Valuasi Ekonomi Ekosistem Hutan Mangrove Di Eelahaji

 

 

RAFXA_G HDNCNLG HDN_G_[HL JX[AC LACEYNRH KG DAIXPA[HC IX[NC X[AYA PYNRGC_G _XFAUH_G [HCEEAYA

BGYLAC _WAJ

_HDNFAJ PA_OA_AYMACA GC_[G[X[ PHY[ACGAC INENY INENY 9017

 

 

 

 

PHYCWA[AAC LHCEHCAG [H_G_ KAC _XLIHY GCBNYLA_G _HY[A PHFGLPAJ P HFGLPAJAC AC JAD OGP[A  

Khceac gcg saya lhcyatadac iajwa thsgs ihrmukuf Rafuasg Hdncnlg Hdnsgsthl Jutac Lacernvh Kg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Prnvgcsg _ufawhsg [hceeara akafaj  ihcar darya saya khceac arajac karg dnlgsg phligligce kac ihful kgamudac kafal ihctud apa puc dhpaka phreuruac tgceeg t gceeg laca puc. _ulihr gcbnrlasg yace  ihrasaf atau kgdutgp karg darya yace kgthrigtdac laupuc tgkad kgthrigtdac karg kar g  phcufgs fagc thfaj kgshiutdac kafal thds kac kgoactuldac kafal Kabtar Pustada kg kg  iaegac adjgr thsgs gcg. Khceac gcg saya lhfglpajdac jad ogpta karg darya tufgs saya dhpaka Gcstgtut Phrtacgac Inenr.

Inenr, Macuarg 9017  Bgrlac _yaj H181180971

 

 

YGCEDA_AC  

BGYLAC _WAJ.  Rafuasg Hdncnlg Hdnsgsthl Jutac Lacernvh Kg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Prnvgcsg _ufawhsg [hceeara. Kgigligce nfhj FH[G _XCKAUA[G kac IAJYXCG.  IAJYXCG.  Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac hdnsgsthl phckuduce  phctgce kg wgfayaj phsgsgr kac fautac yace utala lhlpucyag lhlpucy ag bucesgdhjgkupac hdncnlg yace shrta shiaeag thlpat lhlgmaj ladjfud jgkup. Phchfgtgac gcg ihrtumuac lhceacafgsgs  phrshpsg lasyaradat thrjakap hdnsgsthl lacernvh, Lhceacafgsgs Lhceacafgsgs dnlpnsgsg vhehtasg jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg kac lhfadudac vafuasg hdncnlg hdnsgsthl lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara. Phchfgtgac gcg kg fadudac khceac lhtnkh survhy thrjakap 80 rhspnckhc karg dhkua khsa yace kgpgfgj k gpgfgj shoara purpnsgvh. Jasgf phchfgtgac lhcucmudac lhcucmudac i iajwa ajwa phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace lacbaat jutac lacernvh kac phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace phrfgckuceac jutac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Hhfajamg lasgj threnfnce tgceeg. Lhcurut phrshpsg lasyaradat lasyaradat  phcyhiai utala dhrusadac jutac lacernvh kg shiaidac nfhj phcealigfac dayu  iadar yace saceat lhckhsad kac dhphctgceac hdncnlg rulaj taceea. Rafuasg hdncnlg lhrupadac suatu upaya uctud lhlihrgdac cgfag duactgtatgb thrjakap  iarace kac masa yace kgjasgfdac nfhj sulihrkaya afal kac fgceduceac ihrupa cgfag euca facesuce, cgfag euca tgkad facesuce kac cgfag pgfgjac. Cgfag euca facesuce jutac lacernvh yace thrkgrg lacbaat dayu iadar, gdac, dhpgtgce kac ukace, cgfag euca tgkad facesuce yagtu shiaeag phcajac airasg kac phcajac gctrusg agr faut shkacedac cgfag pgfgjac akafaj cgfag hdnwgsata. _trudtur vhehtasg jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg phchfgtgac uctud dathenrg pnjnc ttgkad gkad lhlpucyag phrihkaac yace sgecgbgdac, dhouafg uctud dathenrg tgace, sapgjac kacthtapg uctud dathenrg tgace, sapgjac kac shlag yace laca kg Khsa Dafgiu rhfatgb iagd kg iackgce khceac Khsa Hhfajamg. Cgfag hdncnlg lacbaat euca facesuce kg Khsa Dafgiu shihsar Yp : 9:5 1;9 ;00 phr tajuc kg Khsa Hhfajamg shihsar Yp 8 :18 ;;0 000 phr tajuc, uctud cgfag euca tgkad facesuce kg Khsa Dafgiu shihsar shihsa r Yp ?57 2?1 ?;9 phr tajuc, kg Khsa Hhfajamg Hhfajam g shihsar Yp ?1; ?77 ?58 phr tajuc, shkacedac uctud cgfag pgfgjac kg Khsa Dafgiu Yp 1; 000 000 phr tajuc, kg Khsa Hhfajamg shihsar YpYp 1; :800 shfuruj cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu shihsar 2:0000. 55?Duactgbgdasg 5;9 phr tajuc shkacedac kg Khsa Hhfajamg shihsar Yp 2 1;; ??7 ?58 phr tajuc. Data ducog= Lacernvh, Lasyaradat, Phrshpsg Lasyaradat, Lasyaradat , Rafuasg Hdncnlg

 

 

_XLLAYW

BGYLAC _WAJ. Honcnlgo Rafuatgnc nb Lacernvh Lacernvh Bnrhst Honsysthl gc Cnrtj Cnrtj Intuc Kgstrgot _nutjhast _ufawhsg Prnvgcoh. _uphrvgshk iy FH[G _XCKAUA[G ack IAJYXCG Lacernvh bnrhst gs tjh lagc honsysthl gt gs glpnrtact gc onastaf ack largch arhas tjat jas fgbh-suppnrtgce honcnlgo bucotgnc ack asack spawcgce ernuck bnr fgvgce tjgces. [jgs stuky agls bnr acafyzgce tjh onllucgty phrohptgnc nb lacernvh honsysthl ack honcnlgo vafuatgnc nb lacernvh honsysthl gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh ack Hhfajamg Rgffaeh, Cnrtj Iutnc Kgstrgot. [jgs stuky was lakh iy survhy lhtjnk tn 80 rhspnckhcts brnl intj nb vgffaehs tjat jak ihhc ojnnshc gc  purpnsgvh way. way. [jh rhsuft sjnws tjat onllucgty phrohptgnc nb lacernvh bnrhst ihchbgt ack bnrhst prnthotgnc gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh ack Hhfajamg Rgffaeh gs stgff gc jgej oathenry. Aoonrkgce tn tjh onllucgty phrohptgnc, tjh lagc rhasnc nb lacernvh bnrhst was kalaehk tadgce nb bgrh wn wnnk nk onffhotgnc vhry urehct. urehct. Honcnlgo vafuatgnc gs gs ac hbbnrt tn prnvgkh quactgtatgvh vafuh nb ennks ack shrvgohs prnkuohk iy caturaf rhsnurohs ackhcvgrnclhct gc tjh bnrl nb kgrhot ush vafuh, gckgrhot ush vafuh ack ojngoh vafuh. [jh kgrhot vafuh nb lacernvh bnrhst oncsgsts nb bgrh wnnk, bgsj, orai, ack sjrglp ihchbgt. [jh gckgrhot vafuh nb lacernvh oncsgsts nb airasgnc rhtagcgce vafuh ack sha wathr gctrusgnc wjgfh tjh ojngoh vafuh gs tjh vafuh nb hontnurgsl. [jh vhehtatgnc struoturh nb tjh lacernvh bnrhst gc Dafgiu ack Hhfajamg Rgffaehs, tjh rhsharoj bnr tjh trhh oathenrghs kgk cnt javh a sgecgbgoact kgbbhrhcoh, hxohpt bnr tjh oathenry nb pgfh, whacgce ack iut bnr tjh oathenry nb pgfh, whacgce ack shhkfgce wjgoj gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh was ennk rhfatgvhfy onlparhk tn Hhfajamg Rgffaeh. [jh kgrhot honcnlgo vafuh nb ihchbgt gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh at Yp : 9:5 1;9 ;00 phr yhar gc Hhfajamg Rgffaeh gs Yp 8 :18 ;;0 000 phr yhar, bnr gckgrhot ush vafuhs gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh at Yp ?57 2?1 ?;9 phr yhar, gc Hhfajamg Rgffaeh Yp ?1; ?77 ?58 phr yhar, wjgfh tjh ojngoh vafuh gc Dafgiu Rgffaeh gs Yp 1; 000 000 phr yhar, gc Hhfajamg Rgffaeh Yp 1; 800 000. [jh quactgbgoatgnc nb aff lacernvh vafuh bnr Dafgiu Rgffaeh was Yp : 2:0 55? 5;9 phr yhar wjgfh gc Hhfajamg Rgffaeh was Yp 2 1;; ??7 ?58 phr yhar. Dhywnrks = Onllucgty, Onllucgty, Lacernvh, Phrohptgnc, Rafuatgnc Rafuatgnc

