Usos de la tecnología actual en la ingeniería civil

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA PROFESIONAL INGENIERÍA CIVIL INFORME USO DE LA TECNOLOGÍA ACTUAL EN LA INGENIERÍA CIVIL

Autor: 

Céspedes Rojo Dayane Nicol.



Mendoza Corpus Carlos.

Profesor:

NUEVO CHIMBOTE - PERÚ

2018

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

INDICE DE CONTENIDO

I.

INTRODUCCIÓN  ............................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................. 1

II.

.................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT  .....................................................................................................................

III.

LA TECNOLOGÍA Y SU IMPORTANCIA EN LA NGENIERÍA CIVIL  ............... 3

2.1.

¿QUE ES LA TECNOLOGIA? ................................................................................. 3

2.2.

LLEGADA DE LA TECNOLOGÍA AL MUNDO .................................................. 3

2.2.1.

FASES DE LA EVOLUCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA ............................................ 4

2.3.

TECNOLOGIA ACTUAL Y DEL FUTURO ......................................................... 13

2.4.

TIPOS DE TECNOLOGÍA EN EL MUNDO ........................................................ 17

2.5.

IMPORTANCIA DE LA INGENÍERIA CIVIL EN LA SOCIEDAD  ................. 19

2.6.

IMPORTANCIA DE LA TECNOLOGIA EN LA INGENIERÍA CIVIL ........... 20

IV. 2.7.

TECNOLOGÍA ACTUAL FUNCIONAMIENTO EN LA INGENIERÍA CIVIL  . 21 LA TECNOLOGIA ACTUAL EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN  .................................. 21

2.8. CONSTRUCTORAS DEBEN APROVECHAR LAS NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS PARA OBTENER BENEFICIOS B ENEFICIOS:: ...................................................................................... 33 V. GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS .......................................................................................... 37 VI.

........................................................................................................ 39 BIBLIOGRAFIAS .........................................................................................................

VII.

ANEXOS ........................................................................................................................ 40

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

TABLA DE ILUSTRACIONES

Ilustración 1 tecnología de la edad de piedra: Instrumentos que usaban los de esa época para su supervivencia _________________________________________________________________________ 4 Ilustración 2 utilización de los metales en la edad de piedra _________________ _________________________ _________________ __________ _ 7  Ilustración 3 Artesanía en la edad de piedra: se utilizaban diferentes técnicas para elaborar sus  productos _______________ _______________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ ___________ ___ 9 Ilustración 4 Tecnología industrial: industrial: comenzó la aparición aparición de maquinas ________________ ________________________ _________ _ 10 Ilustración 5 esta tecnología se asemeja a la que se tiene actualmente ___________ ____________________ _______________ ______ 11 Ilustración 6 la tecnología debe ir de la mano con el medio ambiente _________________ _________________________ __________ __ 12 Ilustración 7 la computadora es un gran aliado para el ingeniero ingeniero civil _________________ _________________________ _________ _ 23

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

I.

INTRODUCCIÓN La tecnología es algo que viene desde las épocas antiguas; en los últimos años se ha desarrollado de una manera increíble tanto así que en poco tiempo ha llegado a ser indispensable en la vida humana. Por tanto la tecnología se utiliza para casi todo; como, la educación, el trabajo, así también como el desarrollo de la sociedad. La tecnología se ha convertido en un gran aliado para los profesionales ya que ha logrado facilitar su trabajo. El título de esta monografía es “uso de la tecnología en Ingeniería Civil” donde se verá como la tecnología hace más sencilla el trabajo realizado por un ingeniero civil y como también esto mejora nuestra calidad de vida.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

II.

