Unit 1 Ecomm

- 1 -ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 1. INTRODUCTION Networks and Commercial Transactions – Internet and Other novelties  – El e ct r o ni c Tr an s ac t i on s To d ay – Co mme mm e r ci al Tr an s ac t i on s –  Establ Establish ishing i ng Tru Trust st – Intern Internet et Enviro Environm nment ent – Intern Internet et Advan Advantag tagee –  World Wide Web Internet

 No  N o w o r l d w i d e o r g a n i z a t i o n r u n n i n g t h e I n t e r n e t . Rules have to be followed which is defined by standard bodies. Network 

 Ne  N e t w o r k i s a n I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n o f C o mp u t e r s Commerce

C om o m me me rc rc e i s a d iv i v is i s io io n o f   trade o r   p  prr o d u c t i o n w hi h i ch ch d eeaa ls ls w it it h t he he exchange o f  goods a n d services from  p  prr o d u c e r  t o f in in a l consumer . I t comprises comprises the trading o f s om o m et e t h in i n g o f   econo economic mic valu valuee s u ch ch a s goods goods,, services,, information o r  money  be services  b e t w e e n t w o o r m o r e e n t i t i e s . E- Commerce

The marketing buying and selling of products and services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other  computer networks. networks . " El E l ec ec tr t r on on ic ic c o om m me me rc rc e" e" o r " ee- co c o mm mm eerr ce c e " r ef ef er er s t o a ll ll c o om m m eerr ci ci al al transactions in which one or more of the following stages are processed electronically:

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advertising and product promotion selection ordering  pa  p a y m e n t delivery use

- 2 -ELECTRONIC COMMERCE Dangers associated with electronic commerce

One of the distinguishing features of e-commerce is use of the internet. The main problems can be broken down into three areas: Communication:

In open networks communications can pass through many nodal points. The user does not know how well messages are protected by other systems or  network operators and there is a wide range of opportunities to read and/or  tamper with the communication. communication. Component security:

All the components which are connected to the internet - whether a u se s e r P C o r a r et et ai a i le l e r' r' s s er er ve v e r - m us u s t b e a de de q qu u aatt el e l y p ro ro te t e ct c t ed e d a ga g a in i n st st  po  p o s s i b l e a t t a c k s , i n c l u d i n g a g a i n s t l o c a l a t t a c k s . T h e i n si d er s a l s o c a u s e greatest danger to the company’s data for the reason of the personal gain. Establishment of identity :

A no n o th t h eerr s ec ec u urr it i t y a sp sp eecc t o f e -c -c o om m me me rc rc e s ys ys te te m mss i s t he h e u n eq eq ui u i vo v o ccaa l establishment of the identity of the persons one is communicating with. Similarly, it is easy to falsify the the name that appears appears as the the sender of an email. Therefore additional measures must be taken for mutual identification and authentication.

Benefits of e-commerce

E-commerce E-commerce offers following benefits to the companies: Reduction in cost due to 1 . C h ea ea p er e r I n te te rn r n e t pr p r ic i c e s. s. 2. Less paper paper work work involved involved due to digitizat digitization ion of informati information. on. 3. Reusing Reusing the digitized digitized informa information tion in many differe different nt ways. E.g. catalog data stored in database can be presented electronically via web and also it can be printed in customized catalogs catalogs targeted at specific market niches. 4. Reduction Reduction in support support staff. staff. E.g. E.g. compiling compiling and publishi publishing ng Frequently Ask Questions (FAQ) can help user to get the answer to these questions at their finger tips 24 hrs a day, 7 days a week. •

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5. Outsourci Outsourcing ng of products products and and services services global globally. ly. Improving the quality of goods Direct contact with customers can help tracking customer satisfaction, requesting more customer  feedback and p resenting custom solutions. Increase in the speed of services Because all the information is available right at fingertips, and because only one medium is involved, everything right form advertising, marketing, purchasing to customer support can be done at the fastest rate. Increase in the market share It opens avenues for n ew markets and new customers. E.g. by expanding the business globally.

