UTOPIJA I DISTOPIJA - Seminarski

 

Ioededŧno ignuetct Sfovcrzotctg u Hcdarg`u Ngtc`rg zg dpŧtu nfloŶcvfdst o tcdrolu nfloŶcvfdsto

\gvrŧfo ospotfo rg` oz prc`kctg Xdkgf RYOOO vcng u fgstgvo

Kcftdrng< Hrgfg Koeg`ofdv

 

Stdpolsnd u nfloŶcvfdsto o nofckgtdargiolo

 

Ngf`o` fgsuprdt Jboe`rcf di kcf o Jedjnwdrn drgfac

Oso`drg Gtgfgjndvoj 8=73/=?37 `drrg.ostrgzulcMakgoe.jdk

gvaust, 8=71.

 

Stdpolg o `ostdpolg

Zgk pdlgk utdpolc, ngd o flcadvg prosutfdst u Ŷovdtokg elu`o d` sgkda flobdvda pdċctng `d `gfgŧflca `gfg, svc`dċo d fcosndrcflovdk dptokozku ċdvcċgfstvg. ċdvcċgfstv g. \gbvgeluluāo ċdvcnu nndlo dlo d` pgktovcng, fczg`dvdelgf fczg`dvdelgf pdstdlcādk elu`sndk zglc`fojdk, dpscsovfd tcŶo, sgflg o prdlcntulc fdvc vrec svctdvc. D` ]egtdfg, prcnd Kdrg `d utdpolsnob `ceg nfloŶcvfdsto 87. vcng. ]drc` gftoċnob utdpolsnob o`cgeg (fpr. lc`fc d` prvob iuturostoċnob prongzg utdpolc stgrda vcng, Ycraoeolcvc ċctvrtc cnedac), cnedac), broŧāgfstvd lc lc`gf d` fg fglzfgċglfolob lzfgċglfolob igntdrg zg rgzv rgzvdl dl `gelc cvrdpsnc utdpolsnc trg`ojolc (rctrdarg`fg utdpolg stgrdzgvctfc proċc d c`cfsndk vrtu). Pgndėc vczg ozkcėu broŧāgfstvg o utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto ldŧ voŧc lc utvrėcfg zgbvgeluluāo @gftcu o flcadvdl HdŶgfstvcfdl ndkc`olo.  Xd`dfgċcefon dvda nfloŶcvfda Ŷgfrg, Pdkgs Kdr, lc okcfdvgd tgl igftgstoċfo o o`cgefo prdstdr spglgflck arċnob rcċo dutdpds (kcstd ndag fckg) o cutdpds (`dhrd kcstd). Df zglc`fd sg Hclnd Hclndfdk fdk o Xghecdk ċofo srŶ rcfcsgf rcfcsgfsfc sfc utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto, stvdrovŧo lc`ofstvcfo kd`ce kd`crfc utdpolc.  FglvgŶfolg ċoflcfojg ċoflcfojg d icfdkcfu uutdpolc tdpolc lcstc td `g su su sgvrŧcfg `ruŧtvg, `ruŧtvg, zgtvdrc zgtvdrcfg fg o ozdedvgfg, fglċcŧāc skcŧtcfg fca`c fg fcndk u`gelcfdk o fc`dstupfdk dstrvu-pdput Kdrdvc Stdpolc ndlg lc fgstgeg tgnd ŧtd lc flcf dsfovgċ Stdp stupovŧo fg pdeudstrvd fgrc`od `g sc d`scċc vczg sg ndpfdk, o tgnd stvdrod zgschfd dstrvd ndlc lc pd flcku `dhoed okc Stdpolg.  Stdpolg lc, zgostg, sgf ċdvcċgfstvg d hu`uāfdsto, ognd dstvgrcflc tda sfg prc`stgvelg  pgrg`dns lcr sc utdpolg o ostdrolg kcėusdhfd kcėusdhfd osneluċulu, o ``gg ho utdpolg zg` zg`rŶgeg rŶgeg svdl o`cftotct kdrg `g hu`c stvgrfd fcdstvgrovg, ofgċc pdstglc o`cdedaolg. Kcėutok, Ngre Kgfbglk pdskgtrgluāo icfdkcfc utdpolc o o`cdedaolc sg sdjodedŧnda gspcntg skgtrg `g, pdŧtd prc`stgvfojo fcnc d`rcėcfc stvgrfdsto fgzovglu utdpoldk svc dfc o`clc ndlc, ng`g sc pdskgtrglu sg flobdvda aec`oŧtg fong`g fcāc hoto dstvgrcfc, lc kdauāc `g `gfgŧflc utdpolc pdstgfu sutrgŧflc stvgrfdsto 7, hgŧ zhda tdag ŧtd

`d ndfnrctfda

d`rcėovgflg utdpolc uvcn uvcn `degzo sg fcnda d`rcėcfda d`rcėcfda cazostcfjolgefda cazostcfjolgefda stcpcfg.

7

Ngre Kgfbglk, O`cdedaolg o utdpolg, Fdeot, Hcdarg` 7?92.

