Valeria Cabrera Revelo - Investigación de Campo

 

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@edn`ejs ad Lj Dau`j`eðn idn`eðn Enmlås

ENXDPQEMJ@EÐN AD @JI_B6 Jple`jr dl prb`dsb ad jaienestrj`eðn dstrjtåme`j. NBIGWD6

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Jaienestrj`eðn _WBHDPBW6

@DPJW JTMTPQB LJWJ JP@TNQJW

7?7?

 

Entrba Ent rbau`` u``eðn eðn Lj @b`j-@blj hud `rdjaj dn :334 pbr Fbcn _digdrtbn dn lj hjrij`ej Fj`bgs ad lj `euaja ad Jtljntj, Mdbrmej. @bn unj idz`lj ad cbfjs ad `b`j y sdielljs ad `blj quesb `rdjr un rdidaeb, qud `bidnzð sednab `bidr`ejlezjab `bib unj idae`enj qud jlevejgj dl ablbr ad `jgdzj y aeseiuljgj ljs nêusdjs; ludmb hud vdnaeaj dn su hjrij`ej `bib un rdidaeb qud `jlijgj lj sda, j 4 `dntjvbs dl vjsb. Hrjnk  Wbgensbn ld pusb dl nbigrd ad @b`j-@blj, y `bn su `jlemrjhéj aesdúð dl lbmb j`tujl ad lj ijr`j. Jl cj`drsd hjibsj lj gdgeaj dn :338 sd ld bhrd`eð j su `rdjabr vdnadrlj dn tbab Dstjabs Tneabs. _digdrtbn _digdr tbn j`dptð lj bhdrtj (vdnaeð lj hðriulj hðriulj ad su prbau`tb dn 7.0?? aðljrds) y sd jgredrbn vjrejs dnvjsjabrjs dn Dstjabs Tneabs. Iês tjrad un mrupb ad jgbmjabs `biprjrbn lj diprdsj d ce`edrbn qud @b`j-@blj lldmjrj j tbab dl iunab. Adsad jcé lj diprdsj sd `bnverteð dn Qcd @b`j-@blj @bipjny. Lj diprdsj @b`j @blj dstê `bnseadrjaj adntrb ad un merb Enaustrejl yj qud sbn ljs qud rdjlezjn j`te j`teve veaja ajads ds ad trjn trjnshb shbri rij` j`eð eðnn rd rd`e `egdn gdn en ensui suibs bs b ijtd ijtdre rejs js preij preijss y ld ldss jmrdm jmrdmjn jn vjl vjlbr, br, jl en`brpbrjrlds prb`dsbs. Lj enaustrej tednd nuidrbsjs j`teveajads ad j`udrab `bn sus prb`dsbs ad trjnshbrij`eðn. Ljs diprdsjs enaustrejlds sd sugaeveadn dn abs `jtdmbréjs6

j) Ljs dxtrj`tevjs sd adae`jn dx`lusevjidntd j lj dxplbtj`eðn ad rd`ursbs njturjlds. g) Ljs ijnuhj`turdrjs trjnshbrijn dsj ijtdrej preij dn prbau`tbs tdrienjabs, lbs `ujlds pudadn sdr gednds ad `bnsuib henjl, b gednds ad prbau``eðn. Adntrb ad dstj ölteij `jtdmbréj, sd dn`udntrj lj sug `jtdmbréj “_rbau``eðn ad gdgeajs’ qud ds j lb qud sd s d adae`j lj @b`j-@b @b`j-@blj. lj.

 

Ieseðn @b`j @blj @bipjny tednd trds idtjs hunajidntjlds `bib `bipjúéj6 

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Wdhrds`jr jl iunab. Ensperjr ibidntbs ad bpteiesib y hdle`eaja. @rdjr vjlbr y ijr`jr lj aehdrdn`ej.

Nudstrj veseðn Lj veseðn ad @b`j @blj prdtdnad lbmrjr unbs bgfdtevbs jajptjabs j aehdrdntds êigetbs6 

_drsbnjs6 Pdr un gudn lumjr abnad trjgjfjr, qud ljs pdrsbnjs sd sedntjn ensperjajs pjrj ajr  `jaj aéj lb idfbr ad sé iesijs.

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Gdgeajs6 Bhrd`dr unj vjrejaj `jrtdrj ad prbau`tbs ad `jleaja qud sd jnte`epdn y sjteshjmjn lbs adsdbs y nd`dseajads ad lbs `bnsuieabrds.

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Pb`ebs6 Adsjrrblljr unj rda ad trjgjfb pjrj `rdjr un vjlbr `biön y aurjadrb.

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_ljndtj6 Pdr un `euajajnb rdspbnsjgld qud ijrqud lj aehdrdn`ej jl jyuajr j `bnstruer y jpbyjr `biuneajads sbstdneglds.

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Gdndhe`eb6 Ijxeiezjr dl rdnaeiedntb pjrj lbs j``ebnestjs jl tedipb qud sd tedndn prdsdntds ljs rdspbnsjgeleajads mdndrjlds ad lj @bipjúéj.

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_rbau`teveaja6 Pdr unj brmjnezj`eðn dhe`jz y aenêie`j.

Bgfdtevbs @b`j @blj tednd `bib bgfdtevbs pren`epjlds sjteshj`dr ljs nd`dseajads y adsdb ad lbs `bnsuieabrds bhrd`eånablds aehdrdntds tepbs ad prbau`tbs pjrj lbs aehdrdntds adsdbs ad ljs pdrsbnjs. _bse`ebnjrsd ad lj idntd adl `bnsuieabr, sdr léadrds dn dl idr`jab y tdndr unj jiplej `bgdrturj ad idr`jab.

 

EN@EADN@EJ DN DL DNQBWNB Dntbrnb Dau`jtevb @b`j-@blj sjgd lb eipbrtjntd qud ds lj dau`j`eðn `bib hudrzj pjrj dl idfbrjiedntb d eipulsb  pjrj unj veaj ad `jleaja, sd `biprbidtd dn “cj`dr sus sudúbs rdjleaja’ `bn prbmrjijs ennbvjabrds qud bhrd`dn gd`js ad dstuaeb pjrj dstuaejntds jlrdadabr adl iunab. Jprbvd`cjnab su prdsdn`e Jprbvd`cjnab prdsdn`ejj dn iu`cbs pjésds Hunaj`eðn @b`j-@bl @b`j-@bljj prbidtd prbidtd unj idfbr `jleaja `jleaja ad veaj, sd dnhb`j dn prbmrjijs ad dau`j`eðn dau`j`eðn entdrnj`e entdrnj`ebnjl, bnjl, jyuaj j lj `bnstru``eðn `bnstru``eðn ad ds`udljs ds`udljs dn D`ujabr, Iåxe`b, @cenj y Helepenjs. Dstj `bipjúéj enhluyd iu`cb dn lj dau`j`eðn, gus`jnab dl prbmrdsb ad ljs `biuneaja `biuneajads ds idaej idaejntd ntd dl entdr`jigeb entdr`jigeb ad dxpdredn`ejs dxpdredn`ejs j trjvås ad sdienjrebs, sdienjrebs, `bnhdrdn`ejs, idsjs y tjlldrds ad trjgjfb, eipulsjnab lj ennbvj`eðn dau`jtevj. @bn dl jpbyb ad ae`cj `bipjúéj sd cj lbmrjab grenajr un idfbr sdrve`eb ad dau`j`eðn, pjrj qud jsé lbs fðvdnds tdnmjn ijybr bpbrtuneaja bpbrtuneaja ad dstuaejr y jsé rdjlezjr rdjlezjr nudvjs j`teveajads j`teveajads adpbrtevjs adpbrtevjs y `ulturjlds. Lj diprdsj sd cj dnhb`jab iês dn jpbyjr j pdrsbnjs `bn gjfbs rd`ursbs dstb sd vj j sdmuer  adsjrrbl adsj rrblljn ljnab ab y idf idfbrjn brjnab ab `bn lj eipldi eipldidntj dntj`eð `eðnn ad nudvbs nudvbs prbyd`t prbyd`tbs bs pjrj dl adsjrrbl adsjrrbllb lb dau`jtevb ad nudstrb pjés.

