UP Solid Civil Law Reviewer

CIVIL LAW REVIEWER

CIVIL LAW 2010

PERSONS & FAMILY RELATIONS

SUCCESSION

OBLIGATIONS

Copyright and all other relevant rights over this material are owned jointly by the University of the Philippines College of Law, the Faculty Editor and the Student Editorial Team. The ownership of the work belongs to the University of the Philippines College of Law. No part of this book shall be reproduced or distributed without the consent of the UP College of Law. All rights are reserved.

CONTRACTS

PROPERTY LAND TITLES & DEEDS

SALES CREDIT TRANSACTIONS

AGENCY

PARTNERSHIP

TORTS & DAMAGES PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

CIVIL LAW REVIEWER

PERSONS & FAMILY RELATIONS Table of Contents Chapter I. Civil Personality..............................3 I. Concept and Classes of Persons..........3 II. Capacity to Act and Restrictions Thereon..........................................................5 Chapter II. Citizenship and Domicile..............8 I. Who are Filipinos ..................................8 II. Domicile ................................................8 Chapter III. Marriage.........................................9 I. Definition and Nature of Marriage .........9 II. Requisites of Marriage ..........................9 III. Marriages Solemnized Abroad............11 IV. Presumption of Marriage.....................11 Chapter IV. Void Marriages ...........................13 I. Grounds ..............................................13 II. Period to File Action or Raise Defense 15 III. Effects of Nullity ..................................16 Chapter V. Voidable Marriages .....................18 I. Grounds for Annulment (Art. 45, FC) ..18 II. Marriage When One Spouse Absent ..21 III. Effects of Pending Actions/Decree (Art. 49, FC) .................................................22 IV. Voidable v. Void Marriage ...................23 V. Voidable v. Legal Separation ..............23 VI. Jurisdiction ..........................................23 Chapter VI. Legal Separation, Divorce and De Facto Separation ............................................24 I. Grounds for Legal Separation.............24 II. Defenses .............................................25 III. When to File/Try Actions .....................25 IV. Effects of Filing Petition for Legal Separation....................................................25 V. Effects of Decree for Legal Separation 25 VI. Reconciliation......................................26 VII. Divorce............................................26 VIII. De Facto Separation.......................27 Chapter VII. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife..........................................28 I. Obligations of Spouses (Arts. 68-71, FC) 28 II. Rights of Spouses (Arts. 72-73, FC) ...28 III. Use of Surname ..................................28 Chapter VIII. Property Relations Between Spouses ..........................................................29 I. General Provisions..............................29 II. Donations by Reason of Marriage ......30

III. Absolute Community of Property ........ 31 IV. Conjugal Partnership of Gains ............ 34 V. Separation of Properties During Marriage....................................................... 38 VI. Property regime of unions without marriage....................................................... 39 Chapter IX. The Family and the Family Home ......................................................................... 41 I. Family.................................................. 41 II. Family Home....................................... 41 Chapter X. Paternity and Filiation ................ 43 I. Kinds of Filiation.................................. 43 II. Impugning Legitimacy (Art. 166) ......... 43 III. Proof of Filiation (Arts. 172 and 175 (1)) 44 IV. Legitimation (Arts. 177 and 182)......... 45 V. Rights of Legitimate and Illegitimate Children (SSS)............................................. 45 Chapter XI. Adoption ..................................... 46 I. RA 8552: Domestic Adoption Act of 1998 46 II. Adoption Procedure under RA 8552 IRR (Secs. 10-32) ............................................... 47 III. RA 8043: Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995 49 Chapter XII. Support ...................................... 51 I. Support................................................ 51 II. Who are Obliged to Support Each Other (Art. 195)...................................................... 51 III. Properties Answerable for Support (Art. 197-198) ...................................................... 52 IV. Order of Support (SDAB) .................... 52 Chapter XIII. Parental Authority.................... 53 I. Parental Authority ............................... 53 II. Substitute and Special Parental Authority....................................................... 54 III. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority....................................................... 55 IV. Rights and Duties of Children ............. 55 Chapter XIV. Funerals.................................... 56 I. General Guidelines ............................. 56

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SUCCESSION Table of Contents Chapter I. Concept of Succession................59 I. Definition of Succession (Art. 774, CC) 59 II. Opening of Succession (Art. 777, CC) 59 III. Kinds of Succession (Art. 778, CC) ....59 IV. Heirs ....................................................60

Chapter V. Partition and Distribution of Estate .............................................................. 83 I. Concept of Partition ............................ 83 II. Effects of Partition............................... 84 III. Nullification of Partition ....................... 84 IV. Important Periods in Partition ............. 85

Chapter II. Testamentary Succession ..........61 I. Concept ...............................................61 II. Testamentary Capacity .......................61 III. Formalities of Wills ..............................61 IV. Qualifications of Witnesses to a Notarial Will 62 V. Qualifications of Witnesses to a Notarial Will 63 VI. Institution of Heirs ...............................63 VII. Applicable Principles of Private International Law .........................................63 VIII. Codicils and Incorporation by Reference ....................................................64 IX. Revocation of Wills and Testamentary Dispositions..................................................64 X. Allowance and Disallowance of Wills..65 XI. Substitution of Heirs ............................66 XII. Legitimes.........................................67 XIII. Preterition........................................69 XIV. Reserva Troncal .............................69 XV. Disinheritance .................................70 XVI. Legacies and Devises.....................71

Chapter VI. Application of the Important Concepts through Sample Computational Problems......................................................... 86 I. Institution of Heirs ............................... 86 II. Legitimes............................................. 86 III. Intestate Succession........................... 87 IV. Accretion ............................................. 87 V. Collation .............................................. 88

Chapter III. Intestate Succession..................74 I. Causes for Legal or Intestate Succession...................................................74 II. The Intestate or Legal Heirs................74 III. Fundamental Underlying Principles in Legal or Intestate Succession......................74 IV. Relationship (Arts. 963-969, CC) ........75 V. The Right of Representation (Art. 970, CC) 75 VI. Order of Legal or Intestate Succession 76 VII. Concurrence in Legal or Intestate Succession...................................................77 VIII. Outline of Intestate Shares .............77 IX. Order of Concurrence in the Case of an Adopted Child (Art, 190, FC) .......................78 Chapter IV. Provisions Common to Testamentary and Intestate Succession .....79 I. Accretion .............................................79 II. Capacity to Succeed ...........................80 III. Acceptance and Repudiation of Inheritance ...................................................81 IV. Collation (Arts. 1061-1077, CC)..........81