ABSTRACT La tecnología es el conjunto de conocimientos con las que el hombre desarrolla un mejor entorno, más saludable, agradable y sobre todo cómodo para la optimización de la vida. Por tanto la tecnología no solo se trata de cosas eléctricas, computadoras, celulares etc. sino de objetos asombrosos que el ser humano ha logrado l ogrado crear y continua creando. La tecnología es muy importante para la ingeniería civil ya que facilita el diseño de puentes, carreteras o grandes complejos urbanísticos, también hace más fácil la construcción de ellos. Un ejemplo de tecnología actual conocida es la computadora; dentro de este aparato tecnológico encontramos programas como el AutoCAD que sirve para poder diseñar cualquier objeto ya sea en 2D o en 3D de una manera rápida sencilla y precisa, cosa que anteriormente se dibujaba dibujaba a mano y tanto a los ingenieros como como a los arquitectos arquitectos se les hacía más largo el proceso de crear un plano para la edificación de una casa, un estadio, un complejo o grandes edificios.  Nuestro país está en pleno desarrollo, la tecnología ocasionó un gran impacto y es importante conocer de qué manera manera la podemos ayudar en el mejoramiento de nuestro nuestro país Aprovechar el verdadero potencial de la tecnología requiere que las empresas de ingeniería y construcción, así como los propietarios de proyectos, definan su visión y mantengan alineada su estrategia de tecnología. La industria de la construcción en los países deberá de involucrarse más en la adopción de nuevas tecnologías sin importar el tamaño de la empresa. Esto le permitirá desempeñarse de forma más eficiente operativamente y con mejor control de costos.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

III.

CAPITULO I LA TECNOLOGÍA Y SU IMPORTANCIA EN LA NGENIERÍA CIVIL En este primer capítulo se hablara de la tecnología, que es, su evolución hasta llegar a los tiempos de hoy en día y que se espera para el futuro, también la importancia que tiene ésta, en el campo profesional de la ingeniería civil; también se hablará acerca de la ingeniería civil y su importancia para entender que la ingeniería civil y la tecnología no solo van de la mano sino que mejorará nuestra calidad de vida.

2.1. ¿QUE ES LA TECNOLOGIA? Palabra que está compuesta por dos palabras griegas que son tekne que significa técnica, arte y logia que da una traducción de destreza, es decir, que es la técnica o destreza de algo o sobre algo, desde épocas pasadas los seres humanos han buscado y encontrado una variedad de conocimientos que les han dado la experiencia que los ha llevado a mejorar su vida. La tecnología es el conjunto de conocimientos con las que el hombre desarrolla un mejor entorno, más saludable, agradable y sobre todo cómodo para la optimización de la vida. La tecnología combina la técnica de mejoramiento de un espacio con las distintas revoluciones que se han suscitado en los últimos siglos, específicamente hablando de la revolución industrial, en ella, se marcó un antes y un después en la tecnología, el trabajo a mano paso a ser un trabajo en serie producido por una máquina a base de vapor con la que se movía algún tipo de herramienta y correa de transporte en él, desarrollando así una materia prima en mayor cantidad, mejor presupuesto y de excelente calidad. A pesar de que la tecnología se empezó a conocer luego del auge de Europa y en tiempos de guerra. Esto se debe a que la tecnología siempre ha existido desde que empezamos como simples nómadas. El hombre primitivo, empleaba herramientas improvisadas con las que sobrevivían en espacio de alto riesgo. A medida que el lenguaje humano fue desarrollándose la tecnología que era netamente con fines de cuidar a la familia fue adaptándose al individuo hasta convertir de esto un paraíso tecnológico habitable y cómodo en todo sentido. La tecnología se aplica también para mejorar las producciones en serie la cuales tuvieron un auge a principios del siglo XX, gracias a empresarios como Ransom Olds (creador de la cadena de montaje) y Henry Ford, quien innovó la cadena de montaje. La tecnología se puede estrechar muy fuerte con la economía de una empresa ya que en vista de las maquinarias que pueda tener dependerá su producto final.