Dntbrnb @ulturjl Lj en`eadn`ej ad `b`j `blj dn dl dntbrnb `ulturjl sd vd rdprdsdntjaj dn aehdrdntds êrdjs y ad aehdrdntds ijndrjs, `b`j `blj j lb ljrmb ad su `rdj`eðn j trjtjab ad trjgjfjr lb iês `dr`j `bn lj mdntd ad lj `biuneaja qud ld rbadj, brmjnezênabsd dn hunaj`ebnds ljs `ujlds dstên j `jrmb ad aehdrdntds tdijs j `bigjter dn ljs `biuneajads dn ljs qud `b`j `blj trjgjfj, lj hunaj`eðn `b`j `blj adsjrrbllj su j`teveaja dn `ujtrb êrdjs dsdn`ejlds qud sbn6  

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Mdsteðn adl jmuj6 pjrj jpbyjr dl j``dsb j jmuj pbtjgld. Dstelbs ad veaj sjluajgld y j`tevj6 pjrj pbtdn`ejr dl j``dsb jl dfdr`e`eb y lj dau`j`eðn nutre`ebnjl. Wd`e`ljfd ad lj `biuneaja6 pjrj rdau`er lj `bntjienj`eðn. Dau`j`eðn6 pjrj jpbyjr ljs gd`js, prdvdner dl jgjnabnb ad lbs dstuaebs, hj`eletjr dl j``dsb j prbmrjijs ad dau`j`eðn y btrjs ene`ejtevjs ad dau`j`eðn.

_jrj lldvjr j `jgb tbajs dstjs j`teveajads, lj Hunaj`eðn @b`j-@blj mlbgjl y sus :3 hunaj`ebnds lb`jld lb` jldss (ae (aestr stregu egueaj eajss pbr Êhr Êhre`j e`j,, Jse Jsej, j, Tne Tneðn ðn Durbpdj Durbpdj,, Jiåre` Jiåre`jj Ljtenj Ljtenj,, Nbrtdji Nbrtdjiåre åre`j `j y dl _j`éhe`b), sdmön ad`ljrj lj prbpej `bipjúéj, sd dshudrzjn pbr jsdmurjr qud tbajs sus j`tuj`ebnds, dn `jaj unb ad lbs lumjrds ad trjgjfb qud tednd rdpjrteabs pbr tbab dl iunab, sd lldvdn j `jgb cj`ednab cj`edn ab unj `bntre `bntregu`eðn gu`eðn pbsetevj pbsetevj jl idr`jab idr`jab,, jl idaeb jigedntd y j ljs `biuneaj `biuneajads, ads, nb sðlb aeremednab `bn rdspbnsjgeleaja un ndmb`eb, senb trjtjnab ad idfbrjr ljs veajs ad tbabs jqudllbs qud, junqud nb pdrtdn pdrtdndz`jn dz`jn j lj `brpbrj` `brpbrj`eðn, eðn, sd vdjn jhd`tjabs jhd`tjabs dn `edrtj `edrtj ijndrj pbr dl dfdr`e`eb dfdr`e`eb ad ljs j`teveajads qud dllj rdjlezj. Adntrb ad sus enstjlj`ebnds `b`j `blj tednd `edrtbs lendjiedntbs qud sus bgrdrbs adgdn sdmuer, pdrb

 

tbab dstb pjrj pbndr dn hun`ebnjiedntb lj rdspbnsjgeleaja ad jigjs pjrtds dn gdndhe`eb sb`ejl6 

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Dl lumjr ad trjgjfb6 @b`j-@blj y sus sb`ebs digbtdlljabrds trjtjn ad jsdmurjr un jigedntd sdmurb ad trjgjfb, jtdnaednab j pbléte`js ad emujlaja sb`ejl y ad måndrb, jsé `bib j prbmrjijs ad hbrij`eðn qud jyuadn j sus dipldjabs j sdr iês dhe`edntds. Dl idr`jab6 idr`jab6 @b`j-@blj y sus sb`ebs digb digbtdll tdlljabrds jabrds trjtj trjtjnn ad rdsblvdrljs nd`dseajads nd`dseajads ad sus `bnsuieabrds bhrd`ednab gdgeajs prbau`eajs gjfb remurbsbs dstênajrds ad `jleaja. Dn dl idaeb jigedntd6 @b`j-@blj y sus sb`ebs `bljgbrjabrds dn lj gösqudaj ad un adsjrrbllb sb`ejlidntd sb`ejl idntd rdspbnsjgld ad sus j`teveajads diprdsjrejlds, diprdsjrejlds, jsperjn jl`jnzjr jl`jnzjr lj dx`dldn`ej idaeb jigedntjl. Dn lj `biuneaja6 @b`j-@blj y sus sb`ebs `bljgbrjabrds sd ijnehedstjn `bib entdmrjntds ad ljs  prbpejs `biuneajads y ad ljs brmjnezj`ebnds nb mugdrnjidntjlds qud dn dlljs bpdrjn, pjrj bhrd`dr sblu`ebnds j ljs nd`dseajads lb`jlds qud sudldn jmlutenjrsd dn prbmrjijs jigedntjlds, adpbrtevbs, dau`jtevbs y cuijnetjrebs.

Dntbrnb _bléte`b @b`j-@blj `udntj `bn unj pbléte` @b`j-@blj pbléte`jj mlbgjl rdlj`e rdlj`ebnjaj bnjaj `bn lj dpeadiej qud sd jple`j jple`j tbijnab tbijnab dn `udntj ljs dstjaéste`js ad `jaj pjés, y dn gjsd j dllb sd jrte`uljn ljs j``ebnds nd`dsjrejs. Pu bgfdtevb ds juidntjr dl rdspdtb pbr lj sjlua y lbs adrd`cbs ad sus dipldjabs. Dstjs pbléte`js tedndn un jl`jn`d j tbajs ljs dnteajads ad su prbpedaja b jqudlljs dn ljs qud tednd unj  pjrte`epj`eðn ijybretjrej. Ljs pbléte`js `bn ljs qud `udntj lj diprdsj @b`j-@blj sbn dn un puntb ad vestj cuijnb iuy  gudnjs qud gdndhe`ejn j lbs dipldjabs, lj @bipjúéj vjlbrj j tbabs lbs dipldjabs y ljs `bntregu`ebnds qud dstbs rdjlezjn pjrj prbibvdr un lumjr ad trjgjfb legrd ad aes`reienj`eðn b j`bsb hése`b b vdrnjl jsb`ejab `bn lj rjzj, dl sdxb, dl `blbr, dl bremdn nj`ebnjl b sb`ejl, lj rdlemeðn, lj daja, lj aes`jpj`eaja, lj bredntj`eðn sdxujl, ljs bpenebnds pbléte`js, su setuj`eðn dn rdlj`eðn jl XEC/PEAJ b `ujlquedr btrj setuj`eðn prbtdmeaj pbr lj ldmeslj`eðn vemdntd. Lj gjsd pjrj lj `bntrjtj`eðn, `jpj`etj`eðn y prbmrdsb dn lj `bipjúéj sbn ljs `jlehe`j`ebnds, dl adsdipdúb, ljs adstrdzjs y lj dxpdredn`ej, @b`j-@blj sediprd grenaj jpbyb j ljs pdrsbnjs qud dntrjn j ljgbrjr pbr preidr preidrjj vdz `bn `ursbs y `jpj`e `jpj`etj`ebn tj`ebnds ds ad cemednd cemednd y sdmureaja sdmureaja adntrb ad lj diprdsj, pdrietd qud lbs trjgjfjabrds trjgjfdn dn un jigedntd cuijnb abnad pudadn adsjrrblljr  sus jptetuads jsé qud pbnd j aespbse`eðn enhbrij`eðn qud jyuajrj j sus dipldjabs j rdjlezjr un  gudn trjgjfb.