 

 

© Jad Ogpta Lgfgd GPI, [ajuc 9017 901 7 Jad Ogpta Kgfgckuceg Xckace-Xckace Xckace-Xckace  Kgfarace lhceutgp shiaegac atau shfuruj darya tufgs gcg tacpa lhcoactuldac atau lhcyhiutdac sulihrcya. Phceutgpac jacya uctud dhphctgceac phckgkgdac,  phchfgtgac, phcufgsac darya gflgaj, phcyusucac fapnrac, phcufgsac drgtgd, atau tgcmauac suatu lasafaj4 kac phceutgpac thrshiut tgkad lhruegdac dhphctgceac  GPI  Kgfarace lhceululdac lhceululdac kac lhlphriacyad lhlphriacyad shiaegac atau shfuruj darya tufgs gcg kafal ihctud apa puc tacpa gzgc GPI  GPI  

 

 

RAFXA_G HDNCNLG HDN_G_[HL JX[AC LACEYNRH KG DAIXPA[HC IX[NC X[AYA PYNRGC_G _XFAUH_G [HCEEAYA

BGYLAC _WAJ

[hsgs shiaeag safaj satu syarat uctud lhlphrnfhj ehfar Laegsthr _agcs  paka Prneral _tukg Gflu Phcehfnfaac Jutac

_HDNFAJ PA_OA_AYMACA GC_[G[X[ PHY[ACGAC INENY INENY 9017

 

 

Phceumg Fuar Dnlgsg paka Xmgac [hsgs= Kr Cgcgce Puspacgcesgj, L_g

 

 

 

 

PYADA[A

Pumg kac syudur phcufgs pacmatdac dhpaka Affaj  suijacajuw  suijacajuwat  at a‗afa a‗afa  atas sheafa darucga-Cya shjgceea darya gflgaj gcg ihrjasgf kgshfhsagdac. [hla yace kgpgfgj kafal phchfgtgac gcg yagtu ‖Rafuasg Hdncnlg Hdnsgsthl Jutac Lacernvh kg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Prnvgcsg _ufawhsg [hceeara“. [hceeara “. Phchfgtgac gcg lhrupadac safaj satu usaja kafal raceda lhceeafg gcbnrlasg thctace cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh kg Khsa Hhfajamg kac Khsa Dafgiu Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Prgvgcsg _ufawhsg [hceeara. Paka dhshlpatac gcg phcufgs lhcyalpagdac thrgla dasgj dhpaka Giu Kr Gr Fhtg _uckawatg, L_o B[rnp kac Iapad Kr Gr Iajrucg, L_ atas dhshkgaac lhlihrg igligceac shmad phcyusucac rhcoaca phchfgtgac salpag shfhsag sh fhsag phcufgsac thsgs. Dhtua Prneral _tukg Gflu Phcehfnfaac Jutac Kr Gr Iukg Ducoajyn, L_ atas dhshkgaac lhlihrgdac lntgvasg kafal phcyhfhsagac thsgs gcg. Xcedapac thrgla dasgj muea kgsalpagdac dhpaka dhkua nrace tua, gstrg, acad shrta akgd saya. [hsgs gcg pastg lasgj iacyad dhduraceac, nfhj darhca gtu phcufgs saceat ihrjarap lhlphrnfhj drgtgd kac sarac uctud phriagdac shfacmutcya.

Inenr, Macuarg 9017  Bgrlac _yaj

 

KAB[AY G_G 

KAB[AY [AIHF

ggg

KAB[AY EALIAY

gv

KAB[AY FALPGYAC 1

9

PHCKAJXFXAC Fatar Ihfadace Phrulusac Lasafaj [umuac Phchfgtgac Lacbaat Phchfgtgac Dhraceda Pgdgr LH[NKH PHCHFG[GAC Fndasg kac Uadtu Phchfgtgac Mhcgs kac _ulihr Kata Lhtnkh Phcealigfac _alphf Dncshp Phceudurac Rargaihf Acafgsgs Kata

v 1 ? ; ;

5 5 : 7 19

?

DNCKG_G XLXL FNDA_G PHCHFG[GAC Fhtad Ehnerabgs Dhakaac Phrgdacac [acedap Mulfaj Phckukud Mulfaj Phckukud Ihrkasardac Lata Phcoajargac Mulfaj Phckukud Ihrkasardac Mhcgs Dhfalgc

;

JA_GF KAC PHLIAJA_AC Darathrgstgd Yhspnckhc Phrshpsg Lasyaradat [hrjakap Jutac Lacernvh _trudtur Rhehtasg Jutac Lacernvh  Cgfag Euca Facesuce Facesuce Jutac Lacernvh [ntaf Cgfag Euca Facesuce Jutac Lacernvh  Cgfag Euca [gkad Facesuce Facesuce Jutac Lacernvh

1: 91 9; 9; ?9 ?;

 Cgfag Pgfgjac Jutac Lacernvh  Cgfag Hdncnlg [ntaf Lacbaat Lacbaat Jutac Lacernvh

?2 ?5

2

_GLPXFAC KAC _AYAC _glpufac _arac

19 1; 12 12

?7 ?7

KAB[AY PX_[ADA

?7

FALPGYAC

;;

YGUAWA[ JGKXP

8?

 

 

KAB[AY [AIHF

1 Dathenrg tgcedat phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace lacbaat kac  phrfgckuceac jutac jutac lacernvh  lacernvh  9 Iatas khsa fndasg phchfgtgac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Hhfajamg Dhoalatac Dnfgsusu ? Fuas wgfayaj khsa khsa fndasg fndasg phchfgtgac phchfgtgac kg Khsa dafgiu dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg ; _araca y yace ace kg eucadac lasyaradat lasyaradat Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg kafal lhcacedap ignta phragrac 8 Mulfaj phckukud Khsa Dafgiu Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Dhoalatac Dhoalatac Dnfgsusu 2 Mulfaj phckukud kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Khsa Hhfajamg lhcurut lata lata  phcoajargac 5 Mulfaj phckukud ihrkasardac mhcgs dhfalgc kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg : Darathrgstgd rhspnckhc kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 7 Kgstrgiusg rhspnckhc ihrkasardac phrshpsg thrjakap lacbaat dhihrakaac jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 10 Kgstrgiusg rhspnckhc ihrkasardac phrshpsg thctace phcehfnfaac phcehfnfaac kac kac  phrfgckuceac jutac jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhf Hhfajamg ajamg 11 Phcyhiai dhrusadac jutac lacernvh ihrkasardac phrshpsg lasyaradat kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 19 _trudtur vhehtasg lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 1? Cgfag hdncnlg phlacbaatac dayu dayu iadar iadar kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 1; Cgfag hdncnlg phlacbaatac gdac gdac kg Dhoalatac Dhoalatac Dnfgsusu Dnfgsusu Khsa Dafgiu kac Hhfajamg 18 Cgfag hdncnlg phlacbaatac dhpgtgce kg fndasg fndasg phchfgtgac Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 12 Cgfag hdncnlg phlacbaatac ukace kg fndasg phchfgtgsc Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 15 [ntaf cgfag cgfag euca facesuce ignta phragrac phragrac (gdac, ukace kac kac dhpg dhpgtgce) tgce) kac phlacbaatac dayu iadar kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 1: Cgfag hdncnlg hdncnlg lacernvh lacernvh shiaeag shiaeag phcajac phcajac gctrusg gctrusg agr faut faut kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 17 Cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh shiaeag phcajac phcajac airasg airasg kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 90 Dhshkgaac lhliayar uctud dhfhstargac jutac jutac lacernvh lacernvh aear kapat kg makgdac wgsata kg lasa yace adac katace kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg 91 Cgfag hdncnlg tntaf lacbaat lacbaat jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg

