Van Buren 1996 - Rethinking The Vertical Archipelago - Resaltado

September 13, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Dcupjcgóf hb Iupjqj hbi êrbj (Stjfgsn :7>7j). Aês gapdrtjftb jüf, uf jfêigsgs hbi rbogstrd ngstórgcd gfhgcj qub ij bxgstbfcgj hb cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj bf ids vjiibs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs pubhb bftbfhbrsb abldr cdad rbsuitjhd hb hbcgsgdfbs bstrjtçogcjs bf bi cdftbxtd hb ijs cdfhgcgdfbs sdcgdbcdfóagcjs cdftbapdrêfbjs aês qub cdad ufj jhjptjcgóf bcdióogcj jrrjgojhj bf ij trjhgcgóf cuiturji. .

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Bi cdfcbptd hb jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs sb hbsjrrdiió j pjrtgr hb ij gfvbstgojcgóf hdctdrji hb Aurrj sd`rb ij drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj Gfkj (Aurrj :725). R`gcó ij eubftb hb aucnjs gfstgtucgdfbs gapbrgjibs, cdad ijs jctgvghjhbs rbhgstrgùtgvjs prdpgjs hb ids od`brfjftbs Gfkj y bi usd hb jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs, bf ijs prêctgcjs trjhgcgdfjibs jfhgfjs y bfejtgzó ij cdftgfughjh bftrb ijs gfstgtucgdfbs gapbrgjibs y bi sustrjtd cuiturji hbi qub sb hbrgvjf. Ji prbsbrvjr ijs edrajs bxtbrfjs hb rbcgprdcghjh, ids ifkj puhgbrdf prbsbftjrsb cdad iáhbrbs prbdcupjhds, sd`rb tdhd, pdr bi `gbfbstjr hb sus sü`hgtds (Aurrjhb:725< 0=8). Sgf ba`jrod, pjrj bf iuojr hb hbpbfhbr uf bstjhd cbftrjigzjhd su `gbfbstjr, ids orupds çtfgcds jfhgfds pjrbcbf nj`br hbpbfhghd hb ijs rbijcgdfbs rbcáprdcjs hbftrd hb ij cdaufghjh pjrj ajftbfbr su jutdsuegcgbfcgj (Aurrj :725< 003).

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Jioufds hb ids ejctdrbs qub bxpigcjf ij i j gftbrprbtjcgóf hb Aurrj hb ids hjtds ngstórgcds y bi çfejsgs qub pdfb bf ij cdidfgzjcgóf hgrbctj cdad jhjptjcgóf orupji bstêf rbijcgdfjhds cdf ijs eubftbs gftbibctujibs hb sus prgabrds trj`jlds. Aurrj nj

Hb Aurrj trjtjagbftd hb ij bcdfdaáj fd dccghbftji d ojfgzjtgdf bs tja`gçf vgfcuijhd j su pbrsdfji gftbibctuji trjybctdrgj. Fjcghd y crgjhd bf Puajfgj, bstuvd bxpubstd ji pbfsjagbftd ajrxgstj hurjftb su luvbftuh, ufj drgbftjcgóf qub id jibftó j ghbftgegcjr ji ifkj cdad uf bstjhd ebuhji bf sus prgabrjs puìgcjcgdfbs (Aurrj :7>:). Sgf ba`jrod, rêpghjabftb jhdptó uf bfedqub aês bapárgcd qub brj sbfsgìb j ijs hgebrbfcgjs cuiturjibs, uf cja`gd qub eub gapuisjhd pdr sus bxpbrgbfcgjs hurjftb ij Oubrrj Cgvgi bspjúdij, jsá cdad pdr su edrajcgóf jftrdpdióogcj (Pdwb :7>8< 535-53?). Bstj rbdrgbftjcgóf, sgf ba`jrod, fd gapigcó uf rbcnjzd cdapibtd hbi ajtbrgjigsad ngstórgcd, qub sgougó

bxprbsjhd cijrjabftb su hbuhj cdf jftrdpóidods sdcgjibs cdad Egrtn, Oiuckajf y Kupbr, cuyjs btfdorjeájs ibyó agbftrjs prbpjrj`j su prdpgj tbsgs hdctdrji. 0 Ij rbijcgóf bftrb ids prgfcgpgds hbi pjrbftbscd y ij jutdrghjh pdiátgcj, ij i j jcuauijcgóf y hgspdsgcgóf hb ij rgqubzj bf ijs bcdfdaájs fd cjpgtjigstjs y ij fjturjibzj hbi od`gbrfd gfhgrbctd sdf sdid jioufds hb ids tbajs j`drhjhds tjftd pdr Aurrj cdad pdr ids jftrdpóidods sdcgjibs qub çi cgtj. Zugzês aês gapdrtjftb qub ijs sgagigtuhbs hb jctujighjh bs qub ij tbsgs hb Aurrj sb `jsó bf uf bfedqub cdapjrjtgvd pjrj orjf pjrtb hb su cdfdcgagbftd hb ijs sdcgbhjhbs jfhgfjs. Jufqub ijs rbebrbfcgjs ji trj`jld btfdorêegcd eubrj hb ids Jfhbs fd sdf bxtbfsjs fg sgstbaêtgcjs, su trjtjagbftd hb ij drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj Gfkj sb bstructuró abhgjftb cdapjrjcgdfbs cdf hjtds jergcjfds y pdigfbsgds prdpdrcgdfjhds pdr jftrdpóidods gfstrughds bf bi eufcgdfjigsad bstructurji. Bstd bs aês bvghbftb bf su bxjabf hb ij rbhgstrgùcgóf hb Gfkj, qub, sboüf çi, sb cdaprbfhb abldr bf tçragfds hb

sgbfhd bi eufhjabftd gapiácgtd hb su hgsbrtjcgóf y orjf pjrtb hb su d`rj pdstbrgdr (Pdwb :7>8< 580). Aurrj tja`gçf cgtj bspbcáegcjabftb ids bscrgtds hb Nbgfrgcn Cufdw, uf ajrxgstj jibaêf, cdad ufj gfeiubfcgj gapdrtjftb bf su gfvbstgojcgóf hdctdrji (Aurrj :7>:). Cufdw (:733 [:>75Q< v) bstj`j gftrgojhd pdr ij sgagigtuh bftrb ids Gfkj y ij jftgouj drojfgzjcgóf jorjrgj jibajfj. Rtgigzjfhd uf bfedqub btfdióogcd qub sb `jsj`j ig`rbabftb bf cdfcbptds bvdiutgvds hbi sgoid ^G^, trjtó hb hbadstrjr qub ij cijsgegcjcgóf hbi Gapbrgd Gfkj cdad uf "bstjhd sdcgjigstj" brj bi rbsuitjhd hb cdfcbptds brrófbds sd`rb ij fjturjibzj hb ij drojfgzjcgóf Gfkj. Jrouabftó qub, bf iuojr hb sbr ufj drojfgzjcgóf pdiátgcj bxcbpcgdfji `jsjhj bf prgfcgpgds cdaufgstjs, bi Gapbrgd Gfkj bstj`j jrrjgojhd bf prêctgcjs jorjrgjs qub sb bfcdftrj`jf cdaüfabftb bf cgvgigzjcgdfbs jftgoujs. Jhbaês, rjstrbó bi drgobf hb aucnjs cdstua`rbs gfcjs bf bi pjrbftbscd y ijs rbijcgdfbs cdaufgtjrgjs qub brjf cjrjctbrástgcjs hb ids orupds gfcdrpdrjhds ji

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gapbrgd, y hbstjcó ij jutdfdaáj rbijtgvj hb ijs sdcgbhjhbs cdfqugstjhjs (Cufdw :733 [:>75Q< xgg, 2>). Ij cjrjctbrgzjcgóf hb Aurrj hb ijs bcdfdaájs pdiátgcjs jfhgfjs, bftdfcbs, fd rbprbsbftj sgapibabftb bi hbscu`rgagbftd bapárgcd hb ijs rbijcgdfbs jfhgfjs bsbfcgjibs, sgfd qub rbprbsbftj su ghbftgegcjcgóf bf tçragfds hb cdfcbptds btfdorêegcds hbsjrrdiijhds bf dtrjs êrbjs. Bi usd hb hjtds cdapjrjtgvds bf bi jfêigsgs hbi cjsd Gfkj eub eufhjabftji pjrj cdaprbfhbr ij drojfgzjcgóf sdcgdbcdfóagcj jfhgfj bf tçragfds hgstgftds j ids dccghbftjibs, pbrd ufj sbrgb hb cdfcbptds gapiácgtds bf bi eufcgdfjigsad bstructurji pjrbcbf nj`br sghd gfcdrpdrjhds bf bi adhbid hbi jrcngpgçijod vbrtgcji sgf sbr bxpiácgtjabftb Pbcdfdcghd. Bi prgfcgpji hb biids bs bi supubstd hb qub ij rbhgstrgùcgóf y ij jutdrghjh pdiátgcj `bfbegcgjf ji orupd çtfgcd bf su cdfluftd, ufj pbrspbctgvj eufcgdfjigstj qub sb ufb eêcgiabftb ji cdfcbptd bcdióogcd hb jhjptjcgóf. Ij ajydráj hb ids jftrdpóidods j ids qub sb rbegbrb Aurrj hbscrg`bf ijs bcdfdaájs pdiátgcjs jergcjfjs y pdigfbsgjs cdad sgstbajs rbijtgvjabftb jradfgdsds qub ajftuvgbrdf begcgbftbabftb ij prdhuctgvghjh bcdfóagcj y bi drhbf sdcgji. Bf bi adhbid hbi jrcngpgçijod, bstj vgsgóf sb trjhucb bf uf çfejsgs bf ij fjturjibzj jhjptjtgvj hb ijs rbijcgdfbs vbrtgcjibs y ij cda`gfjcgóf cdfcbptuji hb ij su`sgstbfcgj hbi ndojr y ijs bcdfdaájs pdiátgcjs.

Ij gfeiubfcgj hb ]dijfyg Ij ejitj hb cijrghjh hbi adhbid hb vbrtgcjighjh bf cujftd j ij ghbftghjh y ijs hgebrbftbs adtgvjcgdfbs hb ids jctdrbs gfvdiucrjhds bf ij prdhuccgóf, cgrcuijcgóf y cdfsuad hb ids rbcursds hb tgbrrjs `jljs sb rbijcgdfj cdf dtrd jspbctd hb ij igtbrjturj sd`rb ij drojfgzjcgóf sdcgdbcdfóagcj fd dccghbftji. Cdad njf sbújijhd Fjtnjf _jcntbi (:7>:) y Cnjribs Stjfgsn (:770< cjp. :) y bi prdpgd Aurrj

Jufqub ids cdfcbptds qub hbscrg`gó ]dijfyg cgbrtjabftb fd brjf fubvds pjrj Aurrj, ij sgstbajtgzjcgóf hb ids hjtds bapárgcds hb ]dijfyg pubhb nj`br gfeiughd bf bi jfêigsgs hb Aurrj. Bf prgabr iuojr, ij hbcgsgóf hb ]dijfyg hb cda`gfjr tdhjs ijs edrajs cbftrápbtjs hb drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj hbftrd hb ij agsaj cjtbodráj cgbrtjabftb fd edabftó ij prbcgsgóf cdfcbptuji cdf rbspbctd j ijs jctgvghjhbs rbhgstrgùtgvjs. Bf su bsqubaj sdid sb cdfsghbrj`j bi advgagbftd hb `gbfbs, j`strjáhd hbi cdftbxtd hb prdhuccgóf y cdfsuad. ]dr id tjftd, Aurrj fd sb sbftgráj jibftjhd pdr ij tgpdidoáj bf sá pjrj jcijrjr ij fjturjibzj hb ijs trjfsjccgdfbs bcdfóagcjs jsdcgjhjs cdf ids jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs. Bf sboufhd iuojr, ij hgstgfcgóf hb ]dijfyg bftrb rbcgprdcghjh y rbhgstrgùcgóf, pdr uf ijhd, b gftbrcja`gd hb abrcjhd, pdr dtrd, bstê gaprbofjhj hb cdffdtjcgdfbs pdiátgcjs qub dcjsgdfjiabftb jpjrbcbf bf Aurrj. s trj`jld jsá cdad bi hb ids bstuhgdsds qub jhdptjrdf su adhbid. Bi jfêigsgs ngstórgcd hb ]dijfyg hbi gftbrcja`gd hb abrcjhd y sus cdfsbcubfcgjs sdcgjibs rbcubrhj ijs bvjiujcgdfbs hbi sgoid ^G^ sd`rb ij hgsdiucgóf hb ij "cdaufghjh" cdad cdfsbcubfcgj hb ij rbvdiucgóf gfhustrgji. Rfj hgstgfcgóf sgagijr dcurrb bf ij d`rj hb Aurrj, pbrd sb bfajrcj bf tçragfds hb uf cdftrjstb bftrb ijs rbijcgdfbs rbcáprdcjs cjrjctbrástgcjs hb ijs cdaufghjhbs jutdsuegcgbftbs y ij pjrtgcgpjcgóf bf bi gftbrcja`gd. Hbshb :758, Aurrj nj rbprbsbftjhd cdfsgstbftbabftb ij cdapibabftjrgbhjh vbrtgcji cdad ufj edraj bcdfóagcj qub bs cjrjctbrástgcj y üfgcj hb ids Jfhbs. Bi gftbrcja`gd, sg sb hgscutb, sb hbscrg`b cdad pbrgeçrgcd. Bstb cdftrjstb sb cdfvgrtgó bf baìbaj hb ij sdcgbhjh jfhgfj bf orjf pjrtb hb ij igtbrjturj jftrdpdióogcj y bstê rbijcgdfjhd cdf ij pdpuijrghjh hbi adhbid hb Aurrj hurjftb ij hçcjhj hb :7?=.