2.2. LLEGADA DE LA TECNOLOGÍA AL MUNDO

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

cultura, de su política, pues esta evolución permea todo el sistema social, cultural que el hombre ha podido construir. La tecnología va muy ligado al desarrollo de soluciones a un problema o dificultad que se ha tenido. Por lo mismo encontraremos que muchas de estas iniciativas en un principio se han debido a ensayo y error, pero también encontramos seres especiales que han podido podido reflexionar sobre la manera cómo se encontró la solución y por ese camino el hombre ideo la ciencia, como principio rector de la tecnología. Hoy no concebimos la tecnología sin este binomio. Al comienzo de nuestra historia encontramos encontramos que la forma de trabajo, el material de uso inmediato marca el nombre de esa misma época, por eso hablamos de la era o sociedad de piedra para las primeras etapas por el uso de este material, edad de cobre, bronce, hierro para las posteriores y así hasta llegar a la época actual marcada por tantos materiales que se hace difícil decidir cual de todos es el mas importante. Así que empecemos por una visión muy rápida del cómo se ha dado esta evolución y cómo ha logrado la tecnología consolidarse en el desarrollo del ser humano. La tecnología no solo se trata de cosas eléctricas, computadoras, celulares etc. sino de objetos asombrosos que el ser humano ha logrado l ogrado crear y continua creando.

2.2.1. FASES DE LA EVOLUCIÓN TECNOLÓGICA 

Tecnología primitiva o de subsistencia

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

 preparación. El fuego, las herramientas de piedra, las armas y el atuendo fueron desarrollos tecnológicos de gran importancia de este periodo. En este tiempo apareció música. Algunas culturas desarrollaron canoas con batangas capaces de aventurarse en el océano, lo que propició migraciones a través del archipiélago Malayo, atravesando el Océano Índico hasta Madagascar y también cruzando el Océano Pacífico, lo que requería conocer las corrientes oceánicas, los patrones del clima, navegación y cartas estelares. La fase  principal de predominio de la economía cazadora-recolectora se llama Paleolítico y el final se denomina epipaleolítico o mesolítico; la Edad de Piedra posterior, durante la cual se desarrollaron los rudimentos de la tecnología agraria, se llama periodo Neolítico. Los artefactos humanos más antiguos que se conocen son las hachas manuales de piedra encontradas en África, en el este de Asia y en Europa. Datan, aproximadamente, del 250.000 a.C., y sirven para definir el comienzo de la edad de piedra. Los primeros fabricantes de herramientas fueron grupos nómadas de cazadores que usaban las caras afiladas de la piedra para cortar su comida y fabricar ropa y tiendas. Alrededor del 100.000 a.C., las cuevas de los ancestros homínidos de los hombres modernos (véase Evolución humana) contenían hachas ovaladas, rascadores, cuchillos y otros instrumentos de  piedra que indicaban que el hacha de mano original se había convertido convertido en una herramienta para fabricar otras herramientas. Muchos miembros del reino animal utilizan herramientas, pero esta capacidad para crear herramientas que, a su vez, sirvan para fabricar otras distingue a la especie humana del resto de los seres vivos. La Piedra y el Fuego, los primeros dos grandes descubrimientos. La armas y utensilios que existen en este período en que el hombre fue ante todo un cazador, son muy toscas. Además de tallar la piedra, el hombre

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Medios de transporte, los medios de transporte más utilizados fueron los  barcos de juncos y las balsas de madera, que surgieron primero en Mesopotamia y Egipto. Un resultado importante del mercado de la cerámica, los metales y las materias primas fue la creación de una marca o sello, que se usaba para identificar a los l os creadores o propietarios particulares. La rueda, hoy no podríamos imaginar la civilización contemporánea sin la rueda, ella está presente, con sus mil variaciones, en cada elemento de la técnica moderna: desde el reloj, la locomotora, la turbina, hasta las grandes máquinas industriales. Para el hombre constituía un problema trasladar cargas  pesadas y con el invento de la rueda esta tarea se vio facilitada. Las primeras ruedas conocidas son las de Ur y Hassuna, en la Mesopotamia, y se remontan a más o menos 4.500 años antes de Cristo. La agricultura, sin duda una de las innovaciones más sorprendentes fue la agricultura. En cierto sentido, toda la historia humana gira alrededor de dos Revoluciones: el paso neolítico de la caza a la agricultura y el moderno paso de la agricultura a la industria. Cuando llegó la edad del bronce, las distintas sociedades distribuidas por cada continente habían conseguido ya varios avances tecnológicos. Se desarrollaron arpones con púas, el arco y las flechas, las lámparas de aceite animal y las agujas de hueso para fabricar recipientes y ropa. También se embarcaron en una revolución cultural mayor, el cambio de la caza y la recolección nómada a la práctica sedentaria de la agricultura. Este hecho significó para la humanidad algo cuya importancia solo puede compararse con el descubrimiento del fuego. Con el se inició una nueva etapa, en la que el hombre comenzó a producir su propio alimento. Mientras el ser humano fue recolector y cazador, se vio obligado a ser nómade, porque debía trasladarse a los lugares en los cuales hubiera abundancia de frutos y de caza. La agricultura, en cambio, le permitió establecerse en un lugar determinado y