 

Stdpolg sg ngnvdk sc srcāckd srcāckd u nfloŶcvfdsto nfloŶcvfdsto o ioedzdiolo lc skcŧtcfg fca`c fca`c ozkcėu zckelc o fchg, lgvc o sfg. Dfg lc sgvrŧcfg zckelg, kcstd ndag fckg, sg fglhdelok `ruŧtvcfok o `rŶgvfok urcėcflck u d`fdsu fg sotugjolu u stvgrfdk vrckcfu o  prdstdru. @g ho dpstgeg dpstgeg dfg lc ozdedvgfg, ozdedvgfg, o pdput rglsnda rglsnda vrtg `dstupfg sgkd ozghrgfokg. S fldl fckg cvdeujolc lcr lc stg`oluk sgvrŧcfstvg vcā pdstoafut, g undeond  ho pdċceg sostcksno sostcksno `g cvdeuorg uruŧoeg uruŧoeg ho sc sgkg u schc o prctvdroeg u `ostdpolu.  Xcċfon nfloŶcvfob tcrkofg @rgaoŧc Żovndvoāg dposulc `ostdpolu ngd vrstu

utdpolc ndlg

ozrgŶgvg `ruŧtvcfd urcėcflc suprdtfd d` o`cgefda. @ostdpolc sc d`eonulu trgaoċfdŧāu, igtgeozkdk o pcsokozkdk o ngd tgnvc pdċoflu `g veg`glu nfloŶcvfdŧāu `vg`csctda vcng `dn utdpolg dstglc pd strgfo lcr fckg fongnvu `ofgkoċfdst o ċolo aegvfo lufgjo fosu fdsodjo rg`flc. Ostdrolu utdpolc kdŶckd prgtoto ngd ostdrolu fg`c ċdvcċgfstvg, prcnd gftonc `d pdċctng `vg`csctda vcng ng`g zgstrgŧuluāg seong `ostdpolc pdċoflc `g prcdveg`gvg prcdveg`gvg.. ]dsec ]rvda svctsnda rgtg udċgvg sc ruŧoegċng spdsdhfdst fgunc, o tgnd zedupdtrchg fgunc pdstglc  lc`gf d` aegvfob aegvfob kdtovg `ostdpolsnda `ostdpolsnda voėcflg hu`uā hu`uāfdsto. fdsto. Ognd sc kd kdŶc Ŷc uzcto zg tg tgċfd ċfd koŧelcflc `g lc `ostdpolg ndfstrunt kd`crfda `dhg, Ircfn Kcfluce o Irojo Kcfluce ostoċu aec`oŧtc `g td opgn fc kdrg `g hu`c tgnd, vcā `g lc pdlgk `ostdpolc stgr ndeond o utdpolg, lcr ―gnd lc u pdzg`ofo svgnc utdpolc gftoutdpolg, df`g sc kdŶc rcāo o suprdtfd, `g sc u pdzg`ofo kfdaob `ostdpolg fgegzo tglfg utdpolg‛8. ]drc` `ostdpolc, prosutgf lc tcrkof gftoutdpolg ndlo zglc`fd sg prvok ċofo gftdfok utdpolo, kcėutok gftoutdpolg ho sc tcrkofdedŧno voŧc d`fdsoeg fg suprdtstgvelgflc dstvgrovgflu utdpolc. @ostdpolg u kd`crfdl nfloŶcvfdsto, nfloŶcvfdsto `vg`csctda o `vg`csct prvda vcng, `dholg ctonctu fguċfc igftgstonc. \drojg ĝcradvoā-Ldnsokdvoā skgtrg `g lc vred tcŧnd  pdvuāo lgsfc eofolc eofolc ozkcėu fguċf fguċfcc igtfgstonc o utdpolsnc utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto lc lcrr Ŷgfrdvo fosu acfcroċno ċosto, kcėutok lgsfd lc `g utdpolg pdstdlo ngd sgkdstgegf icfdkcf d` ]egtdfg `d `gfgs, tc sc prc kdŶc fgzvgto `ruŧtvcfdk igftgstondk fcad fguċfdk. Dfg sc pdzovg fg @grng Zuvofg ndlo ngŶc `g sc utdpolg fc skc kcŧgto sg fguċfdk igftgstondk ognd pdfcng`g `degzo `d prcnegpgflg dvg `vg Ŷgfrg, lcr lc tckg utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto uvcn o sgkd `ruŧtvd, `dn nd` fguċfc igftgstonc td folc seuċgl.

8

 \drojg ĝcradvoā-Ldnsokdvoā, Stdpolg, Acdpdctong, Hcdarg`, 8==?.

 

 Fglzg` utdpolsng nfloŶcvfdst svd svdll vceono prdjvgt `dŶovelgvg `dŶovelgvg u tzv. of`ustrolo of`ustrolo zghgvc, u cro ioekdvg, tcecvozolc o fczgkoseovda rgzvdlg fgunc. Zgkg utdpolg lc aurfutg pd strgfo, dptuŶcfg zg pgsovfdst o kdfdtdfolu rg`flc, `dn `ostdpolg veg`g seuŶcāo sc  pgrgfdoċfok, cadjcftroċfok cadjcftroċfok strgbdk ċdvcċgfstvg ċdvcċgfstvg dd`` sgkdufoŧtcf sgkdufoŧtcflg. lg. Ognd `ceulc `g lc ndecntovfg fg`g zg spgs ċdvcċgfstvg u kcstu ndag fckg pdtpufd zghdrgvelcfg o  prcvgzoėcfg, `g skd sc pdk  prcvgzoėcfg, pdkoroeo oroeo sg su`hofdk ndlu fgk lc Zvoit `d`ceod `d`ceod,, kdŶc sc o `gelc fgzrcto pegkoċgn dfda vcċotda dptokozkg, g u fdsodjokg `ostdpolc prcpdzfgto  lufgjo gftoċnob trgac`olg trgac`olg ndlo fdsc su`hofu su`hofu svctg fg svdlok rgkcfokg. Szcvŧo u dhzor ngnd `ostdpolg folc rgsnrstoeg sg svdldk fgovfdk scstrdk utdpoldk kdauāc lc `gelc gfgeozorgto utdpolsng `ceg RYOOO vcng pdput Ydetcrdvda Ngf`o`g sg `ostdpolsnok stvgrgegŧtvdk sg`gŧflojc. sg`gŧflojc. 7. St Stdp dpol olsn snd d u Ng Ngf` f`o` o`u u

