Valencias Fisicas

 

DN_ RNDGHOCN_ BÆ_CON_ _g kgh`fchn Rndghocns Bæscons nd o`hjuht` kg nspgot`s ` onrnotgræstcons hnturndgs ` nkqucr nkq ucrckn cknss qug kgt kgtgrf grfchn chnh h dns o`h o`hkco kcoc`h c`hgs gs bæsc bæscons ons kg uh chk chkcvc cvcku` ku` y qug pugkgh pugkgh kgsnrr`ddnrsg y fgj`rnrsg n trnvãs kg d`s trnanj`s kg ghtrghnfcght`. [`k` chkcv chkcvcku` cku` p`sgg kg fnhgrn fnhgrn hnturnd hnturnd uhn sgrcg kg kg oundcknk oundcknkgs gs ` vndghocn vndghocn bæscons bæscons,, o`f` d` s`h dn bugrzn, rgscstghocn, rgscstghocn, vgd`ocknk, vgd`ocknk, bdgxcacdck bdgxcacdcknk, nk, p`tghocn, p`tghocn, o``rkchnocÿ o``rkchnocÿh h y gqucdcarc`. Kg t`kns dns vndghocns bæscons fghoc`hnkns, sÿd` ountr` s`h aîscons pnrn dn  prgpnrnocÿh bæscon kg uh chkcvcku`, ãstns s`h: Dn bugrzn, dn rgscstghocn, Rgd`ocknk, Bdgxcacdcknk.

DN BWGQZN Dn bugrzn bugrzn gs dn onp onpnock nocknk nk kgd ougrp` ougrp` pnrn vghogr vghogr ` gjg gjgrogr rogr uhn tghscÿ tghscÿh h o`htrn uhn rgscstghocn. Gh fu fuol olns ns kg dns no notc tcvc vckn knkgs kgs kc kcnr nrcn cnss sg ln lnog og hg hgog ogsnr snrc` c` gd us us` ` kg dn bu bugr grzn, zn, o`h brgoughocn sg gfpujn, nrrnstrn, onren ` dgvnhtnh pgs`s. Gvckghtgfghtg gs hgogsnrc` t`fnr gh o`hsckgrnocÿh o`hsckgrnocÿh qug gstn onpnoc onpnocknk knk kgd ougrp` h` lny qug kgsntghkgrdn, kgsntghkgrdn, yn qug enrnhtczn uhn vckn o`h fny`r y fgj`r onpnocknk. Dn bugrz bugrznn rgs rgsud udtn tn fuy cfp` cfp`rt rtnh nhtg tg p`r gd lgol` lgol` kg qug vgho vghogr gr ` s` s`p` p`rt rtnr nr uh uhnn rgscstghocn rgscstgh ocn gs uhn tnrgn qug qug o`h brgoughocn brgoughocn sg rgndczn rgndczn gh dn notcvcknk notcvcknk o`tckcnhn o`tckcnhn.. Lnstn  pnrn onrenr gd f`rrnd ` a`ds` gso`dnr, gs hgogsnrc` tghgr bugrzn.

DN QG_C_[GHOCN Dn rgscstghocn gs dn onpnocknk qug tcghg gd chkcvcku` pnrn fnhtghgr gd fny`r tcgfp`  p`scadg uh gsbugrz` gbconz, o`h gd fîxcf` npr`vgolnfcght` kgd `xæegh` rgqugrck`. Dn rg rgscs scstg tgho hocn cn gs uh uh` ` kg d` d`ss ns nspg pgot ot`s `s fî fîss rgd rgdgv gvnh nhtg tgss kg kgdd kg kgsnr snrr` r`dd dd` ` `r `reî eîhc hco` o` kg kgdd chkcvcku`, p`r ounht` gs dn nptctuk bæscon fîs gxceckn gh dn fny`ræn kg dns nooc`hgs. Gxcstgh Gxcst gh aîsconf aîsconfghtg ghtg k`s tcp`s tcp`s kg rgscstghocn: rgscstghocn: Ngrÿacon Ngrÿacon u `reîhcon `reîhcon y Nhngrÿacon Nhngrÿacon ` fusoudnr.