(:725< gv) nj hbljhd cijrd, bi jfêigsgs hb Aurrj hb ij drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj Gfkj tja`gçf bstuvd gfeiubfcgjhd pdr bi trj`jld hb Kjri ]dijfyg. J ]dijfyg ib prbdcupj`j hgstgfougr bi cdapdrtjagbftd hbi

Ij `üsqubhj hb Id Jfhgfd

abrcjhd cjpgtjigstj hb ijs edrajs hb drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj qub sb jsdcgjf tápgcjabftb cdf ijs sdcgbhjhbs fd gfhustrgjibs. Hgvghgó bi cdabrcgd bf trbs tgpds obfbrjibs< gftbrcja`gd hb abrcjhd, rbhgstrgùcgóf y rbcgprdcghjh (]dijfyg :75> [:788)< 85). Rtgigzjfhd ij sdcgbhjh hb ijs gsijs Xrd`rgjfh cdad blbapid, Adstró cóad ij rbcgprdcghjh bstê jrrjgojhj bf ijs rbijcgdfbs bftrb ejagigjrbs y pjrgbftbs, agbftrjs qub ijs rbijcgdfbs bftrb ids iáhbrbs y sus sboughdrbs j abfuhd sb cjrjctbrgzjf pdr ij rbhgstrgùcgóf. Agbftrjs qub ij rbcgprdcghjh sb `jsj bf pjtrdfbs hb sgabtráj qub su`yjcbf ji cdfstjftb tdaj y hjcj bftrb gfhgvghuds d orupds, ij rbhgstrgùcgóf sb `jsj bf uf pjtróf hb cbftrjighjh b gapigcj bi eiuld hb `gbfbs njcgj y hbshb uf cbftrd. ]dijfyg bvgtó hbig`brjhjabftb hgstgfougr bftrb prêctgcjs rbhgstrgùtgvjs bf sdcgbhjhbs goujigtjrgjs y bstrjtgegcjhjs, yj qub crbáj qub prgfcgpgds bcdfóagcds sgagijrbs dpbrj`jf bf ja`ds cjsds, jufqub ids adtgvds y rbijcgdfbs hb ids orupds sdcgjibs pjrtgcgpjftbs sbrájf `jstjftb hgstgftds. Agbftrjs qub ij rbcgprdcghjh sb `jsj bf pjtrdfbs hb sgabtráj qub su`yjcbf ji cdfstjftb tdaj y hjcj bftrb gfhgvghuds d orupds, ij rbhgstrgùcgóf sb `jsj bf uf pjtróf hb cbftrjighjh b gapigcj bi eiuld hb `gbfbs njcgj y hbshb uf cbftrd. ]dijfyg bvgtó hbig`brjhjabftb hgstgfougr bftrb prêctgcjs rbhgstrgùtgvjs bf sdcgbhjhbs goujigtjrgjs y bstr jtgegcjhjs, yj qub crbáj qub prgfcgpgds bcdfóagcds sgagijrbs dpbrj`jf bf ja`ds cjsds, jufqub ids adtgvds y rbijcgdfbs hb ids orupds sdcgjibs pjrtgcgpjftbs sbrájf `jstjftb hgstgftds. Agbftrjs qub ij rbcgprdcghjh sb `jsj bf pjtrdfbs hb sgabtráj qub su`yjcbf ji cdfstjftb tdaj y hjcj bftrb gfhgvghuds d orupds, ij rbhgstrgùcgóf sb `jsj bf uf pjtróf hb cbftrjighjh b gapigcj bi eiuld hb `gbfbs njcgj y hbshb uf cbftrd. ]dijfyg bvgtó hbig`brjhjabftb hgstgfougr bftrb prêctgcjs rbhgstrgùtgvjs bf sdcgbhjhbs goujigtjrgjs y bstrjtgegcjhjs, yj qub crbáj qub prgfcgpgds bcdfóagcds sgagijrbs dpbrj`jf bf ja`ds cjsds, jufqub ids adtgvds y rbijcgdfbs hb ids orupds sdcgjibs pjrtgcgpjftbs sbrájf `jstjftb hgstgftds.3

Bi hbsjrrdiid hbi adhbid hb vbrtgcjighjh pubhb bftbfhbrsb hbshb ij pbrspbctgvj hb ij prdpgj trjybctdrgj gftbibctuji hb Aurrj y ids hjtds j su hgspdsgcgóf. Sgf ba`jrod, ij japigj jpigcjcgóf hbi adhbid hb vbrtgcjighjh cdgfcghgó cdf ufj sbrgb hb gapdrtjftbs tbfhbfcgjs hgscgpigfjrgjs y sdcgdpdiátgcjs. Bi juob hbadorêegcd hb ij jftrdpdidoáj qub tuvd iuojr bf ids júds sbsbftj y prgfcgpgds hb ids sbtbftj bstuvd jsdcgjhd cdf uf trbabfhd juabftd bf ij cjftghjh hb gfvbstgojcgdfbs rbjigzjhjs bf ids Jfhbs. Ijs cdfhgcgdfbs brjf ejvdrjìbs pjrj ij rêpghj hgeusgóf hb fubvjs ghbjs y ids i ds jcjhçagcds ùscj`jf hbegfgr ijs cjrjctbrástgcjs bsbfcgjibs hb ij cuiturj jfhgfj y cdftrjstjrijs cdf ijs hb dtrjs cgvgigzjcgdfbs. Aucnjs hb ijs ghbjs vgobftbs bf bsb adabftd eubrdf cdapjrtghjs pdr gfvbstgojhdrbs qub trj`jlj`jf bf hgebrbftbs cjapds, cdad ij ngstdrgj, ij jrqubdidoáj y ij jftrdpdidoáj cuiturji. Jhbaês hb ij jpigcjcgóf hb sus ghbjs j hgebrbftbs pbrádhds y iuojrbs, bi adhbid hb vbrtgcjighjh eub cdapjtgìb cdf vjrgjs drgbftjcgdfbs tbórgcjs hbftrd hb ij jftrdpdidoáj. Ij aês gapdrtjftb hb biijs eub ij bcdidoáj cuiturji, pbrd ids jftrdpóidods bstructurjibs y sga`óigcds tja`gçf bfcdftrjrdf

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gftbrçs pdr ids vjidrbs cuiturjibs y ids prgfcgpgds su`yjcbftbs qub od`gbrfjf ij drojfgzjcgóf sdcgji. 8 Bftrb ids ngstdrgjhdrbs, ids bcdfdagstjs pdiátgcds gfcdrpdrjrdf aucnjs hb ijs cubstgdfbs pijftbjhjs pdr Aurrj bf su prdpgd trj`jld. 2

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Bf tçragfds hb hgscursd tjftd pdpuijr cdad jcjhçagcd, ufd hb ids jspbctds aês gapdrtjftbs hbi adhbid hb Aurrj bs su cjpjcghjh pjrj rbprbsbftjr id jfhgfd, d jqubiids jspbctds hb ij vghj nuajfj qub sdf üfgcj y bsbfcgjiabftb jfhgfj. Bi adhbid hb jrcngpgçijod vbrtgcji, qub sb `jsj bf ufj jprbcgjcgóf hb ij fjturjibzj hgstgftgvj hb ij obdorjeáj jfhgfj cdaufghjh d orupd çtfgcd bf pjrtgcuijr. Aurrj y dtrds njf bfejtgzjhd qub bstb tgpd hb drojfgzjcgóf bcdfóagcj bstê rbijcgdfjhj cdf uf ghbji cuiturji hb jutdsuegcgbfcgj cdaufgtjrgj.

Ij drojfgzjcgóf rbji hb ij cdfhuctj cd fhuctj vjráj hbftrd hb hgebrbftbs cdftbxtds ngstórgcds, sb crbb qub bi ghbji agsad pbrsgstb. ]dr id tjftd, bi jccbsd hgrbctd j ufj vjrgbhjh hb zdfjs bcdióogcjs sb cdfsghbrj uf rjsod bsbfcgji hb ij ngstdrgj jfhgfj, pdrqub sb prbsbftj cdad ufj cjrjctbrástgcj pbrhurjìb qub pbrajfbcb gfjitbrjhj pdr bi eiuld hb bvbftds. Jhbaês, bi cdftrdi hgrbctdhbi hbgftbrcja`gd ids rbcursds(Aurrj sb cdftrjstj hbpbfhbfcgj :7>:), cdf ufj ij jctgvghjh bcdfóagcj qub sb hj bf ij ajydráj hb ijs cuiturjs y qub bs bspbcgjiabftb tápgcj hbi cjpgtjigsad adhbrfd.

Bi cdfcbptd hb vbrtgcjighjh tgbfb, pubs, ufj sbrgb hb cjrjctbrástgcjs qub pbragtbf utgigzjrid cdad sáa`did hb id jfhgfd. Bi ghbji hb vbrtgcjighjh sb rbprbsbftj cdad ufj crbbfcgj cuiturji jrrjgojhj bf bi pjgsjlb jfhgfd üfgcd, gfjitbrjhd pdr bi tgbapd d ij hgstjfcgj, y cdftrjstj cdf ijs trjhgcgdfbs hb dtrjs tgbrrjs y cguhjhbs hbi ]brü ngspêfgcd, hdfhb bi gftbrcja`gd sb prjctgcj cdaüfabftb. ]dr id tjftd, ij fdcgóf hb vbrtgcjighjh pubhb usjrsb fd sdid pjrj bxpidrjr ij rbjighjh hbi cjapd jfhgfd, sgfd cdad uf abhgd pjrj rbprbsbftjrid bf bi hgscursd bf cursd sd`rb s d`rb bi hbsjrrdiid hb ij sdcgbhjh pbrujfj.

Bi cjsd Iupjqj Cdad sb sbújió jftbrgdrabftb, bi bstáauid gfabhgjtd pjrj bi hbsjrrdiid hb Aurrj hbi adhbid hb vbrtgcjighjh eub ij puìgcjcgóf hb ufj sbrgb hb gapdrtjftbs bfcubstjs hb Cnu cugtd y Nuêfucd. 5 Ijs bfcubstjs cdftgbfbf gfedrajcgóf rbcdpgijhj pdr eufcgdfjrgds bspjúdibs j abhgjhds hbi sgoid ÛG cdf bi egf hb cdfdcbr ij cjpjcghjh hb trgùtjcgóf hb ij pdìjcgóf gfháobfj.

, v / /

rád

Egourj 0

Iáagtbs jprdxgajhds hb ids orupds çtfgcds bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj bf :230. Sdid sb aubstrjf ijs cdidfgjs jorácdijs hb Iupjqj. Pbhgsbújhd y adhgegcjhd hbspuçs hb Luigbf :7>3< ajpj 0; Sjgofbs :7>2< ajpj ?; y Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< 3==-3=:.

njìj`j bi agsad ghgdaj y cdapjrtáj aucnds jspbctds hb ij cuiturj ajtbrgji, pbrd pjrbcb nj`br bstjhd bf cdapbtbfcgj jftbs hb ij cdfqugstj Gfkj hb ij zdfj (Luigbf :7>3). Ids iupjqj hbpbfhájf hb ufj `jsb hb su`sgstbfcgj jordpjstdrji qub gfciuáj cjaçighds, pjpjs, qugfuj y ufj vjrgbhjh hb dtrds tu`çrcuids y orjfds hb orjf jitgtuh. Sboüf bi cbfsd hb :25?, tja`gçf ajftbfájf cdidfgjs bf ijs tgbrrjs `jljs hbi bstb y dbstb bf ijs qub sb cuitgvj`jf ajáz, pgagbftds, jiodhóf, cdcj y dtrds cuitgvds hb `jlj jitgtuh. Cdf ij bxcbpcgóf hb hds jsbftjagbftds cdapubstds pdr jrtbsjfds qub rbsghájf bf bi jitgpijfd, tdhjs ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj abfcgdfjhjs bf bi cbfsd hb Cnucugtd bstj`jf u`gcjhjs bf vjiibs cêighds qub sb cdfvgrtgbrdf bf gapdrtjftbs prdhuctdrbs hb vgfd, trgod, ajáz y cdcj pjrj ijs cguhjhbs bspjúdijs hurjftb bi sboufhd. agtjh hbi sgoid ÛG. Rfj agrjhj aês cbrcjfj j ufd hb bsds vjiibs, bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb, prdpdrcgdfj ufj ghbj hb ijs cdfhgcgdfbs qub edabftjrdf ij pbrsgstbfcgj hb ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj bf bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd. Bvghbfcgj jrqubdióogcj hb ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb

Ids iupjqj brjf ufj sdcgbhjh rbijtgvjabftb cdapiblj qub cdfstj`j hb ufds 0=.=== ndojrbs bf bi adabftd hb ij cdfqugstj bspjúdij. Nj`gtj`jf bf ij drgiij surdbstb hbi

Bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb nj sghd bstuhgjhd gftbfsjabftb pdr vjrgds jrqubóidods qub trj`jljf `jld ids juspgcgds hbi ]rdorjaj

ijod Xgtgcjcj, uf êrbj qub bspjúdibs iijajrdf ij pdr prdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd. Idsids Iupjqj bstj`jf `drhbjhds bi bstjhd hb Zdiij ji fdrtb y ids ]jcjlbs ji surbstb (vbr Egourj 0). Bstds orupds

Cdftgsuyu, ufjgfvbstgojhdrbs drojfgzjcgóf cddrhgfjhdrj qub `rgfhj jpdyd idoástgcd j ids qub rbjigzjf gfvbstgojcgdfbs hb cjapd gfhbpbfhgbftbs. Rfd hb ids prgfcgpjibs sdf ijs i js hbajfhjs qub j`drhjf ids jrqubóidods qub trj`jljf bf bi hrbfjlb.

380

J ABP GC JFJ FXN PD ]D ID OGSX • UD I. 7 >, FD . 0 • LRFGD :775

Ij bhjh bs ij bxgstbfcgj y fjturjibzj hb ij cdapibabftjrgbhjh vbrtgcji bf ij zdfj hurjftb hgebrbftbs pbrádhds. Bstj gfvbstgojcgóf nj rbvbijhd vjrgds cjsds hb cdidfgzjcgóf pdr pdìjcgdfbs hb ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj qub vjf hbshb bi Ndrgzdftb Abhgd njstj bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd.? Rfd hb ids njiijzods qub babrobf hb bstb cubrpd hb gfvbstgojcgóf bs qub ij prbsbfcgj hb Iupjqj bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb sb rbstrgfob ji Ndrgzdftb Xjrhád y ij çpdcj cdidfgji. Ij gfvbstgojcgóf hb Stjfgsn (:770) hb ij rjaj Dtdrj hbi rád Dsadrb eub hgsbújhj bxpiácgtjabftb pjrj prd`jr ij suobrbfcgj hb Aurrj hb qub ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj hbscrgtjs bf bi cbfsd hb Cnucugtd brjf jftbrgdrbs ji cdftrdi Gfkj hb ij rbogóf. Stjfgsn fd bfcdftró bvghbfcgj hb jsbftjagbftds hb Iupjqj jftbs hbi Ndrgzdftb Xjrhád, jufqub jioufds jspbctds hb ij edraj hb ijs cjsjs, ijs cdstua`rbs eufbrjrgjs y ij cbrêagcj suogbrbf ij prbsbfcgj hb ij obftb hb Zdiij. Ij abldr bvghbfcgj hb ij cdidfgzjcgóf hbi hrbfjlb pdr Iupjqj prdvgbfb hb Xdrjtj Jitj, uf sgtgd u`gcjhd bf ids trjads supbrgdrbs hb ij brj hb hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb, lustd ji sur hbi rád Dtdrj. Xdrjtj Jitj

Ij ghbftgegcjcgóf hb jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs hbpbfhb, bf orjf pjrtb, hbi rbcdfdcgagbftd hb ij btfgj bf bi rbogstrd jrqubdióogcd. Bf bi pjsjhd, ij abrj prbsbfcgj hb d`lbtds hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs bf sgtgds cdstbrds j abfuhd sb gftbrprbtj`j cdad bvghbfcgj hb cdidfgzjcgóf (Ajlgcj :7>2). Hurjftb ij üitgaj hçcjhj, ids jrqubóidods njf rbcnjzjhd bstb bfedqub y njf gftbftjhd hgstgfougr bftrb gftbrcja`gd y cdidfgzjcgóf sd`rb ij `jsb hb bvghbfcgj hb jsbftjagbftd pbrajfbftb y eubrtbs ijzds cdf ij cdaufghjh hb drgobf, gfciughj ij prbsbfcgj obfbrjigzjhj hb prdhuctds hb jitgpijfd y `gbfbs ajfuejcturjhds. Aês rbcgbftbabftb, Stjfgsn (:7>7j, :7>7`, :770) nj j`dojhd pdr bi bxjabf hb ids cdftbxtds hdaçstgcds, yj qub bstds sdf aês prdpbfsds qub ijs tua`js d ijs bstructurjs cbrbadfgjibs j prdhucgr d`lbtds prdhucghds idcjiabftb jsdcgjhds cdf ij pdìjcgóf rbsghbftb.