Electronic commerce on different Perspectives (viewpoint)

- C om o m m er er ce c e i s t h e a b il il it it y t o From From a Comm Communi unicat cation ion Perspe Perspecti ctive ve : E -C deliver products , services, information or payments via networks such as the Internet and World Wide Web E-Commerce involves various information information From an Interface Perspective: E-Commerce and transact transaction ion exchanges exchanges Business Business to Business Business,, business business to consumer consumer,, consumer to consumer  E-commerce includes activities From From a Bu Busin siness es s proces processs Perspe Perspecti ctive ve : E-commerce t h at a t d i re re ct c t l y s u pp pp o rt rt c o om m m er er c e e le le c tr tr o ni n i c al al ly l y b y m ea e a n s o f n e tw tw o rk rk e d connections From an Online Perspective : E-commerce is an electronic environment that makes it possible to buy and sell products, services and information on the Internet. The products may be physical such as cars or services such as news or consulting.

E-commerce involves various media data From a Structural Perspective : E-commerce t e xt xt , w eb e b p a ge ge s, s , I n te te rn r n e t t el e l e ph ph o ny n y o r I P t e le le p ho h o n y o r v o ic ic e o v er er t h e Internet. VOI Products (Voice over the Internet) Telephony applications:  IP connections available  Cool talk   N e tM e e t i n g   Ne From a Market Perspective : E-commerce is a world wide network for  doing business. INTERNET AND OTHER NOVELTIES

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C u st st o me me r c a n g a in in a c ce ce ss s s t o a n I n te te rn r n e t m er e r c ha ha n t’ t’ s s y st st em e m a c ro ro s s t h e Internet without having to know anything about the intervening Networks

Customer  The Internet Merchant

Standard representation of the Internet is the Cloud to stress the fact that t h er er e i s s om o m et e t h in in g g o in in g b eett w ee ee n s y st st em e m s c o mm mm un u n i ca c a t in in g a c ro ro s s t h e Internet.The something encompasses any number of intermediate computers and networks. There are standard bodies for both network who defines the  pro  p ro t o c o l s t o b e u s e d b y a n y o n e c o n n e c t i n g t o th o s e n e t w o r k . If t h e r u l e s a r e  pro  p ro p e r l y i m p l em e n t e d t h e n t h e t e l e p h o n e o r c o mp u t e r w i l l b e a b l e t o p a s s signals to and from the network. E-COMMERCE DRIVERS

Drivers promote E- Commerce. 1. Digital Digital Converg Convergence ence – All digital digital devices devices can communicat communicatee with one another. Video,film,documents,voi Video,film,documents,voice,data. ce,data. 2 . A ny ny ti ti me me a ny n y wh wh er er e a ny n y on on ee- 2 4/ 4/ 7. 7 . It It t ie ie s t og og et et he h e r t h e i nd nd us us tr tr ia ia l sector,merchants,the sector,merchants,the service sector, 3 . C h an an g es es i n o r ga ga n iz i z a ti ti o n i. downsizing of large organization i i. i. o ut ut s ou ou r c in in g o f s p ec ec i al al i z ed ed t a sk sk s i ii ii . en ncc o ou u ra r a gi g i ng n g c ro ro ss s s f un un c ti ti on o n aall b us u s in in eess s pr p r oc oc es es s all require better communications. 4 . W id i d eess p re re a d a c ce ce s s t o IT IT The exponential increase in the number of PCs world wide means greater for information and communication for business. 5 . I nc n c re re as a s e p re r e ss ss ur u r e o n o pe p e ra ra ti t i ng ng c o oss ts t s a nd n d p ro ro fi f i t m ar ar gi g i ns n s g lo lo ba ba l company of products. 6. Demand Demand for customize customized d products products and and services services organizat organization ion should should go with with the choice choice of the custome customers. rs. Customer Customerss expect better quality and performance. If the firm does move with the trend they will fail. NETWORKS AND ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS TODAY

While considering online commerce, it is important important to maintain 1 . P er er sp sp ec e c ti ti ve ve

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2. Define Define a context context (circ (circumst umstance) ance) Earlier Days •

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Broadcast Broadcasting ing network, network, particul particularly arly televisi television on was used used to market market  pr  p r o d u c t s ( b u t o r d e r s c a n n o t b e p l a c e d u s i n g t e l e v i s i o n ) o n e w a y approach. Telephone lines were used for many by consumers and merchants for   bu  b u s i n e s s t r a n s a c t i o n s ( p l a c i n g o r d e r s , e t c ) Payments have been made using credit cards and cheques, etc. Highly sensitive business transactions have been processed through ATM network.

