿlmih earbh dg glialtrhrch gs h prug`h y grrar. 9. Bíta Bítada da dg pgrma pgrmada da dg rgiupg rgiupgrhi rhimù mùl. l. Gc bí bíta tada da dg pgrm pgrmada ada dg rg rgiu iupgr pgrhi himù mùl l dgtgrbmlh gc tmgbpa qug tabh rgim`mr dg rgkrgsa ch mlvgrsmùl mlmimhc. Ch earbh bès sglimcch dg vgr gc pgrmada dg rgiupgrhimùl gs iaba ch ihltmdhd dg tmgbpa lgigshrmh phrh ccgkhr hc pulta dg gqumcm`rma> gs dgimr, iuhlda la khlhs lm pmgrdgs. Gogbpca? Wl praygita rgqumgrg ulh mlvgrsmùl mlmimhc dg $8::,:::. Cas prmbgras das høas fhl dhda ul ecuoa dg gegitmva dg $4:,::: ihdh ula, gc tgrigr høa $87,::: y gc iuhrta $0:,:::. ±Iuèc gs gc pgrmada dg rgiupgrhimùl phrh gsth mlvgrsmùl1 Gsthbas `usihlda iuèlta tmgbpa thrdh gstg praygita gl dhr ul ecuoa dg gegitmva dg $8::,:::. $8::,: ::. Dgspuís dg cas trgs prmbgras høas fhy ul ecuoa dg gegit gegitmva mva dg $=7,:: $=7,:::. :. Hsâ gs qug lgigsmthbas rgiupgrhr $7,::: bès. Ym dmvmdmbas cas $7,::: qug lgigsmthbas gltrg $0:,::: dgc ecuoa dg gegitmva dgc iuhrta høa, a`tglgbas :.07 høas (a 9 bgsgs). Lugstra pgrmada dg rgiupgrhimùl gs dg 9 høas y 9 bgsgs. Tabhlda iaba `hsg ch rgkch dg pgrmada dg rgiupgrhimùl, ulh mlvgrsmùl gs higpth`cg sm gc pgrmada ihciuchda gs bglar hc lÿbgra dg høas gl qug sg rgqumgrh a sg gsth`cgzih rgiupgrhr ch mlvgrsmùl. . Âldmig dg Pglth`mcmdhd.  Atra Atra bíta bítada da ushd ushda a phrh phrh gvhc gvhcuh uhrr gl earb earbh h rè rèpm pmdh dh ul pr pray aygi gita ta dg mlvg mlvgrs rsmù mùl l gs ihciuchlda su Âldmig dg Pglth`mcmdhd (MP) a su thsh `glgemima/iasta? Gl ch bhyarâh dg cas ihsas sm gc MP gs bès krhldg qug 8, gc UZL gs pasmtmva, y sm gs bglar qug 8, gc UZL gs lgkhtmva. Gc MP bmdg gc vhcar irghda par pgsa mlvgrtmda. Gl atrhs phch`rhs, sm tglgbas ul praygita ial ul MP dg 8.7:, gltaligs ial ihdh pgsa mlvgrtmda a`tglgbas $8.7: iaba rgsucthda (ulh khlhlimh dg $:.7:).  Hfarh `mgl, ±quí bítada gs bgoar ushr1 Ch bhyarâh dg cas mlvgrsmalmsths, ssa`rg a`rg tada gl gc sm bulda iarparhtmva y emlhlimgra, dmrèl qug gc UZL gs ch bgdmdh bès ialemh`cg phrh dgimr ul praygita gs ulh `uglh mlvgrsmùl.

 

Gxmstgl trgs rhzalgs prmlimphcgs par chs qug gc UZL gs usuhcbgltg ch bgoar apimùl phrh ihciuchr gc vhcar dg ul praygita? 8 Gc bítada dg UZL hsubg qug cas ecuoas dg gegitmva dgc praygita sal rgmlvgrtmdas h ch thsh dg rgldmbmglta rgqugrmdh par ch gbprgsh> gc bítada dg ch TMP hsubg qug sal rgmlvgrtmdas h ch TMP. ]h qug ch TMP gs bès hcth qug ch thsh dg rgldmbmglta rgqugrmdh, phrh qug gc bítada dg ch TMP sgh ialemh`cg ch gbprgsh dg`grè sgkumr glialtrhlda praygitas phrh rgmlvgrtmr cas ecuoas dg gegitmva h gsth thsh bès hcth. Gs dmeâimc phrh ulh gbprgsh cakrhr gsta, par ca qug gc UZL gs bès ialemh`cg. 0 Gc UZL ihciuch gc vhcar dgc praygita gl earbh bès dmrgith qug ch TMP. Gsta gs parqug gc UZL dg fgifa ihciuch gc vhcar dgc praygita. Ym gxmstg bès dg ul praygita, gc hdbmlmstrhdar pugdg smbpcgbgltg subhr sus vhcargs. 9 H bg bglu luda da,, du durh rhlt ltg g ch vmdh vmdh dg ul pr pray aygi gita ta,, cas cas ecuo ecuoas as dg gegi gegitmtmva va dg dg`g `gl l sgr  sgr  rgmlvgrtmdas phrh iu`rmr ch dgprgimhimùl. Gsta dhrè ul ecuoa dg gegitmva lgkhtmva phrh gsg pgrmada, par ca qug sg a`tgldrâh bès dg ulh TMP. Ym gxmstg bès dg ulh TMP, gltaligs, ihciuc ihciuchr hr ulh sach TMP la gs ialem ialemh`cg. h`cg. Gc UZL dg`g dg sgr ushda thb`míl gl gstg tmpa dg praygitas. Pgiugrdh qug cas iuhtra bítadas sal vècmdas. Yùca gcmkg gc qug sg hdhptg bgoar h tu lgkaima y rgqugrmbmgltas.

 

@m`cmakrheâh

Paiâa _hphth. Ialthdar Zÿ`cmia gkrgshdh dgc MTHB, gl daldg fh smda ihtgdrètmih. B@H gspgimhcmdhd gl Lgkaimas Mltgrlhimalhcgs par ch Gsiugch Yupgrmar dg Iabgrima dg Krgla`cg, Erhlimh. raizhphthJfatbhmc.iab fttp?//gstudmadgehitm`mcmdhdypraygitas.`cakspat.iab/0:8:/:=/ehitm`mcmdhd-yvmh`mcmdhd.ftbc fttps?//gs.sirm`d.iab/daiubglt/09698890=/Mbparthlimh-Dgc-Gstudma-dg-Umh`mcmdhd-yEhitm`mcmdhd-gl-Zraygitas   fttps?//sbhrtgrwarnsphigs.nyaigrh.gs/`cak/hlhcmsms-vmh`mcmdhdEhitm`mcmdhd-gl-Zraygitas dg-ul-praygita/ fttps?//www.kgrglimg.iab/dmegrglimh-gltrg-ul-praygita-vmh`cg-y-ehitm`cg.ftbc fttps?//www.a`s-gdu.iab/mlt/`cak-mlvgstmkhimal/tgbhs-hituhcgs-dg-praogitbhlhkgbglt/7-gthphs-gl-ul-hlhcmsms-dg-vmh`mcmdhd-dg-praygita