Sg `gbf ids prdorjajs jctujibs pjrj ghbftgegcjr cdidfgjs sdf aês bxpiácgtds qub ids bfedqubs jftbrgdrbs pjrj hgstgfougr bftrb ids cdrrbijtds ajtbrgjibs hb ij cdidfgzjcgóf y bi cdabrcgd, fd j`drhjf ij rbijcgóf bftrb ij ghbftghjh hbi orupd y su bxprbsgóf bf bi rbogstrd ajtbrgji. Bstd bs pjrtgcuijrabftb prdìbaêtgcd cdf

Xdrjtj Jitj sb u`gcj j 0= kgióabtrds ji fdrbstb hb ij cguhjh hb Adqubouj y jprdxgajhjabftb j :?2 kgióabtrds ji surdbstb hb Cnucugtd, ij cjpgtji hb Iupjqj. Ij adhbrfj cguhjh hb Xdrjtj bstê sgtujhj j hds kgióabtrds ji surdbstb hbi sgtgd. Bi sbctdr prbsbrvjhd hb Xdrjtj Jitj cdfstj hb 08 ìdqubs hb nj`gtjcgdfbs qub cdftgbfbf ids cgagbftds hb pgbhrj hb bstructurjs rbsghbfcgjibs rbctjfouijrbs y pbqubúds cdftbfbhdrbs hb pgbhrj (vbr Egourj 3). Bi jsbftjagbftd bstê drojfgzjhd bf uf pijf hb cujhrácuij, y ufj pijzj rbctjfouijr bstê u`gcjhj njcgj bi bxtrbad fdrtb hbi pubìd. Rf pbqubúd cdapibld hb bhgegcgds püìgcds, gfciughds ids rbstds hb ufj goibsgj hbi sgoid ÛG, bstê sgtujhd lustd ji bstb hb ij pijzj.

rbspbctd j ijs sdcgbhjhbs yj qub hgvbrsjs ufghjhbs sdcgjibscdapibljs, qub pjrtgcgpjf bfgfciuybf vjrgjhds pjtrdfbs hb prdhuccgóf y cdfsuad. ]jrj cdapigcjr bi prdìbaj bf ids Jfhbs, bstê ij pjrtgcgpjcgóf bstjtji bf ij prdhuccgóf hb jioufjs cijsbs hb cuiturj ajtbrgji cdad ij jrqugtbcturj y ij cbrêagcj (Adrrgs :772), jsá cdad ij fjturjibzj jfghjhj y, j abfuhd, hgeusj hb ids orupds çtfgcds. ]dr blbapid, ji abfds trbs cdfegourjcgdfbs sdcgjibs sdf rbibvjftbs pjrj ij ghbftgegcjcgóf hb ij btfgj bf Xdrjtj Jitj< bi bstjhd Gfkj, ij pdìjcgóf hb ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj bf su cdfluftd,

Xdrjtj Jitj eub cijrjabftb uf jsbftjagbftd pijfgegcjhd, y bi hgsbúd drtdodfji suogbrb eubrtbabftb

Ids gftbftds rbcgbftbs hb sgftbtgzjr ids bfedqubs jrqubdióogcds hbi bstgid njf bfejtgzjhd ijs edrajs vjrgjìbs bf ijs qub ij cuiturj ajtbrgji bxprbsj ij ghbftghjh hb orupd. Ujrgds puftds surobf hb bstjs hgscusgdfbs. Sb pubhbf usjr hgebrbftbs tgpds hb jrtb jrtbejctds ejctds usjhds pdr bi agsad orupd pjrj bxprbsjr hgebrbftbs "abfsjlbs". Fd bxgstb ufj edraj sjtgsejctdrgj hb prbhbcgr quç cijsbs hb jrtbejctds sb utgigzjrêf pjrj cdaufgcjr ij jegigjcgóf orupji, jufqub bs prd`jìb qub ejctdrbs cdad ij vgsg`gighjh y bi cdftbxtd hb usd hbsbapbúbf uf pjpbi gapdrtjftb (Cjrr y Fbgtzbi :772). Bi cdapdrtjagbftd qub su`yjcb j ij bxprbsgóf hb ij ghbftghjh hb orupd vjráj hbshb id gfcdfscgbftb bf orjf abhghj njstj id sga`óigcd jctgvd.> Bstd suogbrb qub ufj bstrjtbogj prdhuctgvj pjrj bvjiujr ij ghbftghjh sdcgji bf bi rbogstrd jrqubdióogcd bs bxjagfjr aüitgpibs cijsbs hb jrtbejctds cuyds cdftbxtds hb usd sb cdaprbfhbf `gbf.

qub eub uf jsbftjagbftd cdidfgji tbaprjfd. rbhuccgóf, uf tgpd hb jihbj bstjìbcghj pdr ids bspjúdibs pjrj usd gfháobfj. Sgf ba`jrod, Ldnf Nysidp (:77=< cjp. ?) suogrgó qub ids Gfkjs tja`gçf cdfstruybrdf jsbftjagbftds drtdodfjibs y jegraó qub Xdrjtj Jitj bs uf sgtgd Gfcj. Sg `gbf fd njy cdfsbfsd cdf rbspbctd ji pbrádhd hurjftb bi cuji sb eufhó Xdrjtj Jitj, ids jrtbejctds rbcupbrjhds hurjftb ij rbcdibccgóf hb supbregcgb y ijs bxcjvjcgdfbs gfhgcjf qub bi pubìd eub nj`gtjhd pdr gfháobfjs hurjftb bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd y qugzês tja`gçf lustd jftbs hb ij cdfqugstj bspjúdij. (Ujf @urbf y cdi. :773). Ij bstrjtgorjeáj hbi sgtgd cdfegraj ufj dcupjcgóf hbi pbrádhd cdidfgji. Eubftbs ngstórgcjs gfhgcjf qub bi vdicêf Nujyfjputgfj bftró bf brupcgóf bf :5==. Nujyfjputgfj bstê j ?= kgióabtrds ji fdrtb hb Xdrjtj Jitj, y ids hbpósgtds prgajrgds hb cbfgzj hb ij brupcgóf dcurrbf bf ij ajydráj hb ijs prdcbhbfcgjs hbi sgtgd.

Bf bi cjsd hb Xdrjtj Jitj, sb bxjagfjrdf bx jagfjrdf trbs cijsbs hb rbstds ajtbrgjibs pjrj bvjiujr ij ghbftghjh çtfgcj hb ids nj`gtjftbs hbi jsbftjagbftd< jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, cbrêagcj y bspgrjibs. Bstds bibabftds sb cdapjrjrdf cdf rbstds hb jutóctdfds cbrcjfds.

PB XN GF K GFO XN BUBPX GCJ IJPCN G]B IJ OD / AJ PWUJF@RPBF

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383

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egourj 3 Ajpj hb Xdrjtj Jitj qub aubstrj ij u`gcjcgóf hb ids cdftbxtds bxcjvjhds y jfjigzjhds. Pbhgsbújhd y adhgegcjhd hbspuçs hb Stjfgsn y ]rgtzkbr :7>3< 7.

sgtgds jsá cdad hb sgtgds bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj. Ids rbsuitjhds hb bstjs cdapjrjcgdfbs sb rbsuabf `rbvbabftb jquá. Ijs trbs cijsbs hb jrtbejctds `rgfhjf gfedrajcgóf sd`rb ij jegigjcgóf orupji, pbrd ij gftbrprbtjcgóf hb ij vjrgjcgóf bstgiástgcj bf tçragfds çtfgcds sb vb d`stjcuigzjhj pdr ij pjrtgcgpjcgóf hbi bstjhd bf ij prdhuccgóf hb vgvgbfhjs y cgbrtds tgpds hb cbrêagcj.

Ij cdapjrjcgóf hb ij jrqugtbcturj, ij cbrêagcj y ids vbrtgcgids hb Xdrjtj Jitj cdf ij cuiturj ajtbrgji hb ids sgtgds jutóctdfds hbi ]brádhd Gftbrabhgd Xjrhád bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb gfhgcj cijrjabftb qub Xdrjtj Jitj brj uf jsbftjagbftd gftrusgvd.7 Sgf ba`jrod, hbtbragfjr ij ghbftghjh çtfgcj prbcgsj hb ids rbsghbftbs bs aês prdìbaêtgcd. Ij edraj y bi hgsbúd hb ijs bstructurjs rbsghbfcgjibs bf Xdrjtj Jitj sdf bi rbsuitjhd hb ij pijfgegcjcgóf pdr pjrtb hb eufcgdfjrgds gfcjs d bspjúdibs y, pdr id tjftd, sdf gfhgcjtgvds hbi cdftrdi gapbrgji aês qub hbi drgobf çtfgcd hb ij pdìjcgóf rbsghbftb. Ij ajydr pjrtb hb ij cbrêagcj c brêagcj hbcdrjhj

Ij cu`gbrtj hbi sgtgd cdfsgstb bf vjsgljs CnucugtdGfkj qub sb bfcubftrjf cdaüfabftb bf cdftbxtds hbi Ndrgzdftb Xjrhád bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj. Ij hgstrgùcgóf hb bstb tgpd hb jiejrbráj cdgfcghb bstrbcnjabftb cdf bi ndrgzdftb tjrhád y ids iáagtbs iá agtbs hbi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd hbi tbrrgtdrgd hb Iupjqj (Nysidp :7?5, :7?7; Xscndpgk :785). Jhbaês, ij jpjrgcgóf hb dtrds bstgids hgstgftgvds jsdcgjhds cdf ijs pdìjcgdfbs jhyjcbftbs hb Zdiij y ]jcjlbs suogbrb eubrtbabftb qub ij vjrgjcgóf bf ijs cbrêagcjs hbcdrjhjs, pjrtgcuijrabftb ids cubfcds, luoó uf pjpbi bf ij hgstgfcgóf hb ids orupds vbcgfds (Luigbf :7>3; Pyhbf :78?). Sgf ba`jrod, hjhd qub bi bstjhd Gfkj pubhb nj`br hgrgoghd ij prdhuccgóf y hgstrgùcgóf hb bstjs cbrêagcjs, su prbsbfcgj bf Xdrjtj Jitj pubhb fd sbr gfhgcjtgvj hb ufj pdìjcgóf iupjqj rbsghbftb.

388

J AB P GC JFJ FXN PD ]D ID O GS X • UD I. 7>, FD . 0 • LRFGD :775

Fd njy bvghbfcgj qub suogbrj qub ids vbrtgcgids hb nusd d ij ajydráj hb ids rbcgpgbftbs utgigtjrgds eubrjf ej`rgcjhds `jld ids juspgcgds hbi bstjhd. ]dr id obfbrji, bstds d`lbtds pbrajfbcájf bf bi ndojr d, bf bi cjsd hb ids i ds vbrtgcgids, sb dcuitj`jf hurjftb bi usd y, pdr id tjftd, prd`jìbabftb fd hbsbapbúj`jf uf pjpbi jctgvd bf ij fbodcgjcgóf hb ij ghbftghjh çtfgcj. Cdad prdhuctd hb uf cdapdrtjagbftd bf orjf pjrtb gfcdfscgbftb, bs prd`jìb qub prdpdrcgdfbf gfedrajcgóf sd`rb ij jegigjcgóf orupji, pbrd fd fbcbsjrgjabftb sd`rb ijs erdftbrjs çtfgcjs cdftbapdrêfbjs (_gbssfbr :7>2).BfHb nbcnd, ufj cdapjrjcgóf hb bstds d`lbtds cdf ajtbrgji hb ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj rbvbij eubrtbs sgagigtuhbs bftrb cdfluftds. := Sgf ba`jrod, fd aubstrjf jegigjcgdfbs cijrjs cdf orupds pjrtgcuijrbs cdad ids iupjqj d ids pjcjlbs.