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Los metales, la tecnología primitiva no estaba centrada solamente en las herramientas prácticas. Se pulverizaron minerales de color para obtener  pigmentos, que se aplicaban al cuerpo humano, a utensilios utensilios de arcilla, a cestas, ropa y otros objetos. En su búsqueda de pigmentos, descubrieron en mineral verde, rico en cobre, llamado malaquita y otro azul denominado azurita. Cuando los golpeaban no se convertían en polvo, sino que se doblaban; se  podían pulir, pero no partir. Por estas cualidades, el cobre en trozos pequeños se introdujo muy pronto en la joyería. Estos pueblos también aprendieron que, si este material era forjado repetidamente y puesto al fuego, no se partía ni se agrietaba. Este proceso de eliminación de tensiones del metal, llamado recocido, fue introducido por las civilizaciones de la edad de piedra, sobre todo cuando hacia el año 3000 a.C. se descubrió también que la aleación de estaño y cobre producía bronce. El bronce no es sólo más maleable que el cobre, sino que también proporciona una mejor arista, una cualidad necesaria  para objetos como hoces y espadas. La metalurgia comenzó a desplazar el uso de la piedra en la confección de las herramientas agrícolas y las armas; también, se utilizó para fabricar utensilios y adornos. Las piedras se gastaban y quebraban con facilidad, en cambio, los metales eran más resistentes y más fáciles de trabajar.

La edad de los metales:

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

La edad del cobre: El cobre fue el primer metal utilizado por los seres humanos. La edad del bronce: Se llama así porque el hombre empezó a utilizar el  bronce, después de aprender a alear (mezclar) el cobre con otro metal: el estaño. Las antiguas culturas de Mesopotamia nacieron y se desarrollaron durante la edad del bronce. Al final de ese periodo surgieron también las  primeras civilizaciones de Grecia. La edad del hierro: Los utensilios pasaron a fabricarse con hierro. Comenzó en Oriente Próximo hace aproximadamente 3.200 años (aunque en la mayor parte de Europa no se inició hasta hace unos 1.300 años, y en América no se trabajó el hierro hasta la llegada de los europeos a finales del siglo XV de nuestra era). Los europeos de la edad del hierro pertenecieron, en su mayor parte, a la cultura celta. La edad del hierro acabó en casi toda Europa a medida que se  producía en cada zona la conquista romana. romana.

Primeros pasos El conocimiento científico en Egipto y Mesopotamia era, sobre todo, de naturaleza práctica, es decir, sin mucha organización racional. Uno de los  primeros sabios griegos que buscó las causas fundamentales de los fenómenos naturales, fue el filósofo Tales de Mileto, en el siglo VI a. C., quien introdujo el concepto de que la Tierra era un disco plano que flotaba en el elemento universal, el agua. El matemático y filósofo Pitágoras, de época posterior, estableció una escuela de pensamiento, en la que las matemáticas se convirtieron en una disciplina fundamental para toda la investigación científica. Los eruditos pitagóricos, postulaban una Tierra esférica que se movía en una órbita circular alrededor de un fuego central. En Atenas, en el