19 18 18 18 12 15 15 1: 90 91 9? 98 95 9: 97 ?1 ?? ?; ?8 ?2

?:

 

 

KAB[AY EALIAY

1 Dhraceda phchfgtgac 9 Phta fndasg phchfgtgac

2 5 KAB[AY FALPGYAC

1 Rafuasg hdncnlg lacbaat jutac lacernvh 9 Kndulhctasg phchfgtgac

;; 81

 

1

1  PHCKAJXFXAC Fatar Ihfadace

Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac tgph jutac yace ihraka kg kahraj phsgsgr pactag kac lhcmakg iaegac karg hdnsgsthl phsgsgr kac faut. Lacernvh lhrupadac suatu bnrlasg jutac yace tuliuj kg kahraj pasace surut, factag jutaccya threhcace  paka saat pasace kac ka c ihias karg ehcaceac paka saat surut. Hdnsgsthl lacernvh lhrupadac hdnsgsthl gcthrbaoh actara hdnsgsthl karatac khceac hdnsgsthl fautac. Nfhj darhca gtu, hdnsgsthl gcg lhlpucyag bucesg yace sphsgbgd yace dhihrfacesuceaccya ihreactuce paka kgcalgda yace thrmakg kg hdnsgsthl karatac kac fautac. Jutac lacernvh ululcya  ihrdhliace igad paka pactag yace thrfgckuce, luara suceag, atau faeuca. Jutac lacernvh gcg lhlheace phracac phctgce kafal lhcmalgc dhihrfacmutac ignkgvhrsgtas jhwac kac tuliujac yace thrkapat kgkafalcya shiaeag phcyusuc sulihr kaya phsgsgr. Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac hdnsgsthl utala phckuduce dhjgkupac yace phctgce kg wgfayaj phsgsgr kac fautac. Lhlpucyag bucesg hdncnlg yace phctgce shphrtg phcyhkga dayu, kauckaucac shiaeag iajac iadu niat-niatac kac fagc-fagc (_aprukgc kac Jafgkaj 9019).Fuas jutac lacernvh kg Gcknchsga shdgtar ?.9 muta jhdtar lacernvh yace thrshiar kgshfuruj pufau ihsar kac dhogf atau jalpgr 91% karg tntaf lacernvh kucga khceac mulfaj sphsghs lacernvh tgkad durace 58 sphsghs. Dnckgsg gcg lhliuat Gcknchsga kgdhcaf shiaeag cheara khceac lacernvh thrfuas khceac tgcedat dhachdaraealac jayatg yace rhfatgb tgceeg (Egrght (Egrg ht ht af. 901;). Fuas lacernvh uctud wgfayaj _ufawhsg [hceeara shdgtar 5; ?;: :90 ja (YFP_-LNB 9005 kafal Jartgcg ht ht af.  af.  9010). Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara lhlgfgdg fuas jutac lacernvh shdgtar 1? ?7?.;9 ja yace thrshiar kgshiaegac dhoalatac kac khsa yace aka, kgactaracya Khsa Hhfajamg yace lhlgfgdg fuas jutac lacernvh shdgtar ?8 ja shkacedac uctud fuas jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu shdgtar 95 ja. Jutac lacernvh thrlasud hdnsgsthl djas wgfayaj trnpgda yace ucgd kafal fgceduceac jgkup yace lhlgfgdg bnrlasg phrpakuac actara karatac kac fautac. Akacya phcearuj faut kac karatac shjgceea thrmakg gcthradsg dnlpfhds actara sgbat bgsgda kac sgbat ignfneg. Lacernvh threactuce paka agr faut (pasace) kac agr tawar shiaeag sulihr ladacaccya shrta hckapac khiu (shkglhctasg) karg hrnsg kahraj jufu shiaeag iajac phckuduce suistratcya. Prnshs khdnlpnsgsg shrasaj lacernvh yace thrmakg lalpu lhcucmace dhjgkupac ladjfud jgkup kg kafalcya. Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac sulihrkaya afal djas phsgsgr trnpgda, yace lhlpucyag lacbaat eacka khceac phcearuj yace saceat fuas apaigfa kgtgcmau karg asphd snsgaf, hdncnlg kac hdnfneg (_niarg ht af. 9002)  _hoara hdnfnegs lacernvh ihrbucesg uctud lhfgckuceg pactag karg jhlpasac jhlpasa c ehfnliace pasace. _hfagc gtu, jutac gcg muea ihrbucesg shiaeag thlpat uctud lhlgmaj ( spawcgce ernuck ), ), shiaeag kahraj asujac (curshry ( curshry ernuck ) kac shiaeag thlpat lhcoarg ladac ( bhhkgce ernuck ) iaeg ihriaeag mhcgs jhwac yace jgkup  paka iakac agr laupuc jhwac jhwac yace jgkup kg atas iakac agr (Uajgkgc ht af . 901?). Jutac lacernvh saceat lhcucmace phrhdncnlgac lasyaradat pactag, darhca lhrupadac sulihr lata phcoajargac lasyaradat yace ihrprnbhsg shiaeag

 

9

chfayac. Dhraealac mhcgs lacernvh kac dhucgdaccya muea lhlgfgdg pnthcsg shiaeag wajaca jutac wgsata kac atau phcyaceea phrfgckuceac wgfayaj phsgsgr kac pactag, karg ihriaeag acoalac shkglhctasg, airasg, phcoheajac gctrusg agr faut, shrta shiaeag sulihr padac jaigtat ignta faut. Pnthcsg hdncnlg lacernvh ihrasaf karg tgea sulihr yagtu shiaeag jasgf jutac, phrgdacac luara shpacmace pactag kac hdnturgslh. Jutac lacernvh kgsalpgce lhcejasgfdac iajac kasar uctud gckustrg, hdnsgsthl lacernvh ihriaeag mhcgs prnkud kac masa yace igsa lhcucmace dhjgkupac lasyaradat phsgsgr kac ihriaeag dhegatac hdncnlg. Jaf gcg lacernvh lhlgfgdg phrac shiaeag sulihrkaya rhchwaifh kac shiaeag phcyaceea sgsthl dhjgkupac mgda prnshs hdnfneg kafal lacernvh kapat ihrfacesuce khceac iagd. Prnshs hdnfneg lacernvh tgkad adac threaceeu mgda safaj satu dnlpnchccya tgkad jgface (Djahry 9018). Dhihrakaac jutac lacernvh lhlpucyag phracac yace saceat phctgce iaeg hdnsgsthl kgshdgtarcya. Ihsarcya lacbaat yace aka paka hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh lhlihrgdac dncshduhcsg iaeg hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh gtu shckgrg, yagtu khceac shladgc tgceegcya tgcedat hdspfngtasg thrjakap fgceduceac adac ihradjgr paka kherakasg fgceduceac. Lhfgjat karg phlacbaatac thrshiut lada phrfu kgfadudac phchfgtgac lhcehcag phlacbaatac karg cgfag yace thrkapat kafal hdnsgsthl lacernvh lhfafug vafuasg hdncnlg (Bakjgfa ht af . 9018). Jutac lacernvh lhlgfgdg lacbaat yace saceat ihsar, shjgceea lhlihrgdac dncshduhcsg iaeg hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh gtu shckgrg, yagtu khceac shladgc tgceegcya tgcedat hdspfngtasg thrjakap fgceduceac yace tgkad marace ihradjgr paka kherakasg fgceduceac yace oudup paraj shphrtg ihrduracecya fuasac jutac lacernvh karg tajuc dh tajuc. Jaf gcg tgkad thrfhpas karg ufaj lacusga yace durace pajal adac phctgcecya dhfhstargac hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh kg dhlukgac jarg. Lasyaradat jacya lhcgfag jutac lacernvh karg sheg hdncnlgcya sama, tacpa lhlphrjatgdac lacbaat-lacbaat bgsgd kac muea ignfneg yace kgtgliufdac. Dhfhstargac jutac lacernvh kg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara shladgc lhcuruc shgrgce khceac phrdhliaceac kac phliaceucac dnta. Dhiutujac fajac uctud  phcehliaceac gcbrastrudtur kac phliaceucac bgsgd shladgc lhcgcedat actara fagc4 phfaiujac, phrludglac, phrfuasac mafac, phrdactnrac, kac gckustrg. _hfagc gtu  muea phcearujg nfhj n fhj dhjgkupac lasyaradat kg Khsa Hhfajamg kac lasyaradat Khsa Dafgiu yace shiaegac ihsar dhjgkupac lasyaradatcya ihrprnbhsg shiaeag chfayac kac phtacg. phtacg. Dhjgkupac Dhjgkupac lasyaradat kg fndasg fndasg phchfgtgac shiaegac i ihsar hsar threactuce karg jasgf tacedapac gdac, ukace, dhpgtgce, shrta phcmuafac dayu iadar yace  ihrasaf karg lacernvh shfagc gtu threactuce t hreactuce karg jasgf phrtacgac. Dhihrakaac jutac lacernvh kg khsa gcg shkgdgt thracoal jaf gcg kgadgiatdac nfhj phrgfadu lasyaradat yace lhrusad fajac jutac, shphrtg phchiaceac pnjnc yace kg makgdac dayu iadar uctud lhcoudupg dhiutujac jgkup lhrhda. Lacbaat lacernvh kgmakgdac dayu iadar muea kg makgdac shiaeag iajac iaceucac, phrafgjac fajac lacernvh lhcmakg fajac taliad kac hdspfngtasg lacernvh yace kgfadudac lasyaradat. Jaf gcg kgphcearujg nfhj phrtuliujac phckukud yace shladgc lhcgcedat shjgceea dhshlpatac lasyaradat uctud lhchlpatg wagfayaj phsgsgr saceat tgceeg.Apaigfa dnckgsg gcg thrus ihrfacmut tacpa aka phrjatgac kac  phceawasac djususcya karg phlhrgctaj kahraj, lada adac lhceacoal dhfhstargac hdnsgsthl lacernvh shiaeag phfgckuce pufau kac pucoadcya akafaj dhjgfaceac karatac.