DN BDG\CACDCKNK Dn bdgxcacdcknk gs dn onpnocknk qug tcghg gd ougrp` kg kgspdnznr d`s sgefght`s ÿsg`s qug b`rfnh pnrtg kg dn nrtcoudnocÿh. Gst` sg rgbcgrg nd rnkc` kg noocÿh qug gs onpnz kg  pr`kuocr uhn nrtcoudnocÿh.

DN RGD@OCKNK Dn vgd`ocknk gs dn onpnocknk qug tcghg gd chkcvcku` pnrn rgo`rrgr uhn kcstnhocn ` rgndcznr  uh f`vcfcght f`vcfcght` ` gh gd fgh`r tcgfp` tcgfp` p`scadg. p`scadg. Dn vgd`ocknk vgd`ocknk pugk pugkgg sgr kgbchckn kgbchckn o`f` dn lnacdcknk, s`arg dn ansg kg dn noocÿh kgd scstgfn hgrvc`s`, kg d`s fúsoud`s, y kg dn rnpckgz pnrn rgndcznr gd f`vcfcght`. Kgskg gd puht` kg vcstn kgp`rtcv` sg kcstcheugh trgs odnsgs odn sgs kg vgd vgd`oc `ocknk knk:: Rgd Rgd`oc `ocknk knk kg rgno rgnoocÿ ocÿh9 h9 Rgd Rgd`oc `ocknk knk kg o`h o`htrno trnoocÿ ocÿh h fus fusoud oudnr9 nr9 Rgd`ocknk kg kgspdnznfcght`.

 

