Universitatea "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iași: PROFESOR: Prof. Univ. Dr. Marius-Ciprian Ceobanu CURSANT: Nechita Adrian

 

THFYD^[FRORDO ‗OADPOHB^T

FCOH KT]O‗ FOȐF

FH[R^TF^D O[F[RORĎ \D KOAKTAORC^ GCBTA \C[RTHFYD^[FRO^ HFYDA F \C^RCICAFT

\^CID[C^= \rci. Thfv. Br. Gorfus-Kfprfoh Kdcnohu KT^[OHR= Hdk`fto Obrfoh

 

 

Rdgo ?.

Orjugdhtoȕf bfh pdrspdktfvċ pdbojcjfkċ, bd kd FOK F OK pcotd if kchsfbdrotċ gdtcbċ bfboktfkċ sou bcgdhfu oa Ȑtffhȕdacr Dbukoȕfdf.  ‖‖Cgua kît trċfdȖtd èhvoȕċ‗, uh prcvdrn pcpuaor pdrpdtuot bd -o auhjua fstcrfdf ku c rdadvohȕċ trdkutċ, oktuoaċ Ȗf bd vfftcr, pdhtru kċ  ao urgo urgdf kdad trdf ospdktd tdgpcroad iok  portd bfh dxfstdhȕo hcostrċ ko cg. Èhvċȕordo kaor Ȗf iċrċ bunff è hkdpd bd ao prfgdad sċptċgîhf oad dxfstdhȕdf hcostrd, èhkċ  bfh nurtfko gogdf Ȗf kchtfhuċ èh bfidrftd rftgurf Ȗf dtopd pîhċ kîhb gurfg. Bd ao ospdktdad bd  nozo oad sfgȕurfacr , bd ao bcnîhbfrdo bd hcf kcgpcrtogdhtd, bd ao fhtdrokȕfuhdo ku gdbfua ognfdhtoa,  pîhċ ao a o dbukoȕfo okobdgfkċ ao kda  gof èhoat hfvda suhtdg è htr-c kchtfhuċ stord bd èhvċȕord, prfh urgord putdg spuhd kċ èhvċȕo rdo dstd gcboaftotdo bd kchstftufrd o cguauf, cgua iffhb bdifhft prfh kddo kd o èhvċȕot. Cgua dvcaudozċ kchtfhuu, èhvoȕċ kchtfhuu sd trohsicrgċ Ȗf hu hugof da, kf Ȗf sckfdtotdo bfh kord iokd portd, ifd kċ   vcrnfg bdsprd c fhbustrfoafzord o sckfdtċȕff, sou o fhicrgotfzċrff okdstdfo, cogdhf bd Ȗtffhȕċ, ifaczcif, pdbojcjf, ou èhkdrkot èhtctbdouho sċ jċsdosk jċsdoskċċ kdad gof nuhd gdtcbd bd fhstrufrd, kdad gof nuhd gdtcbd bd o trohsgftd kuhcȖtfhȕ d. Hcf vcg iokd rdidrfrd ao gdtcbo FOK sou fhstrufrdo osfstotċ pd koakuaotcr   Ȗf vcg orjugdhto bd kd okdostċ gdtcbċ dstd bdmo uho bfboktfkċ.  Ycg pcrhf bd ao bdifhfȕfo gdtcbdf bfboktfkd, sf iuhkȕffad okdstdfo  pdhtru o vdbdo bokċ  gdtcbo FOK èhtruhdȖtd okdstd krftdrff.  ,,Gdtcbo bfboktfkċ sd rdidrċ ao brugua sou koado bd urgot èh oktfvftotdo kcguhċ o  prcidscruauf œf dadvfacr, èh vdbdrdo rdoafzċrff cnfdktfvdacr fhstrufrff.  Okdosto ord urgċtcordad iuhkȕff=    Kcguhfkotfvċ, bd trohsgftdrd o hcf kuhcœtfhȕd/onfaftċȕf/otftubfhf.    Kcjhftfvċ, bd bcnîhbfrd bd hcf kuhcœtfhȕd/onfaftċȕf/otftubfhf.    Hcrgotfvċ, bd crjohfzord, bfrfmord œf kcrdktord kchtfhuċ o prckdsuauf bd fhstrufrd.   Gctfvoȕfchoaċ, bd o stîrhf œf gdhȕfhd fhtdrdsua dadvuauf, kurfczftotdo, bcrfhȕo bd kuhcoœtdrd œf okȕfuhd.   Cpdroȕfchoa-fhstrugdhtoaċ, ko fhtdrgdbfor èhtrd dadv œf uhftotdo  bd kchȕfhut.  prcidscrua dstd uh rdprdzdhtoht oa œtffhȕdf kord gdbfozċ, prfh fhtdrgdbfua gdtcbdacr, okkdsua ao kuhcoœtdrd.    Icrgotfv-dbukotfvċ, bd dxdrsord œf bdzvcatord o prckdsdacr psf`fkd œf gctcrff, sfguatoh ku èhsuœfrdo kuhcœtfhȕdacr, icrgordo bdprfhbd rfacr, bdzvcatordo 











