Unit 1 (Political Science)

 

Klgeneo ge` `laentie i Rijntcgj scnlecl.

• Lvle tfiuof tfl tlrk pijncgj scnlecl ns heiwe dy slvlrgj egkls gs pijncs, pijncgj scnlecl, scnlecl sc nlecl ia stgtl ge` scnlecl ia pijncs, tfns sudmlct jgchs prlcnsl g eiklecjgturl • Ne vlry snkpjl tlrks, tfns sudmlct ns `lel` gs g stu`y ia stgtl ge` oivlreklet • Pfl Leojnsf wir` pijncs irnonegtls arik tfrll Orllh wir`s jnhl pijns (cnty-stgtl), pijnty (oivlreklet) ge` pijntlng (ciestuie) Gs sucf pijncs ne tfl irnonegj Orllh slesl ns g stu`y ia cnty-stgtls c nty-stgtls ge` nts g`knenstrgie ne prgccgj gs wljj gs ne pfnjisipfncgj tlrks • Fiwlvlr, tfl pinet ia `ncujty ns tfgt tfl tlrk pijncs ns tghle dy tfl jlxncies (`nciegry/wir`diih) ge` tfl wrntlrs ia tlxt diihs ditf gs g scnlecl ge` ge grt • Pfl `ncujty ns aurtflr necrlgsl` wfle wl tghl eitl ia tfl t fl agct tfgt lvlr snecl Fiddls n`lel` nt wntf piwlr ge` Guoust Ciktl pipujgrnsl` tfl trle` ia pisnvnsk, tfl irnonegj Orllh klgeneo ia pijncs dlcgkl iut`gtl` Rijncs gs olelrgjjy ue`lrstii` ns tfl stu`y ia stgtl ge` oivlreklet • Dut sikl cieausnie ns crlgtl` wfle lknelet wrntlrs jnhl Mljjnelh, _njjiuofdy ge` Rijjich `rgw g jnel ia `nsecie dltwlle nts tflirlcgj ir gcg`lknc ge` prgccgj ge` gppjnl` `nklesnies . Pfns `nsecie sfiws tfgt wfnjl sikl tipncs rljgeo ti tfl irnone, egturl, purpisls ge` le`s ia stgtl airk pgrt ia tflirlcgj pijncs, itflr rljgeo ti tfl t fl gctugj g`knenstrgie ia tfl ggnrs ia oivlreklet dljieo ti tfl spflrl ia gppjnl` pijncs Ne itflr wir`s, wfnjl tfl tlrk tflirlcgj tflirlc gj pijncs rlalrs ti tfl aue`gkletgj cfgrgctlrnscs ia tfl stgtl wntfiut rlalrlecl ti nts gcvnls, tfl tlrk gppjnl` pijncs rlalrs ti tfl stgtl ne gcie ir stgtl ciesn`lrl` gs g `yegknc nestuie Pfl stgtl ns g vlry cikpjlx ggnr ge` nt kgy dl stu`nl` arik `nlrlet pinets ia vnlw Pfl lcieiknsts, tfl psycfijionsts, tfl sicnijionsts, tfl fnstirnges ge` tfl murnsts gjj stu`y stgtl arik tflnr iwe pinets ia vnlw Pfl rlgsie ns, tfl stgtl fgs `nvlrsl gsplcts ge` lgcf sicngj scnlecl `lgjs wntf iel ia nts pgrcujgr gsplcts _flrlgs tfl twi tlrks pijncgj scnlecl ge` pijncs grl usl` netlrcfgeolgdjy, tflrl ns g jnel ia `nsecie dltwlle tfl twi • Nt kgy dl sgn` tfgt wfnjl pijncgj scnlecl ns g di`y ia heiwjl`ol gdiut tfl stgtl ge` nts vgrnius kgenalstgies, pijncs rlalrs ti tfl gctugj iplrgie ia pijncgj systlk Rijncs ns tfus rljgtl` ti tfl grt ia stgtlskgesfnp ge` `npjikgcy ge` gs sucf, nt ns ge grt • Dut pijncgj scnlecl ns cieclrel` wntf tfl aue`gkletgj prnecnpjls ia stgtl ge` oivlreklet ge` gs sucf nt ns kirl ia g scnlecl • Ne ir`lr ti grrnvl gt g sgsagctiry `lenie ia tfl tlrk pijncgj scnlecl, wl kgy cikl ti ciecju`l tfgt nespntl ia tfl pridjlk ia nts eiklecjgturl, nts usl ne tflirlcgj ge` gppjnl` airks, nts cieeitgie ne sneoujgr ge` pjurgj slesls, ge` gdivl gjj, nts `nsecie wntf pijncs, ttfl fl aue`gkletgj pinet ia gorllklet ns tfgt nt ns g scnlecl ia tfl stgtl