 

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Phrcyataac kg atas lhcucmuddac iajwa hdnsgsthl lacernvh lhrupadac asht yace kapat lhcyhkgadac iarace yace kapat kglacbaatdac shoara facesuce uctud dhiutujac lacusga, kac lhcejasgfdac masa yace tgkad kgnreacgsasgdac lhfafug lhdacgslh pasar. Hdnsgsgthl lacernvh lhlgfgdg cgfag yace tgceeg, iagd cgfag hdncnlgs laupuc cgfag hdnfnegs iaeg dhfacesuceac jgkup lacusga. Lacbaat yace kgphrnfhj, thrkapat cgfag hdncnlg yace shoara facesuce ihrkalpad paka dhjgkupac lasyaradat shthlpat. Cgfag hdncnlg yace thrdackuce kafal hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh saceat ihrphrac phctgce kafal phchctuac dhigmadac  phcehfnfaaccya. Rafuasg hdncnlg hdncnlg lhrupadac suatu upaya uctud uctud lhlihrgdac cgfag duactgtatgb thrjakap iarace kac masa yace kgjasgfdac nfhj sulihrkaya afal kac fgceduceac. Dhraceda cgfag hdncnlg yace kgeucadac kafal vafuasg hdncnlg sulihrkaya afal thrlasud lacernvh akafaj dncshp tntaf honcnlgo vafuh/ [HR [HR yace shoara eargs ihsar thrkgrg atas kua dhfnlpnd yagtu cgfag atas kasar  phceeucaac (ush (ush vafuh) vafuh) kac cgfag yace thrdackuce kgkafalcya atau cgfag gctrgcsgd (cnc ush vafuh). vafuh). Nfhj shiai gtu phcgfagac hdncnlg lacbaat kac pnthcsg sulihrkaya afal lhrupadac safaj satu oara uctud lhlihrgdac gcbnrlasg dhpaka lasyaradat lhcehcagphctgcecya dhihrakaac hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh. Kgjarapdac phrshpsg kac phcgfagac lasyaradat thrjakap dhihrakaac jutac lacernvh adac ihruiaj lhcmakg pnsgtgb kac dncstrudtgb. Phckhdatac yace kgeucadac kafal lhfadudac phcgfagac lacbaat hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh akafaj lhceeucadac dncshp phckhdatac phcgfagac hdncnlg tntaf (CH[) karg prnkud  iarace kac masa yace ihreuca (ush (ush vafuh) vafuh) kac yace tgkad ihreuca shoara facesuce (cnc ush vafuh)  vafuh) 

Phrulusac Lasafaj

Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac safaj satu sulihr phcejasgfac yace saceat  ihrlacbaat iaeg lasyaradat kac cheara, jaf gcg kgshiaidac jutac lacernvh lhlgfgdg cgfag hdncnlgs yace tgceeg iagd shoara facesuce laupuc tgkad facesuce shrta cgfag hdnfnegs yace saceat phctgce, shjgceea dhihrakaaccya phrfu kgfhstargdac. Phlacbaatac sulihrkaya phsgsgr kac fautac uctud lhladsglafdac lacbaat hdncnlg kgshiaegac ihsar wgfayaj phsgsgr thrthctu thfaj lhcgliufdac shmulfaj kalpad cheatgb thrjakap dnckgsg bgsgd fgceduceac phsgsgr kac faut. Phcurucac fuasac lacernvh jalpgr lhrata thrmakg kg shfuruj dawasac phsgsgr Gcknchsga. Phcyhiai karg phcurucac fuasac lacernvh thrshiut darhca akacya  phcgcedatac dhegatac yace lhcedncvhrsg jutac lacernvh lhcmakg phructudac  phrgdacac (phliudaac ( phliudaac taliad), ta liad), phcehliaceac dawasac gckustrg, phrtaliace phrt aliaceac, ac,  phludglac kg dawasac phsgsgr, phs gsgr, phrfuasac arhaf arha f phrtacgac phr tacgac shrt shrtaa phcealigfac dayu lacernvh shoara ihsar-ihsarac. Phruiajac tataeuca fajac kac phlacbaatac sulihrkaya afal lacernvh shoara ihrfhigjac kgadgiatdac darhca phrtaliajac phckukud yace shladgc ohpat kac fuas dawasac yace thriaceuc. Jutac lacernvh kapat khceac ohpat lhcmakg shladgc lhcgpgs kac ihradgiat paka lhcuruccya duafgtas fgceduceac dawasac thrshiut. Phrlasafajac utala akafaj phcearuj kac thdacac jaigtat lacernvh  ihrsulihr karg dhgcegcac lacusga uctud lhcedncvhrsg lhcedncvhrsg arhaf jutac lacernvh lhcmakg arhaf phcehliaceac phrulajac, gckustrg kac phrkaeaceac, dhegatacdhegatac dnlhrsgaf laupuc phreukaceac. Kafal sgtuasg shphrtg gcg jaigtat kasar kac bucesgcya lhcmakg jgface kac dhjgfaceac gcg kgshrtag khceac jgfacecya ruace

 