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OBLIGATIONS Table of Contents Chapter I. General Provisions.......................91 I. Obligations ..........................................91 II. Sources of Obligations ........................91 Chapter II. Nature and Effect of Obligations93 I. Kinds of Prestations ............................93 II. Breach of Obligation............................94 III. Fortuitous Event (Force Majeure) .......96 IV. Remedies to Creditors ........................96 V. Usurious Transactions and Rules on Interest .........................................................97 Chapter III. Different Kinds of Obligations ..98 I. Pure and Conditional Obligations .......98 II. Reciprocal Obligations ......................100 III. Obligations with a Period ..................100 IV. Alternative and Facultative Obligations 101 V. Joint and Solidary Obligations ..........103 Effects of Prejudicial and Beneficial Acts (Art.1212) ...................................................105 VI. Divisible and Indivisible Obligations..106 VII. Oblligations with a Penal Clause ..106 Chapter IV. Extinguishment of Obligations .......................................................................107 I. Payment or Performance ..................107 II. Loss or Impossibility..........................109 III. Condonation or Remission of the Debt 109 IV. Confusion or Merger of Rights ..........110 V. Compensation ...................................110 VI. Novation ............................................111 Charts: Payment & Performance ................114

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CONTRACTS Table of Contents Chapter I. General Provisions.....................122 I. Classification of Contracts.................122 II. Elements of Contracts.......................123 III. Stages of Contracts...........................123 IV. Charactertics of Contracts (MARCO) 123 Chapter II. Essential Requisites .................125 I. Consent .............................................125 II. Object ................................................127 III. Cause ................................................127 Chapter III. Forms of Contracts ..................129 I. Rules .................................................129 II. Kinds of Formalities...........................129 Chapter IV. Reformation of Contracts........130 Chapter V. Interpretation of Contracts.......130 Chapter VI. Defective Contracts .................131 I. Rescissible Contracts (Arts. 1380-1389) 131 II. Voidable Contracts (Arts. 1390-1402) 132 III. Unenforceable Contracts (Arts. 14031408) ..........................................................133 IV. Void or Inexistent Contracts (Arts. 14091422) ..........................................................134

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PROPERTY Table of Contents Chapter I. Definition and Classification of Property.........................................................137 I. Definition ...........................................137 II. Classification .....................................137 Chapter II. Ownership ..................................144 I. Definition ...........................................144 III. Specific Rights under the Civil Code.144 IV. Limitations on Real Right of Ownership 146 Chapter III. Accession..................................147 I. Definition ...........................................147 II. General Principles of Accession .......147 III. Kinds of Accession............................147 IV. Principles Governing Each Kind of Accession...................................................147 Chapter IV. Quieting of Title........................152 I. In General .........................................152 II. Purpose .............................................152 III. Nature: Quasi in Rem........................152 IV. Requisites .........................................152 V. Prescription of Action ........................153 Chapter V. Co-Ownership............................154 I. Definition ...........................................154 II. Characteristics ..................................154 III. Difference between Co-ownership and Joint Tenancy.............................................155 IV. Difference between Co-ownership and Partnership.................................................155 V. Sources of Co-Ownership .................155 VI. Rights of Each Co-owner over the Thing or Property Owned in Common .................157 VII. Implication of Co-owner’s Right over His Ideal Share ..........................................161 VIII. Rules on Co-Ownership Not Applicable to CPG or ACP.........................161 IX. Special Rules on Ownership of Different Stories of a House as Differentiated from Provisions of the Condominium Act...........162 X. Extinguishment of Co-Ownership .....166 Chapter VI. Possession ...............................168 I. Definition ...........................................168 II. Degrees of Possession .....................169 III. Classes of Possession ......................169 IV. Cases of Possession.........................169 V. What Things May be Possessed ......170 VI. What May Not Be Possessed by Private Persons......................................................171 VII. Acquisition of Possession .............171 VIII. Effects of Possession ...................173 IX. Effects of Possession in the Concept of Owner ........................................................177 X. Presumption in Favor of the Possessor—for Acquisitive Prescription ....178 XI. Possesion May Be Lost By ...............179

Chapter VII. Usufruct ................................... 181 I. Concept............................................. 181 II. Characteristics .................................. 181 III. Usufruct Distiguished from Lease and Servitude.................................................... 181 IV. Classes of Usufruct........................... 182 V. Rights of Usufructuary ...................... 184 VI. Rights of the Naked Owner............... 186 VII. Obligations of the Usufructuary .... 187 VIII. Special Cases of Usufruct ............ 190 IX. Extinguishment of Usufruct............... 192 X. Conditions Not Affecting Usufruct..... 194 Chapter VIII. Easement ................................ 196 I. Concept............................................. 196 II. Essential Features ............................ 196 III. Classification of Servitudes............... 197 IV. General Rules Relating to Servitudes 198 V. Modes of Acquiring Easements ........ 198 VI. Rights and Obligations of Owners of Dominant and Servient Estates ................. 199 VII. Modes of Extinguishment of Easements................................................. 200 VIII. Legal Easements .......................... 202 Chapter IX. Nuisance ................................... 212 I. Definition ........................................... 212 II. Classes ............................................. 212 III. Liability in Case of Nuisance............. 213 IV. Regulation of Nuisances ................... 214 Chapter X. Modes of Acquiring Ownership ....................................................................... 217 I. Mode v. Title ..................................... 217 II. Mode ................................................. 217 Chapter XI. Donation ................................... 222 I. Nature ............................................... 222 II. Requisites ......................................... 222 III. Kinds ................................................. 222 IV. Who May Give or Receive Donations 223 V. Who May Not Give or Receive Donations................................................... 224 VI. Acceptance ....................................... 225 VII. Form ............................................. 225 VIII. What May Be Donated ................. 225 IX. Effect ................................................. 226 X. Revocation and Reduction................ 227 Chapter XII. Lease........................................ 232 I. General Characteristics .................... 232 II. Kinds ................................................. 232 III. Lease of Things ................................ 232