 

Nt ns g drgecf ia sicngj scnlecls `lgjneo wntf tfl tfliry, irogensgie, oivlreklet ge` prgccl ia stgtl EGP\TL IA RIJNPNCGJ SCNLECL Rijncgj Scnlecl ns g pgrt ia sicngj scnlecls ge` tflrlairl ns `nlrlet arik tfgt ia pfysncgj scnlecls jnhl pfysncs ge` cflknstry • Si tfl qulsie wfncf cieclres tfl egturl ia tfl sudmlct ns wfltflr Rijncgj Scnlecl ns g Sc Scnlecl nlecl ir ge Grt ge` fiw tfl egturl ia tfl `nscnpjnel fgs ue`lroiel cfgeols ivlr tfl ylgrs

Rijncgj Scnlecl= Ge Grt • Scnlecl ns uenvlrsgj ge` g systlkgc di`y ia heiwjl`ol, dgsl` ie gccurgtl ge` nkpgrgj agcts, tfriuof wfncf idslrvgie, cikpgrnsie ge` lxplrnkletgie cge dl kg`l Gppgrletjy, Rijncgj Scnlecl `ils eit fgvl sikl ia tflsl algturls Ge` tflrlairl Lgrelst Dgrhlr, Mgkls Drycl, Cfgrjls C fgrjls G. Dlgr` ge` itflrs wlrl rljuctget ti gccl gcclpt pt Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g scnlecl Rijncgj Scnlecl= Ge Grt • Scnlecl ns uenvlrsgj ge` g systlkgc di`y ia heiwjl`ol, dgsl` ie gccurgtl ge` nkpgrgj agcts, tfriuof wfncf idslrvgie, cikpgrnsie ge` lxplrnkletgie cge dl kg`l Gppgrletjy, Rijncgj Scnlecl `ils eit fgvl sikl ia tflsl algturls Ge` tflrlairl Lgrelst Dgrhlr, Mgkls Drycl, Cfgrjls C fgrjls G. Dlgr` ge` itflrs wlrl rljuctget ti gccl gcclpt pt Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g scnlecl Pfl aijjiwneo grl sikl grouklets gognest tfl eiie ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g Scnlecl= Sc nlecl= 7. Pflrl ns ei olelrgj gorllklet gkieo tfl pijncgj tfnehlrs rlogr`neo `lenie, scipl, kltfi`s ge` prnecnpjl ia tfl sudmlct • Rijncgj prnecnpjls eit uenvlrsgjjy grl gcclptgdjl • Pfl aijjiwneo grl sikl grouklets gognest tfl eiie ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g Scnlecl= 7. Pflrl ns ei olelrgj gorllklet gkieo tfl pijncgj tfnehlrs rlogr`neo `lenie, scipl, kltfi`s ge` prnecnpjl ia tfl sudmlct • Rijncgj prnecnpjls eit uenvlrsgjjy grl gcclptgdjl • Pfl tlrks ia pijncgj scnlecl grl ile usl` cgrljlssjy c grljlssjy ne ir`negry spllcf, grl onvle ge` grl arlquletjy `nstirtl` dy dlneo onvle g agviurgdjl ir ge ueagviurgdjl cieeitgie air pgrsge ir egiegj purpisl • • • Gs g rlsujt `nsgorllklet ne `lenie ge` tlrkneijioy oils gognest g scnlec gpprigcf • . Air nestgecl, tfl pijncgj tfnehlrs `lel tfl tlrk `lkicrgcy ne kgey wgys

 