µ µ µ

_cgh ghk` k` ãst ãstns ns dn dnss qu qugg rgn rgndf dfgh ghtg tg ch chbdu bduyg ygh h gh b`rfn b`rfn kc kcrgo rgotn tn y kg kgtg tgrf rfch chnht nhtgg gh gd _c rghkcf rgh kcfcgh cght` t` kgp kgp`rt `rtcv` cv`.. Nd kgsnrr`dd kgsnrr`ddnr nr dns vndghocns vndghocns bæscons bæscons fgh fghoc` oc`hnk hnkns ns sg vgr vgrîh îh bnv`rgockns `trns o`f`: Dn o``rkchnocÿh Gd gqucdcarc` Dn p`tghocn D` fîs cfp`rtnhtg gh ounht` n dns oundcknkgs bæscons, gs qug pugkgh sgr kgsnrr`ddnkns n trnv tr nvãs ãs kg uh au augh gh fã fãt` t`k` k` kg gh ghtrg trghn hnfc fcgh ght` t`,, gh o` o`fp fpdg dgfg fght ht` ` o` o`h h uh uhnn au augh ghnn ndcfghtnocÿh ndcfgh tnocÿh y uh npr`pcnk` npr`pcnk` kgsonhs`. kgsonhs`. Ounhk` Ounhk` gstns oundcknkgs oundcknkgs sg kgsnrr`ddnh kgsnrr`ddnh gh su fîxcfnn onpnocknk fîxcf onpnocknk nyuk nyuknh nh n kgtgrfchnr kgtgrfchnr gh gd chkcvcku` chkcvcku` uh bnv`rnadg bnv`rnadg rghkcfcght` rghkcfcght` kgp`rtcv`, y gh o`hsgoughocn uhn vckn fîs snduknadg. snduknadg. ]nrn `asgrvnr kg fnhgrn fîs prgocsn dn chbdughocn qug tcghg onkn kg gstns vndghocns bæscons gh gd kgsnrr`dd` kgp`rtcv` kgd chkcvcku`, gs cfp`rtnhtg gstukcnr kgtnddnknfghtg s`arg s`a rg dn bug bugrzn, rzn, rgs rgscstg cstghoc hocn, n, vgd vgd`oc `ocknk knk,, bdgx bdgxcac cacdckn dcknk, k, y dug duge`, e`, o`h dn sup supgrv grvcscÿ cscÿh h kgd  pr`bgs`r kg gkuonocÿh bæscon sg rgndcznh rg ndcznh uhn onhtcknk kg gjgrococ`s qug nyuknh n fgj`rnr  dns vndghocns ` oundcknkgs bæscons n trnvãs kgd ghtrghnfcght`. Qgndcznr trgs sgrcgs kg ocho` rgpgtcoc`hgs onkn uhn kg gdgvnocÿh kg dns r`kcddns n dn ndturn kg dns onkgrns n ernh vgd`ocknk, gh uhn kcstnhocn kg 1= f. Qgndcznr Qgndcz nr trgs sgrcgs kg ocho` ocho` rgpgtcoc`hgs rgpgtcoc`hgs onkn onkn uhn kg pgqug pgqugþ`s þ`s sndt`s, sndt`s, gdgvnhk` gdgvnhk` uhn r`kcddn n dn ndturn kg dns onkgrns gh onkn uh` kg d`s sndt`s, gh uhn kcstnhocn kg 1= f. Qgndcznr Qgndcz nr trgs sgrcgs kg trgs trgs rgpgtco rgpgtcoc`hgs c`hgs onkn onkn uhn kg onrrgrn onrrgrn kg >== f pdnh`s pdnh`s trntnhk` trntnhk` kg fgj`rnr gd tcgfp` kg gjgouocÿh gh onkn sgrcg. Qgndcznr trgs sgrcgs kg nak`fchndgs kg quchog sgeuhk`s onkn uh`, trntnhk` kg nufghtnr  gd húfgr` kg nak`fchndgs gh onkn sgrcg. Qgndcznr ountr` sgrcgs kg kcgz rgpgtcoc`hgs, onkn uhn kg bdgxc`hgs y gxtghscÿh kg o`k`s. Qgndcznr trgs sgrcg kg kg trgs rgpgtcoc`hgs onkn uhn kg dgvnhtnfcght` y dnhznfcght` kg uh  andÿh fgkcochnd kg trgs icd`ernf`s p`r ghocfn kg dn onagzn lnocn nrrcan y nkgdnhtg. Qgndcznr Qgndcz nr trgs sgrcgs kg ocho` rgpgtc rgpgtcoc`hgs oc`hgs onkn onkn uhn kg onfchntn onfchntn o`h pns`s dnre`s dnre`s y nufghtnhk` dn vgd`ocknk lnstn rgo`rrgr uhn kcstnhocn kg >== f npr`xcfnknfghtg. Qgndcznr Qgndcz nr trgs sgrcgs kg 7 rgpgtcoc`hgs rgpgtcoc`hgs onkn uhn kg tr`tg y kgspdnznfcght` kgspdnznfcght` t`oîhk`sg d`s edútg`s o`h d`s tnd`hgs, tnd`hgs, gh uhn kcstnhocn kg >=. >=.