  Stdpolsnc sgtorc oeo sgtoroċfc utdpolc pdstgāc ecaotokgf nfloŶcvfo icfdkcf tcn fgndf Aueovcrdvob putdvgflg @Ŷdfgtgfg Zvoitg. Pro`csctgn ad`ofg ngsfolc lgvelg sc Ydetcrdv Ngf`o`  ċolg  ċolg lc dsfdvfg vrc`fdst `ubdvotg o sfgŶfg sgtorg ndlc okg u ozdhoelu. Ognd sc d`eonulc utdpolsnok ceckcftokg, aegvfo prc`kct Ngf`o`g o flcadvc sgtorc, ngnd skgtrg Ycelnd Ndrgā, lc Eglhfojdvg o`clg d prc`d`rcėcfdl prc`d`rcėcfdl bgrkdfolo. Eglh Eglhfoj foj vceo, ngd d`advdr fg potgflc zgŧtd u svctu pdstdlc fcsrcāg o pgtflg, `g lc Hda gpsdeutfd `dhgr o gpsdeutfd prgvc`gf, o `g lc dvd fglhdelo d` svob kdauāob svctdvg. Dvgl svct u ndkc Ŷovokd o u ndkc kdrgkd `g Ŷovokd lc, `gnec, uprgvd dfgngv ngngv ngngv  lc kdagd `g hu`c hu`c o kdrgd `g hhu`c. u`c. Ydetcr lc skc skcŧtgluāo ŧtgluāo Ngf`o`g u `ostdpoldk  pdlgċgfu rcgefdst rcgefdst Ŷcecd `g pdn pdngŶc gŶc ndeond lc tg tgngv ngv ndskoċno ddptokozgf ptokozgf u`gelcf d` stvgrfda stgflg stvgro. G stgvelgflck rcċo d fglhdelck svctu d` svob kdauāob svctdvg u ustg svda lufgng lc Ŷcecd ldŧ voŧc `g oeustrulc tu ―sgtoru fgrgvo‛ ndlu Ngf`o`  prc`stgvelg, lcr ŧtg lc flcadvd okc `ruad, `ruad, `d fgovnd. Zgkok tok Ngf`o` pd pdstglc stglc prgvo  prokcrgn ozrcnc fdkcf cst dkcf: ng`g pdrc` soefob fc`gāg ndlc ag sfgegzc tdndk flcadvda putdvgflg o `gelc egndvcrfd prostupg ċoflcfojgkg ndlokg ag lc fguċod flcadv uċotcel, ioedzdi, `dntdr ]gfaeds u ndkc lc deoċcfg ċotgvg ioedzdiolg fckgċnob fguċfong ndlo fosu fo btceo `g kosec `gelc d` Eglhfojg. :

Okc lc prc`zfgn> vcrdvgflc `g okc utoċc o nrcorg ngrgntcr su`hofu eoċfdsto.

 

]gfaeds lc ―prc`gvgd kctgiozond-tcdedad-ndskded-foadedaolu‛ kctgiozond-tcdedad-ndskded-foadedaolu‛ o uz pdkdā flc `dngzovgd `g fckg pdsec`ojc hcz uzrdng. Ycelnd Ndrgā tgndėc fgvd`o `g fond nd lc  hod ―nrv o kcsd‛ icu`gefda sostc sostckg kg Ydetcrdvda `dhg folc hod ozdstgvelcf u flcadvdl fckoedsr`fdl nrotojo. Xuaeu lc pd`vragd svc o svgnda o fo u lc`fdk kdkcftu folc oz`gd svdl dŧtgr nrotoċno `ub, sgrngzgk o skosgd zg bukdr. Ngf`o` lc prgvo grbctopsno utdpolsno lufgn, df, ozhgċcf oz fglecpŧca d` svob kdauāob  zgkndvg0 pdċoflc `g tukgrg

pd svctu Ydetcrdvc `ostdpolsnc sg`gŧfldsto u ndldl okg

voŧc fgngzfda fcad ecpda. Gutdr ag vd`o d` Fckgċnc, prcnd Bdegf`olc o Irgfjusnc, ċgn u ]grgavgl o Ce`drg`d (a`c sc, dkcėgfg vrbdvokg srtkob pegfofg, ozdedvgfg d` dstgtng svctg, snrovg Ydetcrdvg utdpolg), `g ho ag vrgtod u Irgfjusnu o Cfaecsnu,g zgtok uputod u Ycfcjolu o Pursnu a`c sc zgvrŧgvg flcadvd putdvgflc. Pgnd lc Ngf`o` vred pgsovgf, df sgkd prokg o upolg ofidrkgjolc d svctu ndlo ag dnruŶulc o sndrd `d sgkda nrglg zg`rŶgvg svdl fckdauāo dtpokozgk d fglhdelck d` svob kdauāob  svctdvg, pdrc` svc nrvo, uhostgvg, uhostgvg, hdecsto, soedvgflg, soedvgflg, pelgċngflg, pelgċngflg, pgelcflg o rgtdvg nnrdz rdz

ndlc lc prcagzod, g ndlc Ydetcr tgnd bopcrhdeoċno dposulc.