¡Rfj cujrtj iáfbj hb bvghbfcgj qub gfhgcj uf váfcuid bftrb ids rbsghbftbs hb Xdrjtj Jitj y ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj eub hbscu`gbrtj pdr Susjf hbErjfcb (:773< :?>-:>:) hurjftb su jfêigsgs hb ij ejufj! Pbstds hb Xdrjtj Jitj. Biij ghbftgegcó :0 nbrrjagbftjs ajfhgùijrbs hb cjaçighds hb cgfcd prdcbhbfcgjs hgebrbftbs bf Xdrjtj Jitj. Bstjs nbrrjagbftjs sdf ghçftgcjs j ids bspbcáabfbs rbcupbrjhds hb Iukurajtj y dtrds sgtgds hbi Ndrgzdftb Abhgd bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj, jsá cdad hb ufj cdidfgj hb Xgwjfjku bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb.:: Bstb tgpd hb jrtbejctd tja`gçf eub rbcupbrjhd pdr Pyhbf (:78?< tjìj 0) bf bi sgtgd Ijtb Ndrgzdf hb ]jiig Ajrcj bf ij rbogóf hb ]jcjlbs. Ji gouji qub ids vbrtgcgids y ij cbrêagcj utgigtjrgj hbscrgtds jftbrgdrabftb, prd`jìbabftb bstçf rbijcgdfjhds cdf ufj ghbftghjh pjf-Xgtg cjcj qub bxgstgó jftbs y tji vbz hbspuçs hbi od`gbrfd Gfkj (Luigbf :7>2). Ids hjtds jrqubdióogcds cdfegrajf ij bxgstbfcgj hb ufj pdìjcgóf hbi jitgpijfd, pdsgìbabftb Iupjqj, bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb hurjftb bi pbrádhd cdidfgji, y qugzês tja`gçf bf bi Ndrgzdftb Xjrhád prbcbhbftb. Sgf ba`jrod, fg ijs bxcjvjcgdfbs bf Xdrjtj Jitj fg bi bstuhgd rbjigzjhd pdr Stjf gsn bf bi vjiib jhyjcbftb hb Dtdrj njf rbvbijhd bvghbfcgj hb ij prbsbfcgj hb cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj jftbs hbi cdftrdi Gfkj hb ij rbogóf. Ij bxgstbfcgj hb cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj bf bi pbrádhd cdidfgji bspjúdi, pdr tjftd, fd pubhb bxpigcjrsb bf tçragfds hb ij sgapib pbrsgstbfcgj hb ufj jhjptjcgóf jftgouj, sgfd qub hb`b ùscjrsb bf ijs cdfhgcgdfbs sdcgdbcdfóagcjs cdftbapdrêfbjs.

hbi Ujiib hb Xdrjtj (Luigbf :7>2< tjìj 7.:). Rf tbrcbr orupd, iijajhd Cjruajs, rbsgháj bf ji abfds cgfcd jsbftjagbftds hgebrbftbs hbftrd hbi hrbfjlb y pubhb nj`br sghd ids nj`gtjftbs drgogfjibs hb ij rbogóf. Bstjs trbs pdìjcgdfbs gfháobfjs tbfájf hgebrbftbs hg ebrbftbs bstjtutds jhagfgstrjtgvds `jld bi hdagfgd bspjúdi. Cdcnufj y Cjruajs eubrdf rbtbfghds pdr prgvjhdsbfcdabfhbrds y bstj`jf `jld ij lurgshgccgóf hb ij Juhgbfcgj hb Igaj, ufj orjf ufghjh jhagfgstrjtgvj qub sb bxtbfháj ji fdrtb hbi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb (vbr Egourj 8). Ids cdidfds hb Iupjqj, pdr bi cdftrjrgd, tbfájf ufj pdsgcgóf jhagfgstrjtgvj üfgcj hbftrd hbi vjiib. Cdad pjrtb hb ij prdvgfcgj prdvgfc gj hb Iupjqj, Xdrjtj eub gfciughj bf ij igstj rbjibfcdagbfhj bsd brj prdpgbhjh pbrsdfji hbi adfjrcj bspjúdi (]bjsb :7>0`< ::3-::8). Bstd sb gfhgcj cijrjabftb bf ids rbogstrds fdtjrgjibs hb Adqubouj, qub bstjìbcbf qub Xdrjtj bstj`j bf pdhbr hb ij Cdrdfj bspjúdij y pjoj`j trgùtd j ij Cjlj Pbji bf Cnucugtd (Oue`dvgcn :7>8< 075-07?). Ids iupjqj tuvgbrdf bi prgvgibogd hb bstjr bf cdagbfhj hb ij Cdrdfj, uf bstjtus iboji qub aucnds orupds pjrbcájf prbebrgr ji cdftrdi prgvjhd (Hjvgbs :7>8< 02; Aurrj :758< 80:). Jufqub fd sb nj rbjigzjhd ufj cdapjrjcgóf sgstbaêtgcj hb ijs cdfhgcgdfbs jsdcgjhjs cdf ijs prdpgbhjhbs rbjibs y prgvjhjs, Fdìb Hjvgh Cddk (:7>:< :8, :3:) sbújij

Bi cdftbxtd sdcgdbcdfóagcd

Hds ejctdrbs sdf bspbcgjiabftb rbibvjftbs pjrj bftbfhbr ijs i js cdidfgjs iupjqj `jld bi hdagfgd bspjúdi< bi bstjtus jhagfgstrjtgvd bspbcgji dtdrojhd j ijs cdidfgjs cdad rbsuitjhd hb sus váfcuids cdf Cnucugtd y ijs cdfhgcgdfbs bcdfóagcjs bf ids Jfhbs hbi sur. Cujfhd ids prgabrds bspjúdibs sb bstjìbcgbrdf bf bi abhgd hb hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb jirbhbhdr hb :28=, sb bfcdftrjrdf cdf trbs orupds gfháobfjs hgstgftds. Ids cdidfds pjrbcbf nj`brsb jsbftjhd bf Xdrjtj y cbrcj hb ij adhbrfj cguhjh hb Adqubouj, agbftrjs qub ids Zdiij ajftbfájf hds cdaufghjhbs bf uf êrbj iijajhj Cdcnufj qub prd`jìbabftb j`jrcj`j ij zdfj ji fdrdbstb hb Adqubouj y pjrtb

Egourj 8

Juhgbfcgjs bf bi Ugrrbgfjtd hbi ]brü. Pbhgsbújhd y adhgegcjhd hbspuçs hb Ida`jrhg y Ida`jrhg :7>3< 07.

PB XN GF K GFO XN BUBPX GC JIJPCN G] BIJOD / AJ PWUJF@RPBF

qub ij pdìjcgóf hbcigfj bf ij cdstj fdrtb rbpjrtgagbftds bf pdhbr hb ij Cdrdfj fd eub tjf hrjaêtgcd cdad bf ijs bfcdagbfhjs prgvjhjs bf ij agsaj zdfj, qugzês hb`ghd j uf trjtd abfds sbvbrd. ]dr id tjftd, ids cdidfds iupjqj pubhbf nj`br bfejtgzjhd su bstjtus bspbcgji pjrj jprdvbcnjr bi cdftrdi hb ij Cdrdfj y ij jutdfdaáj rbijtgvj qub rbsuitj`j hb bstjr obdorêegcjabftb sbpjrjhds hb ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj. ]jrj :2>?, sg fd jftbs, ids vgúbhds sb bstjìbcgbrdf bf bi vjiib hb Adqubouj bf prdpgbhjhbs prgvjhjs, y bi vjiib sb nj`áj cdfvbrtghd bf uf cbftrd hb prdhuccgóf hb vgfd bf bi sgoid ÛGG.:0 Bi cbftrd agfbrd hb ]dtdsá eub ij prgfcgpji sjighj pjrj bi vgfd prdhucghd bf Adqubouj hurjftb bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd. Ij cguhjh bstê u`gcjhj u`g cjhj j ufj jiturj hb 8.=== abtrds bf ijs êrghjs tgbrrjs jitjs hbi surdbstb hb @digvgj. Xdhd tuvd qub sbr gapdrtjhd hb bibvjcgdfbs aês `jljs. Bvghbftbabftb, nj`áj ufj orjf hbajfhj hb jigabftds hb tdhd tgpd, y bi vgfd, bi `rjfhy y ij cdcj sb cdfsuaájf bf cjftghjhbs prdhgogdsjs. Ij pjrtgcgpjcgóf hb ij pdìjcgóf gfháobfj hb Adqubouj bf ij prdhuccgóf y hgstrgùcgóf hbi vgfd sb rbeiblj bf ids rbogstrds ngstórgcds y, bf abfdr orjhd, jrqubdióogcds. Ids trj`jljhdrbs gfháobfjs pjrbcbf nj`br trj`jljhd bf ufj japigj vjrgbhjh hb tjrbjs rbijcgdfjhjs cdf ij prdhuccgóf prd huccgóf hb vgfd, hbshb ij igapgbzj hb ij tgbrrj pjrj vgúbhds y ij pijftjcgóf hb vghbs njstj ij bxtrjccgóf hb ij jrcgiij qub sb usj`j pjrj ej`rgcjr vjsgljs pjrj bi jiajcbfjagbftd y trjfspdrtb hb vgfd (Oug`dvgcn :7>8< 077, pêo. 000-003). Jhbaês hb trj`jljr bf egfcjs burdpbjs, jioufds orupds fjtgvds brjf hubúds hb sus prdpgds vgúbhds y `dhbojs. Ids gfhgds hb Sjaj, uf vjiib ji sur hb Adqubouj, sb qubhjrdf cdf uf vgúbhd hb su bfcdabfhbrd Lujf hb Sjf Lujf, qub, sboüf uf rbsghbftb bspjúdi hbi vjiib, prdhuld jirbhbhdr hb 5= `dtgljs hb vgfd bf :25? (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :0?, 08>). ]bjsb (:7>8< :58) tja`gçf nj idcjigzjhd ufj rbebrbfcgj bf uf ig`rd fdtjrgji gfçhgtd j uf vgúbhd prdpgbhjh hb ij cdaufghjh hb Xdrjtj bf ij "pjapj hb Adqubouj". Sg `gbf ij prbsbfcgj hb sbagiijs hb uvj y tgbstds hb ids rbcgpgbftbs hb jiajcbfjagbftd hb vgfd bf Xdrjtj Jitj suogbrb qub ijs uvjs y bi vgfd sb cdfsuagbrdf bf bi jsbftjagbftd, tja`gçf bs `jstjftb prd`jìb qub ij vbfhgagj sb vbfhgbrj j ids vgtgcuitdrbs idcjibs, tji vbz pjrj suerjojr ids ojstds hb trgùtd.

382

ojfjr hgfbrd pjrj ids trgùtds y dtrds orjvêabfbs gapubstds pdr ids bspjúdibs.

Bi pubìd hb Xdrjtj, cdad bf aucnjs dtrjs cdaufghjhbs jfhgfjs, bferbftó uf fubvd cdfluftd hb cdfhgcgdfbs sdcgdbcdfóagcjs hurjftb bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd. Jufqub ijs jctgvghjhbs hb su`sgstbfcgj y aucnds jspbctds hb ij vghj vg hj sdcgji prd`jìbabftb cdftgfujrdf dpbrjfhd dpbrjfhd cdad id nj`ájf nbcnd jftbs hb ij cdfqugstj bspjúdij, bi pjgsjlb pdiátgcd pdiá tgcd y bcdfóagcd sb nj`áj trjfsedrajhd hrjaêtgcjabftb. hrjaêtgcjabftb. Sgf ba`jrod, j hgebrbfcgj hb ij ajydráj hb ijs cdaufghjhbs, bstj`jf rbijtgvjabftb `gbf sgtujhjs pjrj jprdvbcnjr ijs dpdrtufghjhbs bcdfóagcjs obfbrjhjs pdr ij gfhustrgj agfbrj bf ]dtdsá.

Pbbxjagfjfhd bi Cbfsd hb Cnucugtd

Ij cdaprbfsgóf hb ids supubstds gapiácgtds bf bi adhbid hbi jrcngpgçijod vbrtgcji y ij gfedrajcgóf sd`rb ijs cdfhgcgdfbs idcjibs qub jebctjf j ufj cdidfgj hb Iupjqj bf pjrtgcuijr edabftj ufj ibcturj hbi ajtbrgji hbi cbfsd hb Cnucugtd qub bs hgebrbftb hb ij gftbrprbtjcgóf jctujiabftb jcbptjhj. jcbptjhj. Xji pbrspbctgvj pbragtb ij ghbftgegcjcgóf hb ejctdrbs sdcgdbcdfóagcds bspbcáegcds qub hgbrdf edraj j ijs rbspubstjs hb ids cdidfds gfháobfjs hurjftb bi sgoid ÛG. Ij bvghbfcgj jrqubdióogcj hbi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb cdfegraj ij bxgstbfcgj hb ji abfds ufj cdidfgj hbi sgoid ÛG hbi tgpd hbscrgtd pdr Aurrj, pbrd gfhgcj qub ij cdidfgzjcgóf hb Iupjqj dcurrgó sdid hurjftb bi Ndrgzdftb Xjrhád y bi pbrádhd cdidfgji tbaprjfd. ]drquç bftdfcbs, ´]brsgstgbrdf bstjs cdidfgjs hbspuçs hb ij cdfqugstj bspjúdij4 Pbspdfhbr j bstj prbouftj rbqugbrb qub ids jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs sbjf bxjagfjhds hbshb ij pbrspbctgvj hb sus jctdrbs cdfstgtuybftbs aês qub cdad sgstbajs cuiturjibs ufgegcjhds. Ijs çigtbs y ids pib`byds bf bi cdrjzóf hb Iupjqj, jsá cdad bf ijs cdidfgjs, tbfájf hgebrbftbs adtgvjcgdfbs y igagtjcgdfbs. Sb j`drhjf hds cubstgdfbs gftbrrbijcgdfjhjs cdf rbspbctd j ijs bstrjtbogjs hb bstds orupds< bi pjpbi qub luojrdf ijs cdidfgjs iupjqj hbi sgoid ÛG bf ij sjtgsejccgóf hb ijs fbcbsghjhbs bcdfóagcjs hb ijs cdaufghjhbs hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs y ijs cdfhgcgdfbs qub prdpgcgjrdf ij pbrsgstbfcgj hb bstjs cdidfgjs bf bi pbrádhd cdidfgji.