• Pfly put airwgr` grouklets ditf air ge` gognest `lkicrgcy 4. Pfl sudmlct kglr ia pijncgj scnlecl ns vlry cikpjncgtl` • Nt `lgjs wntf kge ge` nts pijncgj nestuies wfncf grl eit stgdjl ge` grl ia cfgeoneo c fgeoneo cfgrgctlr • G pijncgj pfnjisipflr cgeeit prl`nct wfle lcieiknc `nscietlet wnjj drneo rlvijuie ne Ne`ng Pflrlairl, rnoirius kltfi`s ia scnlec nevlsogie cgeeit dl aijjiwl` ne pijncgj scnlecl 3. Nt ns pissndjl air g cflknst ti klgsurl g tfneo • Air nestgecl, wl cge tlkplrgturl ia g plrsie klgsurl tfl di`y • Dut ne pijncgj scnlecl, gccurgtl klgsurlklet ns eit pissndjl Rijncgj Scnlecl= G Scnlecl Gklrncge pijncgj tfnehlrs jnhl @gvn` Lgstie trnl` ti lstgdjnsf g scnlec dgsns ia Rijncgj Scnlecl . _fnjl, Grnstitjl cgjjl` nt g Kgstlr Scnlecl tfriuof wfncf cnvnjnsgie ciuj` dl sgvl` • Pfl aijjiwneo grl sikl grouklets ne agviur ia tfl eiie ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g Scnlecl= 7. Tlcletjy, pijncgj tfliry fgs `lvljipl` dgsl` ie agcts ge` vlrngdjl `gtg, l.o., vieo dlfgvniur ge` tflirnls ia ljlcie 2222222 3. Nt ns pissndjl ti cie`uct sikl lxplrnklets tfriuof wfncf pijncgj scnlest cge dlelt Nt ns wljj heiwe tfgt Grnstitjl dgsl` fns Rijncs ie fns stu`y ia tfl wirhneo ia 706

 

@LQLJIRKLEP IA RIJNPNCGJ SCNLECL • Pfl stu`y ia pijncs fgs fg` g jieo trg`nie • Gs g kglr ia agct, Rijncgj Scnlecl fgs nts riits ne gecnlet Orllcl Pfl Orllhs usl` tfl tlrk "pijnhg" ti `lscrndl tfl euklrius gcvnls ia tfl "Rijns" ir cnty-stgtls ne wfncf tfly jnvl` Pfus, nt wgs tfl Orllh tfnehlrs wfi jgn` tfl aiue`gie air tfl `lvljipklet ia g systlkgc scnlecl ia pijncs Pfly wlrl kgnejy cieclrel` wntf qulsies ia kirgjnty ge` ltfncs ge` trnl` ti `lel ge n`lgj stgtl • Pfl rst lirts ti systlkgcgjjy stu`y pijncs cge dl trgcl` ne tfl wirhs ia tfl twi agkius pijncgj tfnehlrs arik gecnlet Orllcl, egkljy, Rjgti ge` Grnstitjl . Jgtlr, Cfrnsge rljnonius tfnehlrs jnhl St. Guousel ge` St. Pfikgs Gqunegs, gjsi `wljt upie tfl n`lg ia  ge n`lgj stgtl ge` siuoft ti `lrnvl kirgj ge` ltfncgj prnecnpjls rlogr`neo tfl sgkl Gccir`neojy, ne tfl cjgssncgj (Orllh) ge` Cfrnsge airkujgies, Rijncgj Scnlecl wgs kirl ne tfl rlgjk ia pijncgj pfnjisipfy aicusneo ie tfl stu`y ia stgtl • Ne tfl lletf cletury, Encciji Kgcfngvljjn, tfl Ntgjnge pijncgj tfnehlr, stgrtl` tfl trg`nie ia stu`yneo lxnseo ge` fnstirncgj pijncgj nestuies • Nt kgrhl` g `lpgrturl arik tfl cjgssncgj ge` Cfrnsge trg`nies ia pijncgj pfnjisip pfnjisipfy fy Lirts wlrl kg`l ti n`leay nestuiegj grrgeolklets tfgt wiuj` kgnetgne sicngj ir`lr ge` pijncgj stgdnjnty Gccir`neojy, pijncgj tfnehlrs sudslquletjy trnl` ti `lgj wntf tfl fnstirncgj irnones ia `nlrlet pijncgj nestuies ge` tflnr structurgj argklwirhs Fiwlvlr, nt kust dl kleiel` flrl tfgt tfl irnone ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs ge gcg`lknc `nscnpjnel ns eit vlry ij` Kgey tfnehlrs fgvl cietrndutl` tiwgr`s tfl oriwtf ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g `nscnpjnel Ne tfns cietlxt, tfl egkl ia Argecns Jnldlr, wfi wgs g prialssir ia Fnstiry ge` Rijncgj Scnlecl gt Cijukdng \envlrsnty, ell`s splcngj kleie • Geitflr jge`kgrh ne tfl oriwtf ia Rijncgj Scnlecl wgs tfl lstgdjnsfklet l stgdjnsfklet ia g scfiij ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gt Cijukdng \envlrsnty gt tfl nengvl ia Mife. _. Durolss ne 7662 Nt wgs cgjjl` tfl Agcujty ia Rijncgj Scnlecl • Ne 7661 tfns scfiij neguourgtl` tfl Rijncgj Scnlecl Wugrtlrjy wfncf wgs tfl rst scfijgrjy miuregj ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g `nscnpjnel. • Nt flrgj`l` g elw lrg ne tfl oriwtf ia tfl `nscnpjnel gs nt ogvl scfijgrs g elw pjgirk ti lxprlss l xprlss tflnr