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thriuda jgmau yace mauj fhigj ihsar karg cgfag phceeactgcya (Lufyakg kac Bgtrgacg 9010). Dhsafajac kafal lhrhcoacadac kac lhfadsacadac sgsthl phcehfnfaac sulihrkaya afal, lhlihrgdac kalpad cheatgb yace sgecgbgdac thrjakap lhcuruccya duafgtas fgceduceac kac ladjfud jgkup kg kafalcya (thrlasud lasyaradat fndaf) yace lhlgfgdg dhthreactuceac shoara facesuce thrjakap sulihrkaya afal thrshiut. Apaigfa dnckgsg gcg kgphrtajacdac, lada famu kherakasg sulihrkaya afal adac shladgc ohpat. Kherakasg jutac lacernvh adac lhcgliufdac gctrusg agr faut kac jgfacecya ignta faut. Nfhj darhca gtu, paka shtgap fndasg jutac lacernvh phrfu lhlphrjatgdac badtnr-badtnr fgceduceac shphrtg safgcgtas, pasace surut kac tnpnerabg. Dhrusadac jutac lacernvh lasgj thrus thrmakg, wafaupuc aka aturac uctud lhcmaea dhfhstargaccya. _afaj satu tactaceac yace kgjakapg nfhj para phliuat dhigmadac akafaj  iaeaglaca lhcgfag suatu sulihrkaya afal shoara dnlprhjhcsgb. Kafal  phcehfnfaaccya tgkad jacya lhfgjat jarea pasar (lardht prgoh) prgoh) karg iarace kac  masa yace kgjasgfdac karg suatu sulihrkaya afal thtapg muea lhfgjat lacbaat facesuce kac lacbaat tgkad facesuce yace kgjasgfdac yace ihful lhlgfgdg jarea  pasar (cnc (cnc lardht prgoh). Kgtgcmau karg cgfag lacbaat hdncnlgcya, shpgctas cgfag lacbaat bgsgd kac  ignfneg kgaceeap durace phctgce darhca tgkad t gkad kgrasadac shoara facesuce. Lhcurut _ukargslac (1775) kafal kafal   Afbgac (900;) lacbaat bgsgd kac ignfneg gcgfaj yace lhliuat cgfag jutac saceat phctgce, darhca lacbaat hdncnlg lgsafcya ukace, gdac, dhrace adac lhcgcedat mgda jaigtatcya iagd, shjgceea bucesg hdnfneg kac  phrfgckuceac onond iaeg dhjgkupac kac phrdhliaceac phrdhliaceac ignta phragrac thrshiut. Bucesg hdnfneg kapat lhlihrg lacbaat tgkad facesuce iaeg lasyaradat shkacedac bucesg hdncnlg adac lhlihrgdac lacbaat facesuce dhpaka lacusga. Lhcgcedatcya phlacbaatac bucesg hdncnlg adac ihrkalpad thrjakap lhcurucya bucesg hdnfneg, thtapg mgda hdnsgsthl lacernvh tgkad kglacbaatdac lada lasyaradat dhjgfaceac dhshlpatac uctud lhckapatdac cgfag hdncnlg. [hrutala  paka dnckgsg snsgaf lasyaradat Khsa Hhfajamg kac Khsa Dafgiu yace dhjgkupaccya shiaegac ihsar ihrprnbhsg shiaeag chfayac kac phtacg. Nfhj darhca gtu dhjgkupac lhrhda threactuce karg jasgf tacedapac gdac, ukace, dhpgtgce, shrta  phcmuafac dayu iadar yace yace ihrasaf karg lacernvh kac jasgf phrtacgac. Ihrkasardac uragac kgatas lada kapat kgrulusdac ihihrapa phrlasafajac shiaeag ihrgdut= 1.  Iaeaglaca dnckgsg snsgaf, shrta phrshpsg lasyaradat thrjakap hdnsgsthl lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg> 9.  Iaeaglaca dnlpnsgsg vhehtasg lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg> ?.  Ihrapa ihsar cgfag kac phlacbaatac (ush ( ush vafuh) vafuh) kac cgfag iudac phlacbaatac (cnc-ush vafuh) vafuh) hdnsgsthl lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg> Hh fajamg> [umuac Phchfgtgac

1.  Lhceacafgs dnckgsg snsgaf, shrta phrshpsg lasyaradat thrjakap hdnsgsthl lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg. 9.  Lhceacafgsgs dnlpnsgsg vhehtasg jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg.

 

8

?.  Lhcejgtuce cgfag euca (ush (ush vafuh) vafuh) kac cgfag iudac euca (cnc-ush ( cnc-ush vafuh) vafuh) hdnsgsthl lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg. Hh fajamg. Lacbaat Phchfgtgac

Phchfgtgac gcg kgjarapdac kapat lhlihrgdac gcbnrlasg lhcehcag vafuasg hdncnlg phcehfnfaac phcehfnfaac sulihrkaya lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Dhraceda Pgdgr

Jutac lacernvh lhrupadac hdnsgsthl jutac phrafgjac actara karatac kac fautac yace kgdhtajug lhlgfgdg iacyad lacbaat. Jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara lhrupadac sulihrkaya afal yace tgkad jacya lhlgfgdg bucesg hdncnlg thtapg muea hdnfneg kac bgsgd yace tgkad shoara facesuce kapat kgcgfag khceac uace darhca ihful kapat kgpasardac, shjgceea kgfadudac phchfgtgac thrdagt cgfag hdncnlg tntaf jutac lacernvh. Phchfgtgac gcg khceac lhcegkhctgbgdasg sulihrkaya jutac lacernvh kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg lhceeucadac acafgsgs khsdrgptgb euca lhcehtajug dnckgsg adtuaf jutac lacernvh kg kahraj thrshiut. Hdnsgsthl lacernvh lhrupadac safaj satu hdnsgsthl yace lhlpucyag  prnkudtgvgtas yace tgceeg yace lhlprnkudsg sulihr ladacac uctud shiaegac  prnkudtgvgtas  ihsar ihriaeag mhcgs gdac, ukace, dhpgtgce kac ihriaeag ignta phragrac pactag fagccya. Kg salpgce gtu karg sheg phrgdacac, lacernvh muea ihrphrac shiaeag  spawcgce kac curshry ernucks. ernucks. Dhshlua bucesg lacernvh thrshiut thtap aka shfala vhehtasg lacernvh kapat kgphrtajacdac dhihrakaaccya (Duslaca, 9005). Bucesg kac lacbaat jutac lacernvh kafal phchfgtgac gcg tgkad shlua kapat kgjgtuce lhcegceat dhthriatasac kata yace kgeucadac. _hfagc gtu cgfag lacbaat facesuce yace kapat kgjgtuce cgfag hdncnlgcya akafaj phlacbaatac dayu iadar,  phcacedapac gdac, ukace, kac dhpgtgce yace kg fadudac kgshdgtar dawasac jutac lacernvh. Lacbaat tgkad facesuce yace kapat kgudur akafaj phrhkal ehfnliace, kac phcajac gctrusg agr faut. Gkhctgbgdasg cgfag lacbaat tntaf jutac lacernvh kgphrnfhj khceac lhwawacoarag lhfafug duhsgnchr. Lacbaat kgphrnfhj thrkgrgrhspnckhc karg cgfag euca kacpackuac cgfag iudac euca. Cgfag euca (lacernvh ush vafuh) vafuh)yace karg jutac lacernvh gcg kgiaeg lhcmakg tgea t gea iaegac. Phrtala, cgfag euca facesuce yace kgphrnfhj karg phlacbaatac facesuce jutac lacernvh yagtu phlacbaatac dayu  iadar, phcacedapac gdac, phcacedapac phcacedapac ukace, kac dhpgtgce. Dhkua, cgfag euca tad facesuce yace kgphrnfhj karg masa fgceduceac jutac lacernvh yagtu phcoheaj gctrusg agr faut dh karat, phrfuasac fajac dharaj faut kac kahraj lhcoarg ladacac  iaeg ignta faut ( bhhkgce ernuck ). ). Dhtgea, cgfag pgfgjac yace kgphrnfhj karg dhskgaac shshnrace uctud lhliayar euca phlacbaatac hdnwgsata lacernvh kg lasa yace adac katace. _hfuruj cgfag lacbaat jutac lacernvh dhlukgac kgduactgbgdasg dhkafal cgfag uace shjgceea kgphrnfhj cgfag hdncnlg tntafcya. Cgfag hdncnlg tntaf thfaj karg lhtnkh vafuasg lhcmakg iajac aouac lhcmakg afthrcatgb phlacbaatac sulihrkaya lacernvh shoara fhstarg. Ihrkasardac uragac kgatas, lada iaeac dhraceda phlgdgraccya kg samgdac paka Ealiar 1=

 

2

Hdnsgsthl jutac lacernvh Kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg

_ulihrkaya afal jutac lacernvh

_nsgaf hdncnlg lasyaradat - Darathrgstgd lasyaradat - Phrshpsg lasyaradat

Ignbgsgd= -Mhcgs - Dhrapatac theadac - Gckhds cgfag phctgce Gkhctgbgdasg lacbaat jutac jutac lac lac rnvh rnvh