Ngnd su utdpolg o `ostdpolg tcrkofo ndlo sc kcėusdhfd pd`rgzukcvg pd`rgzukcvglu, lu, lc`fd fc kdŶc pdstdlgto hcz svcsto d pdstdlgflu dvda `ruada, Ydetcr lc, pdput Pdkgsg Kdrg o Zvoitg, Ngf`o`g tdndk putdvgflg nrdz `ostdpolu skcstod u utdpolsno Ce`drg`d. S cvrdpsndl nfloŶcvfdsto egtofdgkcroċng ecacf`g d Ce`drg`u `dŶovgelgvg fglsegvfolu o fgluspcŧfolu dhrg`u hgŧ u Ydetcrdvdk Ngf`o`u. ]rcnd votczg Xgeolg, ndag o sgk Ydetcr spdkoflc u Ngf`o`u, u Cvrdpu stoŶc ecacf`g d zegtdk hdagtdk  luŶfdgkcroċndk nrgelcvstvu nrgelcvstvu ċolo sc nrg nrgel el lc`fdk ad`oŧflc prckgzulc prckgzulc uelck, g pdtdk pdtdk 3

 pdsopg zegtfok prgbdk prgbdk o tgnd pdstglc ―zegtfo ċdvcn ċdvcn‛‛ Ce @drg`d.

Ydetcrdv Ce`drg`d lc d`scċcf d` dstgtng svctg fcprostupgċfok acdragisnok

 pdedŶglck. Df lc dovoċcf strkok pegf pegfofgkg ofgkg o sgkok tok sgċ sgċuvgf uvgf d` pdbecpfob pdbecpfob dċolu o nrg`elovob runu cvrdpelgfg. Ydetcr, pdput Kdrg, skgtrg `g lc ictoŧozgjolg fdvjg aegvfo  prdheck fgngrg`fda fgngrg`fda iufnjodfosg iufnjodfosgflg flg `ruŧtvg tc zh zhda da tdag u Ce`drg Ce`drg`u `u zegtd o `rgauelo fckglu fongnvu iufnjolu, stgfdvfojo ag skgtrglu zg prelgvŧtofu o ŧelufgn flobdvob `rukdvg9.

  0 3

Ydetcr, Ngf`o` , Xg`, Hcdarg`, 7?9:.

\drojg ĝcradvoā-Ldnsokdvoā, Stdpolg, Acdpdctong, Hcdarg`, 8==?. Ydetcr, Ngf`o` , Xg`, Hcdarg`, 7?9:

9

 

Zjcfg u ndldl Ngf`o` o Ngngkhd srcāu `cju ndlg sc oarglu kcėu `rgaok ngkcflck o zegtdk fc pro`gvgluāo ok fongngv zfgċgl, fglhdelc oeustrulc fcstvgrfdst Ce`drg`g  pdstoafutu pgrd`orgflck pgrd`orgflck cvrdpsnda ndfjcptg ndfjcptg hdag hdagtsvg. tsvg. Szcvŧo u dhzor `g sc Ce`drg`d fgegzo u src` lc`fda `ostdpolsnda dnruŶcflg kdŶc sc rgzkgtrgto flcadvg iufnjolg, `g seuŶo pdput kdāfda kgkjg sg joelck `g sc pdkoseo `g  lc lc`fg `rŶgvg pdput Ce`drg`g ppdtufd dtufd dstvgrelovg ognd ognd gpsdeutfd fc fc`dstoŶfg, `dstoŶfg, prvd svdlok acdargisnok pdedŶglck, g zgtok prgvoedk `g flcfo stgfdvfojo fc skclu `g lc fgpuŧtglu fo pd ndlu jcfu lcr lc flcf dpstgfgn usedvelcf gfdfokfdŧāu o snrovcfdŧāu. Zgkok tok sc uvoėg pgrg`dns Ydetcrdvda Ce`drg`g, lc`ofg jcfg pd ndldl lc Ce`drg`d iufnjodfgegf o kdauā lc `g hu`c fc`dstoŶgf, g u ostd vrckc prosutgf, adeojgluāo kgŧtu bgegpelovok Cvrdpcljokg, cazostorgluāo rgvfd osprc` flobdvda fdsg. Opgn, Ngf`o` o Ngngkhd sc u utdpolsndl ozdegjolo zg`rŶgvglu nrgtnd, prdvd`c u fldl sgkd `vg pdaegvelg, g rgzeda tdkc lc ŧtd `vg fglsrcāfolg ċdvcng fg svctu, fosu srcāfg u fglsrcāfoldl zckelo fg svctu, u ndldl fckg rgtdvg, aeg`o o sordkgŧtvg, a`c svo Ŷovc u bgrkdfoċfok d`fdsokg, a`c fosu pdtrchfo su`dvo o zgndf lcr nrokofgeg fckg, g rceoaolsng tdecrgfjolg lc pdtpufg (u Ce`drg`u veg`g `cozgk1) usec` fcpdstdlgflg necrg,  prdtov ndag Ydetcr ozegŶc ozegŶc fgsfgŶf fgsfgŶfolu olu nrotnu zhda eojckcrlg, eojckcrlg, pdbecpc o pdnvg pdnvgrcfdsto. rcfdsto. Ce`drg`d pdngzulc hczargfoċfc hczargfoċfc kdauāfdsto elu`snda rd`g, o tu Ngf`o` prvo put  pdċoflc `g sukflg sukflg d ]gfaedsd ]gfaedsdvdk vdk (Eglhfojdvd (Eglhfojdvdk) k) uċcflu, tc lc ndk ndkong ong pdfdvd  pdċoflcfg fg rgċuf rgċuf Eglhfojdvc Eglhfojdvc Pcd`ojclc d fglhdelck d` svob kdauāob svctdvg, zg ndlu Ydetcr skgtrg `g zgseuŶulc `g hu`c oskclgfg `d tc kcrc `g voŧc fc kdŶc `g sc sbvgto dzhoelfd. Kcėutok, Ngf`o` u Ce`drg`u folc srcāgf lcr fckg Nufoauf`c, tc sc df ozegzcāo oz utdpolc opgn dprc`celulc, zgrg` eluhgvo, zg ardzfu `ostdpolsnu stvgrfdst. Ngf`o` fcsvcsfd proadvgrg Ce`drg`u dfd ŧtd kd`crfg nfloŶcvfdst u ndldl `dkoforg `ostdpolg ngsfolc zgkcrg utdpolo u nfloŶcvfdsto, g td lc `g u fldl fckg `ofgkonc o strgsto. @g lc `dndfg o kdfdtdfg, tc `g flc fcŧtd prctcrgfd ped`fd ted zg rgzvolgflc rg`flc o ngrgntcrozgjolu eondvg.  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTT    1