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LAND TITLES and DEEDS Table of Contents Chapter I: Background, Basic Concepts and General Principles........................................239 I. Definitions and Basic Concepts ........239 II. Nature and stages.............................240 III. Purpose of Registration.....................240 IV. Modes of Acquiring Land Titles.........240 V. Jurisdiction ........................................240 Chapter 2: Torrens Certificate of Title .......241 I. Original Certificate of Title or OCT....241 II. Transfer Certificate of Title................241 III. Patents ..............................................241 Chapter 3: Original Registration.................242 I. Laws Governing Land Registration...242 II. Effect of Registration.........................242 III. Original Registration Proceeding ......242 IV. Attributes of and Limitation In Certificate of Title and Registered Land (FIIC) ...........247 V. Judicial Confirmation of Imperfect or Incomplete Titles............................249 Chapter 4: Cadastral Registration Proceedings..................................................251 I. Steps in Cadastral Registration Proceedings ...............................................252 Chapter 5: Subsequent Registration..........253 I. Two Types of Dealings......................253 II. Necessity and Effects of Registration 253 III. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Dealings..253 IV. Registration of Voluntary Instruments in General ......................................................254 V. Registration of Deeds of Sale and Transfers....................................................255 VI. Mortgages and Leases......................256 VII. Powers of Attorney; Trusts ...........257 VIII. Involuntary Dealings .....................257

Chapter 6: System of Registration of Unregistered Lands ..................................... 261 I. Key Points......................................... 261 II. Procedure ......................................... 261 Chapter 7: Registration of Public Lands ... 262 I. Classification of Land of the Public Domain ...................................................... 262 II. Nature of Title to Public Lands Conveyed .................................................. 262 III. Procedure of Conveying Public Land to a Private Person ........................................ 262 IV. Director of Lands: Quasi-judicial officer 263 V. Modes of Alienating Public Lands:.... 263 VI. Patents ......................................... 263 Chapter 8: Remedies of the Aggrieved Party ....................................................................... 264 Chapter 9: Reconstitution 0f Titles ........... 266 I. Grounds ............................................ 266 II. Petitions for Reconstitution ............... 266 III. Duties of the Land Registration Authority 266 IV. Effects of Fraud, Deceit and Machination in the Reconstitution of Titles 266

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SALES Table of Contents Chapter I. The Contract of Sale ..................269 I. Definition (Art 1458, CC) ...................269 II. Elements ...........................................269 III. Stages ...............................................274 IV. Kinds of Sale .....................................275 V. Form ..................................................276 VI. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts....................................................276 Chapter II. Obligations of the Seller and Buyer .............................................................278 I. Obligations of the Seller ....................278 II. Obligations of the Buyer....................284 Chapter III. Double Sales .............................286 I. General Rule .....................................286 II. Requisites .........................................286 III. Rules Governing Sale of Movables, Immovables and Unregistered Lands ........286 Chapter IV. Risk of Loss..............................288 I. General Rule .....................................288 II. Exceptions.........................................288 Chapter V. Documents of Title....................289 I. In General .........................................289 II. Negotiable Documents of Title..........289 III. Non-Negotiable Documents of Title ..289 Chapter VI. Remedies of the Seller and Buyer .......................................................................291 I. General Remedies (Art. 1191, CC) ...291 II. Remedies of the Seller......................291 III. Remedies of the Buyer......................295 Chapter VII. Extinguishment of Sale ..........298 I. In General .........................................298 II. Conventional Redemption.................298 III. Equitable Mortgage ...........................299 IV. Legal Redemption .............................300 Chapter VIII. Philippine Bulk Sales Law (Act 3952) ..............................................................303 I. Purpose .............................................303 II. Coverage...........................................303 III. Duty of Seller.....................................303 IV. Effect of non-compliance...................304

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CREDIT TRANSACTIONS Table of Contents Chapter I. General Principles ......................307 I. Types of Credit Transactions ............307 II. Security .............................................307 III. Bailment ............................................307 Chapter II. Loan (Arts. 1933-1961, CC).......309 I. Definition ...........................................309 II. Characteristics of a Loan ..................309 III. Kinds of Loan: In General .................309 IV. Commodatum....................................309 V. Obligations of the Bailee in Commodatum ............................................310 VI. Obligations of the Bailor in Commodatum ............................................311 VII. Mutuum or Simple Loan................311 VIII. Interests ........................................312 IX. The Usury Law ..................................312 Chapter III. Deposit ......................................314 I. Definition ...........................................314 II. Kinds of Deposit ................................314 III. Characteristics of Deposit .................314 IV. Deposit Distinguished From Mutuum and Commodatum .....................................314 V. Obligations of the Depositary............314 VI. Obligations of the Depositor..............317 VII. Extinguishment of Deposit (Art. 1995) 317 VIII. Necessary Deposit........................317 IX. Judicial Deposit .................................318 Chapter IV. Guaranty ...................................319 I. Definition ...........................................319 II. Characteristics ..................................319 III. Classification .....................................319 IV. Rules Governing Guaranty ...............319 V. Guaranty Distinguished from Others.322 VI. The Guarantor (Arts. 2056-2057)......322 VII. Effects of Guaranty .......................322 VIII. Extinguishment of Guaranty .........325 Chapter V. Legal and Judicial Bonds.........326 Chapter VI. Suretyship.................................327 Chapter VII. Pledge, Mortgage, Antichresis .......................................................................328 I. Essential Requisites Common to Pledge and Mortgage (Art. 2085)...........................328 II. Pledge ...............................................329 III. Mortgage ...........................................332 IV. Foreclosure of Mortgage (Art. 2085).334 V. Antichresis.........................................336 VI. Chattel Mortgage...............................336

Chapter VIII. Concurrence and Preference of Credits........................................................... 338 I. General Provisions............................ 338 II. Classification of Credits .................... 338 III. Preference of Credits ........................ 338