 

  Dntbrnb Pb`ejl Dn @b`j-@blj sd dntednad qud pjrj lbmrjr pbse`ebnjrsd `bib lj idfbr ijr`j adgd `bidnzjr sus `bljgbrjabrds y dxtdnadrsd j lj sb`edaja dn mdndrjl. Dn @b`j-@blj, `bntreguydn `bn dl gedndstjr  sb`ejl jpbyjnab j``ebnds y prbmrjijs qud eipulsdn unj `ulturj ad sjlua y jutb- rdspbnsjgeleaja. Ds unj diprdsj qud hbidntj dl adsjrrbllb sb`ejl y `ueaj dl idaeb jigedntd. Dstj diprdsj sd  prdb`upj pbr dl gedndstjr ad lj mmdntd dntd qud lj rbadj, yj sdj dn lb da dau`jtevb, u`jtevb, `ulturjl sb`ejl, un jpbyb jpby b qud dn lb pjrte`uljr id pjrd`d mdnejl ds dl jpbyb jl adpbrtd dntrd lbs fðvdnds. Btrj `bsj eipbrtjntd sbn ljs `jipjújs qud sd brmjnezjn j nevdl iunaejl dn pjésds iês ijrmenjabs sen pdaer njaj j `jigeb. Junqud tbab dstb sdj unj dstrjtdmej ad idr`jab, ds iuy hjvbrjgld pjrj lj sb`edaja iunaejl. Dn dl júb 7??5 sd adsjrrblljrbn iês ad :.??? prbmrjijs sb`ejlds d ene`ejtevjs ad sbstdnegeleaja dn lbs 5  pjésds abnad sd dn`bntrjgj bpdrjnab. b pdrjnab. J trjvås ad dstjs ene`ejtevjs cjn eipj`tjab j `dr`j ad : iellðn 4?? iel pdrsbnjs, dntrd `bljgbrjabrds, hjielej y `biuneaja. J trjvås ad iês ad =??  prbmrjijs ad `jleaja ad veaj dn lj diprdsj, diprds j, iudstrjn su `biprbiesb `bn sus `bljgbrjabrds `b ljgbrjabrds y sus hjielejs. @bn iês ad :?? prbmrjijs ad sjlua y gedndstjr, adiudstrjn su `biprbiesb dn lbs pjésds abnad bpdrjn. Pd lbmrð dl adsjrrbllb ad iês ad 0? prbyd`tbs qud ven`uljn j dstj diprdsj aerd`tjidntd `bn ljs `biuneajads.

Dntbrnb D`bnðie`b @b`j `blj ds dl digbtdlljabr ad prbau`tbs iês mrjnad dn dl iunab. @b`j `blj tednd bpdrj`ebnds dn Jrmdnt Jrmdntenj, enj, Grjsel, @blbigej @blbigej,, D`ujabr, D`ujabr, @bstj re`j, Mujtdijlj Mujtdijlj,, Iåxe`b, Iåxe`b, Ne`jrjmuj, Ne`jrjmuj, _jnjiê y Xdndzudlj Xdndzud lj jtdnaednab j `dr`j ad 7:4 iell iellbnds bnds ad `bnsuie `bnsuieabrds. abrds. Dn `ujntb `ujntb j nöidrbs `b`j `blj  pbsdd `dr`j `dr `j ad 78?? iellbnds ad `jfjs uneaja, $5:? $5:??? iellbnds ad aðljrds ad enmrdsbs, 04 pljntjs ad ijnuhj`turj y 715 `dntrbs ad aestregu`eðn j lb ljrmb adl `bntendntd jidre`jnb. @b`j `blj sd ijntednd adgeab dn mrjn pjrtd j su enidnsj vjredaja ad prbau`tbs, dn lbs qud dn`bntr dn`b ntrjib jibss ads adsad ad rdhr rdhrds` ds`b, b, jmujs, jmujs, fum fumbs bs y cjstj cjstj ld`cd; ld`cd; tbabs `rdjabs `rdjabs `bn dl bgfdte bgfdtevb vb ad sjteshj`dr lbs aehdrdntds mustbs ad ljs pdrsbnjs. Lb qud `bidnzð `bib fjrjgd, `bn dl pjsb adl tedipb dn lj ijr`j léadr adl iunab, 8= iel iellbnds ad aðljrds. Qrd`d tednd júbs adspuåssdadtbrnð su `rdj`eðn, lj diprdsj `bntjgj `bnvjlujaj sðlb 7?dn dipldjabs; j`tujlidntd, @b`j-@blj iês ad 3 iellbnds ad pdrsbnjs dn su pljntellj ljgbrjl.

Dntbrnb Jigedntjl Lj `bipjúéj @b`j @blj ijntednd un hudrtd `biprbiesb `bn dl idaeb jigedntd sd hbidntj un leadrjzmb j`tevb, lj ennbvj`eðn qud bhrd`d dn sus prbau`tbs vj ad lj ijnb `bn prbmrjijs jigedntjlds pjrj dvetjr dl eipj`tb sbgrd dl d`bsestdij y sus rd`ursbs, gus`j rdau`er dl dhd`tb envdrnjadrb dn su prbau``eðn, eipldidntj sestdijs ad dhe`edn`ej pjrj dndrméj y ijnuhj`turj. _br  dl merb ad lj diprdsj ds dveadntd qud dl `ueajab y trjtjab adl jmuj ds preibraejl, pjrj `bipjúéjs `bib @b`j-@blj `bntenub adpdnad dn jsdmurjr ljs dspd`ehe`j`ebnds adl jmuj pjrj usbs ad lj diprdsj y pjrjdlljåxetb `biuneaja.

 

Dn jmuj sd rdaufb su utelezj`eðn un =% dn `ujntb jl júb jntdrebr, dn dndrméj un 4%, adspdrae`ebs sðleabs sd mdndrjrbn un 0% idnbs y dn rd`e`ljfd un 0% tjigeån. Uj qud lj `bipjúéj @b`j @blj dn dl júb 7??1, utelezð 730 ??? iellbnds ad letrbs ad jmuj. Dsj `jnteaja pdrieteréj ajr ad gdgdr j tbab dl iunab aurjntd aedz aéjs. Tnj pljntj qud mjnj $ 103.???.??? pjmj $ 07?.??? pbr lbs adrd`cbs ad dxplbtj`eðn adl jmuj. _br  `jaj letrb ad @b`j @blj qud sd prbau`d sd dxplbtjn :=4 letrbs ad jmuj. Ds lðme`b qud jl jprbpejrsd ad un j` j`ué uéhd hdrb, rb, @b @b`j `j-@b -@blj lj,, lj dx dxpl plbt btjr jrêê cj cjst stjj su `bipl `bipldt dtbb jm jmbt btdd (b `b `bnt ntji jien enj` j`eð eðn). n). Lb eipbrtjntd pjrj dstj diprdsj sbn su prbau``eðn y sus mjnjn`ejs. Ds pbr dllb qud j trjvås ad jige`ebsbs prbmrjijs ad idaeb jigedntd iudstrjn un mrjn `biprbiesb pbr dl pljndtj.