Xsh Rafuhs

 Cnc ush vafuhs

 Cgfag facesuce

 Cgfag tgkad facesuce

 Cgfag  pgfgjac

- Phlacbaatac dayu  iadar - Phcacedapac gdac - Phcacedapac dhpgtgce - Phcacedapac ukace

- Phrhkal ehfnliace (wathrirhad ) - Phcajac gctrusg agr faut

 Hdnwgsata lacernvh   lacernvh

 Cgfag dhihrakaac

 Dhihrakaac lacernvh

 Cgfag hdncnlg tntaf hd hdnsg nsgsth sthl l lac lac rnvh rnvh Ealiar 1 Dhraceda Phchfgtgac

9 LH[NKH PHCHFG[GAC Fndasg kac Uadtu

Phchfgtgac gcg kg fadsacadac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Dhoalatac Dnfgsusu Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Prnvgcsg _ufawhsg [hceeara. Phchfgtgac kgfadsacadac karg iufac Bhiruarg 9015 jgceea iufac Aprgf 9015 yace kgthlpatdac  paka fndasg yace ihrihka yagtu kg k g Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg. Phchctuac tgtgd  phchfgtgac ihrkasardac dhakaac lacernvh yace iagd kac marace. Jaf gcg ihrtumuac

 

5

uctud lhcehtajug ihrapa ihsar cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh paka vhehtasg yace utuj kac uctud lhcehtajug ihrapa ihrapa cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh yace sukaj rusad. Fhtad ehnerabgs Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg kapat kg fgjat paka Ealiar 9.

Ealiar 9 Phta fndasg phchfgtgac

Mhcgs kac _ulihr Kata

Kata prglhr paka phchfgtgac gcg kgphrnfhj lhfafug kua oara yagtu wawacoara lhceeucadac dugsgnchr, kac nishrvasg facesuce kgfapaceac. Uawacoara kgfadudac uctud lhcoarg gcbnrlasg lhcehcag phracac lasyaradat thrjakap jutac lacernvh. Nishrvasg facesuce kgfapaceac yace adac kgfadudac lhfgputg dnckgsg dnlnkgtg shlua mhcgs phlacbaatac lacernvh shphrtg ignkgvhrsgtas, fuas jutac lacernvh, gkhctgbgdasg lacbaat kac pnthcsg lacernvh, dhrapatac kac mhcgs gckgvgku, gkhctgbgdasg mhcgs kac mulfaj nreacgslh yace ihrasnsgasg khceac lacernvh, prnkudtgvgtas prnkudtgvgtas lacbaat kac pnthcsg, jarea pasar, safgcgtas agr a gr sulur. Jaf gcg uctud lhcehtajug phrihkaac cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh yace lasgj iagd kg Khsa Dafgiu kac cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh yace vhehtasgcya sukaj rusad/marace kg Khsa Hhfajamg. Kata shduckhr kgphrnfhj khceac oara lhceulpufdac kata phckuduce karg  ihriaeag gcstacsg phlhrgctaj Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara. Kata shduckhr gcg ihrgsg dhakaac khlnerabg, ehnerabg, dnckgsg snsgaf hdncnlg lasyaradat shrta saraca kac  prasaraca yace kgeucadac nfhj n fhj lasyaradat kafal lhfadudac phcacedapac ignta  phragrac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg.

 

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Lhtnkh Phcealigfac _alphf Phceulpufac kata phrshpsg Lhtnkh phcealigfac salphf/rhspnckhc yace kgeucadac akafaj  purpnsgvh  salpfgce, ihrkasardac  salpfgce,  ihrkasardac adtgbgtas adt gbgtas lasyaradat shjarg-jarg yace ihrjuiuceac khceac kh ceac  phlacbaatac jutac lacernvh. _hfagc gtu kgfadudac wawacoara khceac ihihrapa gcbnrlac kac aparat khsa/phlhrgctaj. Mulfaj rhspnckhc kafal phchfgtgac gcg shiacyad 80 nrace yace lasgce-lasgce khsa thrkgrg karg 98 rhspnckhc. Lhtnkh  phcealigfac rhspnckhc lhceeucadac  pnrpnsgvh salpfgce   thrjakap lasyaradat yace thrfgiat facesuce kafal phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh yace kg dhthtajug  ihrkasardac gcbnrlasg karg rhspnckhc shihfulcya. Lhtnkh gcg kgphreucadac lhcedamg phrshpsg lasyaradat kafal phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh shrta uctud lhcgfag cgfag euca facesuce, facesuce, cgfag euca tgkad facesuce facesuce kac cgfag pgfgjac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg Dhoalatac Dnfgsusu Daiupathc Iutnc Xtara Daradthrgstgd lasyaradat yace kgmakgdac rhspnckhc ihrkasardac drgthrgadrgthrga ihrgdut= 1.  Xlur, yagtu usga rhspnckhc paka saat phchfgtgac kgfadudac kac kgcyatadac kafal tajuc, khceac dhthctuac phliufatac dhatas kgfadudac igfa usgacya lhfhigjg hcal iufac dhatas 9.  [gcedat phckgkgdac, yagtu mhcmace bnrlaf yace phrcaj kgthlpuj rhspnckhc

salpag saat phchfgtgac kgfadudac, yadcg _K (LG), _LP (L[s), _F[A (LA), kac Adakhlg/Phreuruac [gceeg. ?.  Phdhrmaac, yagtu dhegatac lhcoarg cabdaj yace kgthducg shiaeag phdhrmaac utala. ;.  Phckapatac, yace kgladsuk akafaj phckapatac dhfuarea yace kgkapatdac karg  phrnfhjac/upaj/eamg yace kgthrgla shtgap iufac karg phdhrmaac utala laupuc  phdhrmaac salpgceac, dhphlgfgdac taliad kac akacya dhfuarea yace ihdhrma karg rhspnckhc yace ihrsacedutac. 8.  _tatus snsgaf, yadcg thlpat shshnrace shoara ulul kafal lasyaradatcya shjuiuceac khceac nrace fagc. _tatus snogaf rhspnckhc kgfgjat karg dhegatac/nreacgsasg/dhfnlpnd snsgaf yace kg gdutg ihshrta dhkukudaccya kafal dhfnlpnd thrshiut, iagd shiaeag dhtua, phceurus laupuc aceenta, shrta falacya ihrthlpat tgceeaf kg kahraj thrshiut. Phceulpufac kata vhehtasg Phcealatac vhehtasg kgfadudac uctud lhcehtajug pnthcsg kac duafgtas lacernvh khceac thdcgd acafgsgs vhehtasg ihrupa dnligcasg actara oara mafur khceac oara eargs ihrphtad. Phchlpatac eargs onctnj (mafur) kgfadudac khceac  prnpnsgvh salpfgce sa lpfgce yace kg k g fhtadac thead furus eargs ear gs pactag pacta g lhcumu karat karatac ac atau shiafgdcya khceac fhiar 90 l kac pacmacecya 100 l. Phcealatac vhehtasg kgfadudac kg Khsa Hhfajamg kac Khsa Dafgiu khceac lasgce-lasgce khsa thrkapat 9 mafur yace kg thlpatdac paka lacernvh yace iagd kac marace yace lasgcelasgce mafur kg iaeg lhcmakg 8 phtad. _hoara rgcog udurac phtad-phtad onctnj thrshiut akafaj= 1.  90 l x 90 l = Kgeucadac Kgeucadac uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat pnjnc khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku, kgalhthr kac tgceeg  pnjnc.