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AGENCY Table of Contents Chapter I. Nature, Form, and Kinds of Agency .......................................................................341 I. Definition [Art. 1868, CC] ..................341 II. Purpose .............................................341 III. Characteristics [CNPPBF].................342 IV. Essential Elements............................342 V. Determination of Existence of Agency 342 VI. Agency v Similar Contracts ...............343 VII. Kinds .............................................344 Chapter II. Obligations of the Agent...........348 I. To Carry Out the Agency ..................348 III. To Advance the Necessary Funds [Art. 1886, CC]...................................................349 IV. To Act in Accordance with Principal’s Instructions.................................................349 V. To Prefer Interest of Principal Over Personal Interest........................................349 VI. To Render Accounts and Deliver Things Received by Virtue of the Agency..............349 VII. To Be Responsible for Substitutes350 VIII. To Pay Interest .............................350 IX. To Answer for His Negligence or Fraud [Art. 1909, CC] ...........................................350 X. Special Obligations of Factor/ Commission Agents ...................................350 Chapter III. Liabilities of the Agent .............352 I. Liability to Third Persons...................352 II. Liability to the Principal .....................352 III. Liability of Two or More Agents.........353 Chapter IV. Obligations of the Principal ...354 I. To Comply with the obligations contracted by the agent .............................354 II. To Advance the Necessary Sums and Reimburse the Agent .................................355 III. To Indemnify the Agent for Damages355 IV. To Pay the Agent’s Compensation ...356 V. To Be Solidarily Liable ......................356 Chapter V. Extinguishment of Agency......357 Extinguishment of Agency [EDWARD] ......357 I. Expiration of the period for which it was constituted..................................................357 II. Death, civil interdiction, insanity, insolvency ..................................................357 III. Withdrawal of the agent ....................357 IV. Accomplishment of the object of the agency .......................................................357 V. Revocation ........................................357 VI. Dissolution of the firm/corp. Which entrusted/accepted the agency..................358

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PARTNERSHIP Table of Contents Chapter I. Nature, Creation, Kinds of Partnership ...................................................361 I. Essential Features ............................361 II. Characteristics ..................................362 III. Distinctions ........................................362 IV. Rules to Determine Existence...........363 V. How Partnership is Formed ..............363 VI. Partnership Term ..............................363 VII. Kinds of Partnerships....................363 Chapter II. Obligations of the Partnership/Partners Among Themselves 366 CRRAMP-LS..............................................366 I. Make Contributions as Promised ......366 III. Manage the Partnership....................367 IV. Render Full Information.....................368 V. Account for benefits ..........................368 VI. Reimburse expenses ........................368 VII. Liable for Partnership Contracts ...368 VIII. Solidarily Liable with Partnership.369 Chapter III. Obligations of the Partnership/Partners as to Third Persons.370 LANN .........................................................370 I. Operate Under a Firm Name (Art. 1815, CC) 370 II. Bound by Partnership Admission......370 III. Bound by Notice Partner ...................370 IV. Liable for Acts of the Partnership......370 Chapter IV. Rights of Partners ...................371 I. Share in Losses and Profits ..............371 II. Associate Another in His Interest......371 III. Access to Partnership Books ............371 IV. Obtain Formal Account .....................371 V. Property Rights .................................371 VI. Convery Real Property (Art. 1819, CC) 372 Chapter V. Rights of the Partnership ........374 I. Acquire Immovables..........................374 II. Preference of Creditors .....................374 Chapter VI. Dissolution and Winding Up ..375 I. Definitions .........................................375 II. Causes for Dissolution ......................375 III. Consequences of Dissolution ...........375 IV. Partner’s Liability...............................376 Chapter VII. Rights of Partners Upon Dissolution....................................................377 I. Right to Wind Up ...............................377 II. Right to Damages for or to Continue Business on Wrongful Dissolution .............377

III. Right to Lien or Retention, to Stand in Place of Creditor, to be Indemnified .......... 377 IV. Right of Retiring/Deceased Partner (Art. 1841, CC) .................................................. 377 V. Right of Account (Art. 1842, CC) ...... 378 Chapter VIII. Rules on Settlement (Art. 1839, CC)................................................................. 379 Chapter IX. Limited Partnership ................ 380 I. Definition ........................................... 380 II. Forming/Amending a Limited Partnership (Art. 1844, CC) ....................... 381 III. Limited Partner.................................. 382 IV. General Partner ................................ 384 V. Dissolution ........................................ 384 VI. Settling Accounts for Dissolution ...... 385

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TORTS & DAMAGES Table of Contents Chapter I. Introduction, Definitions............388 A. Tort and Quasi-Delict ........................388 B. Damages ...........................................389 Chapter II. Concept of Quasi-Delict............390 A. Elements ...........................................390 B. Distinguished.....................................390 Chapter III. Negligence ................................392 A. Concept of Negligence......................392 B. Degrees of Negligence......................393 C. Proof of Negligence...........................393 D. Defenses ...........................................394 Chapter IV. Causation..................................396 A. Proximate Cause...............................396 Chapter V. Persons Liable...........................399 A. The Tortfeasor...................................399 B. Vicarious Liability ..............................399 C. Specific Liability.................................403 D. Joint and Solidary Liability ................407 E. Civil Liability Arising From Crime...........407 F. Prescription .......................................408 Chapter VI. Tortious Interference With Contract.........................................................409 Chapter VII. Torts with Independent Civil Action ............................................................410 A. Violation of Civil and Political Rights.410 B. Defamation, Fraud, Physical Injuries 410 Chapter VIII. Human Relations Provisions 413 A. Abuse of Rights.................................413 B. Acts Contra Bonus Mores .................413 Other Torts ...............................................414 C. Dereliction of Duty.............................414 D. Illegal Acts .........................................414 E. Unfair Competition ............................414 F. Violation of Human Dignity................414 Chapter IX. Damages ...................................415 A. Definition and Concept......................415 B. Kinds of Damages.............................415