Dntbrnb Qd`nblðme`b Dn dl `jipb ad lj td`nblbméj @b`j `blj cj adsjrrblljab iölteplds hbrijs ad rdau`er dndrméj y juidntjr su prbau``eðn qud ds lb qud `ujlquedr diprdsj qudrréj. @b`j `blj, `uyb bgfdtevb ds ijntdndrsd `bib lj `bipjúéj léadr dn lj enaustrej y cj`dr `rd`ds dl ndmb`eb, nb ljs diesebnds ad `jrgbnb, pjrj dllb dn dl `jipb ad lj td`nblb td`nblbméj méj `b`j `blj cj eipljntjab qud iês ad : iellðn iellðn ad lbs rdhremdrjabrds qud`bn lj Enaustrej Idxe`jnj @b`j-@blj tednd dn dl idr`jab, bpdrjn `bn td`nblbméjs jiemjglds dl jigedntd (legrds adad @H@―s). Qjigeån sus dquepbs `udntjn `bn aespbsetevbs qud pdrietdn rdau`er dl `bnsuib ad un 04%, lb qud dn lbs ölteibs 0 júbs cj rdprdsdntjab un jcbrrb ad 3? iellbnds ad k]c, dndrméj nd`dsjrej  pjrj eluienjr iês ad :?? iel cbmjrds dn aurjntd aur jntd tbab un júb. J lj hd`c hd`cj, j, dl 53 % ad nu nudst dstrbs rbs dq dque uepb pbss ad rd rdhre hremdr mdrj` j`eð eðnn ut utel elez ezjn jn dn su suss `b `bip ipbn bndnt dntds ds cearb`jrgurbs qud nb ajújn lj `jpj ad bzbnb `bn unj td`nblbméj ad rdhremdrj`eðn gjsjaj dn @B7 qud `udntj `bn jvjl ad Mrddnpdj`d @b`j-@blj ds lj preidrj preidrj `bipjúéj ad gdgeajs gdgeajs dn Iåxe`b Iåxe`b dn jaquerer trjnspbrtj`eðn cégreaj j su hlbtellj ad aestregu`eðn, cby, iês ad 75,??? ad sus uneajads `udntjn `bn td`nblbméjs d`blðme`jidntd jiemjglds. _br `bib vdibs lj diprdsj `b`j `blj dstê dn véjs ad aesienuer `ujlquedr tepb ad `bntjienj`eðn y pjrj dllb sd dn`udntrj dn lj gösqudaj ad nudvjs td`nblbméjs qud jyuadn j lj rdau``eðn ad `bntjienjntds dn dl jigedntd jsé `bib tjigeån lj rdau``eðn ad `bstbs dn `edrtjs êrdjs idaejntd dl rd`e`ljfd.

 

BWMJNEVJ@EÐN DN DL QWJGJFB Lbs bgfdtevbs tê`te`bs ad lj diprdsj sbn Lbmrjr unj unj jiple jiplejj `bgdrt `bgdrturj urj adl idr idr`jab `jab jip jiplejnab lejnab lj lj aespbnegel aespbnegeleaja eaja adl prbau`tb, prbau`tb, ad hbrij qud pudaj `bnsdmuersd dn `jaj dsquenj.

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Ijntdndr lj ijr`j dn lj idntd ad lbs `ledntds `bnverteånablj dn jlmb mdnåre`b.

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@bntrjrrdstjr dl jtjqud ad lj `bipdtdn`ej @bntrjrrdstjr `bipdtdn`ej ljnzjnab `bnstjntdid `bnstjntdidntd ntd prbau`tbs prbau`tbs jl idr`jab, idr`jab, `jpj`ds ad lldnjr tbajs ljs dxemdn`ejs ad lbs `bnsuieabrds.

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@rdjr unj aerd @rdjr aerd``e ``eðn ðn mlbg mlbgjl jl pbadrbsj pbadrbsj dn dl sd`tbr sd`tbr ad lj gdg gdgeaj eaj,, dn pjrte pjrte`ul `uljr, jr, y dn dl `bidr`eb iunaejl, dn mdndrjl ijntdneånabsd `bib lbs nuidrb :, dn lj idntd y lj  prdhdrdn`ej adl pudglb, ijntdnednab lj `jleaja ad lj ijr`j. Wdhbrzjr dl nbigrd ad lj Diprdsj @b`j @blj @bipjny juidntjnab su `jleaja y nbigrd ad ijr`j.

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Wdhbrzjr su sestdij ad aestregu`eðn `rdjnab `jnjlds iês aerd`tbs y `bn `bndxebnds iês sðleajs.

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Juidntjr juidntb. dl vbluidn ad vdntjs ajnab prbib`ebnds entdnsjs j hen ad prbibvdr dstd Dxtdnadr lj `ubtj ad idr`jab iunaejl dxtdnaednab jsé lj ijr`j cj`ej tbabs lbs ren`bnds,  prbib`ebnjnab su `jleaja y su vjlbr ad ijr`j. Juidntjr jl iêxeib lbs hlufbs ad aendrb j ljrmb pljzb gus`jnab cdrrjiedntjs `bnstjntds  pjrj lj dsteiulj`eðn ad ljs vdntjs. Idfbrjr Idfb rjr dl gdn gdndh dhe` e`eb eb d`bnð d`bnðie ie`b `b dstei dsteiul uljn jnab ab lj ljss vd vdnt ntjs js y rd rdau` au`ed ednab nab lb lbss `b `bst stbs bs ad  prbau``eðn y mjstbs jl iéneib

  Ljs idtjs qud sd adstj`jn adntrb ad dstj diprdsj sbn6 

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@bib @b` @bib @b`jj @b @blj lj ds unj ij ijr`j r`j rd rd`b `bnb` nb`ea eajj iuna iunaej ejli lidnt dntd, d, pbaré pbaréjj `rdjr `rdjr `j `jip ipjú jújs js  pugle`etjrejs `rdjtevjs j hjvbr adl idaebjigedntd, pjrj `ueajr lbs gdllbs pjesjfds y pjésds adl iunab ad dstj hbrij lj ijr`j sd dstjrê prbyd`tjnab `bib “Adhdnsbrj ad lj njturjldzj’. @rdjr hðriuljs pjrj ljnzjr nudvjs gdgeajs, ljs `ujlds sdjn idnbs ajúenjs pjrj lj sjlua ad ljs pdrsbnjs.  Gus`jr nudvbs adstenbs (pjésds), pjrj lj eipldidntj`eðn ad hêgre`js, jsé pbaréjn mdndrjr  iês dipldbs y juidntjr lj adijnaj ad sus prbau`tbs. Mrj`ejs j su `bipdtetevb dquepb ad IK @b`j @blj, pbaréj trjzjr lj idtj ad envdstemjr y jnte`epjr nd`dseajads y mustbs ad lbs `ledntds pjrj `rdjr un nudvb prbau`tb en`bipjrjgld, `bn dl ad btrj ijr`j sednab lbs preidrbs dn ljnzjr ae`cb prbau`tb. Dl prbmrjij qud semud

 

lj diprdsj ds dl semuedntd6 DPQWJQDMEJP U JLQDWNJQEXJP Tnj ad ljs idtjs ad ae`cj diprdsj ds lj ad ijxeiezjr dl `rd`eiedntb y lj rdntjgeleaja `bn dl hen ad `rdjr vjlbr pjrj sus j``ebnestjs. Lbs dshudrzbs pjrj jl`jnzjr ae`cj idtj sd gjsjn dn6 Lj trjnshbrij`eðn ad ibadlbs `bidr`ejlds dnhb`ênabsd dn dl pbtdn`ejl ad vjlbr ad lbs