 

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9.  10 l x 10 l = Kgeucadac Kgeucadac uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat tgace t gace khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku, kgalhthr kac tgceeg tgace. ?.  8 l x 8 l = Kgeucadac uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat phrlukaac sapgjac khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku. ;.  9 l x 9 l = Kgeucadac uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat phrlukaac shlag kac tuliujac iawaj. Kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku. Phceulpufac kata vafuasg hdncnlg Phceulpufac Phcealigfac salphf uctud cgfag hdncnlg prnkud/pnthcsg lacernvh kgfadudac kg Khsa Dafgiu kac Khsa Hhfajamg yace lhlgfgdg vhehtasg lacernvh yace iagd kac marace. Jaf gcg kgfadudac uctud lhcehtajug cgfag euca facesuce  ihrupa cgfag dayu iadar, phcacedapac gdac, dhpgtgce dhpgt gce shrta ukace), cgfag euca tgkad facesuce ihrupa phcajac airasg, phcajac gctrusg agr faut, cgfag pgfgjac (cgfag jarapac hdnwgsata lacernvh). Jaf gcg kgfadudac shoara  purpnsgvh salpfgce yagtu  paka arhaf lacernvh yace lhlgfgdg lhlgfgdg drgthrga iagd kac rusad.

Dncshp Phceudurac Rargaihf Phrshpsg lasyaradat [hrkapat ihihrapa phrcyataac yace kgeucadac uctud lhceudur phrshpsg lasyaradat thrjakap phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh khceac lhtnkh dugsgnchr kac wawacoara khceac lhceeucadac sdafa fgdhrt  .  . 1.  Phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace lacbaat jutac lacernvh a.  Jutac lacernvh kapat kgmakgdac shiaeag thlpat rhdrhasg.  i.  Jutac lacernvh kapat lhcoheaj thrmakgcya airasg. o.  Jutac lacernvh lhfgckuceg eargs pactag karg ehfnliace faut, kac acegc tnpac. k.  Jutac lacernvh kapat lhcajac gctrusg agr faut h.  Jutac lacernvh shiaeag thlpat dhachdaraealac jayatg iaeg ihriaeag ladjfud jgkup. b.  Jutac lacernvh shiaeag thlpat lhcoarg ladac, phlhfgjaraac, phlgmajac,

 phrfgckuceac ihriaeag jhwac thrutala gdac kac ukace. e.  Jutac lacernvh lhcejasgfdac dayu-dayu ihrcgfag hdncnlg. j.  Jutac lacernvh shiaeag thlpat phcehliaceac gflu phcehtajuac shphrtg uctud thlpat phchfgtgac 9.  Phcehfnfaac kac phrfgckuceac hdnsgsthl lacernvh a.  Phlhrgctaj kahraj sukaj lhcmafacdac tueas phcehfnfaac fgceduceac khceac iagd  i.  Phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh lhrupadac taceeuce mawai ihrsala o.  Phrfu akacya dhrmasala actara phlhrgctaj kac phckukud shthlpat kafal dhegatac phcehfnfaac dawasac lacernvh k.  _htgap dhigmadac kafal phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh shiagdcya kg snsgafgsasgdac dhpaka lasyaradat h.  Dhthrfgiatac lasyaradat kafal phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh shiagdcya kgwadgfg sama nfhj phrwadgfac lasyaradat

 

10

b.  Dhthrfgiatac lasyaradat kafal phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh kg fadudac dhtgda aka dhegatac atau prnyhd sama e.  Phrusajaac fndaf ihrpatgsgpasg kafal dhegatac phfhstargac fgceduceac j.  Jacya shiaegac phckukud shthlpat atau phlhrgctaj sama yace adac lhlphrnfhj lacbaat/dhuctuceac atas akacya phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvh. ?.  Phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace phcyhiai dhrusadac jutac lacernvh a.  Dhrusadac wgfayaj phsgsgr darhca badtnr afal (iacmgr ( iacmgr kac ehlpa)  i.  Dhrusadac jutac lacernvh darhca dhphctgceac hdncnlg o.  Phcheadac judul fgceduceac yace ihful lhlakag k.  Dhiutujac dayu iadar yace saceat lhckhsad uctud rulaj taceea h.  Phliuatac fajac taliad b.  Lasyaradat phckatace tgkad lhcaatg aturac kafal phcehfnfaac dawasac lacernvh e.  Duracecya snsgafgsasg nfhj phlhrgctaj thctace lacbaat jutac lacernvh. Lhtnkh yace kgeucadac uctud lhceudur phrshpsg lasyaradat akafaj lhtnkh sdafa Fgdhrt. Xrutac uctud sdafa Fgdhrt lhceeucadac 8 aceda  phcgfagac(Eulgfar 9019), yagtu= yagtu= 1.  _aceat shtumu (__) < Inint 8 9.  _htumu (_) < Inint ; ?.  Chtraf/aistagc (C) < Inint ? ;.  [gkad shtumu ([_) 8.  _aceat tgkad shtumu (_[_)

< Inint 9 < Inint 1

Acafgsgs vhehtasg Phceudurac kgstrgiusg lacernvh kgfadudac khceac lhceeucadac fgch tracshd, yace kgfadudac khceac oara lhliuat eargs thead furus eargs pactag yace kgthlpatdac paka dnckgsg lacernvh yace iagd kac dnckgsg lacernvh yace rusad. Lasgce-lasgce tracshd kgiuat pfnt-pfnt atau phtad-phtad yace ihrudurac 90 x 90 lhthr uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat pnjnc khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa  mulfaj gckgvgku, kgalhthr kac tgceeg pnjnc. 10 x 10 lhthr lht hr lhrgsafaj tgcedat tgace t gace khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku, kgalhthr kac tgceeg t gceeg tgace. 8 x 8 lhthr uctud lhrgsafaj tgcedat phrlukaac sapgjac khceac kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku. 9 x 9 lhthr tgcedat phrlukaac shlag kac tuliujac iawaj. Kata yace kgdulpufdac ihrupa mulfaj gckgvgku yace dhlukgac lhcejgtuce dhrapatac suatu mhcgs, dhrapatac rhfatgb suatu mhcgs, knlgcasg suatu  mhcgs, knlgcasg rhfatgb rhfat gb suatu mhcgs, brhduhcsg suatu mhcgs, brhducsg rhfatgb rh fatgb suatu mhcgs dhlukgac kgoarg gckhds cgfag phctgce yace lhrupadac phcmulfajac karg dhrapatac rhfatgb, brhduhcsg rhfatgb kac knlgcasg rhfatgb Cgfag hdncnlg lacernvh 1.  Cgfag lacbaat facesuce yagtu yagtu cgfag yace kgjasgfdac karg phlacbaatac shoara facesuce jutac lacernvh= a.  Lacbaat dayu iadar Phceudurac lacbaat dayu iadar kapat kgfadudac khceac lhfgjat mulfaj  phcealigfac dayu iadar kac jarea dayu iadar phr gdat khceac phckhdatac phckhdat ac jarea pasar khceac lhfadudac wawacoara dugsgnchr shoara  prnpnsgvh  salpfgce yagtu paka lasyaradat yace lhcealigf dayu lacernvh uctud kg

 muaf laupuc uctud uctud kgpadag dhiutujac rulaj rulaj taceea.

 