O@HODW_C@H Gstg trnanj` h`s nyukÿ n `atghgr o`h`ocfcght`s nogron kgd ghtrghnfcght` bcsco` y dns vndghocns bcscons, o`h ãd ound sg pugkg knr oughtn qug dn notcvcknk bæscon (kgp`rtcvn) dn rgndczn rgnd cznf`s f`s t`k t`k`s `s d`s kæn kænss kg hug hugstrn strn vck vcknn lno lnocgh cghk` k` kcb kcbgrgh grghtgs tgs not notcvc cvcknk knkgs gs qu qugg sch snagrd`s s`h notcvcknkgs kgp`rtcvns qug h`s nyuknh n gd kgsnrr`dd` kg hugstr` ougrp`. D`s tãrfch`s kgd trnanj` bugr`h fuy chtgrgsnhtgs yn qug o`h gdd` sg pugkg snagr pnrn quã h`s scrvg onkn notcvcknk bæscon bæsco n gh hugstr` kgsnrr`dd` kcnrc` y o`f` sg o`fpdgfghtnh gstns o`h dn bdgxcacdcknk, vgd`ocknk, rgscstghocn y bugrzn… Gstg trnanj` h` prgtghkg sgr uh gstukc` o`fpdgt` kgd tgfn trntnk`. _`d` sg nspcrn n ddnfnr dn ntghocÿh s`arg dn cfp`rtnhocn, gd o`htghck` y dns b`rfns kg rgndcznocÿh kg dn  prgpnrnocÿh tgÿrcon, o`f` o`fp`hghtg gsghocnd kgd scstgfn kg dn prgpnrnocÿh kgd kgp`rtcstn.

 

Dn cfp`rtnhocn kg dn lckrntnocÿh gh dn notcvcknk bæscon

AGHGBCOC@_ KG DN LCKQN[NOCßH GH DN NO[CRCKNK BÆ_CON Dn notcvcknk bæscon sg rgo`h`og l`y gh kæn p`r t`k`s d`s gxpgrt`s o`f` uhn lgrrnfcghtn  aîscon kg pr`f`ocÿh kg dn snduk. Gh gbgot`, rgndcznr ndeúh tcp` kg gjgrococ` o`hddgvn uhn chkuknadg fgj`rn pnrn hugstrn snduk bæscon y fghtnd . ]nrn gstnr snh`s, gs hgogsnrc` rgndcznr uhn notcvcknk bæscon nkgounkn n hugstrn gknk y n dns o`hkcoc`hgs gspgoæbcons kg onkn pgrs`hn, ndcfghtnrh`s kg b`rfn gqucdcarnkn y gstnr acgh lckrntnk`s. Dn prîotcon kgd gjgrococ` o`hddgvn uhn nufght` kg dn suk`rnocÿh y p`r d` tnht` uh chorgfght` kg dn hgogscknk kg neun gh hugstr` `renhcsf`. Ddgenk`s nquæ, pnrgog gvckghtg qug nd ceund qug lnogf`s dns rgo`fghknoc`hgs kcgtãtcons ansnkns gh dn vnrcgknk, ondcknk y gqucdcarc` kg d`s ndcfght`s qug chegrcf`s, tnfacãh sgrî hgogsnrc` vcecdnr dn onhtcknk y ondcknk kg d` qug agagf`s.

GKWONOC@H BC_CON,RNDGH BC_CON,RNDGHOCN_ OCN_ BC_CON_.G^W BC_CON_.G^WCDCAQC@. CDCAQC@. -^ug gs gqucdcarc`. Gs uhn lnacdcknk qug tghgf`s d`s sgrgs lufnh`s pnrn s`stghgr gd ougrp` u `tr` `ajgt` gh uhn p`scoc`h gstnadg y o`htr`dnkn. -Gxcstg trgs odnsgs kg gqucdcarc`.  G^WCDCAQC@ G_[N[CO@:O`hscstg G_[N[CO@:O`hscstg gh fnhtghgr uhn p`scoc`h gjgfpd`,pnrnkn kg fnh`s.  G^WCDCAQC@ CHG_[NADG @ KCHNFCO@:Gs KCHNFCO@:Gs gd gqucdcarc` qug sg fnhtcghg fcghtrns lny kgspdnsnfcght` gjgfpd`,onrrgrn gh pntchgs.  FNH[GHGQ GD G^WCDCAQC@ @ WH @AJG[@ G\[GQH@:  Ddgvnr dn o`fpnþgrn gh gd ncrg gh pntchnjg nrtcstco`.  Gd l`farg pgrfnhghtgfghtg gstn nknptnhk` su gqucdcarc` kg nougrk` n dns notcvcknkgs qug vn n rgndcznr.  Gjgfpd`:dns pgrs`hns hgogsctnh gqucdcarc` pnrn dns sceucghtgs notcvcknkgs:  pnrn onfchnr,pnrn o`fgr,pnrn f`htnr ocodn.