Present Days

Buying and selling of products in electronic market place will be as simple and trusted as buying by phone or in p erson. A MODEL FOR COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS

There will be differences between different types of transactions. Large corporation buys raw material from its supplier is different from a child getting a candy from corner store. Some issues involved in E- Commerce:

Establishing Trust

Retail Store •

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Before purchase can be made from a retail store, a customer must enter it. Most shops are open to public and customer can walk in. Merchant may control access to the goods it offers in several ways  It can sell to all comers through an open store front ll i ng n g t o a c e rt rt ai a i n c l ie ie n te te l e ( w wh h o le le sa s a l er er s s el e l li l i n g t o r es e s e ll ll e rs rs  S e ll only) customers.  Doing business only with referred customers.  Degree of restrictions a merchant make on his product will depend upon his business. o An automobile ask for license before a test drive o B oo o o k s to t o r e d o n’ n’ t m in i n d s tr t r a ng ng e rs rs b r ow ow s in in g t h ro ro u gh gh t h ei ei r    bo  b o o k s . Customer choice of doing a transaction(buying transaction(buying a product)  Whether the establishment carries the product being sought. establishment?  Is it reliable establishment?

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P ay a y me me n ntt m et et ho h o d d is i s pl p l ay ay eed d o n t he h e s ti ti ck c k eerr s o f t he h e d oo o o r( r ( on on e criteria)

Both customer and merchant each establish a level of trust with each other. Merc h a n t Customer is a potential  pu  p u r c h a s er . C a p ab ab le le o f s el el e c ti ti n g a nd nd  pa  p a y i n g p r o d u c t s i n t i m e .

Cu s to mer   Merchant is a reliable seller  C a pa p a bl bl e o f d el el iv iv er er in in g a nd nd serving th e product if   necessary.

After confinement from both parties a higher level of trust is required. Issues Concerned By Both Buyer And Seller

Many products have distribution limits(to whom It can be given and whom not) e.g. es c ri ri p ti ti o n d r ug ug s m ay a y n o t b e d is i s p en en s ed ed t o a n yo yo n e w it i t h ou ou t a  P r es legitimate prescription. prescription. lc o oh h ol o l ic i c b eev v eerr ag a g eess m ay a y n ot o t b e s ol o l d t o m in in or o r s a nd n d m ay ay b e  A lc subject to other sales restrictions.(National restrictions.(National holiday not to be sold) ir ea ea rm r m s a nd nd A m mu mu ni ni ti ti on on a re re s ub ub je je ct ct t o a w id id e r an an ge ge o f    F ir restrictions  Tobacco-not to minors. Establis Establishing hing trust trust between between partners partners in a commerci commercial al transacti transaction on taking taking  pl  p l a c i n g in p u b l i c n e t w o r k i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t . Merchant 

M er er ch c h aan n t c an a n j ud ud ge g e i n p eerr so so n d ur u r in in g t ra ra ns n s ac a c ti ti on o n (a ( a n o ld ld ma ma n whitehaired customer not to show any ID to buy a six pack of   be  b e e r )  Online transaction offers no opportunity for judgement.  Correlating identities on the Internet with actual individuals is difficult. E-Merchants cannot afford to trust everyone or even anyone.  E-Merchants Customer 

How long a webpage of a company will exist? Constructing a counterfeit webpage representing representing itself as a part of   Constructing large corporation

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Trust is required between buyers and sellers. Negotiating A Deal (Try To Reach An Agreement By Discussion)

Trivial matters in retail stores 1. Determi Determining ning the the item item to to be purch purchased ased.. 2 . P ri ri ce c e t o be b e c ha h a rg r g eed d. Common method adopted:

1 . S e le le c ts ts t he h e d es e s i re re d i te te m m.. 2. Price Price clearly clearly marked marked in in the product. product. 3 . D es e s i re re d p r od od u ct ct n o t a v a il il a bl bl e ( c ol ol o r, r, s iz i z e , f l a vo v o r v e r si si o n i s n o t i n stock) 4. Retailer may have to order the product or offer an alternative alternative deal. 5. Special Special price price is also applied applied for product productss that are special special but out of  stock. Re t ai l st or e E-Com V a li li di di t y o f t h e m e r c h an an t Require Required d special special mechanis mechanism m offering price t o e n su su re r e t h at at b u ye y e r p l ac ac e d an order. I d en en t it it y o f t h e i te t e m d e si si r ed ed S e l l e r offered the same  by  b y th e c u s t o m e r .  pr  p r o d u c t f o r th e sp e c i f i e d  pr  p r i c e .