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PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW Table of Contents Chapter I. Introduction.................................427 Chapter II. Jurisdiction ................................429 I. Bases of Exercise of Judicial Jurisdiction 429 II. Exercise of Jurisdiction .....................429 III. Ways of Dealing with Jurisdiction in a Conflicts Problem.......................................430 Chapter III. Choice of Law ...........................431 I. Approaches to Choice of Law ...........431 Chapter IV. Characterization .......................433 I. Types of Characterization .................433 II. Depecage ..........................................433 Chapter V. Renvoi ........................................434 I. Definition ...........................................434 II. Ways of Dealing with Renvoi ............434 Chapter VI. Notice and Proof of Foreign Law .......................................................................435 I. Proof of Foreign Law.........................435 II. Exceptions to the Application of Foreign Law 435 Chapter VII. Nationality................................436 I. Determination of Nationality ..............436 II. Procedure for Naturalization .............436 III. Loss of Philippine Citizenship ...........437 IV. Problems in Applying the Nationality Principle .....................................................438 Chapter VIII. Domicile ..................................439 I. Domicile ............................................439 II. Comparative Merits and Demerits of Domicile and Nationality ............................440 Chapter IX. Principles on Personal Status and Capacity.................................................441 I. Definition ...........................................441 II. Beginning and End of Personality.....441 III. Absence ............................................441 IV. Name.................................................442 V. Age of Majority ..................................442 VI. Capacity ............................................442 Chapter X. Family Relations........................443 I. Marriage ............................................443 II. Divorce and Separation.....................445 III. Annulment and Declaration of Nullity 445 IV. Parental Relations.............................446 V. Adoption ............................................446

Chapter XI. Property .................................... 447 I. Controlling Law—Lex Situs/Lex Rei Sitae 447 II. Exceptions to Lex Situs..................... 447 III. Situs of Certain Properties ................ 447 Chapter XII. Contracts ................................. 449 I. Extrinsic Validity of Contracts ........... 449 II. Extrinsic Validity of Contracts ........... 449 III. Capacity to Enter Into Contracts....... 449 IV. Choice of Law Issues in Conflicts Contracts Cases ........................................ 449 V. Limitation Choice of Law................... 450 VI. Applicable Law in the Absence of Effective Choice......................................... 450 Chapter XIII. Succession ............................. 451 I. Extrinsic Validity (Arts. 17, 815-817, CC) 451 II. Intrinsic Validity ................................. 451 III. Interpretation of Wills ........................ 451 IV. Revocation ........................................ 451 V. Probate.............................................. 451 VI. Administration of Estates .................. 452 VII. Trusts............................................ 452 Chapter XIV. Torts and Crimes ................... 453 I. Torts .................................................. 453 II. Crimes............................................... 454 Chapter XV. Torts and Crimes .................... 455 I. Personal Law of Corporations .......... 455 II. Domicile/Residence of Corporations 455 III. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Corporations 455 IV. Right of Foreign Corporations to Bring Suit 456 Chapter XVI. Foreign Judgments ............... 457 I. Recognition v. Enforcement.............. 457 II. Bases of Recognition and Enforcement 457 III. Policy of Preclusion Underlying Recognition and Enforcement ................... 457 IV. Requisites for Recognition or Enforcement .............................................. 457 V. Procedures for Enforcement ............. 457 VI. Effect of Foreign Judgment in the Philippines ................................................. 458

TABLE of CONTENTS

PERSONS & FAMILY RELATIONS Table of Contents Chapter I. Civil Personality..............................3 I. Concept and Classes of Persons..........3 II. Capacity to Act and Restrictions Thereon..........................................................5 Chapter II. Citizenship and Domicile..............8 I. Who are Filipinos ..................................8 II. Domicile ................................................8 Chapter III. Marriage.........................................9 I. Definition and Nature of Marriage .........9 II. Requisites of Marriage ..........................9 III. Marriages Solemnized Abroad............11 IV. Presumption of Marriage.....................11 Chapter IV. Void Marriages ...........................13 I. Grounds ..............................................13 II. Period to File Action or Raise Defense 15 III. Effects of Nullity ..................................16 Chapter V. Voidable Marriages .....................18 I. Grounds for Annulment (Art. 45, FC) ..18 II. Marriage When One Spouse Absent ..21 III. Effects of Pending Actions/Decree (Art. 49, FC) .................................................22 IV. Voidable v. Void Marriage ...................23 V. Voidable v. Legal Separation ..............23 VI. Jurisdiction ..........................................23 Chapter VI. Legal Separation, Divorce and De Facto Separation ............................................24 I. Grounds for Legal Separation.............24 II. Defenses .............................................25 III. When to File/Try Actions .....................25 IV. Effects of Filing Petition for Legal Separation....................................................25 V. Effects of Decree for Legal Separation 25 VI. Reconciliation......................................26 VII. Divorce............................................26 VIII. De Facto Separation.......................27 Chapter VII. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife..........................................28 I. Obligations of Spouses (Arts. 68-71, FC) 28 II. Rights of Spouses (Arts. 72-73, FC) ...28 III. Use of Surname ..................................28 Chapter VIII. Property Relations Between Spouses ..........................................................29 I. General Provisions..............................29 II. Donations by Reason of Marriage ......30

III. Absolute Community of Property ........ 31 IV. Conjugal Partnership of Gains ............ 34 V. Separation of Properties During Marriage....................................................... 38 VI. Property regime of unions without marriage....................................................... 39 Chapter IX. The Family and the Family Home ......................................................................... 41 I. Family.................................................. 41 II. Family Home....................................... 41 Chapter X. Paternity and Filiation ................ 43 I. Kinds of Filiation.................................. 43 II. Impugning Legitimacy (Art. 166) ......... 43 III. Proof of Filiation (Arts. 172 and 175 (1)) 44 IV. Legitimation (Arts. 177 and 182)......... 45 V. Rights of Legitimate and Illegitimate Children (SSS)............................................. 45 Chapter XI. Adoption ..................................... 46 I. RA 8552: Domestic Adoption Act of 1998 46 II. Adoption Procedure under RA 8552 IRR (Secs. 10-32) ............................................... 47 III. RA 8043: Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995 49 Chapter XII. Support ...................................... 51 I. Support................................................ 51 II. Who are Obliged to Support Each Other (Art. 195)...................................................... 51 III. Properties Answerable for Support (Art. 197-198) ...................................................... 52 IV. Order of Support (SDAB) .................... 52 Chapter XIII. Parental Authority.................... 53 I. Parental Authority ............................... 53 II. Substitute and Special Parental Authority....................................................... 54 III. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority....................................................... 55 IV. Rights and Duties of Children ............. 55 Chapter XIV. Funerals.................................... 56 I. General Guidelines ............................. 56