 

vnlws ne wrneo Pfl lstgdjnsfklet ia Mifes Fiphnes \envlrsnty ne 76?1 wgs geitflr knjlstiel ne tfl oriwtf ia Rijncgj Scnlecl Ne tfns cietlxt, tfl lstgdjnsfklet ia Mifes Fiphnes Fnstirncgj ge` Rijncgj Scnlecl Gssicngie ne 76?? ge` Pfl Mifes Fiphnes Stu`nls ne Fnstirncgj ge` Rijncgj Scnlecl grl wirtf kleieneo. Gccir`neojy, tfl gdivl twi uenvlrsnls Cijukdng ge` Mifes Fiphnes, cietrndutl` snoencgetjy tiwgr`s tfl oriwtf ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs ge gcg`lknc `nscnpjnel Pfl stu`nls ge` rlslgrcf cgrrnl` iut ne tflsl uenvlrsnls gjsi wn`lel` tfl scipl ia Rijncgj Scnlecl wfncf wgs lgrjnlr cieel` ti t i tfl stu`y ia pijncgj nestuies ge` fnstirncgj irnone. • Pfl sudmlct sudslquletjy dloge ti lkdrgcl vgrnius cieclpts jnhl rnofts, muscl, jgw, sivlrlnoety wfnjl gegjyzneo tfl auecieneo ia oivlreklets Pfl pijncgj tfnehlrs gjsi stgrtl` `nscussneo tfl klrnts ge` `lklrnts ia vgrnius airks ia oivlreklets, pijncgj nestuies ltc. • Pfl lstgdjnsfklet ia tfl Gklrncge Rijncgj Scnlecl Gssicngie ne 7>23 privn`l` g diist tiwgr`s tfl strleotfleneo ia Rijncgj Scnlecl gs g `nscnpjnel Nt siie dlcgkl g jlg`neo irogenzgie air tfl stu`y ia pijncgj scnlecl ge` privn`l` g pjgirk air `nlrlet scfijgrs, `lpgrtklets ge` nestuies arik tfl `nscnpjnel ia Rijncgj Scnlecl. •Nt gjsi wn`lel` tfl scipl ia Rijncgj Scnlecl dlyie` tfl stu`y ia pijncgj pfnjisipfy ge` nestuies •• Pfl Sicngj Scnlecl Tlslgrcf Ciuecnj wgs cfgrtlrl` ne 7>43 ti leciurgol scnlec rlslgrcf ne Lcieikncs, Sicnijioy ge` Rijncgj Scnlecl . Pfl pisnvnst kivlklet cujknegtl` ne tfl dlfgvniurgj rlvijuie ia tfl 7>