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

El matemático e inventor Arquímedes, sentó las bases de la mecánica y la hidrostática (una rama de la mecánica de fluidos); el filósofo y científico Teofrasto fundó la botánica; el astrónomo Hiparco de Nicea desarrolló la trigonometría, y los anatomistas y médicos Herófilo y Erasístrato, basaron la anatomía y la fisiología en la disección. Después que los romanos destruyeran Cartago y Corinto, en el año 146 a. C., la investigación científica perdió impulso, salvo una breve recuperación en el siglo II d. C. bajo el emperador y filósofo romano Marco Aurelio. En esa época, el sistema de Tolomeo, (una teoría geocéntrica de los planetas propuesta por el astrónomo Claudio Tolomeo) y las obras del filósofo y médico Galeno, se convirtieron en tratados científicos de referencia para la posterioridad. 

Tecnología artesanal

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

transmisible, aunque no siempre es consciente o reflexiva. Cada individuo generalmente la aprende de otros (a veces la inventa) y eventualmente la modifica. Es generalizada la creencia que sólo las personas son capaces de construir con la imaginación algo que luego pueden concretar en la realidad, pero algunos  primates superiores, aparte del hombre, pueden fabricar herramientas. La técnica, a veces difícil de diferenciar de la tecnología, surge de la l a necesidad de transformar el entorno para adaptarlo mejor a sus necesidades. 

Tecnología mecanizada o industrial.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

que la sustentaba, sus futuras innovaciones si se basaron en él, un ejemplo clásico de esto fueron las primeras máquinas que aprovechaban el poder del vapor, sin embargo a medida que fue evolucionando la máquina se encontraron los principios que determinaban su acción y por eso fue madurando y cambiando con el pasar del tiempo. La economía basada en el trabajo manual fue reemplazada por otra dominada por la industria y la manufactura. La Revolución comenzó con la mecanización de las industrias textiles y el desarrollo de los procesos del hierro. La expansión del comercio fue favorecida por la mejora de las l as rutas de transportes y posteriormente por el nacimiento del ferrocarril. Las innovaciones tecnológicas más importantes fueron la máquina de vapor y la denominada Spinning Jenny, una potente máquina relacionada con la industria textil. Estas nuevas máquinas favorecieron enormes incrementos en la capacidad de producción. La  producción y desarrollo de nuevos modelos de maquinaria en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XIX facilitó la manufactura en otras industrias e incrementó también su producción. Así es que en la Revolución industrial se aumenta la cantidad de productos y se disminuye el tiempo en el que estos se realizan, dando paso a la producción en serie, ya que se simplifican tareas complejas en varias operaciones simples que pueda realizar cualquier obrero sin necesidad de que sea mano de obra

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

gracias a la ciencia, la aparición de nuevas tecnologías en la electrónica, la ingeniería, nuevos materiales, los sistemas y programación. Haber llegado a este punto nos ha dejado como consecuencia el enorme avance de todo tipo que tenemos t enemos en estos momentos, a la producción masiva y a bajo costo de innumerables artículos de consumo, nos ha creado nuestra forma actual de sociedad caracterizada por la necesidad de consumir “mas” y “mejores” cosas”, Artículos que se producen en masa y que algunos de ellos

solo en el pasar de unos pocos años ya no sirven, son programados para tener un tiempo de vida útil muy corto generándose la necesidad de estarlos reemplazando, por otros con supuestamente mejores tecnologías que hacen incompatibles a los anteriores. 

Tecnología ética o de sostenimiento.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