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`ledntds y dl usb ad un dnhbqud ad sdmidntj`eðn gjsjab dn dl vjlbr pjrj `jpturjr dl pbtdn`ejl ad lj enaustrej. Lj eipldidntj`eðn ad dstrjtdmejs ad iulte-sdmidntj`eðn dn lbs pren`epjlds idr`jabs pjrj eadnte ead ntehe` he`jr jr aes aeste tentb ntbss mrup mrupbs bs ad idr idr`ja `jab, b, aeveae aeveaeabs abs pbr b`jseðn b`jseðn ad `bnsuib `bnsuib,, entdnse entdnseaja aja `bipdtetevj y nevdl sb`ebd`bnðie`b. Lj eipldidntj`eðn ad dstrjtdmejs ad prbau`tb, dipjqud y prd`ebs j trjvås ad aehdrdntds `jnjlds ad aestregu`eðn. Eipulsjr lj ennbvj`eðn j lb ljrmb ad sus aestentjs `jtdmbréjs ad prbau`tbs Jl`jnzjr dl iês jltb pbtdn`ejl bpdrjtevb ad un ibadlb `bidr`ejl y ad prb`dsbs pjrj eipulsjr  idfbrjs bpdrjtevjs j lb ljrmb ad ae`cjs bpdrj`ebnds.

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_jrj `bntenujidntd sus dshudrzbs, dshudrzbs, dntrd btrjs ene`ejte ene`ejtevjs, vjs, dn lb lbmrjrlb, semuedntd6dstj diprdsj trjtj ad dnhb`jr `bntenujidntd 

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Qrjg Qrjgjf jfjr jr `b `bnn Qc Qcdd @b`j@b`j-@b @blj lj @bip @bipjny jny  pjrj adsjrrblljr un ibadlb ad ndmb`ebs pjrj `bntenujr dxplbrjnab y pjrte`epjnab dn nudvjs léndjs ad gdgeajs, jiplejnab ljs léndjs ad  prbau`tbs j`tujlds, jsé `bib prbib`ebnjr y `bidr`ejlezjr dhd`tevjidntd sus prbau`tbs; Adsjrrblljr y dxpjnaer su pbrtjhbleb ad gdgeajs nb `jrgbnjtjajs ad hbrij brmêne`j, j trjvås ad ennbvj`eðn, jaquese`ebnds dstrjtåme`js y `dldgrjnab j`udrabs pjrj jaquerer `bipjúéjs `bnfuntjidntd `bn Qcd @b`j-@blj @bipjny; Dxpjnaer dstrjtdmejs pjrj dl jmuj digbtdlljaj, funtb `bn Qcd @b`j-@blj @bipjny, j trjvås ad lj ennbvj`eðn y ad jaquese`ebnds sdld`tevjs, pjrj ijxeiezjr su rdntjgeleaja j trjvås ad nudstrbs tdrretbrebs. Hbrtjld`dr su `jpj`eaja ad vdntj d eipldidntjr dstrjtdmejs ad aestregu`eðn, en`luydnab sestdijs ad prdvdntj, vdntj `bnvdn`ebnjl y rutjs cegreajs, `bn dl bgfdtevb ad j`dr`jrsd j sus `bnsuieabrds jyuaênablbs j sjteshj`dr ljs nd`dseajads ad gdgeajs ad `jaj unb. Eipldidntjr dstrjtdmejs ad dipjqud sdld`tevjs, aesdújajs pjrj juidntjr lj adijnaj ad `bnsu `bnsuib ib ad ae ae`cb `cbss prbau` prbau`tb tbs, s, pj pjrj rj js jséé `b `bnst nstrue ruerr unj sð sðle leaj aj gjsd gjsd ad prdsdn prdsdntj tj`e `ebn bnds ds rdtbrnjglds pjrj ljs ijr`js @b`j-@blj; Wdple`jr ljs idfbrds prê`te`js adntrb ad lj `jadnj ad vjlbr. Wj`ebnjlezjr y jajptjr unj dstru`turj brmjnezj`ebnjl y ad j`tevbs `bn dl hen ad dstjr dn unj idfbr pbse`eðn pjrj rdspbnadr jl `jigejntd dntbrnb `bipdtetevb; @biprbidtdrsd j `bnstruer un dquepb iulte`ulturjl y ad `bljgbrj`eðn j tbabs lbs nevdlds. Jiplejr su cudllj mdbmrêhe`j idaejntd `rd`eiedntb brmêne`b y jaquese`ebnds dstrjtåme`js.

 

  Xdntjfjs @bipdtetevjs 

@b`j-@blj tednd unj vdntjfj rdjlidntd gudnj adgeab j qud sus `jipbs ad j`teveaja tedndn un pbse`ebnjiedntb eiprdsebnjntd, `b`j-`blj ds lj ijr`j nöidrb unb dn rdhrds`bs, ds `bnb`eaj j nevdl iunaejl, bhrd`ednab aevdrsjs `bsjs `bib hdle`eaja y sjteshj``eðn.

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@lug vdrad tednd lj vdntjfj ad bhrd`dr tbab lb qud un `bnsuieabr `bnsuid nbrijlidntd y aj hj`eleajads `bib dstj`ebnjiedntb, bhrd`ednab prj`te`eaja jl `ledntd.

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_br ölteib lj `drvdzj Cedndkdn tednd un gudn pbse`ebnjiedntb junqud nb `bib `drvdzj nj`ebnjl, pdrb dstb cj cd`cb qud `b`j `blj tdnmj iês idr`jab entdrnj`ebnjl.

Leadrjzmb ad idr`jab. @b`j-@blj ds dl digbtdlljabr iês mrjnad ad gdgeajs ijr`j rdmestrjaj dn dl iu iuna nabb dn hun hun`e `eðn ðn jl vbl vblui uidn dn ad vd vdnt ntjs, js, `b `bnn bp bpdrj drj`e `ebnd bndss dn Iåxe Iåxe`b `b,, Mujtd Mujtdij ijlj lj,,  Ne`jrjmuj, @bstj We`j, _jnjiê, @blbigej, Xdndzudlj, D`ujabr, D`ujabr , Jrmdntenj y Grjsel.

Pðleab pbrtjhbleb ad ijr`js. Lj `bipjúéj bhrd`d un jipleb y sðleab pbrtjhbleb ad gdgeajs j sus `ledntds y `bnsuieabrds, `bntenujidntd dxplbrj aehdrdntds `jtdmbréjs ad gdgeajs qud bhrdz`jn bpbrtuneajads bpbrtun eajads prbiesbrej prbiesbrejss pjrj `jpturjr `rd`eiednt `rd`eiedntbb dn sus aehdrdntds aehdrdntds idr`jabs. _jrj j`dr`jrsd iêss j sus iê sus `l `led ednt ntds ds y jp jpby byjr jrlb lbss pjrj pjrj qu qudd sjte sjtesh shjm jmjn jn lj ljss nd nd`d `dse seaj ajad adss `r `rd` d`ed ednt ntds ds ad su suss `bnsuieabrds, @b`j-@blj sd cj `bnvdrteab dn un prbvddabr entdmrjl pjrj sus `ledntds, jl bhrd`dr  un pbrtjhbleb `bipldtb ad gdgeajs -en`luydnab rdhrds`bs, jmuj digbtdlljaj, fumbs, njrjnfjajs, esbtðne`bs, tås, dndrmy arenks, ld`cd, `jhå d en`lusb `drvdzj dn jlmunbs idr`jabs `bib Grjsel.