@cozgk lc uċcflc ndlc `dpuŧtg pdstdlgflc Hdag sgkd ngd prguzrdn svctg, g fcaorg pdstdlgflc

Hdag ngd eoċfdsto o flcadvd kcŧgflc u Ŷovdt prord`c o u `ruŧtvd. Hda `costg lc `gecnd, df folc gtrdpdkdrigf, o gnd pdstdlo udpŧtc sc fc zgfokg zg elu`snc prdheckc o pgtflc. ]robvgtgto su`hofu ngd hdadk `gfu, ngd ŧtd skgtrg Eglhfoj zfgċo dhkgflovgto sc oeuzolgkg.

 

Ydetcr sc fg nrglu propdvctnc d Ngf`o`u osnupelulc zg svdlu nrotonu ndskdedŧnda dptokozkg, pdarcŧfd prdtukgċcfu ngd pcsokozgk, Ngf`o`dvdk rcċcfojdk `g svgnd trchg `g dhrgėulc svdl vrt  u  u ndlu skcŧtg svdl d`advdr fg pdstdlgflc zeg u svctu, o

sgkok tok dvd `ced, opgn hdlo bukgfostoċnok hdlgkg. S elu`snok rungkg su flobdvo Ŷovdto, su`hofc o sgkok tok zed ndlc ob dnruŶulc, Ndrgā skgtrg rcċcfoju fg nrglu Ngf`o`g `dngzdk `g Ydetcrdvg nrotong elu`snob pdrdng o seghdsto opgn fg nrglu tcŶo o`cgeu ċdvcċgfstvg

8. Std Stdpol polsnd snd u nof nofckg ckgtda tdargi rgiolo olo

Zg `degsndk kd`crfda `dhg ukdrcfg utdpolg pdegnd stupg sg svda trdfg, ulc`fd, `ostdpolg pdstglc `gecnd probvgtelovo vo` rgzkoŧelgflg d hu`uāfdsto fgŧca `ruŧtvg. Stdpolg `vg`csctda o `vg`csct prvda vcng sc voŧc d`fdso fg hcnstvd u rurgefd-gargrfo top dragfozgjolc Ŷovdtg o `cndfstrunjolu svcag dfdag ŧtd skgtrgkd jovoeozgjoldk o flcfok fusprd`untdk (rgzvolcfdst of`ustrolc, tcbfdedaolc o fgunc), `dn sc `ostdpolg svc voŧc ċofo ngd rgzukfg r gzukfg pdsec`ojg pdsec`ojg elu`snda `cegflg fg zckelo o ngd edaoċfg nrglflg `cstofgjolg ċdvcċgfstvg ċdvcċgfstvg uzcvŧo u dhzor prgvgj ndlok sc nrcāckd u sg`gŧfldsto. Stdpolsng nfloŶcvfdst pdstgeg lc ped`fd ted zg rgzvotgn fguċfc igftgstonc o `dprofceg lc stvgrgflu fdvob kotsnob dhrgzgjg, ognd ngd ŧtd lc vcā fgpdkcflcfd pdstdlo rgzeong ozkcėu utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto o fguċfd igftgstoċfc, dvg `vg Ŷgfrg ċcstd sgrgėulu u  pdaec`u `ostdpolc o fcnc pdst-gpdngeoptoċfc pdst-gpdngeoptoċfc hu`uāc stvgrfdsto fgstgec fgstgec oeo sedkdk `ruŧtvg oeo prctcrgfdk zedupdtrchdk fgunc. ]rokcr tgnvc pdstgpdngeoptoċfc seonc svctg u sgrg`flo sg `ostdpoldk, a`c ċdvcċgfs ċdvcċgfstvu tvu prcto nrgl, lc ioek Jboe`rcf di kcf  rcŶoscrg Geidfsg Nugrdfg fgstgd pd ostdokcfdk rdkgfu oz 7??8. ad`ofc gutdrg ].@. @Ŷclksg. @dn ho sc ioek Ztcfeolg Nluhrong Jedjnwdrn drgfac, tgndėc fgstgd pd ostdokcfdk rdkgfu Gftdfo Hgr`Ŷosg oz 7?97. ad`ofc, kdagd pd`vcsto pd` ċostu `ostdpolu hgzorgfu sgkd fg `ruŧtvcfok utojglokg o fcdhoċfdl hdrho pdlc`ofjg zg of`ovo`ugefdst u `ruŧtvu ndlc td fc pdzfglc. Sprnds ċoflcfojo `g lc vcāofg `ostdpolsnob ioekdvg updroŧtc fgŧeg hgŧ u nfloŶcvfdsto, fcdspdrfo su utojglo `ostdpolsnda ioekg ozvrŧcfo fg sgk Ŷgfr. Dfd ŧtd lc opgn fglvoŧc utojged fg td `g `ostdpolsno ioek okg rgzeoċoto r gzeoċoto put stoesnc cvdeujolc lc ngpotgefd ioeksnd

 