Cdidfgzjcgóf b gftbrcja`gd

Bi trj`jld gfháobfj sb abfcgdfj cdf ajydr erbcubfcgj bf ids rbogstrds fdtjrgjibs cdf rbspbctd ji trjfspdrtb hb vgfd hb Adqubouj tjftd ji êrbj hb Iupjqj cdad j ]d tdsg. Rfj bftrjhj gfvdiucrj j pbrsdfjs hb Xdrjtj. Bf bstb cjsd c jsd (Oug`dvgcn :7>8< 33?-33>), hdf @jitjzjr Xua`j, uf degcgji hb Xdrjtj, egraj uf cdftrjtd bf bi qub prdabtb suagfgstrjr tjftd bi ojfjhd cdad ids gfhgds fbcbsjrgds pjrj ba`jrcjr 0== `dtbiijs hb vgfd hbi vjiib hb Adqubouj

Ij gftbrjccgóf bftrb ijs pbrsdfjs qub vgvbf bf bi jitgpijfd y ids rbsghbftbs hb ids vjiibs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs jhyjcbftbs j ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj sb d`sbrvj j id ijrod hb ij bfcubstj hb :25? tjftd pdr pjrtb hb Iupjqj cdad pdr tbstgods bspjúdibs. Ids hds prgfcgpjibs iáhbrbs hb ij prdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd, Cjrg y Cusg, gfhgcjrdf qub tbfájf jutdrghjh sd`rb jsbftjagbftds hgstjftbs bf ids eijfcds drgbftji y dccghbftji hb ids Jfhbs. Ajrtáf Cjrg gfciuyó j Adqubouj bftrb ids pubìds sd`rb ids qub tbfáj lurgshgccgóf, y ji sbr cdfsuitjhd sd`rb bi

jcdad Luig. Hdf ]bhrd Cdftj, bi iáhbr prgfcgpji hb Xdrjtj,j egourj tbstgod. Sg `gbf bi trjfspdrtb hb abrcjfcájs ijs tgbrrjs jitjs brj ufj tjrbj dfbrdsj (Oijvb :7>3), brj ufj edraj bf qub ids orupds fjtgvds pdhájf

trgùtd qub ib rgfhgó ij pdìjcgóf, jegraó qub 02 gfhgds hb sbrvgcgd trj`jló sus cjapds hb ajáz bf Adqubouj, y qub bi pubìd hb Cnucugtd ib prdpdrcgdfó gfhgds jhgcgdfjibs pjrj trjfspdrtjr ajáz

385

JA BP GC JFJ FXN PD ]D ID O GS X • UD I. 7>, fd. 0• LRFGD :775

hbshb Adqubouj y dtrds vjiibs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs njstj su cjsj (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :8, 0:). Ajrtáf Cusg abfcgdfó tjftd j Adqubouj cdad j Xdrjtj cdad jsbftjagbftds prdhuctdrbs hb ajáz `jld su cdftrdi b gfhgcó qub :8 gfháobfjs sba`rjrdf y trj`jljrdf tgbrrjs pjrj çi bf Adqubouj (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< 0?, 30, 33). Sb ngcgbrdf aucnjs rbebrbfcgjs jhgcgdfjibs j ij jhqugsgcgóf hb ajáz hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs bfy rbspubstj prbouftjs sd`rb jctgvghjhbs bcdfóagcjs prdhuccgófj jorácdij. Ids tbstgods abfcgdfjrdf qub ids gfhgds j abfuhd jhqugrájf ajáz, trgod y pgagbftds hb rbogdfbs aês cêighjs j cja`gd hb jfgajibs, cjrfb, ijfj y rdpj. Jioufds tja`gçf jegrajrdf qub vjrgjs pbrsdfjs qub vgvájf bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj pdsbájf cjapds bf ijs tgbrrjs `jljs. Cjtnbrgfb Luigbf nj prbsbftjhd orjf pjrtb hb ij gfedrajcgóf jftbrgdr bf su jrtácuid hb :7>2 sd`rb ij jhqugsgcgóf hb rbcursds hbi sgoid ÛG bf ij rbogóf hb Jrbqugpj. Suogbrb qub ij jhqugsgcgóf hb prdhuctds hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs pdr pjrtb hb ids iupjqj eub adtgvjhj prgfcgpjiabftb pdr su u`gcjcgóf bf uf bftdrfd qub pjrbcb nj`br sghd jorácdijabftb ajrogfji. Sgf ba`jrod, gfvbstgojcgdfbs rbcgbftbs gfhgcjf qub bi usd hb cjapds bibvjhds juabftó sustjfcgjiabftb sustjfcgjiabf tb tjftd ij cdfegj`gighjh cdad ij prdhuctgvghjh hb ij jorgcuiturj bf ij cubfcj hbspuçs hb ij cjáhj hb Xgwjfjku y qugzês tja`gçf `jld bi Gfkj (Orjeeja :770). Luigbf (:7>2< :77) tja`gçf sdstgbfb qub ids cdidfds prdhucájf jigabftds pjrj ij pdìjcgóf iupjqj bf su cdfluftd, pdsgcgóf qub cdfcubrhj cdf ij cjrjctbrgzjcgóf hb Aurrj hb ids jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs cdad ufj jhjptjcgóf bcdióogcj qub `bfbegcgó j cdaufghjhbs bftbrjs. Su prgfcgpji bvghbfcgj pjrj bstj jegrajcgóf bs ufj hbcijrjcgóf nbcnj pdr ]bhrd Outgçrrbz Eidrbs ji egfji hb su gfedrab sd`rb ufj gfspbccgóf sbcrbtj qub ngzd j Cnucugtd hb :2?0 j :2?8. Pbcdabfhó qub ids gfhgds iupjqj qub rbsghbf bf ids vjiibs cdstbrds bstjìbzcjf cjapds cdaufgtjrgds pjrj prdhucgr ajáz pjrj bi cdfsuad hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs cdad cdftrgùcgóf ji trgùtd qub rbcjb sd`rb ij pdìjcgóf bf su cdfluftd. Bstj suobrbfcgj eub jpdyjhj ji sbújijr qub tji jrrboid bstj`j bf vgodr hurjftb ij çpdcj Gfkj (Outgçrrbz Eidrbs :7?= (:2?8)< 82-85). Pbcdabfhó qub ids gfhgds iupjqj qub rbsghbf bf ids vjiibs cdstbrds bstjìbzcjf cjapds cdaufgtjrgds pjrj prdhucgr ajáz pjrj bi cdfsuad hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs cdad cdftrgùcgóf ji trgùtd qub rbcjb sd`rb ij pdìjcgóf bf su cdfluftd. Bstj suobrbfcgj eub jpdyjhj ji sbújijr qub tji jrrboid bstj`j bf vgodr hurjftb ij çpdcj Gfkj (Outgçrrbz Eidrbs :7?= (:2?8)< 82-85). Pbcdabfhó qub ids gfhgds iupjqj qub rbsghbf bf ids vjiibs cdstbrds bstjìbzcjf cjapds cdaufgtjrgds pjrj prdhucgr ajáz pjrj bi cdfsuad hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs cdad cdftrgùcgóf ji trgùtd qub rbcjb sd`rb ij pdìjcgóf bf su cdfluftd. Bstj suobrbfcgj eub jpdyjhj ji sbújijr qub tji jrrboid bstj`j bf vgodr hurjftb ij çpdcj Gfkj (Outgçrrbz Eidrbs :7?= (:2?8)< 82-85).

Rf bxjabf sgstbaêtgcd hb ijs rbebrbfcgjs j ij jhqugsgcgóf hb ajáz bf bi cbfsd hb Cnucugtd, sgf ba`jrod, gfhgcj ufj sgtujcgóf aês cdapigcjhj qub ij qub hbscrg`b Aurrj (:7?0), y suogbrb qub ids vjrgjhds abcjfgsads utgigzjhds pjrj jhqugrgr rbcursds fd pubhbf trjtjrsb üfgcjabftb cdad ufj `üsqubhj hb jigabftds, cdad hgcb Luigbf. (:7>2) ids ids cjrjctbrgzj. Bi cbfsd hb :25? cdftgbfb jprdxgajhjabftb jprdxgajhja bftb 82 hbcijrjcgdfbs rbijcgdfjhjs cdf ij cdaprj hb ajáz. Ij ajydráj sdf rbijtds cdad bi sgougbftb hb uf orupd hb tbstgods hb Jcdrj, ufd hb ids pubìds u`gcjhds j drgiijs hbi ijod Xgtgcjcj< "vjf j ij cdstj y trjbf jfgajibs y ijfj pjrj cja`gjr pdr ajáz y dtrjs cdsjs y bf Jhbaês trjbf rdpj cujfhd ij tgbfbf ‑(Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< 7>). Cujfhd sb bspbcgegcjf ijs pbrsdfjs gfvdiucrjhjs bf bstb cdabrcgd, sgbaprb sb ijs ghbftgegcj cdad gfhgds tjftd pdr Iupjqj

tbstgods y bspjúdibs (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :?, 0?, ::0, ::5, :8=, :5=). Gfhgds bs uf tçragfd qub sb usj`j cdaüfabftb pjrj hgstgfougr j ids gfháobfjs hb ids fd fjtgvds, pbrd cujfhd ij pdìjcgóf fjtgvj brj cijrjabftb bi tbaj hb hgscusgóf, tja`gçf sgofgegcj`j "pib`byd" bf dpdsgcgóf j cjcgqubs y prgfcg pjighbcb, qub brjf çigtbs. Bf cdftrjstb, ijs rbebrbfcgjs j ids cjapds hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs qub sdf cdftrdijhds pdr ij obftb hb Iupjqj ghbftgegcjf cdf ajydr erbcubfcgjkurjkjs u dtrjs pbrsdfjs gapdrtjftbs cdad prdpgbtjrgds. :3 Jsá id jegraj aês hgrbctjabftb Outgçrrbz Eidrbs qugbf, bf su rbijtd hb ids jeiubftbs pbrtbfbcgbftbs j ij prdvgfcgj hb Cnu cugtd, hgcb qub "tgbfbf jioufds cjapds hb ajáz y tji bf ids vjiibs hb Sjaj y Adqubouj y bf Ijrbcjlj jufqub fd tdhds bxcbptd ids cjcgqubs y jioufds prgf cgpjibs "(:7?= [:2?8Q< 3>). Sgf ba`jrod, ids tbstgods hb vbz bf cujfhd sbújijrdf qub jioufds cjapds tja`gçf brjf prdpgbhjh hb ids gfhgds, id qub suogbrb qub ids cdaufbrds sá cdftrdij`jf ids cjapds hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs, pbrd cdf aucnj abfds erbcubfcgj qub ijs çigtbs (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :?, :07). Rf bxjabf hb quç sboabftds hb ij sdcgbhjh hb Iupjqj pjrtgcgpjrdf bf bstjs hgebrbftbs edrajs hb jhqugsgcgóf hb rbcursds y ij hgspdsgcgóf hb ids `gbfbs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs ufj vbz qub sb d`tuvgbrdf suogbrb qub bi gftbrcja`gd y ij cdidfgzjcgóf tbfájf hgebrbftbs prdpósgtds. Kurjkjs y jioufds prgfcgpjibs brjf ijs üfgcjs pbrsdfjs qub tbfájf cdftrdi sd`rb ij tgbrrj trj`jljhj pdr ids gfhgds hb sbrvgcgd, pbrsdfjs qub prd`jìbabftb brjf yjfjcdfjs, d rbtbfbhdrbs. Rf orupd hb tbstgods hb nbrbhgtjrgjs. yjfjcdfjs, ij prdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd jegraó qub bstds crgjhds eubrdf dtdrojhds pdr ids Gfkj j jioufds hb ids prgfcgpjibs kurjkjs y qub ids kurjkjs nj`ájf hjhd jioufds j dtrds nda`rbs gapdrtjftbs. ]dr bi cdftrjrgd, ids pib`byds pjrbcbf nj`br rbjigzjhd gftbrcja`gds cdf `jstjftb erbcubfcgj, bf pjrtb cdad uf abhgd pjrj cdapbfsjr ijs ajijs cdsbcnjs.:8

Xdhjs ijs pbrsdfjs qub sb hbhgcj`jf j jhqugrgr `gbfbs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs sb prbdcupj`jf prgfcgpjiabftb prgfcgpjiabftb pdr j`jstbcbr j sus prdpgds ndojrbs. Jhbaês, ids kurjkjs usj`jf ajáz pjrj sjtgsejcbr ufj vjrgbhjh hb hbajfhjs jsdcgjhjs cdfpjrj sus rdibs iá hbrbs iáhbrbs cdaufgtjrgds. ]jrtbsb hb biij sb usó njcbrcdad cbrvbzj hb ajáz, dcngcnj, qub hgstrgùyó j ijs pbrsdfjs qub trj`jlj`jf bf ids cjapds hb ids kurjkjs cdad pjrtb hb su sbrvgcgd ij`drji. Rfj orjf cjftghjh tja`gçf edraó pjrtb hbi pjod hb trgùtds j ids erjgibs hdagfgcds qub rbsghájf bf ij prdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd. Bi usd hbi ajáz pdr pjrtb hb ids kurjkjs bstj`j cijrjabftb vgfcuijhd j ijs dìgojcgdfbs obfbrjhjs pdr su pjpbi bf bi drhbf pdiátgcd cdidfgji y fd sb igagtj`j j ij sjtgsejccgóf hb ijs fbcbsghjhbs hb su`sgstbfcgj hbi ndojr. Sgf ba`jrod, jufqub ids ajtbrgjibs hbi cbfsd gfhgcjf cijrjabftb qub ids kurjkjs j vbcbs suagfgstrj`jf jfgajibs d prdhuctds hb drgobf jfgaji j ids pd`rbs, fd njy bvghbfcgj hb qub rbhgstrgùybrjf ids `gbfbs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs bftrb ids pd`rbs d bf `bfbegcgd hb ij pdìjcgóf bf su cdfluftd. Jhbaês, hbcijrjcgdfbs hb tbstgods sd`rb ijs prêctgcjs hb trgùtd prbngspêfgcd gfhgcjf qub bi ajáz tjapdcd eub rbhgstrgùghd hurjftb bi rçogabf Gfkj.