 

 

 

Lckrntnocÿh Kgp`rtcvn

Ounhk` rgndcznf`s notcvcknk bæscon hugstr` ougrp` gdcfchn neun p`r sus p`r`s n trnvãs kgd  suk`r. Gstî pãrkckn kg neun vn no`fpnþnkn kg dn pãrkckn kg gdgotr`dct`s. ]`r tnd f`tcv` gs kg ernh cfp`rtnhocn fnhtghgrsg acgh lckrntnk` nhtgs, kurnhtg y kgspuãs kg dn notcvcknk bæscon.

Qghkcfcght` Ounhk` tghgf`s notcvcknk, trnhspcrnf`s y gvnounf`s ond`r kgskg gd chtgrc`r kg hugstr` ougrp`. Gd suk`r s`arg hugstrn pcgd nkqucgrg tgfpgrnturn chtgrhn, gvnp`rnhk`sg y pr`v`onhk` uh gbgot` kg ghbrcnfcght`. Nd fcsf` tcgfp` h`s kgslckrntnf`s. Gs p`r gst` qug kgagf`s t`fnr dcquck`s nhtgs, kurnhtg y kgspugs kg ghtrghnr. Ounhk` h`s kgslckrntnf`s hugstr` rghkcfcght` kgp`rtcv` o`fcghzn n fgrfnr, sc gstg gstnk` sg noghtún kcsfchuyg hugstrn rgscstghocn y bugrzn fusoudnr, y sc dn kgslckrntnocÿh o`htchún p`kgf`s ddgenr n subrcr uhn kgso`fpghsnocÿh.  

Gdgfght`s pnrn dn lckrntnocÿh Kgp`rtcvn

 

Gh fuolns `onsc`hgs d`s ntdgtns h` sg lckrntnh p`r trnkcocÿh kgp`rtcvn, p`r bndtn kg dæquck`s kcsp`hcadgs gh d`s ghtrghnfcght`s y gh dns o`fpgtghocns y tnfacgh p`r bndtn kg lîact` gh lnogrd`. Gst` sg s`duoc`hn o`h pdnhcbconocÿh y ghtrghnfcght`. Wh o`rrgk`r h`vnt`, nhtgs kg o`fprnr fgj`rgs znpntcddns, kgag pghsnr gh uh augh ochtur`h kg lckrntnocÿh ` ochturÿh o`h onrnfnþ`dn.  

Dn _gk

Dn sgk gs uh sæht`fn tnrkæ`. G s kgocr, sg scghtg sgk ounhk` dn kgslckrntnocÿh gh hugstr` `renhcsf` yn gs kgfnscnk` scehcbcontcvn, p`r d` tnht` kgagh o`hsufcrsg dæquck`s (neun ` agackns kgp`rtcvns sgeúh gd ons`) nhtgs kg pnkgogrdn. _c dn sgk npnrgog gh gd gvght` kgp`rtcv`, sgrî gsons` gd tcgfp` qug tghkrgf`s pnrn rgp`hgrh`s y p`kgr rgvgrtcr dn kgslckrntnocÿh.

Qgo`fghknoc`hgs Gs buhknfghtnd dn lckrntnocÿh scstgfîtcon, kurnhtg d`s ghtrghnfcght`s ` gh dn fcsfn o`fpgtghocn. Dn rgo`hgknocÿh gs rgndcznr dn t`fn kg dæquck`s o`h pgqugþ`s s`ra`s y gh b`rfn pgrcÿkcon. ]`krgf`s lnogrd` onkn tnht`s fchut`s ` p`r gjgfpd` gh onkn fnron kg icdÿfgtr`. Gst` gvctnrî qug npnrgzon dn sghsnocÿh kg sgk. _c gstnf`s acgh lckrntnk`s p`krgf`s rgeudnr uhn aughn tgfpgrnturn o`rp`rnd y ght`hogs fgj`rnr hugstr` rghkcfcght`.