`ced fckgċnda cnsprcsodfozkg, cnsprcsodfozkg, geo o jcec svctsnc nofckgtdargiolc ‚ Kctrdpdeos. \gsoaurfd lc `g sc rg`o d grbctopu `ostdpolc u nofckgtdargiolo, geo ozuzctfd lc fcdhoċfd `g lc dvgl ioek i oek fgstgd prc fglutojglfolob `ceg `ostdpolsnc ionjolc pdput Drvcedvc 7?20. oeo Bgnseolcvda Yreda fdvda svctg, g tcn fcŧtd pdsec rdkgfg Ko Lcvacfolg \gklgtofg ndlo lc zg`gd utdpolo prcsu`gf u`grgj o ozgzvgd vceonu rcvdeujolu u svok nfloŶcvfok nruadvokg ŧordk svctg. Pgndėc ldŧ lc`fg vgŶfg stvgr zg rgzvotgn r gzvotgn `ostdpolsnda ioekg lc 2 utojgl ndlo lc fg flcag dstgvod tgndzvgfo ioek fdor  . Jbogrdsjurd? dsvctelcflc, fcdhoċfo uaedvo sfokgflg o vosdnc argėcvofc grt-`cjd stoeg su sgkd fcnc d` stvgro ndlc `ostdpolsno ioek prcuzokg d` dvda spcjoioċfda Ŷgfrg rczcrvosgfda rczcrvosgfda prokgrfd zg `ctcntovsnc ioekdvc pc`csctob ad`ofg. Ndfgċfu prcnrctfoju u Ŷgfru `ostdpolsnda ioekg uvd`o Heg`c ruffcr 7?28. ad`ofc pdadtdvd zgtd ŧtd fgs updzfglc sg pdlkdk sglhcrpgfng ndlo āc, `cjcfolu ngsfolc, Kgtrox `dvcsto `d sgvrŧcfstvg. Geo fgndf bopcrhdeozgjolc sglhcrpgfng sglhcrpgfng fglfdvolo ioekdvo ndlo dhrgėulu sgvrckcfd `ruŧtvd u  pdlku `ostdpolc sc zfgtfd `ostgfj `ostgfjorglu orglu d` tcbfdedŧnda tcbfdedŧnda rgzvdlg ngd ŧtd td ċofo Jboe`rcf di kcf, uskcrgvgluāo pdcftu fg `ruŧtvd ngd `ostdpolu ndlu

ċdvcċgfstvdd fc ho survged u ndfgċfo hcz`gf. ċdvcċgfstv

ho trchged kcflgto, ngnd sc

8.7 Jboe`rcf di kcf Xg`flg dvda ioekg, ngd o ostdokcfda rdkgfg, skcŧtcfg lc u Edf`df 8=81.ad`ofc, lcr nd āc hdelc prc`stgvoto utdpolsnu sgtoru fd Cfaeczo pd`uċcfo  prokcrdk @Ŷdfgtgfg @Ŷdfgtgfg Zvoitg. Edf`df u dċokg gutdrg rdkgfg rdkgfg o rcŶoscrg lc, kdŶc kdŶc sc rcāo, hclrutozdvgf, hdkhc o tcrdrostoċno fgpg`o su pdstgeo pdstgeo svgnd`fcvfoj svgnd`fcvfojg, g, svct lc fg ovojo ndegpsg lcr pdsec`flob 72 ad`ofg folc rdėcfg fo lc`fg hchg. Aegvfo lufgn dvda `ostdpoċfda svctg, Pcd, hovŧo rg`ongefo `ckdfstrgft, g sg`g fosnd rgfaorgfo seuŶhcfon  pro veg`o, ndlo pdrgŶcf pdrgŶcf nrozdk src`flob aad`ofg d`ofg pdstglc gen gendbdeoċgrdbdeoċgr- dċglgf ċdvcn, ċdvcn, dnruŶcf dċglfok svctdk, pdċoflc svdlu pongrsnu gvgfturu tukgrgluāo d` lc`fda kcstg `d `ruada u pdtrgzo zg spgsdk ċdvcċgf ċdvcċgfstvg stvg vred pd`scāgluāo fg Ydetcrdvda Ngf`o`g.

2

Ioeksno Ŷgfr dzfgċcf rgspdedŶcflokg pcsokozkg, igtgeozkg O dpgsfdsto

?

]dstgvng svcteg ndldk sc rcŶoscro seuŶc ngnd ho ostgneo O dsvcteoeo prc`kct fg tgkfdl pdzg`ofo

ngnd ho uvcāgeo `rgksnu tcfzolu u sjcfo.

 

Xg`flg pdċoflc tokc `g rg`ongeo trgŶc d` flcag `g src`o pgporc ndlo ho lc`fdl keg`dl Girongfno, No, ndlg ozkcėu dstgeda okg stgtus ozhcaeojc u Edf`dfu, dkdauāoeo `g stoafc oz Edf`dfg `d dhgec, kcėutok pgporo zgbtcvglu d` flcag `g putulc sg fldk, o uhrzd pdstglc lgsfd `g lc keg`g Ŷcfg tru`fg o `g u scho fdso spgs zg hu`uāfdst ċdvcċgfstvg.  Fg putu `d ―spgsg ―spgsg ċdvcċ ċdvcċgfstvg‛ gfstvg‛ prdtga prdtgadfostg dfostg o flcadvg ŧŧtoācfojg toācfojg sc susrcāu susrcāu sg hrdlfok fc`gāgkg ndlc sg sdhdk fdso `ostdpolsnd gpdngeoptoċfd `ruŧtvd ngnvd lc prongzgfd u Jboe`rcf di kcf.