P BXN GF K GFO XN BUBPX GCJ IJPCN G] BI JOD / AJ PW UJ F@ RP BF

cgjibs qub rbhgstrgùybf ajáz j ij pdìjcgóf hb Iupjqj, bxcbptd cdad cdapbfsjcgóf pdr ids sbrvgcgds ij`drjibs. Sg `gbf bstb usd hbi ajáz pubhb nj`br nbcnd ufj pbqubúj cdftrgùcgóf j ij hgbtj hb ids ndojrbs iupjqj, fd pubhb cdfsghbrjrsb ufj pjrtb rutgfjrgj hb ijs fbcbsghjhbs hb su`sgstbfcgj hgjrgj hb ij ajydráj hb ij pdìjcgóf.:2

Ij bvghbfcgj hdcuabftji suogbrb eubrtbabftb qub ij cdidfgzjcgóf y bi gftbrcja`gd hgebrbftbs rdibs bf ij sdcgbhjh iupjqj hbi sgoid ÛG.luojrdf Sg `gbf bxgstb jùfhjftb bvghbfcgj hb qub ids ndojrbs pib`byds sb hbhgcj`jf ji cdabrcgd pjrj cdapibabftjr sus hgbtjs, ijs cdidfgjs pjrbcbf nj`br bstjhd igojhjs j ijs dìgojcgdfbs pdiátgcjs hb ijs çigtbs hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs. Ij prdvgsgóf hb ajáz y trgod j ids erjgibs Hdagfg Cjf y ij prdvgsgóf hb cngcnj j ids sulbtds qub trj`jlj`jf ids cjapds hb ids kurjkjs fd sdf sdid jctds bcdfóagcds sgfd pdiátgcds. ]dr bstj rjzóf, ijs cdidfgjs fd pubhbf bftbfhbrsb cdad jhjptjcgdfbs bcdióogcjs qub sgrvgbrdf pjrj bqugig`rjr ids rbcursds y ij pdìjcgóf. Jhjptjcgdfbs ji rçogabf cdidfgji bspjúdi

Cdaprbfhbr ij pbrsgstbfcgj hb ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj rbqugbrb uf bxjabf hb ijs cdfhgcgdfbs pdiátgcjs y bcdfóagcjs qub bferbftjf ids cdidfds, jsá cdad ij pdìjcgóf ajhrb. Ij cijvb pjrj cujiqugbr hgscusgóf sd`rb ufj sdcgbhjh hbcjfj hbi sgoid ÛG bs bi bstjìbcgagbftd y crbcgagbftd hb ]dtdsá. Ij prdhuccgóf hb pijtj bf ]dtdsá tuvd uf gapjctd prdeufhd bf ids bseubrzds burdpbds, pbrd ij agfbráj hb pijtj tuvd bebctds hb ajydr jicjfcb bf aucnds orupds gfháobfjs. Ids trj`jljhdrbs qub bxtrjájf y prdcbsj`jf bi agfbrji bf ]dtdsá y dtrjs agfjs hb ij rbogóf prdvbfájf cjsg bxciusgvjabftb hb ij pdìjcgóf fjtgvj. Ij prbsbfcgj hb Iupjqj bf ]dtdsá cdabfzó yj bf :282 (@jkbwbii :7>8< 2?), y bf :25? Cnucugtd bfvgj`j 2== trj`jljhdrbs pdr júd j ij agfj pjrj pjojr bi trgùtd jfuji (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :7, 30, 85). ). agt'j prdybctd, qub Bf :2?0 gapibabftó ij prgabrj rbqubráj qub Xdibhd ufj prdpdrcgóf bspbcáegcj hb ij pdìjcgóf hb ijs prdvgfcgjs hbsgofjhjs trj`jljrj bf ijs agfjs cjhj júd. Ijs prdvgfcgjs gfciughjs bf bi prdybctd sb bxtbfhájf j id ijrod hb ij bspgfj hdrsji adftjúdsj hb ids Jfhbs hbshb Jsjfojrd, ji fdrtb hbi ijod Xgtgcjcj, njstj Xjrglj, 0== kgióabtrds ji sur hb ]dtdsá. Ijs prdvgfcgjs cdstbrjs, gfciusd jqubiijs rbijtgvjabftb cbrcjfjs j ]dtdsá, fd sb gfciuybrdf bf bi prdybctd, prd`jìbabftb hb`ghd j ij prbdcupjcgóf hb ij Cdrdfj pdr trjsijhjr j ids gfháobfjs hb ufj zdfj cigaêtgcj j dtrj (@jkbwbii :7>8< 53).

J ij pdìjcgóf gfháobfj cijrjabftb ib hgsoustj`j bi sbrvgcgd edrzjhd bf ]dtdsá. Ij ajydráj hb agtjyds sb ibs bxgoáj trj`jljr bf ijs agfjs y rbjigzjr ijs tjrbjs bxgobftbs y fd cjigegcjhjs qub ids trj`jljhdrbs gfhbpbfhgbftbs sb fboj`jf j rbjigzjr. Jhbaês hb ids pbigords hb jccghbftbs y bfebrabhjhbs, eubrdf sdabtghds j jùsds qub g`jf hbshb gfsuitds vbr`jibs njstj bxcbsd hb trj`jld, pjigzjs, jzdtbs y hbajfhjs egfjfcgbrjs bxcbsgvjs pdr pjrtb hb ids prdpgbtjrgds hb ij agfj (@jkbwbii :7>8< :80-:5=).

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Gfciusd jftbs hb ij gfstgtucgóf hb ijs rbedrajs tdibhjfjs, ij obftb hb Cnucugtd sb qublj`j hb trj`jljr bf ]dtdsá. ]dr blbapid, Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi jegraó bf :25? qub ids gfháobfjs hb Cnucugtd prbebrájf fd gr j ijs agfjs j pjojr trgùtd, pbrd gfsgfuó qub brj ij üfgcj edraj bf qub pdhájf sjtgsejcbr ijs hbajfhjs trgùtjrgjs (:758< 0:=). Cgfcubftj júds hbspuçs, uf hbebfsdr jfófgad hb ids Iupjqj prbsbftó ufj hbfufcgj bf su fda`rb, d`lbtjfhd ijs j`drrbcgìbs cdfhgcgdfbs hb trj`jld y bi trjtd jùsgvd pdr pjrtb hb ids supbrvgsdrbs hb ij agfj (@jkbwbii :7>8< :80). Fd sb nj bfcdftrjhd gfedrajcgóf sd`rb ij rbjccgóf hb ids cdidfds hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs bf bi Ds aês hrbfjlb j ij agt'j bf eubftbs puìgcjhjs d sbcufhjrgjs. Sgf ba`jrod, sb pubhb supdfbr qub, cdad ij ajydráj hb ids pubìds gfháobfjs hb ids Jfhbs, hbsbj`jf bvgtjr sbr bfvgjhds j ]dtdsá cdad agtjyds.

Ij obftb hb Xdrjtj, y tji vbz ids cdidfds hb dtrjs pjrtbs hb ids Jfhbs cbftrd-sur, pubhbf nj`br pdhghd bvgtjr ij agt'j bxpidtjfhd ij cdftrjhgccgóf bftrb ijs fdcgdfbs tbrrgtdrgji y hbadorêegcj hb lurgshgccgóf pdiátgcj, ufj ütgi hgstgfcgóf nbcnj pdr ]bjsb (:7>8< ( :7>8< :22). Bi cdfeigctd y ij cdfeusgóf sd`rb ids iáagtbs bf ij Adqubouj hbi sgoid ÛG sb hb`gbrdf, bf pjrtb, ji ibojhd i bojhd hbi hdagfgd Gfkj y j ij gfcdapjtg`gighjh hb ids crgtbrgds bspjúdibs b gfcjs pjrj hbtbragfjr ij lurgshgccgóf. Sg `gbf ijs cdaufghjhbs gfháobfjs hb Xdrjtj y Adqubouj brjf tçcfgcjabftb pjrtb hb ij prdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd, sb bfcdftrj`jf eásgcjabftb jibljhjs hb bsb cbftrd hb Iupjqj I upjqj y hb ij jutdrghjh bspjúdij. Hb bstb adhd, pdhájf bxpidtjr uf fgcnd bf bi qub ijs jutdrghjhbs idcjibs fd tbfájf lurgshgccgóf degcgji y ijs jutdrghjhbs hb Cnu cugtd tbfájf pdcd pdhbr prêctgcd. Bstj sgtujcgóf sbráj vbftjldsj bf tçragfds hb bvgtjr bi sbrvgcgd bf ]dtdsá. Ujrgjs iáfbjs hb bvghbfcgj suogbrbf qub ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj hb`ájf pjojr pdr sustgtutds bf iuojr hb prdpdrcgdfjr ajfd hb d`rj bf ijs agfjs. Bi pjod bf pijtj eub ufj bstrjtbogj qub sgougbrdf aucnds gfháobfjs y pjrbcb nj`br sghd prbebrghj j uf gapubstd ij`drji hgrbctd. Bi tbstgadfgd hbi cbfsd hb :25? gfhgcj qub fg Sjaj fg Cngcjfdaj, ufj cdidfgj prdhuctdrj hb cdcj ji bstb hbi ijod Xgtgcjcj, bstj`jf dìgojhds j prdpdrcgdfjr trj`jljhdrbs pjrj ijs agfjs. Ajrtáf Cjrg bxprbsó bstd bxpiácgtjabftb cdf rbspbctd j Sjaj, qub hbscrg`gó cdad pjojr bf pijtj bf iuojr hb bfvgjr gfhgds (Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< 57-?=). Cngcjfdaj pjrbcb nj`br tbfghd uf bstjtus sgagijr. Ids kurjkjs hb I upjqj tbstgegcjrdf qub ids gfháobfjs hb Cngcjfdaj fd g`jf j ijs agfjs fg pjoj`jf fjhj aês qub cdcj cdad trgùtd ( Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :7?), uf puftd qub eub cdfegrajhd pdr uf kurjkj hb Cngcjfdaj bf bi júd sgougbftb (Sjgofbs :7>2 < :2?). Sg `gbf Xdrjtj fd sb abfcgdfj bxpiácgtjabftb bf fgfoufj hb bstjs hbcijrjcgdfbs, bs prd`jìb qub ij cdaufghjh njyj sghd trjtjhj hb ajfbrj s gagijr. Ij ejitj hb vdiuftjh hb ij Cdrdfj pjrj trjsijhjr j ij obftb j hgebrbftbs cigajs, ij hgegcuitjh qub nj`rájf bxpbrgabftjhd ids kurjkjs ji trjtjr hb rbufgr j cdidfds hgstjftbs pjrj ij agt'j, y ij gapdrtjfcgj hbi ajáz pjrj cuapigr cdf sus dìgojcgdfbs cdf ja`ds. bs prd`jìb qub ij cdaufghjh njyj sghd trjtjhj hb ajfbrj sgagijr. Ij ejitj hb vdiuftjh hb ij Cdrdfj pjrj trjsijhjr j ij obftb j hgebrbftbs cigajs, ij hgegcuitjh qub nj`rájf bxpbrgabftjhd ids kurjkjs ji trjtjr hb rbufgr j cdidfds hgstjftbs pjrj ij agt'j, y ij gapdrtjfcgj hbi ajáz pjrj cuapigr cdf sus dìgojcgdfbs cdf ja`ds. bs prd`jìb qub ij cdaufghjh njyj sghd trjtjhj hb ajfbrj sgagijr. Ij ejitj hb vdiuftjh hb ij Cdrdfj pjrj trjsijhjr j ij obftb j hgebrbftbs cigajs, ij hgegcuitjh qub nj`rájf bxpbrgabftjhd ids kurjkjs ji trjtjr hb rbufgr j cdidfds hgstjftbs pjrj ij agt'j, y ij gapdrtjfcgj hbi ajáz pjrj cuapigr cdf sus dìgojcgdfbs cdf ja`ds.

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J ABP GCJ FJ FXN PD ]D ID O GS X • UD I. 7>, FD . 0 • LRFGD :775

ids supbrgdrbs y ids sü`hgtds sdf tdhds ejctdrbs qub nj`rájf jpdyjhd bstb jrrboid. Xdhjs ijs pjrtbs gfvdiucrjhjs bf hbtbragfjr bi hbstgfd hb bstds jsbftjagbftds tbfájf rjzdfbs pjrj jpdyjr su su bxgstbfcgj cdftgfujhj. Ids kurjkjs hb Cnucugtd sb `bfbegcgjrdf hbi jccbsd cdftgfud ji ajáz y ji trgod, yj qub bstds prdhuctds ibs pbragtgbrdf cuapigr cdf sus dìgojcgdfbs pdiátgcjs y ajftbfbr su rgqubzj pbrsdfji. Ids iáhbrbs hb ids jsbftjagbftds Iupjqj qub rbsghbf bf ids vjiibs cdstbrds tja`gçf pubhbf nj`br bfcdftrjhd vbftjldsj su sgtujcgóf. Cdad agba`rds hb ij çigtb fjtgvj, fd bstj`jf dìgojhds j pjojr trgùtds fg j rbjigzjr sbrvgcgds ij`drjibs pjrj ids bspjúdibs. Sgf ba`jrod, su pdsgcgóf üfgcj cdad gftbrabhgjrgds bftrb ijs pdìjcgdfbs gfháobfjs y ij sdcgbhjh burdpbj pbragtgó j aucnjs hb bsjs pbrsdfjs jcuauijr rgqubzj pjrj sá agsads d bf fda`rb hb sus cdaufghjhbs. hgbcgsçgs Ids iáhbrbs hb ijs cdidfgjs hb Iupjqj hgserutjrdf hb jccbsd j ajfd hb d`rj y jfgajibs hb tgrd fjtgvds, jsá cdad ejagigjrghjh cdf ijs rutjs hb trjfspdrtb ji jitgpijfd, tdhd id cuji ibs `rgfhó ufj dpdrtufghjh üfgcj pjrj jprdvbcnjr bi fubvd sgstbaj bcdfóagcd. ]dr id tjftd, ids iáhbrbs iupjqj tbfájf gftbrçs bf ajftbfbr cdidfgjs bf ids vjiibs cdstbrds, pbrd ids hdcuabftds suogbrbf qub fd pdhrájf nj`brid nbcnd sgf bi cdfsbftgagbftd jctgvd hb ids prdpgds cdidfds. Cujfhd sb iibvó j cj`d bi cbfsd hb Cnucugtd bf :25?, bi ighbrjzod hb Iupjqj yj nj`áj pbrhghd bi cdftrdi sd`rb ids sbrvgcgds ij`drjibs qub prbvgjabftb ibs nj`ájf rbjigzjhd ids rbsghbftbs hb ids pubìds cbrcjfds (Aurrj :758).Bfbi agsad júd, Ojrcg Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi (:758< 0=:) bagtgó ufj drhbf qub prdng`áj ij sbrvghua`rb pbrpbtuj bftrb ids iupjqj, bhgctd qub nj`ráj ig`brjhd j ids yjfjcdfj rbsghbftbs bf ijs tgbrrjs `jljs. Bftdfcbs, ´pdr quç ids cdidfds hgstjftbs cdftgfujrdf trj`jljfhd bf su fda`rb4 Ids jsbftjagbftds cdstbrds pjrbcbf nj`brsb `bfbegcgjhd hb su cdfhgcgóf hb cdidfgjs iupjqj. Pbsghgr bf ijs tgbrrjs `jljs pubhb nj`bribs pbragtghd bvgtjr bi sbrvgcgd hb ajfd hb d`rj bf ]dtdsá, ji agsad tgbapd qub ibs `rgfhó ij dpdrtufghjh hb jhqugrgr hgfbrd pjrj bi pjod hb trgùtds.

Cdfciusgdfbs Ij cdidfgzjcgóf Iupjqj hb ids vjiibs hb ijs tgbrrjs `jljs fd rbprbsbftj ufj jhjptjcgóf j fgvbi hb cdaufghjh qub pbragtgó bi jlustb hb ij pdìjcgóf j ids rbcursds bf ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj. Ji prbstjr jtbfcgóf j ijs hgvgsgdfbs gftbrfjs hbftrd hb ij sdcgbhjh iupjqj y ids ejctdrbs sdcgdbcdfóagcds cdftbapdrêfbds qub hgbrdf edraj j ij vghj hb ids pubìds gfháobfjs, pdhbads cdaprbfhbr abldr bi pjpbi hb tjibs cdaufghjhbs hurjftb bi pbrádhd cdidfgji. Sg `gbf pjrbcbf nj`br sjtgsebcnd ijs hgvbrsjs fbcbsghjhbs hb ij Cdrdfj bspjúdij y ijs çigtbs gfháobfjs, tja`gçf hgsagfuybrdf ij cjroj hbi sbrvgcgd ij`drji hb ids prdpgds cdidfds.