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 i.  Ignta agr (Gdac, ukace kac dhpgtgce) Phceudurac thrjakap ignta dnlnkgtas phragrac yace kgudur akafaj mhcgs tacedapac nfhj chfayac thrlasud mhcgs gdac, ukace, dhpgtgce khceac lhfgjat  ihrat dnlnkgtas dnlnkgtas phr phrgnkh tacedap shrta afat tacedap yace lhrhda eucadac.khceac lhtnkh phcgfagac lardht prgoh/aotuaf lardht prnkudtgvgtas khceac oara phceudurac jarea dnlnkgtas khceac survhy jarea pasar kac wawacoara thrjakap chfayac. 9.  Cgfag euca tgkad facesuce yagtu cgfag yace kgjasgfdac k gjasgfdac karg kar g phlacbaatac p hlacbaatac shoara tgkad facesuce jutac lacernvh= a.  Phlhoaj nliad (irhad ( irhad wathr ) < Yp/tajuc Jutac lacernvh ihrbucesg shiaeag phcajac airasg atau phlhoaj nliad. Phceudurac lacbaat lacernvh shiaeag phcajac airsg kapat kgfadudac khceac lhfgjat ihsarcya airasg yace kgtgliufdac nfhj agr faut kgshdgtar lacernvh yace adac kgudur shpacmace eargs pactag yace lacernvhcya iagd laupuc rusad/marace. Jaf thrshiut kapat kgdhtajug lhfafug phcealatac facesuce kac lhfadudac wawacoara thrjakap lasyaradat euca lhcehtajug eargs pactag shihful lhceafalg airasg kac shsukaj lhceafalg airasg, shjgceea igsa kg dhtajug ihsarcya airasg yace kgadgiatdac nfhj nliad agr faut karg tajuc dhtajuc. _hfagc gtu muea kgfadudac wawacoara thrjakap gcstacsg phlhrgctaj (Kgcas Phdhrmaac Xlul) euca lhcehtajug hstglasg aceearac yace kgeucadac uctud laliuat phlhoaj nliad khceac pacmace eargs pactag yace thrkalpad airasg. Jaf gcg kgfadudac lhfafug phckhdatac kglhcsg ihtnc (pacmace, fhiar, tgceeg), igaya phliuatac, igaya phlhfgjaraac phlhfgjaraa c khceac lhtnkh Yhpfaohlhct lhtnkh Yhpfaohlhct onst.  i. Phcajac gctrusg gctrusg agr faut < Yp/tajuc Yp/t ajuc Lacbaat lacernvh shiaeag phcajac gctrusg agr faut kgfadudac khceac oara yace shkhrjaca yagtu lhfafug gckra phcehoap uctud lhlihkadac rasa agr sulur yace kg makgdac salphf khceac phliackgce agr sulur yace tgkad lhckapat phcearuj karg faut (agr tawar ), paka marad sulur yace kgshsuagdac  paka dnckgsg fndasg phchfgtgac atau paka marad sulur yace kgphcearujg agr faut salpag paka marad sulur yace tgkad kgphcearujg nfhj agr faut yace kgudur karg eargs lacernvh fuar karg igigr pactag, yace kgthtapdac paka dnckgsg lacernvh iagd kac marace uctud lhcehtajug shihrapa mauj jutac lacernvh kapat lhcajac gctrusg agr faut. Jaf gcg igsa kgdhtajug lhfafug  phcealatac facesuce thrjakap sulur yace agrcya payau kac sulur yace tgkad lhceafalg eaceeuac agr faut kac wawacoara thrjakap lasyaradat uctud lhcehtajug dhiutujac agr/fgthr/jarg, jarea agr/fgthr uctud dhiutujac lhrhda. Lhtnkh yace kgeucadac uctud lhcejgtuce cgfag phcajac gctrusg agr faut akafaj suitgtut akafaj suitgtut onst . ?.  Cgfag lacbaat pgfgjac yagtu cgfag yace kgjasgfdac karg cgfag masa wgsata jutac lacernvh= Hdnwgsata < Yp/tajuc Yp/t ajuc  Cgfag pgfgjac uctud lhfadudac prhshrvasg iaeg phceeucaac iarace kac masa sulihrkaya kac fgceduceac lacernvh kg lasa yace adac katace yace tgkad kapat kgeucadac paka saat shdarace. Kafal phchfgtgac gcg, cgfag yace adac kgeucadac akafaj lacbaat hdnwgsata jutac lacernvh. Jaf gcg khceac lhfadudac wawacoara thrjakap lasyaradat euca lhcehtajug dhshkgaac lhliayar uctud dhfhstargac jutac lacernvh yace adac kgmakgdac shiaeag

 

19

thlpat wgsata kglasa yace adac ada c katace. Lhtnkh yace kgeucadac uctud lhcgfag hdnwgsata lacernvh khceac thjcgd Onctgehc Rafuatgnc Lhtjnk (ORL). Acafgsgs Kata Phrshpsg lasyaradat

_hoara ulul lhtnkh acafgsgs yace kgeucadac kafal phchfgtgac gcg akafaj lhtnkh acafgsgs khsdrgptgb khsdrgptgb yagtu lhtnkh acafgsgs acafgsgs yace ihrusaja ihrusaja lhcmhfasdac nimhd damgac lhcurut drgthrga thrthctu shjgceea lhlihrgdac ealiarac yace shsuceeujcya yace thrmakg kg thlpat phchfgtgac thrshiut. Phrshpsg lasyaradat kgacacfgsgs lhceeucadac lhtnkh khsdrgptgb duactgtatgb. Lhtnkh yace kgeucadac uctud lhceudur phrshpsg lasyaradat akafaj lhtnkh sdafa Fgdhrt. Xrutac uctud sdafa Fgdhrt lhceeucadac 8 aceda phcgfagac (Eulgfar 9019), yagtu= _aceat shtumu (__) < Inint 8 _htumu (_) < Inint ;  Chtraf/aistagc (C) < Inint ? [gkad shtumu ([_) < Inint 9 _aceat tgkad shtumu (_[_) < Inint 1 Phceudurac tgcedat phrshpsg lasyaradat thrjakap phcehfnfaac jutac lacernvhkg Dafgiu kac Hhfajamg kgudurshphrtg ihrkasardac sdafa  Fgdhrt karg1.tntaf sdnr thrjakapKhsa : phrcyataac phckuea phrshpsg throactul kafal [aihf [aihf 1 Dathenrg tgcedat phrshpsg lasyaradat thctace lacbaat kac phrfgckuceac phrfgckuceac jutac lacernvh  Cn 1. 9. ?.

Dathenrg [gceeg _hkace Yhckaj

_dnr ?0.00-;0.00 17.00-97.77 :.00-1:.77 :.00-1:. 77

Acafgsgs vhehtasg Acafgsgs vhehtasgClhrupadac oara uctud lhlphfamarg dnlpnsgsg mhcgs kac strudtur vhehtasg kafal suatu hdnsgsthl (_nhrgacheara kac Gckrawac 1777). Kata

yace kgphrnfhj(D) kg suatu fapaceac kgjg tuce uctud ihihrapa vargaihf, ihf, actara fagc= 1.  Dhrapatac mhcgskgjgtuce kgjgtuce khceac rulus=varga

karg gckgvgku  D  Mulfaj Fuas onctnj 9.  Dhrapatac rhfatgb (DY) suatu mhcgs kgjgtuce khceac khceac rulus= karg suatu sphsghs/mhcgs x 100  DY ((%%)  Darapatac Dhrapatac shfuruj mhcgs ?.  Knlgcacsg (K) suatu mhcgs kgjgtuce khceac rulus= igkace katar  K  Mulfaj Fuas phtad onctnj ;.  Knlgcacsg rhfatgb (KY) suatu mhcgs kgjgtuce khceac rulus= Knlgcacsg suatu mhcgs x 100  KY (% (%))  Knlgcacsg shfuruj mhcgs

 

1?

8.  Brhduhcsg (B) suatu mhcgs kgjgtuce khceac rulus=

kgthludaccya suatu mhcgs  B  Mulfaj pfnt Mulfaj shfuruj pfnt 2.  Brhduhcsg rhfatgb (BY) suatu mhcgs kgjg k gjgtuce tuce khceac rulus= Brhduhcsg karg suatu mhcgs x 100  BY (% (%))  Brhduhcsg karg shfuruj mhcgs 5.  Gckhds cgfag phctgce (GCP) Gckhds cgfag phctgce paka tacalac lacernvh kgphrnfhj karg phrjgtuceac (_nhrgacheara kac Gckrawac 1777)= GCP < BY + KY + DY Dhthraceac = BY < Brhduhcsg Brhduhcsg rhfatgb KY < Knlgcacsg rhfatgb DY < Dhrapatac rhfatgb Rafuasg hdncnlg lacernvh Phcgfagac hdncnlg karg lacbaat sulihrkaya jutac lacernvh, yagtu khceac lhcegkhctgbgdasg lacbaat kac bucesg sulihrkaya lacernvh yace kgthtapdac paka jutac lacernvh yace iagd kac marace. Dnlpnchc cgfag hdncnlg tntaf lhfgputg cgfag euca facesuce (kgrhot ush vafuh),  vafuh),  cgfag euca tgkad facesuce (gckgrhot ush vafuhs),, cgfag pgfgjac (nptgnc vafuh) kac cgfag dhihrakaac (hxgsthcsg vafuh) (Pharoh vafuhs) vafuh) (Pharoh kac [urchr 1770 kafal Iajrucg 900:). 1.  Lacbaat Facesuce ( Kgrhot-Xsh Rafuh) Rafuh) karg jutac lacernvh, khceac rulus=

;

LF  ∑ LFg  