Hrutgefdst sgtorc pdeotoċnc sjcfc o ċotgvda prozdrg Edf`dfg `dkoforg

tdndk jceda ioekg, dvd lc svct u ndkc sc fond folc pdtru`od `g pdprgvo fo lc`fu stvgr u pdsec`flob `vg`csct ad`ofg. Edf`df lc o `gelc Edf`df, sgkd prelgvolo, sg kdfstrudzfok ċceoċfok ngvczokg fgkcflcfok ozhcaeojgkg. O rdkgf o ioek nuekoforglu rdėcflck `ctctg, sg lc`fdk rgzeondk, gutdr rdkgfg u rdėcflck `ctctg lgsfd stgvelg `d zfgflg `g sc `dtg`gŧflck rcŶoku heoŶo nrgl, kcėutok u zgvrŧfdl sjcfo ioekg lc fcŧtd `ruagċolg sotugjolg. Ng`g zgrgācfc strgfc (okoargfto o vdlfojo) uaec`glu eojc fdvdrdėcfċctg dhdrc druŶolc o hcz rcċo, r cċo, fcpdkoċfd, pdskgtrglu trcfutgn stvgrgflg fdvda elu`snda Ŷovdtg, geo fc zg`uad, uhrzd fgndf tdag fgstgvelglu sg pujflgvdk o rgtdvgflck. ]dput kfdaob utdpolsnob sgtoroċgrg prdŧedsto, pdput Kdrg, Zvoitg o Ydetcrg, ioek sc zgvrŧgvg sg fclgsfdk pdrundk o potgflck `g eo āc sc ċdvcċgfstvd, ċdvcċgfstv d, ong`g, zgostg prdkcfoto oeo lc opgn dsuėcfd fg vcċfu prdpgst4 Ognd seoċgf Ngf`o`u pd kdtovu putdvgflg nrdz `ostdpoldk rgzruŧcfu r gzruŧcfu sg`gŧfloj sg`gŧfloju, u,  prdtgadfostg voŧc seoċfdsto okg sg dfok dfok pcsokozkdk zg ndlo lc Ydetcr fcng` fcng`gg dptuŶovgf, lcr fg nrglu Pcd o No pdnuŧgvglu sg hchdk `g pdhcafu oz Hrotgfolc, prc fcad `g svgnd dhrgėulc svdl vrt  ngnd  ngnd td, fg nrglu, opgn dptokostoċfd u svdk Ngf`o`u  pdruċulc Ydetcr. S ioeku Jedjnwdrn drgfac Ztcfeolg Nluhrong lc rcċ d `ruagċolck topu `ostdpolc o d `ruagċolck `ostdpolsndk lufgnu lcr lc opgn rcċ d zgtvdrcfdk `ruŧtvcfdk ndfstruntu o ċostdk `ostdpolsndk Ŷgfru, hcz upeotgflg cicngtg fguċfc igftgstonc o  pdstgpdngeoptoċfda  pdstgpdngeoptoċf da sjcfgrolg tc ag lc egnŧc ndkpgrgtovfd ndkpgrgtovfd tukgċoto sg utdpolsnok utdpolsnok u nfloŶcvfdsto RYOOO vcng.

 

  8.8 Jedjnwdrn drgfac  

]rdtgadfostg `ostdpolsnda ioekg o ulc`fd kd`crfc utdpolsnc nfloŶcvfdsto lc

dfgl lufgn ndlo svdlc `ruŧtvd `dŶovelgvg `ostdpolsnok, hgrck voŧc d` dstgeob, o zhda tdag uprgvd oz flcadvda pdaec`g ozvorc nrotong `ruŧtvg. ]rdtgadfostg lc ulc`fd o idngeozgtdr, ŧtd zfgċo `g prdkgtrgflc rg`flc nrdz dċo idngeozgtdrg tcrg aec`gdjc `g  probvgtc flcadv sostck sostck vrc`fdsto, tl. `g eon ndlo okg spdsdh spdsdhfdst fdst o kdā aec`gflg, aec`gflg, ċolc aec`oŧtc ko `ceokd, okg prc`fdst fg` dstgeok lufgjokg. Zedhd`fd sc kdŶc rcāo `g fo zgpectg rg`flc, g fo sgkc `ostdpolc fc ho hoed `g fckg dvob lufgng, tc lc sbd`fd tdkc flobdvdl ngrgntcrozgjolo pdsvcācfg vcāg pgŶflg fd ŧtd sc ċofoed u prvok utdpolsnok `ceokg. Zg `ruac strgfc, nd` flob adtdvd `g fckg rgzvdlg, g gnd ag o okg, df lc fgkctfut o dzfgċgvg ndfgċfu pdhc`u `ubg `ostdpolc fg` `ubdk pdlc`ofjg. Ngf`o` opgn fg nrglu rdkgfg `dŶovelgvg fcnu vrstu cvdeujolc rgzkoŧelgflg, d`hgjovŧo o`clu Eglhfojdvc Pcd`ojclc, Pcd`ojclc, `dn keg`o Gecns oz ]gnecfc pdkdrgf`Ŷc hovg profu`fd ozecċcf ozecċcf d` snedfdsto fgsoeelu.  ]gnecfg pdkdrgf`Ŷg fg o`cdedŧndk pegfu prc`stgvelg strgvoċfu kcŧgvofu ċostc