Ids jrcngpgçijods vbrtgcjibs bstjìbcghds pdr sdcgbhjhbs gftbrfjabftb hgebrbfcgjhjs prd`jìbabftb fufcj eufcgdfjrdf pjrj j`jstbcbr j pdìjcgdfbs bftbrjs, sgfd pjrj prdhucgr `gbfbs qub brjf crátgcds pjrj bi ajftbfgagbftd hbi pdhbr pdiátgcd. Ids jrqubóidods fd pubhbf jsuagr qub ij bxgstbfcgj hb cdidfgjs bf jitgtuhbs aês `jljs gfhgqub ufj jhjptjcgóf bcdióogcj j ijs bxgobfcgjs gapubstjs pdr bi abhgd jfhgfd. Hb`bf bvjiujr ij bscjij hb prdhuccgóf bf rbijcgóf cdf ij pdìjcgóf ajhrb y, bspbcgjiabftb, rjstrbjr ij cgrcuijcgóf hb `gbfbs bftrb hgebrbftbs sboabftds hb ij sdcgbhjh, sdc gbhjh, pjrj pdhbr njcbr tji jegrajcgóf. ]dr dtrd ijhd, bi trubqub y bi gftbrcja`gd, qugzês bftrb pbrsdfjs qub brjf çtfgcjabftb hgstgftjs, pubhbf nj`br sghd uf bibabftd aês gapdrtjftb bf ijs prêctgcjs prbngstórgcjs hb su`sgstbfcgj hbi ndojr hb id qub sb rbcdfdcb jctujiabftb (vbr @rdwajf :7>8). Aês gapdrtjftb jüf, bi rbbxjabf hbi cjsd Iupjqj suogbrb qub bf iuojr hb bfejtgzjr ij cdftgfughjh hb ij edraj, ids gfvbstgojhdrbs fbcbsgtjf bxjagfjr ijs rbijcgdfbs bftrb sbctdrbs bspbcáegcds hb ufj pdìjcgóf, jsá cdad ijs i js cdfhgcgdfbs ngstórgcjs pjrtgcuijrbs bf ijs qub dcurrbf. Bstd bs bspbcgjiabftb gapdrtjftb bf bi cjsd hb ij jrqubdidoáj, yj qub ids pjrjibids bf ij edraj pubhbf ajigftbrprbtjrsb eêcgiabftb cdad rbsuitjhd hb prdcbsds sdcgdbcdfóagcds ghçftgcds.

Drgf Stjrf (:77:) sdstgbfb qub orjf pjrtb hb ij gfvbstgojcgóf sd`rb ijs sdcgbhjhbs jfhgfjs nj sghd adihbjhj pdr bi "jfhgfd", ufj tbfhbfcgj j cdftrjstjr ijs pdìjcgdfbs jfhgfjs hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs cdf ijs cuiturjs dccghbftjibs y rbprbsbftjr j ijs prgabrjs cdad rbijtgvjabftb gfautjìbs. Bi bfejtgzjr ij fjturjibzj bstêtgcj hbi aufhd sdcgji jfhgfd rbsuitó bf qub ids jftrdpóidods fd puhgbrjf prbhbcgr ids cdfeigctds qub njf bstjiijhd bf ]brü hurjftb ij üitgaj hçcjhj. ]jrj ids jrqubóidods, tji pbrspbctgvj gfng`b ij ghbftgegcjcgóf hb vjrgj`gighjh y tgbfhb j ndadobfbgzjr ij i j prbngstdrgj jfhgfj ji cdapjrjrij cdftgfujabftb cdf bi prbsbftb d bi pjsjhd rbcgbftb. Xjibs prdìbajs pubhbf bvgtjrsb, bf pjrtb, bxjagfjfhd ijs edrajs bf qub ids pubìds jfhgfds fbodcgjrdf ijs fubvjs cgrcufstjfcgjs, bf iuojr hb rbsjitjr su jhnbsgóf j ids prgfcgpgds cuiturjibs jftgouds.

Fdtjs Bxprbsgdfbs hb orjtgtuh. Zugsgbrj jorjhbcbr j Hgagtrgs Stbvgs, ]ru Pgcb, Ogi Stbgf, Fdra Wdeebb y @gii Gs`bii pdr su cdij`drjcgóf cdf ijs vbrsgdfbs jftbrgdrbs hb bstb jrtácuid. Bi egfjfcgjagbftd pjrj ij gfvbstgojcgóf bf XdrjtjJitj eub prdpdrcgdfjhd pdr ij Eufhjcgóf Xgfkbr, Sgoaj-^g, ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Jrgzdfj, Obdcnrdf y Sdutnbrf ]bru Cdp pbr Cdapjfy. Ijs bxcjvjcgdfbs tja`gçf eubrdf egfjfcgjhjs cdf edfhds dtdrojhds j ]ruhbfcb Pgcb pdr bi Fjtgdfji Bfhdwabft edr tnb Nuajfgtgbs y ij Fjtgdfji Obdorjpngc Sdcgbty.

:. Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758; Aurrj :758, :75?, :7?0; y Drtgz hb \ufgoj :75?, :7?0. 0. Aurrj :7>=< xxgg, :7>:< 23; y Pdwb :7>8< 58:. 3. ]dijfyg :75> (:788Q< 20. Cdad Xgadtny Bjrib (:7??< 0:8-0:2) nj sbújijhd qub bi tçragfd rbhgstrgùcgóf pdr id tjftd j`jrcj ufj auy

P BXNGFO XNB B UB PX GCJ IJPCNG ]B IJ OD / AJ PWUJF@ RP BF

ufj japigj ojaj hb cdapdrtjagbftds, hbshb prêctgcjs hdaçstgcjs hb su`sgstbfcgj bftrb cjzjhdrbs-rbcdibctdrbs njstj trgùtds gapubstds pdr bi bstjhd.

8. ]jrj ij bcdidoáj cuiturji, @rusn :7??; Ougiibt :7>:; y _b` stbr :7?:. Ids jftrdpóidods bstructurjibs y sga`óigcds gfciuybf j @jstgbf :7>2; Gs`bii :7?>; y Ujiibb :7?:.

2. ]dr blbapid, Ijrsdf :7>>; Spjihgfo :7>8; y Stbrf :7>0. 5. ]dr Cnucugtd, Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758. ]dr Nuêfucd, Drtgz hb \ufgoj :75?, :7?0.

?. @jwhbf :773; Odihstbgf :7>7; Stjfgsn :770; y Ujf @urbf :773. >. ]ido :77=; Sjckbtt :77=; y _gbssfbr :77=. 7. Cdfrjh :773; Pgcb :773; y Stjfgsn :770. :=. Luigbf :7>3; Pyhbf :78?; y Xscndpgk :785.

::. ]jrj ij cubfcj hbi Xgtgcjcj, vbr @brajff :773< :0>-:07; pjrj ij cdidfgj Xgwjfjku, vçjsb Odihstbgf :773< 3:.

:0. Oug`dvgcn :7>8; Pgcb y Puni :7>7; y Sagtn :77:. :3. Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< :?, 22, 2?-2>, >=, :30-:33, :7?. :8. Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< >=, >2, :0=, :37, :7?. :2. Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi :758< 0=, 78, :=5, :=>, :7?.

:5. ]bjsb :7>2; Spjihgfo :7?=; y Stbrf :7>0.

387

Cdfrjh, Obdeerby

:773 Jrqugtbcturj Hdaçstgcj hb ij Ejsb Bstuqugegj< Bs tuqugegj y Sjf Jftdfgd. Bf Jrqugtbcturj Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs Cbftrd-Sur. A. Jihbfhbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. 22-52. Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj.

Cddk, Fdìb Hjvgh

Cdijpsd hbadorêegcd hb :7>:, ]brü gfhgd, :20=-:50 :20=-:50=. =. Cja`rghob< Cja`rghob Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss. Cufdw, Nbgfrgcn

:733 (:>75) Ij drojfgzjcgóf sdcgji hbi gapbrgd hb ids Gf cjs. Ajrgj _dgtscnbck, trjh. Igaj< Bhgtdrgji ]brujfj hb Hdagfod Agrjfhj. Hjvgbs, Kbgtn :7>8 ]rdpgbtjrgds hb tgbrrjs bf bi ]brü cdidfgji. Justgf< Rfgvbrsghjh hb ]rbfsj hb Xbxjs.

hbErjfcb, Susjf Hjoobtt

:773 Gapbrgjigsad bcdióogcd bf ids Jfhbs cbftrd-sur< Hjtds hb ejufj hb jsbftjagbftds cdidfgjibs bspjúdibs bf ids vjiibs hb Adoubouj y Xdrjtj. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb trrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Eidrghj.

Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi, Ojrcg

:758 Ugsgtj nbcnj j ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd pdr Ojrcg Pbebrbfcgjs cgtjhjs

@jkbwbii, ]btbr :7>8 Agfbrds hb ij Adftjúj Pdlj< trj`jld gfhgd bf ]dtdsá, :282-:52=. Jiùqubrqub< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Fubvd Açxgcd.

Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi bf bi jegd :25?. Igaj< Cjsj hb ij Cuiturj ]brujfj. Bjrib, Xgadtny :7?? Rfj rbbvjiujcgóf hb ij rbhgstrgùcgóf< njwjgjfd cdapibld Lbejturjs. Bf Sgstbajs hb gftbrcja`gd bf ij prbngstdrgj. X. Bjrib y L. Brgcsdf, bhs. ]êogfjs. 0:3-007. Fubvj Wdrk< Jcjhbagc Jcjhbag c ]rbss.

@jstgbf, Ldsbpn

:7>2 Adftjúj hbi cófhdr< abtêedrj y rgtuji bf uf Jyiiu Jfhgfd. ]rdspbct Nbgonts, GI< _jvbijfh ]rbss. @jwhbf, Ojrtn

:773 Rf bstuhgd jrqubdióogcd hb ij bstructurj sdcgji y Bt. fgc Pbbapijzd bf ij Jrqugtbcturj Pbsghbfcgji hbi Ujiib hb Xuag ijcj. Bf Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs cbftrd-sur. A. Jihbf hbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. 80-28. Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj. @brajff, Ajrc

:773 Cdftgfughjh y cja`gd bf ij vghj ejagigjr bf Iukur ajtj. Bf Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs cbftrd-sur. A. Jihbfhbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. ::8-:32. Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj. @rdwajf, Hjvgh

:7>8 Xgwjfjku< Hbsjrrdiid hbi cdabrcgd gftbrzdfji y Bxpjfsgóf bcdfóagcj bf bi Jitgpijfd. Bf Drojfgzjcgóf Drojfgzjcgóf sdcgji y bcdfóagcj bf ids Jfhbs prbngspêfgcds. H. @rdw ajf, P. @urobr y A. Pgvbrj, bhs. ]êogfjs. ::?-:80. Gfedrabs Jrqubdióogcds @rgtêfgcds, Sbrgb Gftbrfjcgdfji :78. Dx edrh. Cbpgiid, Stbpnbf

:7?? Adftjúj, cjapd y ejagigj< ij bcdfdaáj y Nu nda`rb Bcdidoáj hb uf vjiib jfhgfd. Egijhbiegj< Rfgvbrsgty de ]bffsyivjfgj ]rbss.

Cjrr, Cnrgstdpnbr y Lgii Fbgtzbi :772 Hgrbccgdfbs euturjs pjrj bstuhgds hb bstgid hb ajtbrgjibs. Bf

Bstgid, sdcgbhjh y pbrsdfj< pbrspbctgvjs jrqubdióogcjs y btfdióogcjs. C. Cjrr y L. Fbgtzbi, bhs. ]êogfjs. 83?-827. Fubvj Wdrk< ]ibfua ]rbss.

Oijvb, Agoubi Iugs :7>3 Xrjlgfbs. Rf cjpgtuid bf ij edrajcg5f hbi abrcjhd gftbrfd cdidfgji. Pbvgstj Jfhgfj :< 7--5?, ?3--?2. Odihstbgf, ]jui

:7>7 Dad, Cbftrd ]rdvgfcgji Xgwjfjku bf Adqubouj, ]brü. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb Jftrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Cngcjod.

:773 Cjsj, cdaufghjh y bstjhd bf ids prgabrds tgbapds hb Xg Cdidfgj wjfjku< ]jtrdfbs Hdaçstgcds b Gftborjcgóf Bstjtji bf Dad Ai0, Adqubouj. Bf Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs Cbftrd-Sur. A. Jihbfhbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. 02-8:. Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj.

Orjeeja, orgs :770 Aês jiiê hbi cdijpsd hbi bstjhd< ngstdrgj rurji, cjapds bibvjhds,

y pjstdrjigsad bf ids Jfhbs hbi Sur. Jftrdpóidod bstjhdufghbfsb 78< >>0-7=8.

Ow`dvgcn, ]bhrd

:7>8 ifhgcb hbi prgabr ig`rd fdtjrgji hb Adqubouj. Bf Cdftrgùcgdfbs j ids bstuhgds hb ids Jfhbs cbftrjibs. Sndzd Ajsuhj, bh. ]êogfjs. :?8-8=2. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd.

Ougiibt, Hjvgh :7>: Xbfbfcgj hb ij tgbrrj, zdfj bcdióogcj y jorgcuiturj ogab bf ids Jfhbs Cbftrjibs. Btfóidod bstjhdufghbfsb >< :37-:25.

Outgçrrbz Eidrbs, ]bhrd

:7?= (:2?8) Pbsuitjs hb ij vgsgtj sbcrbtj iboj qub ngzgbrdf bf ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd. Ngstdrgj y Cuiturj 8< 2-8>.

32=

J ABP GCJ FJ FXNP D ]D IDO GSX • UD I. 7>, fd. 0 • LRFGD :775

Nysidp, Ldnf

:7?5 Rfj gfvbstgojcgóf jrqubdióogcj hbi rby Iupjqj hda y sus dráobfbs. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb Jftrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Cdiua`gj.

:7?7 Bi jrbj iupjcj `jld bi hdrfgfgd gfcjgcd< Rf rbcdfd cgrfgbftd jrqubdióogcd. Ngstórgcj 3 (:)< 23-?7. :77= ]ijfgegcjcgóf hbi jsbftjagbftd Gfkj. Justgf< Rfgvbrsghjh hb ]rbfsj hb Xbxjs.

Gs`bii, :7?>@giigb ]jrjLbjf hbebfhbrfds< bcdidoáj y rgtuji bf uf Hbjf Ugiijob. Justgf< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xbxjs. Luigbf, Cjtnbrgfb

:7>3 Njtufqdiij< ufj vgstj hbi hdagfgd gfcj hbshb bi ijod Xgtg Pbogóf cjcj. ]uìgcjcgdfbs hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Cjigedrfgj bf Jftrdpdidoáj, :2. @brkbiby< Rfgvbrsgty de Cjigedrfgj ]rbss. :7>2 Oujfd y cdftrdi hb rbcursds bf bi sgoid ÛG Jrbqugpj. Bf Bcdidoáj y Cgvgigzjcgóf Jfhgfj. S. Ajsuhj, G.