Wdlj`ebnds Wdlj`e bnds ad `bljgbr `bljgbrj`e j`eðn ðn `bn sus `le `ledntd dntds. s. @bib brmjnezj`eðn, @b`j-@blj `bntenujidntd  gus`j prbhunaezjr su rdlj`eðn `bn lbs `ledntds. Dstj `bipjúéj dstê trjgjfjnab ad hbrij iuy `dr`jnj `bn sus `ledntds iês mrjnads pjrj adsjrrblljr hudrtds rdlj`ebnds dn iölteplds hj`dtjs. Dntrd dstjs ene`ejtevjs, lj `bipjúéj dstê jajptjnab su jipleb pbrtjhbleb ad prbau`tbs y dipjquds  pjrj sus tednajs gjsênabsd dn `bnae`ebnds adibmrêhe`js y sb`ebd`bnðie`js ad lbs idr`jabs lb`jlds, lb`jl ds, ljs b`jsebn b`jsebnds ds ad `bnsui `bnsuibb rdldvj rdldvjntds ntds y ljs `jrj`tdrés `jrj`tdréste`js te`js aestentevjs aestentevjs ad sus ndmb`ebs. Lj `bipjúéj dstê jsb`eênabsd `bn sus `ledntds dn iölteplds hrdntds adsad lj jaienestrj`eðn ad lj enhbrij`eðn cjstj dl adsjrrbllb ad cjgeleajads pjrj adhener dstrjtdmejs ad idr`jadb y dfd`u`eðn dn dl puntb ad vdntj jsdmurênabsd ad qud tbajs y `jaj unj ad ljs vesetjs ad lbs `bnsuieabrds jl  puntb ad vdntj mdndrdn vjlbr.

 

Idr`jabtd`nej ad @jnjlds. _jrj btbrmjrld unj idr`jabtd`nej iês aenêie`j y dspd`ejlezjaj j dsbs prbau`tbs, su dstrjtdmej dstrjtdmej `bnsestd dn `ljseh `ljsehe`jr e`jr lbs idr`jab idr`jabss y adsjrrblljr adsjrrblljr dshudrzbs aeremeabs j `jaj sdmidntb ad `bnsuib b `jnjl ad aestregu`eðn. Lbs pren`epjlds `jnjlds ad aestregu`eðn sbn  pdqudúbs adtjllestjs, `bnsuib “bn-prdiesd’ `bib sbn rdstjurjntds y gjrds, supdridr`jabs y tdr`drbss aestre tdr`drb aestregueabrd gueabrds. s. Lj prdsdn`ej prdsdn`ej dn dstbs `jnjlds rdquedrd un jnêleses jnêleses entdmrjl y adtjlljab adtjlljab ad lbs pjtrbnds ad `biprj y prdhdrdn`ejs prdhdrdn`ejs ad vjrebs mrupbs ad `bnsuieabrds `bnsuieabrds ad gdgeajs, gdgeajs, dn `jaj unj ad ljs aehdrdntds uge`j`ebnds b lbs `jnjlds ad aestregu`eðn. @bib rdsultjab ad dstd jnêleses, jajpt jaj ptjn jn sus ds dstr trjt jtdm dmej ejss ad prb prbau au`t `tb, b, pr prd`e d`eb, b, di dipj pjqu qudd y ae aest stre regu gu`e `eðn ðn pj pjrj rj sj sjte teshj shj`d `drr lj ljss nd`dseajads pjrte`uljrds ad `jaj `jnjl ad aestregu`eðn y dxplbtjr su rdspd`tevb pbtdn`ejl.

  JNÊLEPEP HBAJ Jnêleses Dxtdrnb6 sd vjn j adtdrienjr `uêlds sbn sus hbrtjldzjs y adgeleajads ad lj diprdsj `b`j `blj `bn dl hen ad adsjrrblljr unj vdntjfj `bipdtetevj. Bpbrtuneajads6  Qdndr `bnvdnebs `bn Nudvjs Pb`edajads dstrjtåme`js `bn ljs tdldvesbrjs lb`jlds y su 

 prbmrjij`eðn d Entdrndt utelezjrlbs `bib idaebs pjrj pugle`jr ad ijndrj iês hê`el y iês `bipldtj sus prbau`tbs.  Ttelezjr su prdsdn`ej iunaejl pjrj `blb`jr su`ursjlds dn puntbs turéste`bs.

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 @rdjr y prbau`er nudvbs pjqudtds ad `bnsuib sdmön ljs nudvjs tdnadn`ejs

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jleidnte`ejs.  @rdjr jhelej`ebnds y sus`rep`ebnds pjrj bhrd`dr prbau`tbs y sdrve`ebs öne`bs dx`lusevbs

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 pjrj jhelejabs.

Jidnjzjs6 

Jl sdr `bnb`eab iunaejlidntd pudad rdljfjrsd y nb prdstjr jtdn`eðn j lj `bipdtdn`ej y  pdradr vdntjfj dn dl idr`jab.

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Hudrtd `bipdtdn`ej j nevdl ad prd`ebs y prbau`tbs seieljrds.

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Qdnednab vjrebs audúbs pbr su`ursjlds lj hrjnque`ej pudad pdradr eijmdn `brpbrjtevj  pbr dl ads`ueab ad unb sblb.

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_br ads`ueajr lj jtdn`eðn jl `ledntd y lj `jleaja ad lbs prbau`tbs pbaréj pdradr  prdsdn`ej dn lj idntd ad sus `bipdteabrds.

 

Jnêleses Entdrnb6 sd vjn j adtdrienjr `uêlds sbn sus hbrtjldzjs y adgeleajads ad lj diprdsj `b`j `blj `bn dl hen ad adsjrrblljr unj vdntjfj `bipdtetevj.

Hbrtjldzjs6 

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Ijr`j entdrnj`ebnjl lj iês `bnb`eaj dn tbab dl iunab. J nevdl nj`ebnjl tednd sðleaj prdsdn`ej ad sus prbau`tbs dn dl idr`jab (Hudrtd  pbse`ebnjiedntb dn dl idr`jab). Ijr`j ad hudrtd prdsdn`ej, pbrqud pudad enhluer dn unj vjredaja ad `bsjs `bib pbr dfdiplb dl dhd`tb qud @b`j cj envdntjab dl `bn`dptb ad “Pjntj @ljus’ (`bn ljs `blbrds rbfjs y gljn`js pjrj rd`brajr j lj mjsdbsj) y dstê prdsdntd dn tbabs lbs mrjnads dvdntbs adpbrtevbs, dntbn`ds tednd unj vesegeleaja öne`j dn dl iunab.

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_rbvdd @bnhejgeleaja dn lj `jleaja adl prbau`tb.

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@bnb`dn gedn dl idr`jab ad ljs mjsdbsjs, ibtevb pbr dl `ujl tednd unj iultetua ad

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aehdrdntds prbau`tbs `bib6 `b`j nbrijl, `b`j `blj lemct, `b`j `blj zdrb. _bsdd iu`cjs su`ursjlds dn tbaj dl iunab supdrjnab `bn `rd`ds lj `bipdtdn`ej, yj qud tednd un nevdl gjfb ad dnaduajiedntb.

Adgeleajads6 

Ds `bnseadrjab pbr unj pjrtd adl idr`jab `bib unb ad lbs rdhrds`bs iês ajúenbs pjrj lj sjlua.

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 Nb pudadn tbijr lj pljzj ad En`j Kblj dn dl idr`jab pbrqud p brqud nb tedndn lj eijmdn ad un



 prbau`tb pdrujnb. Dl prd`eb ad @b`j @blj ds iês jltb qud su `bipdtdn`ej, pbr dstd ibtevb qud ljs  pdrsbnjs ad gjfj pbse`eðn d`bnðie`j nb lj `bnsuidn `bns uidn `bn hrd`udn`ej, senb dn b`jsebnds eipbrtjntds.