optftubfhfacr, cpfhffacr, kchvfhjdrfacr, sdhtfgdhtdacr œf koaftċȕfacr gcroad‗.   \adkîhb bd ao bdifhfȕfo botċ Ȗf iuhkȕffad rdspdktfvd putdg oifrgo kċ FOK dstd uh brug  sou c koad bd urgot. Ȑf ohugd èh vdbdrdo rdoafzċrff cnfdktfvdacr bd fhstrufrd FOK iokd trdkdrdo bd ao c gdtcbo bd fhstrufrd kaosfkċ, okdo gdtcbċ èh kord prcidscrua vfhd Ȗf prdzfhtċ adkȕfo, dxpafkċ, bdskrfd, pcvdstdȖtd, pcvdstdȖtd, sou aukrdozċ ku gohuoaua ao uho bd fhstrufrd croa-vfzuoaċ, ku uh fgpokt guat gof gord pd vfzuoa. Gof oads èh kozua dadvfacr bd jdhdroaċ icacsfrdo uhuf koakuaotcr skcotd èh dvfbdhȕċ sfgȕurfad oubftfvd Ȗf vfzuoad bdpċȖfhb stobfua bd sdhzoȕfd, Ȗf trdkdg ao stobfua uhdf  pdrkdpȕff crjohfzotd, uhbd fhicrgoȕfo trohsgfsċ dstd guat gof uȖcr èhȕdadosċ otuhkf kîhb icacsfg  pd aohjċ c bdskrfdrd croaċ Ȗf fgojfhf nfhd kchturotd, ku c koaftotd supdrfcorċ Ȗf sou stfguaf oubftfvf. Th dxdgpau èh okdst sdhs èa putdg ovdo ao cnfdktua jdcjroifd ifd da bd jdhdroaċ sou afkdu, uhbd bokċ auċg c fgojfhd ku c `ortċ bfh gohuoa, okdosto hu èȕf pcotd cidrf gof guat bdkît kddo kd vdzf didktfv èh paoh, pd kîhb ku omutcrua uhuf \K, aoptcp sou crfkd oat bfspczftfv gdbfo kchtdgpcroh, pctf vdbdo `orto fhtdroktfv, pcȕf gċrf, pcȕf gfkȖcro skoro `ċrȕff, pcȕf vdbdo ohugftd bdtoaff bdsprd c ohugd b d fhtdrds, omuhjd k`for fhtdroktfvftotdo ao hfvda bd strobċ, ku omutcrua opafkoȕff sou scit kug orrdjfuhd if ,,jccjad gops,,. pctf Fgpoktua vfzuoa, pd kord dadvua cuhdf ord ?

 

ku uh osdgdhdo fhst rugdht iokd ko prckdsua bd èhvċȕord so ifd uhua gof sfgpau Ȗf gof rdkd ptfv. Rrohsgftdrdo bd kuhcȖtfhtd hcf sd iokd bd osdgdhdo osdgdhdo guat gof sfgpau Ȗf gof uȖcr bd rdkdptot.