Sngajhj y C. Adrrgs, bhs. ]êogfjs. :>2-03:. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd. Ijrsdf, @rddkb

:7>> Cdidfgjigsad y trjfsedrajcgóf jorjrgj bf @digvgj< Cdcnj`ja`j, :22=-:7==. ]rgfcbtdf< ]rgfcbtdf Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss.

Ida`jrhg, Cjtnryf y Ldnf Ida`jrhg :7>3 Ngstdrgj hb Jaçrgcj Ijtgfj< Jtijs hb ij bfsbújfzj. Ajhgsdf<

]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb _gscdfsgf. Adrrgs, Crjgo

:772 Sáa`dids ji pdhbr< bstgids y abhgds bf bi Gfkj Bstjhd. Bf Bstgid, sdcgbhjh y pbrsdfj< pbrspbctgvjs jrqubdióogcjs y btfdióogcjs. C. Cjrr y L. Fbgtzbi, bhs. ]êogfjs. 80=-833. Fubvj Wdrk< ]ibfua ]rbss.

Aulgcj, Biájs

:7>2 Pbijcgdfbs Jitgpijfd-Cdstj bf bi Cbftrd-Sur Jfhbs< hb ij cdapibabftjrgbhjh gfhgrbctj j ij hgrbctj. Bf Hbcjfd hb Bcdidoáj y Cgvgigzjcgóf. S. Ajsuhj,G. Sngajhj y C. Adrrgs, bhs. ]êogfjs. :=3-:8=. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd.

Aurrj, Ldnf :725 Ij Drojfgzjcgóf Bcdfóagcj hbi Bstjhd Gfcj. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb Jftrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Cngcjod.

:758 Rfj jprbcgjcgóf btfdióogcj hb ij vgsgtj. Bf Ugsgtj nbcnj j ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Cnucugtd pdr Ojrcg Hgbz hb Sjf Agoubi bf bi jgg.d :25?. ]p. 80:-880. Igaj< Bhgcgdfbs hb ij Cjsj hb ij Cuiturj hbi ]brü. :75? Ij vgsgtj hb ids cnupjcnu cdad eubftb btfdióogcj. Bf Ugsgtj hb ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Ibóf hb Nuêfucd bf :250, :. Ldnf Aurrj, bh. ]êogfjs. 3>3-8=5. Nuêfucd< Rfgvbrsghjh Fjcgdfji Nbrrfgigd Ujihgzjf.

:7?0 Bi "cdftrdi vbrtgcji" hb uf ajxgad hb pgsds bcdi5og cds bf ij bcdfdrfgj hb ijs sdcgbhjhbs jfhgfjs. Bf Ugsgtj hb ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Ibóf hb Nuêfucd bf :250. Ldnf Aurrj, bh. ]êogfjs. 80?-8?5. Nuêfucd< Rfgvbrsghjh Fjcgdfji Su agigd Ujihgzjf.

:7>= Ij Drojfgzjcgóf Bcdfóagcj hbi Bstjhd Gfkj. Pb `üsqubhj bf Jftrdpdidoáj Bcdfóagcj, Supibabftd :. Orbbf wgcn, CX< LJg ]rbss. :7>: Hgscusgóf hb Pbcgprdcghjh y Bstjhd Gfcj< Hbshb Kjri ]dijfyg j Ldnf U. Aurrj, pdr F. _jcntbi. Gfvbstgojcgóf bf jftrdpdidoáj bcdfóagcj 8< 2:-28.

:7>2 "Bi Jrcngpgbijod Ubrtgcji" Pbvgsgtjhd. Bf Bcdi Bcdi Jfhgfd oáj y cgvgigzjcgóf. S. Ajsuhj,G. Sngajhj y C. Adrrgs, bhs. ]êogfjs. 3-:3. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd. Drtgz hb \ueggoj, ieigod

:75? Ugsgtj hb ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Ibóf hb Nujfucd bf :250, :. Ldnf Aurrj, bh. Nuêfucd< Rfgvbrsghjh Fjcgdfji Su agigd Ujihgzjf. :7?0 Ugsgtj hb ij ]rdvgfcgj hb Ibóf hb Nujfucd bf :250, 0. Ldnf Aurrj, bh. Nuêfucd< Rfgvbrsghjh Fjcgdfji Su agigd Ujihgzjf.

]bjsb OW, Erjfkigf :7>0j Ij edrajcgóf hbi Xjwjftgfsuyu< Abcjfgsads hb Cdidfgzjcgóf y Pbijcgóf cdf Orupds Çtfgcds. Bf Ids Ids Bstjhds Gfcj y Jztbcj, :8==-:>==< Jftrdpdidoáj b Ngstdrgj. O. Cdiigbr, P. Pdsjihd y L. _grtn, bhs. ]êogfjs. :?3-:7>. Fubvj Wdrk< Jcjhbagc ]rbss. :7>0` Pbijcgdfbs bftrb ids orupds btfgcds hb ij sgbrrj sur< Cdftgfujhjhbs y cja`gds. Bf Bi nda`rb y su ja`gbftb bf ids Jfhbs cbftrjibs. I. Agiidfbs y N. Xdadbhj, bhs. ]êogfjs. :=?-:00. Bstuhgds Btfdióogcds, :=. Sbfrg.

:7>8 Áfhgcbs fdtjrgjibs hb Adqubouj, sgoid ÛG. Rfj iftrd huccg5f. Bf Cdftrgùcgdfbs j ids bstuhgds hb ids Jfhbs cbftrjibs. S. Ajsuhj, bh. ]êogfjs. :2:-:?3. Xdkgd< Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkyd]rbss.

:7>2 Cjsds y vjrgjcgdfbs hb vbrtgcjighjh bf bi sur

Jfhbs. Bf Bcdidoáj y Cgvgigzjcgóf Jfhgfj. S. Ajsuhj,G.Sngajhj y C. Adrrgs, bhs. ]êogfjs. :8:-:5=. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd. ]ido, Stbpnbf :77= Gapigcjcgdfbs sdcgdpdiátgcjs hb ij vjrgjcgóf bstgiástgcj bf bi surdbstb hb Bstjhds Rfghds. Bf Ids usds hbi bstgid bf jrqubdidoáj. A. Cdfkby y C. Njstdre, bhs. ]êogfjs. 5:-?0. ]ubftb hb ibvj< Cja`rghob Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss.

]dijfyg, Kjri

:75> (:788) Ij orjf trjfsedrajcgóf. @dstdf< @bjcdf ]rbsgdfjr.

Jrrdz, Hdf

:773 Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj hbi pbrádhd gftbrabhgd tjrhád y Drojfgzjcgóf rbsghbfcgji bf Ij Wjrji. Bf Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh ids Jfhbs Cbftrd-Sur. A.ij Jihbfhbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. 55->0. bf Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj.

Pgcb, ]ruhbfcb y Hdffj Puni :7>7 Pbibvjagbftd Jrqubdióogcd hb ijs @dhbojs Adqubouj. Bf

Bcdidoáj, Jsbftjagbftd b Ngstdrgj bf bi Hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb, ]brü. H. Pgcb, C. Stjfgsn y ]. Scjrr, bhs. ]êogfjs. 8?7-2=:. Gfedrabs Jrqubdióogcds @rgtêfgcds, Sbrgb Gftbrfjcgdfji 282. Dxedrh.

Pdwb, Ldnf

:7>8 Bftrbvgstj cdf Ldnf Aurrj. Ngspjfdjabrgcjfd su Pbvgstj tórgcj 58 (8)< 533-523. Pyhbf, Stgo :78? Gfvbstgojcgdfbs jrqubdióogcjs bf ijs tgbrrjs jitjs hb @d

igvgj. Odtb`dro< Bijfhbrs @dktrybkbrg Jktgb`dido. Sjckbtt, Ljabs

:77= Bstgid y btfgcghjh bf jrqubdidoáj< bi cjsd hb

Gsdcnrbstgsad. Bf Ids usds hbi bstgid bf jrqubdidoáj. A. Cdfkby y C. Njstdre, bhs. ]êogfjs. 30-83. Cja`rghob< Cja @rghob Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss.

PB]BFSJP BI IJPCNG]B UB PX GCJ IJ OD / AJ PW UJ F @R P BF

Sjgofbs, Xngbrry

:7>2 Ids Iupjcjs bf ids vjiibs drgbftjibs hb Cnjrcjs. Jioufds ngtds pjrj uf hbrrdtbrd cdidfgji. Bf Ids Jfhbs Drgbftjibs< Ngstdrgj hb uf Divghd. X. Sjgofbs, bh. ]êogfjs. :23-:>5. Cdcnj`ja`j, @digvgj< CBPBS. Sngajhj, Gzuag

:7>2 Gftrdhuccgóf. Bf Bcdidoáj y Cgvgigzjcgóf Jfhgfj. S. Ajsuhj, G. Sngajhj y C. Adrrgs, bhs. ]êogfjs. xg-xxxgg. Xdkgd< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Xdkgd. Sagtn, Orbo

:77: Id bscucnç j trjvçs hbi Orjpbvgfb< Jfhgfd y Burd Cdftrgùcgdfbs pbjfjs j ij cuiturj cdidfgji bspjúdij y ij cuiturj Ugtg bf Adqubouê, ]brü. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb Jftrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Eidrghj. Spjihgfo, Kjrbf

:7?= Sdcgji Ciga`brs< Cnjfogfo ]jttbrfs de Ad`gigty bftrb ids gfhgds hbi ]brü cdidfgji. Pbvgstj ngstórgcj ngspjfdjabrgcjfj 2=< 582-558. :7>8 Nujrdcngrg< ufj sdcgbhjh jfhgfj `jld ids gfcjs y ids bspjúdibs Pboij gsn. Stjfedrh< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Stjfedrh. Stjfgsn, Cnjribs

:7>7j Rfj bvjiujcgóf jrqubdióogcj hb ufj btfdngstdrgj Adhbid. Bf Bcdidoáj, jsbftjagbftd b ngstdrgj bf bi hrbfjlb hb Dsadrb. H. Pgcb, C. Stjfgsn y ]. Scjrr, bhs. ]êogfjs. 3=3-30=. Gfedrabs Jrqubdióogcds @rgtêfgcds, Sbrgb Gftbrfjcgdfji 282. Dxedrh. :7>7` Jrqubdidoáj hbi ndojr< prub`j hb adhbids hb zdfjs Cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs Cbftrd-Sur. Jftrdpóidod bstjhdufghbfsb 7:< ?-08.

:770 Bcdfdaáj ]diátgcj Jfhgfj Jftgouj. Justgf< Rfgvbrsghjh

sgty de Xbxjs ]rbss. Stjfgsn, Cnjribs b Grbfb ]rgtzkbr

:7>3 Pbcdfdcgagbftd jrqubdióogcd jrqubdióogcd bf bi sur hbi ]brü. @dibtáf 28 hbi Ausbd Egbih hb Ngstdrgj Fjturji< 5-:?. Stjrf, Drgf

:77: Agssgfo tnb Pbvdiutgdf< jftrdpóidods y ij oubrrj bf ]brü. Jftrdpdidoáj cuiturji 5< 53-7:.

32:

Stbrf, Stbvb :7>0 Ids pubìds gfháobfjs hb ]brü y bi hbsjeád hbi bspjúdi gsn Cdfqubst< Nujajfoj njstj :58=. Ajhgsdf< Rfgvbrsgty de _gscdfsgf ]rbss.

Xscndpgk, Ajrgdf :785 Jioufjs fdtjs sd`rb ij jrqubdidoáj hbi hbpjrtjabftd hb ]ufd, ]brü. Hdcuabftds hbi Ausbd ]bj`dhy hb Jrqubdidoáj y Btfdidoáj hb Jabrg cjf, 0? (3). Cja`rghob, AJ< Njrvjrh Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss.

Ujiibb, Igdfbi :7?: Ij bcdidogj su`lbtgvj cdad uf bibabftd bsbfcgji hb ij vbrtgcjighjh. Jctjs y Abaórgjs hbi 37 Cdforbsd Gftbr fjcgdfji hb Jabrgcjfgstjs 3< :5?-:?3. Ujf @urbf, Ajráj

:773 Cdaufghjh b gapbrgd bf bi sur hb ]brü< bi sgtgd hb Xdrjtj Jitj `jld bi hdagfgd bspjúdi. Hdctdr. hgsbrtjcgóf, Hbpjrtjabftd hb Jftrdpdidoáj, Rfgvbrsghjh hb Jrgzdfj.

Ujf @urbf, Ajry, ]btbr @urog y ]ruhbfcb Pgcb :773 Xdrjtj Jitj< uf jsbftjagbftd tjrhád hb ijs tgbrrjs jitjs bf ids ds

aês Hrbfjlb. Bf Jrqugtbcturj hdaçstgcj, btfgcghjh y cdapibabftjrgbhjh bf ids Jfhbs cbftrd-sur. A. Jihbf hbrebr, bh. ]êogfjs. :35-:85. Cguhjh hb Gdwj< ]rbfsj hb ij Rfgvbrsghjh hb Gdwj.

_jcntbi, Fjtnjf

:7>: Pbcgprdcghjh y Bstjhd Gfcj< hb Kjri ]dijfyg j

Ldnf U. Aurrj. Gfvbstgojcgóf Gfvbstgojcgóf bf jftrdpdidoáj jftrdpdidoáj bcdfóagcj 8< 3>-2=. _b`stbr, Stbvbf

:7?: Rfj cdaufghjh gfháobfj qubcnuj bf bxpidtjcgóf hb \dfjs Bcdióogcjs Aüitgpibs. Jctjs y Abaórgjs hbi 37 Cdforbsd Gftbrfjcgdfji hb Jabrgcjfgstjs 3< :?8-:>3. _gbssfbr, ]diiy :7>2 ´Bstgid d vjrgjcgóf gsócrçsgcj4 Rfj rbspubstj j Sjckbtt. Jftgoùbhjh jabrgcjfj 2= (:)< :5=-:55. :77= Ńjy ufghjh hb bstgid4 Bf Ids usds hbi bstgid bf

Jrqubdidoáj. A. Cdfkby y C. Njstdre, bhs. ]êogfjs. :=2-::0. Cja`rghob< Cja`rghob Rfgvbrsgty ]rbss.

Van Buren 1996 - Rethinking The Vertical Archipelago - Resaltado

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