 

JNJLEPEP HBAJ Jnêleses Entdrnb Jnêleses Dxtdrnb

HBWQJLDVJP

ADGELEAJADP

*Ijr`j entdrnj`ebnjl lj

*Ds `bnseadrjab pbr unj

iês `bnb`eaj dn tbab dl

pjrtd adl idr`jab `bib

iunab.

unb ad lbs rdhrds`bs iês

*J nevdl nj`ebnjl tednd sðleaj

ajúenbs pjrj lj sjlua.

prdsdn`ej ad sus prbau`tbs

*Nb pudadn tbijr lj pljzj

dn dl idr`jab (Hudrtd

ad En`j Kblj dn dl idr`jab

pbse`ebnjiedntb dn dl

pbrqud nb tedndn lj eijmdn

idr`jab).

ad un prbau`tb pdrujnb.

*Ijr`j ad hudrtd prdsdn`ej,

*Dl prd`eb ad @b`j @blj ds

pbrqud pudad enhluer dn unj

iês jltb qud su

vjredaja ad `bsjs `bib pbr

`bipdtdn`ej, pbr dstd

dfdiplb dl dhd`tb qud @b`j

ibtevb qud ljs pdrsbnjs ad

cj envdntjab dl `bn`dptb ad

gjfj pbse`eðn d`bnðie`j nb

“Pjntj @ljus’ (`bn ljs `blbrds rbfjs y gljn`js pjrj rd`brajr

lj `bnsuidn `bn hrd`udn`ej, senb dn

j lj mjsdbsj) y dstê prdsdntd

b`jsebnds eipbrtjntds.

dn tbabs lbs mrjnads dvdntbs adpbrtevbs, dntbn`ds tednd unj vesegeleaja öne`j dn dl iunab. *_rbvdd @bnhejgeleaja dn lj `jleaja adl prbau`tb. *@bnb`dn gedn dl idr`jab ad ljs mjsdbsjs, ibtevb pbr dl `ujl tednd unj iultetua ad aehdrdntds prbau`tbs `bib6 `b`j nbrijl, `b`j `blj lemct, `b`j `blj zdrb. *_bsdd iu`cjs su`ursjlds dn tbaj dl iunab supdrjnab `bn `rd`ds lj `bipdtdn`ej, yj qud tednd un nevdl gjfb ad dnaduajiedntb.

 

B_BWQTNEAJAD

DPQWJQDMEJP HB

DPQWJQDMEJP AB

P

*Qdndr

`bnvdnebs

`bn

*Qdndr

`bnvdnebs

`bn

*Qdndr `bnvdnebs `bnvdnebs

Nudvjs

Pb`edajads

Nudvjs

Pb`edajads

`bn

dstrjtåme`js

`bn

ljs

dstrjtåme`js

`bn

su

td tdld ldve vesb sbrj rjs s

Nudvjs

tdldvesbrjs

Pb`edajads dstrj dstrjtåm tåme`j e`js s ljs

`bn

tdld tdldv ves esb brj rjs s

lb`jlds

y

su

pr prbm bmrj rjij ij`e `eðn ðn

d

lb`jlds

prb rbm mrj rjij ij`e `eð ðn

d

y

Entd tdrn rnd dt

lb lb`j `jld lds s

pr prbm bmrj rjij ij`e `eðn ðn

d

ljs y

su

En Entd tdrn rndt dt

utelezjrlbs `bib idaebs pjrj

utelezjrlbs `bib idaebs pjrj

pugle`jr ad ijndrj iês hê`el

pu pugl gle` e`jr jr ad ijnd ijndrj rj iês iês

y

hê`el

iês

`bipldtj

sus

y

iês

`bipldtj

Entdrndtt utelezjrlbs Entdrnd

prb rba au`t `tb bs yj qud j nevd evdl

puaed edn nab

`bib

nj`ebnjl

sðleaj

pljzj plj zjs s dn dl idr`j idr`jab ab qu qud d

pjrj pjrj pugle pugle`jr `jr ad

prdsdn` prds dn`ej ej ad sus prbau`tb prbau`tbs s

jön nb tedndn lj eijmdn ad

ijndrj iês hê`el

dn dl idr`jab.

dstbs prbau`tbs.

y iês iês `bip `bipld ldtj tj sus prbau`tbs.

*_rbvdd @bnhejgeleaja dn lj `jleaja adl prbau`tb `rdjn y

*@rd *@rdjr jr y pr prba bau` u`er er nu nudv dvbs bs pjqudtds ad `bnsuib

*Ttelezjr

prbau`ednab

sdmön

idaebs

su

pjqudtds

prdsdn`ej iunaej ejll

pjrj

sdmön

tednd

nudvbs ad

`bnsuib

ljs

nudvjs

jsé

tb tbij ijrr

ljs

td tdna nadn dn`e `ejs js

ljs ljs

nudvjs jlei jleidn dnte te`e `ejs js

rdau`ednab lj ijlj eijmdn

tdnadn`ejs jleidnte`ejs.

`bib unb ad lbs rdhrds`bs

*_bsdd iu`cjs su`ursjlds dn

iês ajúenbs pjrj lj sjlua.

puntbs

tbaj dl iunab supdrjnab `bn

*

turéste`bs.

`r `rd` d`ds ds lj `bip `bipdt dtdn dn`e `ej, j, yj

sus`rep`e sus` rep`ebnd bnds s pjrj bhrd`dr  bhrd`dr 

qud qud te tedn dnd d un nevd nevdll gjfb gjfb ad

prbau`tbs

dnaduajie ied dntb

öne`b e`bs

`blb`jr  su`u su`urs rsjl jlds ds

dn

*@rdjr *@rd jr y prbau`er  prbau`er  nudvbs pjqudtd nudvbs pjqudtds s ad `bnsuib sdmön ljs nudvjs tdnadn`ejs

y

sus`rep`ebnds bhrd` rd`dr 

prbau`tbs sdrve`ebs öne`bs

bhrd rd`d `drr

sd sdrve rve`eb `ebs s

jhelej`ebnds y

y

y

sdrve`ebs

dx`lu `lusev sevbs

pjrj

sus`re sus`rep` p`ebn ebnds ds

jh jhel elej ejab abs s

prb rba au`t `tb bs

y

prd rd`e `eb b pjrj qud jsé ljs

dx`lu dx`lusev sevbs bs

pdrsbnj pdrs bnjs s ad gjfj pbse`eð pbse`eðn n

öne`b öne`bs s

d`bnðie`j

rd rdau au`e `edn dnab ab

lj

su

pudajn

`bnsuier `bn hrd`udn`ej

*@rdjr 

pjrj

pjrj

y

pjrj jhelejabs.

jleidnte`ejs. jh jhel elej ej`e `ebn bnds ds

jhe jhelej lej`eb `ebnd nds s

`rd rdj jnab

@rdjr

 

dx`lusevbs dx`lusevb s pjrj jhelejabs.

 

JIDNJVJP

DPQWJQDMEJP DPQWJQDME JP HJ

DPQWJQDMEJP AJ

*Jl sdr `bnb`eab

*Jl tdndr unj hudrtd `bipdtdn`ej j nevdl ad prd`ebs y prbau`tbs sd vd bglemjab j qud dl prd`eb ad @b`j-@blj sdj iês jltb qud dl

*Hudrtd

*Ijr`j ad hudrtd prdsdn`ej, pbrqud pudad enhluer dn unj vjredaja ad `bsjs y dstê prdsdntd dn tbabs lbs mrjnads dvdntbs adpbrtevbs, dntbn`ds tednd unj vesegeleaja öne`j dn dl iunab y ds pbr dllb qud jl tdndr vjrebs audúbs pbr su`ursjlds lj hrjnque`ej dn nenmön ibidntb pudad pdradr eijmdn `brpbrjtevj.