\rcidscrua k`for bokċ icacsdȖtd fhstrugdhtd gcbdrhd prfh gdtcbo FOK hu sd pfdrbd iuhkȕfo kcguhfkotfvċ, kf okdosto bdvfhd gof fhtdroktfvċ, bdvfhd gof otroktfvċ , dadvua pcotd if gof otdht, gof fgpafkot, gof kchkdhtrot, prcidscrua rduȖfhb sċ gohojdrfdzd kaoso b d dadvf gof uȖcr, icacsfhb pdhtru ifdkord dadv pcotd sfguatoh, gdtcbd bfidrftd bd prdbord, uhff dadvf iffhb rdkdptfvf ao sdghoad oubftfvd, dxdgpau oubfcncce-urf, sou vfzuoad, dxdgpau prdzdhtċrf pcwdr  pcfht, kcguhfkordo dstd ègnuhċtċȕftċ dxpchdhȕfoa, pdhtru kċ kofad bd kcguhfkord bdvfh guat gof vorfotd Ȗf bfspchfnfad pdhtru gof guatd tfpurf bd dadvf.   Iuhkȕfo kcjhftfvċ bdvfhd gof prcbuktfvċ, bokċ putdg spuhd oȖo, Ȗf hd rdidrfg ao ioptua kċ ku omutcrua uhuf \K, putdg iokd gof guatd aukrurf èh prckdsua bd èhvċȕord, putdg sċ okkdsċg Ȗf gof ropfb uh vcaug gord bd fhicrgoȕff, aċrjfhb ostida crfzchtua kuhcoȖtdrff, dadvuauf cidrfhbu f uh okkds gof ropfb ao fhicrgoȕff,  c nozċ guat gof gord bd botd, ff putdg krdȖtd bcrfhȕo bd o kdrkdto, bd o bdskcpdrf, bd o jîhbf, bd o trojd sfhjur kchauzff, bd o puhd èhtrdnċrf, bd o kċuto oatd vorfohtd bd rċspuhs pcotd bd of cidrf c koad sprd o okȕfcho, sprd o kuhcoȖtd obdvċrurfad.  \rfh fhstrufrdo osfstotċ pd koakuaotcr , o trdfo iuhkȕfd bfh gdtcbo bfboktfkċ , i uhkūfo uhkūfo hcrgotfvċ bdvfhd cptfgfzordo okūfuhff bd fhstrufrd, omuhjîhb ostida ao kdad gof nuhd rdz uatotd. Ku omutcrua FOK, prckds ua bfboktfk, sd strukturdozċ gof kaor, gof sfgpau k`for , gof difkfdht iċkîhb ko rdzuatotdad  sċ ifd Ȗf dad guat gof uȖcr kuohtfifkonfad. FOK iokd ko prckdsua prdbord èhvċȕord-dvoauord sċ ifd uhua fhtdjrot, ioȕċ bd bfboktfko bfboktfko trobfȕfchoaċ èh kkord ord oktua prd prdbċrff bċrff Ȗf èhvċȕċrff drou sdporotd bd kda oa dvoauċrff, okugo dvoauordo putîhb if iċkutċ fhstoht, cidrfhb kdauf   uh iddbnoke pdrgohdht.  Rctcbotċ dadvff portfkfpċ oktfv èh prckdsua bd prdbordkord èhvoȕċ èhvċȕord. Crjohfzordo adkȕffacr, o paohurfacr bd aukru sou èh sfhd o prcjrogdf pcotd if rdoafzotċ ku gof gord usurfhȕċ, bdkît èh trdkut ku omutcrua uhuf koakuaotcr.   Bfh pċkotd fhtdrdsua uhuf dadv osupro uhdf gotdrff, o uhuf sunfdkt, o uhdf adkȕff pcotd skobd sunft, gof oads kîhb kda kord trohsgftd t rohsgftd fhicrgoȕffad, bcor ad trohsgftd. Bcor prfh o pcvdstf, sou bcor prfh o ȕfhd c prdadjdrd, iċrċ uh oat supcrt, dstd dxtrdg bd jrdu sċ gdhȕff fhtdrdsua uhuf dadv. Ofkf nfhdèhȕdads pcotd fhtdrvdhf fhstrufrdo osfstotċ pd koakuaotcr, kord bupċ kug og gof spus pcotd kopto dadvua vfzuoa, oubftfv, fhtdroktfv . Èf pcotd cidrf gctfvoȕfo hdkdsorċ bd o kchtfhuċ sċ ifd otdht, sċ koptdzd fhicrgoȕffad, Ȗf gof oads sċ ad èhȕdadojċ ko uatdrfcr sċ ad pcotċ opafko. \utdg icacsf gdtcbd bd vfbdc koaa, prfh kord pcotd uh jrup bd dadvf bfh oatċ Ȗkcoaċ sou ȕorċ, pct  portfkfpo Ȗf df ao adkȕfd Ȗf èȖf pct obukd opcrtua bd kuhcȖtfhȕd sou dxpdrfdhȕd prcprff, nfhdèhȕdads okdst koz èa putdg opafko Ȗf prcidscrfacr.   Bd osdgdhdo prfh fhstrufrdo osfstotċ pd koakuaotcr  putdg krddo sou kchstruf kchstruf kchtdxtd proktfkd pdhtru o puhd èh opafkord kchkdptdad Ȗf kuhcȖtfhȕdad b cnîhbftd cnîhbftd, putdg sfguao prckdsd Ȗf idhcgdhd icortd kcgpadxd pd kord hfkf uh oat gfmack bfboktfk hu ad pcotd puhd otît bd nfhd èh dvfbdhȕċ,  ostida krdfchîhb uh gdbfu otroktfv bd o bdgchstro okdstd kuhcȖtfhȕd cnȕfhutd, cidrfhb c gctfvoȕfd bd o èhvċȕo. Koakuaotcrua, ‗oporot dadktrchfk bctot ku gdgcrfd Ȗf ku gfmacokd guatfpad bd trotord o fhicrgoȕffacr , bd prdaukrord Ȗf oifȖord o fhicrgoȕffacr, ku bbfvdrsd fvdrsd opafkoȕff opafkoȕff utfaftord, dbuk dbukoȕfchoad, oȕfchoad, bfstroktfvd dtk‗, dtk‗, prfhkfpoaua fhstrugdht èh gdtcbo gdtcbo FOK, ddstd std kaor fhtdrgdbforua bfhtrd prcidscr Ȗf dadv, prcidscrua iffhb rdprdzdhtohtua Ȗtffhȕdf èh prfgċ iozċ for koakuaotcrua bd bdvfhd vfhd gdtcb gdtcboo prfh kord sd trohsgftd kuhcoȖtdrdo, prfh kord sd dxdkutċ prckdsua bd èhvċȕord, prfh kord sd osfjurċ   okkdsua ao kuhcoȖtdrd. Dstd kaor fhstrugdhtua bd nozċ, ku omutcrua kċrufo okkdsua ao kuhcoȖtdrd bdvfhd jacnoa, bdvfhd uhfvdrsoa, bdvfhd crfkîhb Ȗf crfuhbd . Dstd td`hfko ku kord otfhjdg cnfdktfvdad fhstruktfv-dbukotfvd, dstd gcbua prfh kord crfkfhd pcotd èhvċȕo pd crfkfhd, ifd prfh gotdr foad foad dbukotfvd, bfboktfkd, tutcrfoad, sou dxpdrfdhȕd pcvdstftd pd bfidrftd rdȕdad bd sckfoafzord sou nacjurf.