que tienen las celdas fotovoltaicas que prácticamente están a punto de poder utilizar de una forma barata y limpia la energía del sol, sin embargo los grandes grupos de poder aliados al dinero no ven con buenos ojos este tipo de energía y boicotean su expansión masiva. Este es solo un ejemplo de los enormes problemas que se debaten hoy día, la enorme necesidad de una conciencia ética frente a la expansión y generación de nuevas tecnologías, que se suponen están para solucionar problemas, dificultades y sin embargo a veces produces es el efecto contrario, mientras el interés económico o de  poder estén en la mira de estos grupos, no se podrán cambiar las condiciones c ondiciones actuales. El uso de la tecnología genera una responsabilidad social no solo un lucro. Hay claros ejemplos de grupos que con sus inventos están a punto de crear menos contaminación por ejemplo los automóviles eléctricos, pero están frenados por la gran industria de los combustibles fósiles. Es una lástima que solo se piense en energías alternativas luego de una catástrofe como el caso de Fukuchima en Japón en donde el gobierno anda empeñado en crear la mayor central eólica. Debemos tener claro que somos lo seres humanos humanos los que que hemos dado forma a la tecnología, no la tecnología a nosotros, aunque  pareciese por momento que si lo es. Es necesario repensar el papel de la tecnología, que esté más al servicio de las personas, una tecnología verde

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Algunos usuarios de Android y otros sistemas operativos como Windows Phone, Blackberry o Iphone, han comenzado a recibir una notificacion por parte de la compañía  propietaria de la aplicacion Whatsapp con un mensaje de alerta advirtiendo que su licencia gratuita ha expirado y que para seguir utilizándolo será necesario realizar un desembolso económico, no muy alto, pero ya empezamos con el problema de las licencias "supuestamente" gratuitas. Además de realizar pagos mensuales a nuestras compañías de telefonía móvil por servicios de llamadas, mensajes, conexión a internet " sin límite", no podemos permitir el tener que pagar por aplicaciones que ofrecen un servicio igual al que ya hemos  pagado pero disfrazado con un nombre y otros colores. En términos generales la tecnología ha aportado grandes beneficios a la humanidad. Su  papel principal es crear una mejora de herramientas y accesorios adaptados a los usuarios para facilitar y ahorrar esfuerzo y, sobre todo, tiempo en nuestra vida cotidiana.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

campos de todo el mundo. Con ellos han perfilado un consenso respecto a qué tecnologías tienen más posibilidades de emerger en los próximos años, en qué momento harán irrupción en la sociedad y qué impacto social puede esperarse de ellas. El resultado son unas mil tecnologías emergentes clasificadas por especialidades y por el período de tiempo en el que supuestamente estarán disponibles para la sociedad, tal como explica BT en uncomunicado. Existe una versión panorámica del informe, así como otra interactiva, que resultan muy elocuentes. Los autores reconocen que muchas de las tecnologías dibujadas parecen de ciencia ficción, pero recuerdan al respecto la tercera ley del escritor de ciencia ficción ficc ión Arthur C. Clarke, formulada en 1962: Cualquier tecnología suficientemente avanzada es indistinguible de la magia.  Nanotecnología y biotecnología

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

que en 2021 los yogurts (que incorporarán circuitos electrónicos de ADN en sus  bacterias) nos cuenten chistes (ver al respecto lo que dice The Guardian, que en 2016 los coches sean pilotados automáticamente, que en 2017 podamos ir de vacaciones a un hotel en órbita, que en 2011 los robots cuiden nuestros jardines, o que el año que viene el ordenador procese más rápidamente que una persona. Todo esto no es sino una caricatura de los escenarios tecnológicos previsibles descritos en el informe BT, que menciona también la posibilidad de que en 2012 existan azulejos de vídeo en el cuarto de baño para entretener a los niños, o paredes pintadas en el hogar que cambian de aspecto para estimular la energía vital, la felicidad o la calma.  No es la primera vez que BT realiza este ejercicio: uno anterior realizado en los años noventa alcanzó un grado de exactitud de entre el 80% y el 90%. En cualquier caso, no debemos olvidar que el objetivo de estos ejercicios no es hacer una quiniela para acertar o no respecto a lo que puede ocurrir.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

2013-2017: maquillaje electrónico que cambia de color, robots que guían a los ciegos  por las calles, el 50% de la población mundial accede a Internet, juguetes nanotecnológicos, vídeos holográficos, hoteles en órbita, el genoma individual forma  parte del historial médico, reconocimiento internacional de la cybernacionalidad… 2016-2020: se protegen jurídicamente las formas de vida electrónicas, los espectadores se convierten en los actores de las películas que ven, los objetos electrónicos permiten controlar las emociones, los androides representan al 10% de la población mundial, la  policía se privatiza, privatiza, las flores flores son kaleidoscópicas… kaleidoscópicas…