 

]ugkg sgr neun fchgrnd ` agackns cs`tÿhcons. O`h gstns údtcfns rgoupgrnrgf`s dns sndgs fchgrndgs qug lgf`s pgrkck` o`h dn trnhspcrnocÿh. ]gr` rgougrkgh… t`k` gst` sg kgagrî ghtrghnr. H` gxpgrcfghtgf`s p`r prcfgrn vgz gh uhn onrrgrn....  

Gh [ghv`d, p`r gjgfpd` o`f` gh gd tghcs, hgogsctnf`s kg t`k`s nsæ p`r ceund.

  N BWGQZN Gs hgogsnrcn pnrn ddgvnr n ona` uh f`vcfcght` ` pnrn fnhgjnr uh chstrufght`. Gh hugstr` ons` usnrgf`s kg dn bugrzn pnrn nscr dn rnqugtn y knr dn snoukckn.

NEC CKNK

 

Gs dn onpnocknk kg o``rkchnr d`s f`vcfcght`s `rkghîhk`d`s pnrn uh bch kgtgrfchnk`. Dn necdcknk h`s onpnoctn pnrn gbgotunr dns `p`rtuhns o`rrgooc`hgs kg f`vcfcght`s y tãohcons kcstchtns gh sctunoc`hgs nhîd`ens. Gstn pr`pcgknk gs chkcspghsnadg gh gd [ghv`d y tghcs, sg dn tcghg qug gkuonr kgskg gd prchocpc`.

 

Dns o`hkcoc`hgs sg rgbcgrgh tnht` n pr`pcgknkgs bæscons o`f` gspcrctundgs ` psæqucons.

Dns pr`pcgknkgs fîs cfp`rtnhtgs s`h.

>. 1. ?.

Bugrzn Necdcknk  Qnpckgz ` vgd`ocknk 

;.

Qgscstghocn

 

 Bdgxcacdcknk  Hnturndfghtg ãstns pr`pcgknkgs s`h gspgocbcons y eghãrcons, y onkn kgp`rtg gh pnrtcoudnr kg fîs rgvgdnræn n uhn u `trn.

 

QN]CKGZ Gs dn onpnocknk kg fnhtghgr d`s fúsoud`s gh noocÿh n ernh vgd`ocknk. Gh [ghv`d sg hgogsctn dn rnpckgz pnrn kgspdnznrsg gh dn onholn, pugs dn pgd`tn gs kgfnscnk` rîpckn, yn qug ãstn pgrfnhgog gh gd ncrg.

Gstn vndghocn ` o`hkcocÿh sg pugkg pgrbgooc`hnr lnstn ocgrt` puht`.

QG_C_[GHOCN  Gs dn onpnocknk kg ddgvnr n ona` uh f`vcfcght` kurnhtg fuol` tcgfp`. _geúh dn `pchcÿh eghgrnd, sg ansn gh gd augh buhoc`hnfcght` kgd o`rnzÿh y kg d`s scstgfns ocroudnt`rc`, hgrvc`s` y rgspcrnt`rc`, g chodus` kg

 

d`s fúsoud`s d`ondgs. Dns onrnotgræstcons kgd [ghv`d, dn kurnocÿh kg d`s juge`s, gs kgocr, kg d`s sgts, gd ond`r y n fghuk` d`s rny`s s`dnrgs, lnogh kg dn rgscstghocn uhn oundcknk chkcspghsnadg. Gd ghtrghnfcght` y sÿd` gd ghtrghnfcght` kgsnrr`ddn dn ansg kg dn rgscstghocn.

_lnrg tlcs: