Vectors
Short Description
its all about vector and its calculations...
Description
Introduction of Vector Physical quantities having magnitude, direction and obeying laws of vector algebra are called vectors. Example : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, impulse, weight, thrust, torque, angular momentum, angular velocity etc.
(8) Polar vectors : These have starting point or point of application . Example displacement and force etc. (9) Axial Vectors : These represent rotational effects and are always along the axis of rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule. Angular velocity, torque and angular momentum, etc., are example of physical quantities of this type. Axial vector
If a physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then it does not always imply that it is a vector. For it to be a vector the third condition of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be satisfied.
Example : The physical quantity current has both magnitude and direction but is still a scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra.
Axis of rotation
Anticlock wise rotation
Clock wise rotation
Axis of rotation
Axial vector
Types of Vector
(10) Coplanar vector : Three (or more) vectors are called coplanar vector if they lie in the same plane. Two (free) vectors are always coplanar.
(1) Equal vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal magnitudes and same direction.
Triangle Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors
(2) Parallel vector : Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when
If two non zero vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle taken in same order B then the resultant is given by R AB the closing side of triangle in
(i) Both have same direction. (ii) One vector is scalar (positive) non‐zero multiple of another vector. (3) Anti‐parallel vectors : Two vectors A and B are said to be anti‐parallel when
opposite order. i.e. R A B
B A
O
OB OA AB
A
(1) Magnitude of resultant vector
(i) Both have opposite direction. (ii) One vector is scalar non‐zero negative multiple of another vector.
In ABN , cos
(4) Collinear vectors : When the vectors under consideration can share the same support or have a common support then the considered vectors are collinear.
sin
(5) Zero vector (0 ) : A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction (not known to us) is a zero vector. (6) Unit vector : A vector divided by its magnitude is a unit vector. ˆ (read as A cap or A hat). Unit vector for A is A
BN BN B sin B
In OBN , we have OB 2 ON 2 BN 2 B
R
B
O
ˆ . ˆ A A A A Since, A A
AN AN B cos B
B sin
A
A
N B cos
Thus, we can say that unit vector gives us the direction.
R 2 ( A B cos )2 (B sin )2
(7) Orthogonal unit vectors ˆi , ˆj
R A B cos 2 AB cos B 2 sin 2
and kˆ are called orthogonal unit vectors. These vectors must form a Right Handed Triad (It is a coordinate system such that when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to y then we must get the direction of z along thumb). The ˆi
x ˆ y ˆ z , j ,k y x z
x xˆi , y yˆj , z zkˆ
2
y
z
2
2
R 2 A 2 B 2 (cos 2 sin 2 ) 2 AB cos ˆj
kˆ
2
R 2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos x
ˆi
R
A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
(2) Direction of resultant vectors : If is angle between A and B, then
| A B|
A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
If R makes an angle with A, then in OBN ,
tan
BN BN ON OA AN
tan
B sin A B cos
Note :
Resultant of two unequal vectors can not be zero.
Resultant of three co‐planar vectors may or may not be zero
Resultant of three non co‐ planar vectors can not be zero.
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition If two non zero vectors are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two vectors. (1) Magnitude R 2 (OA AN )2 CN 2
R | R | | A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos B
B
C
O
A
A
| A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
B sin
B
Since, cos (180 ) cos
R sum A B
R AB
A 2 B 2 2 AB cos (180 o )
| A B|
R 2 A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
Since, A B A ( B) and
| A B | A 2 B 2 2 AB cos
Since, R 2 ON 2 CN 2
Subtraction of vectors
B
N B cos
B
1 2
A
180 –
o Special cases : R A B when = 0 o R A B when = 180
R
R diff A ( B )
A B when = 90 2
o
2
(2) Direction tan
tan 1
CN B sin ON A B cos
B sin A B cos
and tan 2
Polygon Law of Vector Addition If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n – 1) sides of an n‐sided polygon then the resultant is given th by the closing side or the n side of the polygon taken in opposite order. So, R ABCDE
D
D
C
C
E E
Resolution of Vector Into Components Y
R
B A
R
R R x R y B
O
B sin A B cos
vectors R x and R y along x and y axes respectively, by law of vector addition, Ry
tan 2
shown in fig. If we draw orthogonal
But sin(180 ) sin and cos(180 ) cos
Consider a vector R in X‐Y plane as
OA AB BC CD DE OE
B sin (180 ) A B cos (180 )
X
Rx
Now as for any vector A A nˆ so, R x ˆi R x and R y ˆjR y
so R ˆi R x ˆjR y
…(i)
But from figure R x R cos
…(ii)
A
and R y R sin
…(iii)
Scalar Product of Two Vectors
Since R and are usually known, Equation (ii) and (iii) give the magnitude of the components of R along x and y‐axes respectively. Here it is worthy to note once a vector is resolved into its components, the components themselves can be used to specify the vector as (1) The magnitude of the vector R is obtained by squaring and adding equation (ii) and (iii), i.e.
R
R x2
R y2
(2) The direction of the vector R is obtained by dividing equation (iii) by (ii), i.e. tan (R y / R x ) or tan 1 (R y / R x )
(ii) It is commutative, i.e. A . B B . A It
is
distributive,
A Fig. 0.10
i.e.
cos max 1, i.e. 0 o , i.e., vectors are parallel
Rx
X
Rz
( A . B)max AB
Z
(vi) Scalar product of two vectors will be minimum when | cos | min 0, i.e. 90 o
If R makes an angle with x axis, with y axis and with z axis, then
R cos x R cos
cos
Ry R
Rz R
Rx
l
R x2 R y2 R z2
m
R x2 R y2 R z2
R x2 R y2 R z2
(vii) The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by ( A)2 A . A AA cos A 2
Ry
Rz
i.e. A
nˆ . nˆ 1 1 cos 0 1 so nˆ . nˆ ˆi . ˆi ˆj . ˆj kˆ . kˆ 1
R x2 R y2 R z2 R x2 R y2 R z2
1
When a point P have coordinate (x, y, z)
then its position vector OP xˆi yˆj z kˆ When a particle moves from point (x1, y1, z1) to (x2, y2, z2) then its displacement vector
r (x 2 x 1 )ˆi (y 2 y 1 )ˆj (z 2 z 1 )kˆ
A. A
(viii) In case of unit vector nˆ
n
l 2 m 2 n 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
Note :
( A . B)min 0
i.e. if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors vanishes the vectors are orthogonal.
Where l, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector R and
(v) Scalar product of two vectors will be maximum when
R
B
(2) Properties : (i) It is always a scalar which is positive if angle between the vectors is acute (i.e.,
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