Ko crfkd oatċ gdtcbċ bfboktfkċ Ȗf FOK bfhkcac bd kchtrfnuȕfo ao rdoafzordo cnfdktfvdacr bfspuhd bd c ohugftċ aoturċ  bd fhiaudhȕord Ȗf o oatcr ospdktd oad bd kuhcoȖtdrd ostida Ȗf okȕfuhd  pdrschoaftċȕff, sd bdzvcatċ bfvdrsd iuhkȕff psf`fkd Ȗf gctcrff, hcf strukturf gfhtoad Ȗf >

 

outcgot icrgd kcgpcrtogdhtoad. Fhiaudhȕdozċ bd osdgdhdo icrgordo uhcr otftubfhf, bdzvcatċ ohugftd kchvfhjdrf, kopokftċȕf,  sprd dxdgpau ioptua kċ ovdg okkdsua fgdbfot ao fhicrgoȕfd,  putdg tct tfgpua kċuto bokċ prcidscrua ord brdptotd osupro uhcr sunfdktd, putdg daoncro Ȗf ègnuhċtċȕf fhicrgoȕffad prfgftd, hd pcotd omuto sċ bdvdhfg gof fhtrcspdkȕf, f htrcspdkȕf, sċ kċutċg sursd hcf bd fhicrgord, sċ bdvdhfg outcbfbokȕf, ovîhb èh vdbdrd   guatftubfhdo bd kchȕfhuturf dbukotfvd dxfstdhtd èh gdbfua chafhd. Ostida gdtcbo bd prdbord hu dstd hugof koado bd trohsgftdrd o uhcr kuhcȖtfhȕd kf Ȗf uh prckds dbukotfv.  \utdg spuhd bupċ kug og Ȗf èhkdput iċrċ èhbcfoaċ kċ gdtcbo FOK dstd c gdtcbċ bfboktfkċ, cnsdrvîhb kċ okdosto èhtruhdȖtd iuhkȕffad bdifhftd bd c gdtcbo bfboktfkċ, pcotd ku ohugftd aokuhd, pd oackurf, bor ao urgo urgdf hfgdhf hu pcotd susȕfhd kċ c gdtcbċ dstd gof  nuhċ ko oato, ifdkord gdtcbċ gdtcbċ ovîhb Ȗf ospdktd hdjotfvd, for kdo gof nuhċ scauȕfd dstd ègnfhordo acr, bd opafkot bcor pċrȕfad pczftfvd bfh ifdkord, uh fbdoa, sou pcotd c utcpfd, èh kddo kd prfvdȖtd gdbfua dbukoȕfchoa oktuoa.  ‘Fhstrufrdo osfstotċ bd koakuaotcr sd rdidrċ ao bcgdhfua tdcrdtfkc-opafkotfv bd utfafzord o kcgputdrdacr èh oktfvftotdo bd èhvċūord.  Fhstrufrdo osfstotċ  pd koakuaotcr (FOK) rdprdzfhtċ c gdtcbċ bfboktfkċ  bfboktfkċ sou c gdtcbċ bd èhvċūċgîht, kord voacrfifkċ prfhkfpffad bd gcbdaord œf ohoafzċ kfndrhdtfkċ o oktfvftċūff bd fhstrufrd èh kchtdxtua hcfacr td`hcacjff fhicrgotfkd œf bd kcguhfkoūff, koroktdrfstfkd sckfdtċūff kchtdgpcrohd‖‖  Nfnafcjroifd=

?. Kdrj`ft, F.,(>