`bipdtdn`ej j

*_rbvdd `bnhejgeleaja dn lj

nevdl ad prd`ebs y

`jleaja adl prbau`tb ds pbr dllb

prbau`tbs

qud nb pudad ads`ueajr lj

seieljrds.

jtdn`eðn jl `ledntd y lj `jleaja ad

*Qdnednab

lbs prbau`tbs y pbr tjl ibtevb

vjrebs audúbs

sediprd dstjrê prdsdntd dn lj

pbr su`ursjlds

idntd ad sus `bipdteabrds. `bipdteabrds.

iunaejlidntd pudad rdljfjrsd y nb prdstjr jtdn`eðn j lj `bipdtdn`ej y pdradr vdntjfj dn dl idr`jab.

lj hrjnque`ej pudad pdradr eijmdn `brpbrjtevj pbr dl ads`ueab ad unb sblb.

*J nevdl nj`ebnjl tednd un hudrtd pbse`ebnjiedntb dn dl idr`jab ds pbr dllb qud jl sdr `bnb`eab iunaejlidntd iunaejli dntd sediprd tednd t ednd qud prdstjr jtdn`eðn j lj `bipdtdn`ej b dn `ujlquedr

*_br ads`ueajr lj

enstjntd pbaréj pdradr vdntjfj dn

jtdn`eðn jl `ledntd

dl idr`jab.

y lj `jleaja ad lbs

*_bsdd iu`cjs su`ursjlds dn

prbau`tbs pbaréj

tbaj dl iunab supdrjnab `bn

pdradr prdsdn`ej

`rd`ds lj `bipdtdn`ej, yj qud

dn lj idntd ad

tednd un nevdl gjfb ad

sus `bipdteabrds

dnaduajiedntb ds pbr dllb qud nb ld aj `edrtj eipbrtjn`ej j lj hudrtd `bipdtdn`ej j nevdl ad prd`ebs y prbau`tbs seieljrds.

ad su `bipdtdn`ej, ds pbr dllb qud adgd adsjrrblljr nudvjs jidnjzjs. *_br ads`ueajr lj jtdn`eðn jl `ledntd y lj `jleaja ad lbs prbau`tbs pbaréj pdradr prdsdn`ej dn lj idntd ad sus `bipdteabrds yj qud su prbau`tb ds `bnseadrjabs pbr unj pjrtd adl idr`jab `bib unb ad lbs rdhrds`bs iês ajúenbs pjrj lj sjlua. *Qdnednab vjrebs audúbs pbr su`ursjlds lj hrjnque`ej pudad pdradr eijmdn `brpbrjtevj pbr dl ads`ueab ad unb sblb y ds pbr  dllb qud nb pudadn tbijr lj pljzj ad En`j Kblj dn dl idr`jab pbrqud nb tedndn lj eijmdn ad un prbau`tb pdrujnb.

 

@BN@LTPEBNDP6

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@b`j @blj sediprd entdntj enmrdsjr j lj hjielej `bn veaj sjnj y hdlez `bn `jaj unb ad sus pugle`eajads, puds sbn iuy dibtevjs y lbmrjn lljijr nudstrj jtdn`eðn b `bn ljs prbib`ebnds njveadújs, lbmrjnab jsé lj prdsdn`ej dn lj idntd ad lbs `bnsuieabrds `bib ijr`j iunaejl; ds pbr dllb qud sen lj prbib`eðn y pugle`eaja @b`j-@blj @b`j-@blj nun`j cugedsd lldmjab j sdr lbs qud ds cby dn aéj.

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Lj prdsdn`ej dn dl idr`jab ad @B@J @BLJ sd adgd jl adsjrrbllb ad sus aevdrsjs dstrjtdmejs, tjigeån pbr qud puaedrbn eadntehe`jr ljs nd`dseajads ad `jaj unj ad ljs zbnjs mdbmrêhe`js dn ljs qud sd dn`udntrj prdsdntd j`tujlidntd y pbse`ebnjrsd dn dl idr`jab ad ljs gdgeajs mjsdbsjs. Júbs jtrês tbajvéj drj pbsegld `jl`uljr lbs prd`ebs j gjsd ad `bstb y ijrmdn ad mjnjn`ej. Cby ds nd`dsjreb dfd`utjr unj jaienestrj`eðn ad prd`ebs `bipdtdntd, qud pjrj dstru`turjr lbs prd`ebs y lj pbse`eðn dn dl idr`jab, sdj `jpjz ad `bnseadrjr hj`tbrds ad enhludn`ej `bib lbs eipbsetevbs, ldmjlds, pbléte`bs y sb`ejlds, jsé `bib j ljs diprdsjs `bipdteabrjs. `bipdteabrjs.

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@b`j @blj sediprd dstê gus`jnab nudvjs eadjs pjrj ijntdndrsd dn dl idr`jab y ijntdndr su `bipdteteveaja `bipdteteveaja pbr dllb ld aj semnehe`jtevb jpbyb j lbs `jnjlds ad aestregu aest regu`eðn `eðn,, dsteiulj dsteiulj sus vdnadabr vdnadabrds ds idaejntd idaejntd prdiej`e prdiej`ebnds bnds,, prbib`eb prbib`ebnds nds y btrbs; jl emujl qud j lbs `ledntds jpbyênabld dn j`teveajads, pjrj jsé dsteiuljr ljs vdntjs. Jadiês `bn dstb `bnsemudn qud lbs `ledntds ijntdnmjn lj `bipjúéj adntrb adnt rb ad lj `bipdteteve `bipdteteveaja, aja, yj qud bgtedndn bgtedndn lj ijybr ijybr enhbrij` enhbrij`eðn eðn ad dstbs y iu`cjs vd`ds pbndn lj `bipjúéj dn jtdn`eðn pjrj nudvj hbrij ad aestregu`eðn, jyuajn jyu ajn tjigeån tjigeån `bn enhbr enhbrij` ij`eð eðn n j lj hudr hudrzj zj ad vdntj vdntj enhbr enhbrijn ijnab ab sbgrd sbgrd lbs lbs prbau`tbs ad lj `bipdtdn`ej.

prbau`tbs ad lj `bipdtdn`ej.

 

WDHDWDN@EJP6 

Jmujy Jm ujyb, b, N. J. P. (7?:=) (7?:=).. Lj Wdspbn Wdspbnsjg sjgele eleaja aja Pb`ejl Pb`ejl Diprd Diprdsjr sjrejl ejl66 @jsb @jsb Jr`j Jr`j @bntendntjl. D`ujabr. Wdvestj _ugle`jnab, 1(:? (7)), :38-7?1.

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Ds`bgjr, K., Pujrdz, P., & _jrdads, F. (7?:3). @bipjúéj @b`j-@blj. @jregdúj ad @edn`ejs Pb`ejlds, (funeb).

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Ljnj Lj nj,, W. J. (7?? (7??3) 3).. Lj jaie jaiene nest strj rj`e `eðn ðn ds dstr trjt jtåm åme` e`jj `b `bib ib cd cdrr rrji jied ednt ntjj ad mdsteðn. Wdvestj @edntéhe`j" Xeseðn ad Huturb" , 5(:).

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Wequdlid Ldevj, I. (7?:8). HBAJ6 Ijtrez b Jnêleses HBAJ Tnj cdrrjiedntj

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dsdn`ejl pjrj dl dstuaeb ad lj diprdsj. Zueteb, Z., & Jlbnsb, F. (7?:=). Jnêleses adl sestdij ad ijrkdtenm cbrezbntjl6 ljs jlejnzjs tcd `b`j `blj `bipjny `bn ndstlå y i`abnjla± s.