2021-2025: traducción inmediata automática, televisión en 3D, primera olimpiada  biónica, almacenamiento bioquímico de la energía solar, primera misión a Marte, yogurt yogurt chistoso, tecnología antiruidos en los jardines… 2026-2030: impresoras 3D en los hogares, primer e-bebé ensamblado genéticamente,  plena conexión con el cerebro, circuitos hechos con bacterias, combates deportivos de

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

se trata de los objetos materiales y los conocimientos que se “materializan” “materializan” en un campo

determinado. Tecnología Limpia.- Se le denomina así, a la tecnología, que usa de los recursos de forma racional, evitando provocar la contaminación del medio ambiente. Se trata de todas las tecnologías que permiten un manejo de los recursos, evitando producir contaminantes, así como que administran mejor los recursos (renovables y no renovables), utilizando preferentemente fuentes de energía alternativas no contaminantes, como la luz solar, la energía eólica, etc., para poder ser usada, disminuyendo también cualquier posible desecho que fuese liberado en el medio ambiente. Tecnología Dura.- Es la forma en la que suele designarse a todas las tecnologías que están encaminadas a aspectos técnicos, referentes a la fabricación de maquinarias, así como a diversos procesos de producción de materiales y otras manufacturas. Tecnología Blanda.- Se le suele denominar de esta manera, a las tecnologías que no son

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

mezcla de condicionales tecnológicas, al ir implementando los conocimientos, técnicas y dispositivos tecnológicos, a través del tiempo, así como suele incluir a las tecnologías de proceso y de equipo. Tecnología De producto.- Se trata del conjunto de conocimientos, procedimientos y técnicas, que se utilizan para la creación de un producto (que también es tecnología). Se incluyen tanto los conocimientos teórico práctico, las habilidades manuales, así como el desarrollo de herramientas (tecnología), apropiadas para la fabricación de un

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

2.6. IMPORTANCIA DE LA TECNOLOGIA EN LA INGENIERÍA CIVIL La Ingeniería Civil, arte y ciencia desde los inicios de la civilización, ha contribuido en el progreso para una mejor calidad de vida en el mundo, pues las decisiones que toman los ingenieros civiles tocan las vidas de personas en el mundo entero con su rol como  profesionales que impactan el medio ambiente ambiente y trabajan el entorno construido. La vida humana depende de servicios que la Ingeniería Civil provee, mismos que tienen que ser confiables, seguros y de alta calidad para asegurar ese alto nivel de vida

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

CAPITULO II IV.

TECNOLOGÍA ACTUAL FUNCIONAMIENTO EN LA INGENIERÍA CIVIL 2.7. LA TECNOLOGIA ACTUAL EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN El Técnico Superior en Construcción Civil y Obras Civiles trabaja en la realización de  proyectos y obras de construcción. Con ayuda de sus conocimientos y uso del computador, realiza cálculos, programa cómputos necesarios para la concepción y ejecución de las diversas obras en el área de la ingeniería civil.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

necesarias de forma simultánea. Los diferentes diseños arquitectónicos se crean ahora e se almacenan en formato electrónico para lo que es fácil de conservar los documentos originales. Uno de los principales impactos del avance de la tecnología utilizada en la gestión de los proyectos es la mejora de los diseños producidos por los arquitectos. Con los diferentes programas de construcción, los arquitectos son capaces de crear imágenes en 3D que les permiten visualizar sus creaciones y analizar las áreas de debilidad que

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

USO DEL COMPUTADOR

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

montaje de todo tipo de estructuras para la construcción. Desarrollado por la empresa

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

OPUS 2014

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Los ingenieros pueden utilizar imágenes aéreas tanto del terreno previo como del

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Una pala es una herramienta de mano utilizada para excavar o mover materiales con

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SANTA

Una herramienta formada por una barra de hierro o acero, con un mango de madera. Es

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.