2 PERSONS & FAMILY RELATIONS

CIVIL LAW REVIEWER

Prof. Carolina Austria Faculty Editor

Anisah Azis Karen Torres Lead Writer Dana Crisostomo Jaimmie Hans Nathan Pico Zharmai Garcia Rowena Yang Margie Lim Jiselle Compuesto Mickey Chatto

Eden Mopia Faye Celso Mark Oyales Camille Umali JC Punongbayan Mary Beley Aboy Bayalan Welga Carrasco Joan Batimana Writers

CIVIL LAW Kristine Bongcaron Patricia Tobias Subject Editor

ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Kristine Bongcaron Michelle Dy Patrich Leccio Editors-in-Chief

PRINTING & DISTRIBUTION Kae Guerrero

DESIGN & LAYOUT Pat Hernandez Viktor Fontanilla Rusell Aragones Romualdo Menzon Jr. Rania Joya

LECTURES COMMITTEE Michelle Arias Camille Maranan Angela Sandalo Heads Katz Manzano Mary Rose Beley Sam Nuñez Krizel Malabanan Arianne Cerezo Marcrese Banaag Volunteers

MOCK BAR COMMITTEE Lilibeth Perez

BAR CANDIDATES WELFARE Dahlia Salamat

LOGISTICS Charisse Mendoza

SECRETARIAT COMMITTEE Jill Hernandez Head Loraine Mendoza Faye Celso Mary Mendoza Joie Bajo Members

Chapter I. Civil Personality I.

II.

I.

CONCEPT AND CLASSES OF PERSONS A. NATURAL PERSONS B. JURIDICAL PERSONS CAPACITY AND RESTRICTIONS THEREON A. PRESUMPTIONS OF CAPACITY B. RESTRICTIONS 1. MINORITY 2. INSANITY 3. BEING DEAF-MUTE 4. PRODIGALITY 5. CIVIL INTERDICTION 6. FAMILY RELATIONS 7. ABSENCE

Concept and Classes of Persons

Concept of Persons—  Personality is the quality derived from being a person; it is an attribute of persons. Characteristics— 1. It is not a being, but a quality of certain beings. 1. It is not a physical element, but a juridical concept. 2. It is not an object of contract, or of possession, and cannot be impaired by agreement. 2. It is a matter of public interest. Article 37, Civil Code. Juridical capacity, which is the fitness to be the subject of legal relations, is inherent in every natural person and is lost only through death. Capacity to act, which is the power to do acts with legal effect, is acquired and may be lost.

Kinds of Juridical Capacity— 1. Juridical Capacity:  aka as Legal Capacity/Personality = Fitness of man to be the subject of legal relations  It refers to the aptitude for the holding and enjoyment of rights.  It is inherent in every natural person and is lost only through death. This attaches to man by the mere fact of his being a man. 2. Capacity to Act:  It refers to the power to do acts with legal effect.  It is conditional and variable. It is acquired and may be lost. It requires both intelligence and will. Note: Juridical capacity can exist even without capacity to act; the existence of

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the latter implies that of the former. The capacity or incapacity of persons depends upon the law. Both juridical capacity and capacity to act are not rights but qualities of persons; hence, they cannot be renounced.

A. Natural Persons (asked in ’99 bar exam) General Rule: Birth determines personality (Art 40). Death extinguishes civil personality (Art 42). Exception: a “conceived child shall be considered born for all purposes that are FAVORABLE to it, provided it be born later” (Art 40, 2nd clause) with the following circumstances: a. From the time it is completely delivered from the mother's womb. b. But if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it should survive for at least 24 hours after its complete delivery. (Art. 41, CC) Article 40, Civil Code. Birth determines personality; but the conceived child shall be considered born for all purposes that are favorable to it, provided it be born later with the conditions specified in the following article.

Birth = complete removal of the fetus from the mother’s womb; before birth, a fetus is merely part of the mother’s internal organs Personality of Conceived Child— 1. Limited = only for purposes FAVORABLE to it 2. Conditional = it depends upon the child being born alive later Period of Conception = the first 120 days of the 300 days preceding the birth of the child A conceived child can acquire rights while still in the mother’s womb. It can inherit by will or by intestacy. Geluz v CA, (1961)— An aborted fetus had conditional personality but never acquired legal rights/civil personality because it was not alive at the time of delivery from the mother’s womb. No damages can be claimed in behalf of the unborn child. Article 41, Civil Code For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if it is alive at the time it is completely delivered from the mother's womb. However, if the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it is not deemed born if it dies within twenty-four hours after its complete delivery from the maternal womb.

Chapter I. CIVIL PERSONALITY

Complete respiration independent life

=

test/sign

of

4

Note: For a fetus that had an intra-uterine life of less than seven months, it is necessary that it lives for at least 24 hours, for it to be considered born. Article 42, Civil Code. extinguished by death.

Civil

personality

is

The effect of death upon the rights and obligations of the deceased is determined by law, by contract and by will.

People v. Tirol, (1981)— Criminal liability ends with death BUT civil liability may be charged against the estate. Article 43, Civil Code. If there is a doubt, as between two or more persons who are called to succeed each other, as to which of them died first, whoever alleges the death of one prior to the other, shall prove the same; in the absence of proof, it is presumed that they died at the same time and there shall be no transmission of rights from one to the other.

Note: Article 43 provides a statutory presumption when there is doubt on the order of death between persons who are called to succeed each other (only). Joaquin v. Navarro, (1948)— The statutory presumption of Article 43 was not applied due to the presence of a credible eyewitness as to who died first. Presumption in the Rules of Court (Rule 123, sec. 69, par. ii)— 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

Age Both under 15 Both above 60 One under 15, the other above 60 Both over 15 and under 60; different sexes Both over 15 and under 60; same sex One under 15 or over 60, the other between those ages

Presumed Survivor Older Younger One under 15 Male

Older One between 15 and 60

Note: Applicable only to two or more persons who perish in the same calamity, and it is not shown who died first, and there are no particular circumstances from which it can be inferred.

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B. Juridical Persons Juridical Persons (Art 44, Civil Code)— 1. The State and its Political subdivisions; 2. Other Corporations, Institutions and Entities for public interest or purpose, created by law; 3. Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations for private interest or purpose to which the law grants a juridical personality. Governing Laws (Art 45, Civil Code)— Juridical Person 1. State

2. 3. 4. 5.