gfgrbolc o igŧozkg, g fg ioeksndk pegtfu lc hroelorgeg ngd lc`fd d` fglcstctoċfolob `ceg nofckgtdargiolc, ognd lc ioek zg`csoeg `ruagċolg su`hofg d` nfloac (fgokc, nfloag lc  hoeg `dstupfg `dn `dn sc ioek nrgtnd pdlgvelovgd pdlgvelovgd u rc`dvfok rcpcrtdgrok rcpcrtdgrok hodsndpg Ostdċfc Cvrdpc, `g ho sc uhrzd pdvungd o zghrgfod u Irgfjusndl o Hrotgfolo zhda seuċglcvg okotgjolc ozgzvgfc rg`fldk.).  Fg fcno fgċof, lufgn lufgn dvc Nluhrn/Hgr`Ŷos Nluhrn/Hgr`Ŷos `ostdpolc prc`stgvelg prc`stgvelg svgnda d` fgs lcr  pd`dhfd oeustrulc pdauhfdst pdauhfdst ung ungeupelovgflg eupelovgflg pdlc`ofj pdlc`ofjgg u kgsdvfc kd`ec. kd`ec. Gecns dprc`celcflck zg fgsoelc fg` `ruaokg osngzulc svdlu `cvolgftfu geo elu`snu prord`u, o tokc sc pdnrcāc neluċfd potgflc ndlc sc d`fdso fg fckdauāfdst pdstdlgflg `dhrg hcz sedhd`c ozhdrg, d`fdsg pdlc`ofjg o `ruŧtvg u prcegsnu argfojc `dhrg o zeg. Ed`dvond tcrgpolg okg iufnjolu kctgidrc vcċfob pdstupgng `ruŧtvcfob sostckg u dheondvgflu elu`snob kgsg. Zgkok tok, dvd sc kdŶc tukgċoto o fg fgċof `g lc dvgnvdk pgrg`dnsgefdk  pdstgvndk stvgro stvgro zg`gt kdŶ`g ffcozecċov cozecċov u`grgj uutdpolo, tdpolo, lcr undeond ho utdpolg utdpolg hoeg  prd`unt fdrkc, g fc sedhd`fda oz ozhdrg, hdrg, `g eo ho sc ddf`g f`g udpŧtc k kdaeg daeg fgzvgto utdpoldk, `g eo ho ċdvcn zg`Ŷgd sv svdl dl cftotct elu`snda hoāg ognd ho ku hoeg usnrg usnrgācfg ācfg flcadvg aegvfg d`eong- sedhd`fg vdelg, o folc eo td lc`gf d` rgzedag zhda ndlob Ngf`o`

 

fgpuŧtg Ce`drg`d, lcr fc Ŷceo `g hu`c lc`fgn. Z `ruac strgfc undeond ho ċdvcċgfs ċdvcċgfstvu tvu dkdauāoeo pdtpufu sedhd`fu vdelu fcdovoċcfu fongnvok zgndfdk, fc ho eo sc df`g utdpolg prctvdroeg u fglkgrċfolu, gfgrboċfu, `ostdpolu4

:. \gneluċgn 

  NfloŶcvfdst o ioek ngd `vc strgfc ostc eofolc ndlc sc, svgng d` kdkcftg svda fgstgfng, hgvc ċdvcċgfsvdk, ċdvcċgfsvdk, flcadvok strckelcflokg, rgzkoŧelgflokg, strgbdvokg o fg`gkg pd`lc`fgnd dhrgėulu flcadvu vcċotu Ŷcelu zg hcadk d` sgkda schc, elu`snda o svcag dfdag ŧtd td elu`snd pdvegċo sg sdhdk u icfdkcfokg utdpolc o `ostdpolc  Fgŧg jcednupfg jcednupfg jovoeozgjolg zg zgsfdvgfg sfdvgfg lc fg tdk hcsndfgċ hcsndfgċfdk fdk skcflovgf skcflovgflu lu `dhrg o zeg lcr lc dfd ŧtd fgs d`rŶgvg nrdz vrstu ndfstgftfd prcvorgflc strgbg o fg`c. ]rvdhotfc utdpolc stvdrcfc sg joelck `g pd`uċc ċdvcng flcadvok hcsnrglfok hcsnrglfok kdauāfdstokg u ndlc su utngfg fg`g o vcrg u elu`snc spdsdhfdsto zg pdhdelŧgflc nvgeotctg Ŷovdtg svob stgfdvfong fgŧc pegfctc, zgkcflcfc su strgŧfok `ostdpolgkg ndlc fgs prctcāc updzdrgvglu fg nrglflo kdauāo osbd` o fcsegvgf zgvrŧctgn ċdvcċgfstv ċdvcċgfstvg. g. KdŶ`g lc ċdvcċgfstvd icfdkcfdk utdpolc d`vglng`g fcsvcsfd trgŶoed sgvrŧcf rcjcpt zg sdpstcvfu prdkcfu, g pdsec`flob `cjcfolg lc prcdveg`ged koŧelcflc `g lc strgb hdelo  pdnrctgċno igntdr d` dptokostoċfc fg`c zg hdelc sutrg. Ng Ngnd nd hoed, utdpolg lc k kdŶ`g dŶ`g svrafutg sg trdfg nfloŶcvfdsto o ioekg, geo lc svdl prdjvgt, ordfoldk su`hofc, `dŶovceg u sicro kgrnctofag, u hcz`gfu rcnegkg ndlc dhcāgvglu uegzgn u utdpolsnd jgrstvd vcċfc keg`dsto, ecpdtc o srcāc sgkd undeond nupokd fcno prdozvd`. Geo, vdėcfo sbckdk vcċotc pdegrozgjolc pdokgflg svctg, vred lc kdauāc `g fgs pdsec dvda pcrod`g tgkc o hczukfda strgbg opgn dċcnulu dhgnec Stdpolc.

 

 

 Eotcrgturg<

7. Ydetcr, Ngf`o`, 7?9:. Hcdarg`, Xg`. Stdpolg, lg, getcrfgtovf getcrfgtovfg g ostdrolg, ostdrolg,  8==?. Hcdarg`, 8. \d \dro rojg jg ĝ ĝcr crad advo voā-L ā-Ldn dnso sokd kdvo voā, ā, Stdpo

Acdpdctong. :. Pdkgs K Kddr, Stdpolg, 7?37. Hcdarg`, Nueturg 0. A. A.H. H. E Egglhfo lhfojj, Pcd`onclg, 7??:. Hcdarg`, ]egtd 3. Ng Ngre re Kg Kgfbglk bglk,, O`cdedaolg o utdpolg, 7?92. Hcdarg`, Fdeot 9. @clv` N Nuun, Ostdrolg ioekg O o OO, 8==3/8==1. Hcdarg`, Jeod .