Political Subdivision Public Corporation Private Corporation Partnerships

Governed by Constitution (defines organization and limits rights vis-à-vis citizens) Charter creating them

its its

Article 39, Civil Code. The following circumstances, among others, modify or limit capacity to act: age, insanity, imbecility, the state of being a deaf-mute, penalty, prodigality, family relations, alienage, absence, insolvency and trusteeship. The consequences of these circumstances are governed in this Code, other codes, the Rules of Court, and in special laws. Capacity to act is not limited on account of religious belief or political opinion. A married woman, twenty-one years of age or over, is qualified for all acts of civil life, except in cases specified by law.

General Rule: Incapacitated persons are not exempt from certain obligations arising from his acts or property relations. ________________

Charter creating them

1. Minority Corporation Code, Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws Stipulations of the parties and suppletorily by the general provisions on partnership of the Civil Code

Rules— 1. Juridical persons may acquire and possess property of all kinds, incur obligations, and bring civil or criminal actions (Art. 46, CC) 2. Upon dissolution of corporations or institutions and other entities for public interest, their property and assets shall be disposed of in pursuance of the law or charter creating them. (Art. 47, CC)

II. Capacity to Act and Restrictions Thereon A. Presumption of Capacity Standard Oil Co. v. Arenas, (1911)— Capacity to act is presumed until the contrary is proven, and that it be the reason for the specific act attributed. Proof of restriction: habituality, presence at the time, no other cause

B. Restrictions Article 38, Civil Code. Minority, insanity or imbecility, the state of being a deaf-mute, prodigality and civil interdiction are mere restrictions on capacity to act, and do not exempt the incapacitated person from certain obligations, as when the latter arise from his acts or from property relations, such as easements.

RA 6809 (1989): An act lowering the age of majority from twenty-one to eighteen years. Effects on Contracts— a. they cannot give consent to a contract [Art 1327 (1), CC] b. a contract where one of the parties is a minor is voidable [Art 1390(1),CC] c. a contract is unenforceable when both of the parties are minors (incapable of giving consent) [Art 1403(3), CC] d. minority cannot be asserted by the other party in an action for annulment (Art 1397, CC) e. not obliged to make restitution except insofar as he has been benefited (Art 1399, CC) f. minor has no right to demand the thing/price voluntarily returned by him (Art 1426, CC) g. minor has no right to recover voluntarily paid sum or delivered thing, if consumed in good faith (Art 1427, CC) h. must pay reasonable amount for necessaries delivered to him (Art 1489, CC)

Mercado v. Espiritu, (1918)— Estoppel works against minors who misrepresent their ages in a contract and are compelled to comply with its terms. Bambalan v. Maramba, (1928)—

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When a minor made no active misrepresentation as to his minority and such minority is known to the other party, the contract is voidable (Art 1403) as to the minor. Braganza v. Villa Abrille, (1959)— Minors are obliged to make restitution insofar as they have been benefited (Art 1399) Effects on Marriage— a. May not yet contract marriage (Art 5, FC) b. marriages, where one of the parties is below 18, even with the consent of parents/guardians, are VOID (Art 35, FC)

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c.

read personally by him or communicated to him by 2 persons (Art 807, CC) cannot be a witness to the execution of a will (Art 820, CC)

4. Prodigality Martinez v. Martinez, (1902)— A spendthrift or a prodigal is “a person, who, by excessive drinking, gambling, idleness or debauchery of any kind shall so spend, waste or lessen his estate as to expose himself or his family to want or suffering.” The acts of prodigality must show a morbid state of mind. Note: It is not the circumstance of prodigality, but the fact of being under guardianship that restricts capacity to act.

2. Insanity Insanity includes many forms of mental disease, either inherited or acquired. A person may not be insane but only mentally deficient (idiocy, imbecility, feeblemindedness). Effect on Contracts— a. incapacity to give consent to a contract [Art 1327(2), CC] b. contracts entered into during lucid intervals are valid (Art. 1328, CC) c. restitution of benefits (Art 1399, CC) Effect on Crimes— a. General rule: EXEMPTED from criminal liability b. Exception: acted during lucid interval Effect on Marriage— a. may be annulled if either party was of unsound mind unless the such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other [Art 45(2), FC] b. action for annulment of marriage must be filed by the sane spouse who had no knowledge of the other’s insanity; or by any relative/guardian of the insane; or by the insane spouse during a lucid interval or after regaining sanity [Art 47(2), FC]

3. State of Being Deaf-Mute a. cannot give consent to a contract if he/she also does not know how to write [Art 1327(2), CC] b. can make a valid WILL, provided: the contents of the same have either been

5. Civil Interdiction a. It is an accessory penalty imposed upon persons who are sentenced to a principal penalty not lower than reclusion temporal (article 41, Revised Penal Code). b. offender is deprived of rights of parental authority, or guardianship, of marital authority, of the right to manage his property and of the right to dispose of such (Art 34, RPC) c. for the validity of marriage settlements, the participation of the guardian shall be indispensible (Art 123, CC) 6. Family Relations a. justifying circumstance if acted in defense of person/rights of spouse, ascendants, descendants, brothers/sisters, and other relatives up th to the 4 civil degree [Art 11(2), RPC] b. mitigating circumstance if acted in the immediate vindication of a grave offense/felony committed against his spouse, ascendants or relatives of the same civil degree [Art 12(5), RPC] c. incestuous and void marriages:  between ascendants and descendants of any degree;  between brothers and sisters, whether full or half-blood. (Art 37, FC) d. donations/grants of gratuitous advantage between spouses during the marriage shall be VOID, except moderate gifts during family occasions (Art 87, FC)

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e. descendants cannot be compelled to testify in a criminal case, against his parents and grandparents  UNLESS: crime was against the descendant OR by one parent against the other (Art 215, FC) f. spouses cannot sell property to each other, except:  absolute separation is agreed upon in the marriage settlements  judicial separation of property (Art 1490, CC) 7. Absence Article 390, Civil Code. After an absence of seven years, it being unknown whether or not the absentee still lives, he shall be presumed dead for all purposes, except for those of succession. The absentee shall not be presumed dead for the purpose of opening his succession till after an absence of ten years. If he disappeared after the age of seventy-five years, an absence of five years shall be sufficient in order that his succession may be opened. (n) Art. 391, Civil Code. The following shall be presumed dead for all purposes, including the division of the estate among the heirs: 1. A person on board a vessel lost during a sea voyage, or an aeroplane which is missing, who has not been heard of for four years since the loss of the vessel or aeroplane; 2. A person in the armed forces who has taken part in war, and has been missing for four years; 3. A person who has been in danger of death under other circumstances and his existence has not been known for four years.

Article 124, FC— a. administration and enjoyment of the CPG shall belong to both spouses jointly b. in case of disagreement, husband’s decision shall prevail, subject to recourse to the court by the wife for proper remedy c. if one spouse is incapacitated/unable to administer, sole powers of administration may be assumed by the other spouse. d. General Rule: This power does not include disposition/encumbrance.  Exception: judicial authority or written consent of other spouse

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Chapter II. CITIZENSHIP AND DOMICILE

Chapter II. Citizenship and Domicile (asked in ’75, ’81, ’87, ’93, ’05 and ’08 bar exams) I. II.

WHO ARE FILIPINO CITIZENS DOMICILE A. REQUISITES OF DOMICILE B. KINDS OF DOMICILE

I.

Who are Filipinos

1. Domicile of Origin  Domicile of parents of a person at the time he was born. 2. Domicile of Choice  Domicile chosen by a person, changing his domicile of origin.  A 3rd requisite is necessary – intention not to return to one’s domicile as his permanent place.

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the 1987 Constitution; 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; 3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. (Art IV, §1, 1987 Philippine Constitution) Note: These have superseded the rules on citizenship enumerated in the Civil Code. Citizen = owes allegiance to the state and is entitled to its protection

II. Domicile For Natural Persons— the place of their habitual residence (Art. 50, CC). For Natural Persons— the place where their legal representation is established, or where they exercise their primary functions, unless there is a law or other provision that fixes the domicile (Art. 51, CC). Domicile vs. Residence— While domicile is permanent (there is intent to remain), residence is temporary and may be changed anytime (there is no necessary intent to remain). ________________

A. Requisites of Domicile (Callejo v. Vera) 1. Physical Presence 2. Intent to remain permanently manendi)

B. Kinds of Domicile

(animus

3. Domicile by Operation of Law (i.e., Article 69, domicile of minor)  Romualdez-Marcos vs. Comelec (1995)— A married woman does not lose her domicile to her husband.

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Chapter III. Marriage

Chapter III. MARRIAGE quasi-delict and is governed by the provisions of this Chapter.

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF MARRIAGE REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE A. ESSENTIAL REQUISITES B. FORMAL REQUISITES III. MARRIAGES SOLEMNIZED ABROAD IV. PRESUMPTION OF MARRIAGE



I.



I. II.

Definition and Nature of Marriage

(asked in ’91, ’92 and ’99 bar exams) Definition of Marriage (Art 1 FC)— What Who How Purpose Significance

SPECIAL CONTRACT of permanent union Between a MAN and a WOMAN Entered into in accordance with LAW Establishment of CONJUGAL and FAMILY life FOUNDATION of the family and an INVIOLABLE SOCIAL INSTITUTION whose nature, consequences and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulations EXCEPT that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided by this code.

Breach of Promise to Marry — (asked in ’09 bar exam) 1. As a general rule breach of promise to marry is not an actionable wrong (Tanjanco v CA, Wassmer v Velez) and cannot give rise to liability for damages in line with the principle of freedom of consent in marriage (Art 2(2) Family Code). (Reyes) 2. However damages may be claimed based on the principles laid down in Art 19-21 & 2176 of the CC Art. 19, Civil Code. Every person must, in the exercise of his rights and in the performance of his duties, act with justice, give everyone his due, and observe honesty and good faith. Art. 20, Civil Code. Every person who, contrary to law, wilfully or negligently causes damage to another shall indemnify the latter for the same. Art. 21, Civil Code. Any person who wilfully causes loss or injury to another in a manner that is contrary to morals, good customs or public policy shall compensate the latter for the damage. Art. 2176, Civil Code. Whoever by act or omission causes damage to another, there being fault or negligence, is obliged to pay for the damage done. Such fault or negligence, if there is no pre-existing contractual relation between the parties, is called a



EXPENSES or other incidents that directly arose from the contract to marry can be claimed IF the breach of promise was done in a manner considered as contrary to morals, good customs or public policy (cost of wedding preparations). (Wassmer v Velez) LOST WAGES arising from voluntary dismissal in anticipation of marriage can be sued for. (Tanjanco v CA) EXPENSES made for the renovation of an anticipated conjugal home can be sued for. (Piccininni v. Hajus-US Jurisprudence)

II. Requisites of Marriage (asked in ’76, ’82, ’89, ’90, ’99, ’02, ’04, ’07, and ‘09 bar exams)

A. Essential Requisites of Marriage Essential Requisites [LC]— 1. Legal Capacity of the contracting parties, who must be a male and a female 2. Consent (of the parties) freely given in the presence of a solemnizing officer. (Art. 2 FC) Legal Capacity— Male or female>=18, not under any impediments mentioned in Art 37 (incestuous marriage) & Art 38 (marriage against public policy), may contract marriage. (Art 5) Must be Male and Female— 1. Jones v Hallahan, (1973): Application for marriage license was denied since marriage is defined by law as a contract entered into between a man and a woman. 2. Silverio v Republic, (2007): Changing of gender in one’s birth certificate was denied; otherwise, it would result in confusion and would allow marriage between persons of the same sex which is in defiance of the law, as marriage is a union between a man and a woman. Note: The best source for citing the requirement (of male/female) is still statutory, as provided explicitly in the Family Code. Consent Freely Given— People v Santiago, (51 Phil 68): A marriage entered into by a person whose real intent is

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Chapter III. MARRIAGE

to avoid prosecution for rape is void for total lack of consent. The accused did not intend to be married. He merely used such marriage to escape criminal liability. Absence and Requisites— Effect Illustration

Defect

Absence VOID - marriage entered into by a person