Ordering products over the Internet does not offer  a. An explici explicitt method method to refere reference nce the offer offering ing price price  b.  b . N o r a n e x p l i c i t m e t h o d t o r e f e r e n c e th e o ri g i n a l o r d e r . Payment & Settlement

Heart of any transaction is the exchange of values(Money). Normal 1. 2. 3.

Procedure Purch ase item in person. B uy uy er er s g iv iv e a c as as h o r c h hee q qu u es es o r c re re d dii t c ar ar d. d. R ec ec ei ei ve v e s t he h e p ro ro du d u ct ct i n r et et ur ur n a nd nd a r ec ec ei e i pt pt .

Translating these actions into electronic form takes some procedures. There are mechanisms which allow payment information to be kept private  by  b y e n c r y p t i n g i t b y k e e p i n g i t en t i r e l y o f f l i n e o r b y u si n g th i r d p a r t i e s t o settle transactions. transactions. In Internet transactions

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1. U nl n l es es s pr p r od od uc u c t av a v aaii la la bl b l e di d i gi g i ta ta ll l l y, y , t he h e b uy uy eerr h as a s t o tr tr us u s t th th e se s e ll l l er er   until goods are delivered. 2. C u st st o me me r c an an a vo vo id id p ro ro bl bl e m s b y p a tr tr o n iz iz in in g t ru r u st st ed ed I n te te r n et et v een n do d o rs r s ( a p eerr so so n g iv i v in i n g f in in aan n ccii al a l o r o th th eerr s up u p po p o rt r t t o a p eerr so so n o r   organization) 3. To u se a majo r c redi t c a rd c omp an y th a t wi ll b a ck u p th e consumer in the event of a problem with the vendor. Vendor takes smaller risk. When selling online since credit cards are authenticated through automated connections. Payment vehicles and currencies:

A great deal of attention is focused on the online transaction. The offline buyer has many options for transaction transaction exchanges. 1 . C om o m mo mo n a re r e ca ca sh sh 2. Providing an audit trial and a p aper record of transaction( Personal check)(Claim of petrol allowance) 3 . C re re d dii t c ar ar ds ds

the

E-Com 1. Digital Digital currencie currenciess are are develop developed. ed. 2 . D ig ig it i t al a l s ig ig na n a tu t u re r e t ec ec h hn n ol o l og o g ie i e s p eerr mi mi t t he h e a ut u t he he n ntt ic i c at a t io i o n a nd nd certification certification of digital transmitted transmitted documents. Products of delivery:

1. Any products products,, food football football or even even a computer computer can be delivered delivered  ph  p h y s i c a l l y t o th e c u s t o m e r . 2. Greater level level of trust trust is required between merchant merchant and customer. 3. Customer Customer must must wait wait until until the product product is deliv delivere ered. d.

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Digital products: D ig ig it i t al a l p ro r o du d u cctt s t ha h a t c an a n b e d eell iv i v eerr ed e d e le le ct c t ro r o ni n i ca c a ll l l y a re r e b eeii ng n g s ol ol d electronically.

Ne w s pa pap er er

Digitis ed ed Ph Ph ot ot o

Bo ok ok (n (n o Ph ot oto )

mus ic ic CD CD

Full Mo Mo vi vie

S/ W

1000 Full Movie, 750, 900 S/W, 1000, 800

900 800 music CD, 375, 700 Book (no Photo), 400, 600

700 600 500

`

400

Digitised Photo, 300, 350

300 200

News paper, 100, 100

100 0 0

200

400

600

80 0

1 000

1200

Online Accessibility and Sale of Various Digital Products

Information products such as news articles information from databases and other traditional text or data and all can be delivered immediately after   pu  p u r c h a s e o v e r a n e t w o r k c o n n e c t i o n . S/W Example of Digital Product

Some vendors want to ensure that a third party cannot eaves drop on the  pro  p ro d u c t t r a n s a c t i o n a n d g a i n u s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l b ei n g s o l d w i t h o u t p a y i n g for it THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENTS

On the personal side, Internet is growing power they had never before. Email, Message goes quickly and cost is almost zero. On the business side, the rise of the Internet as the enabler of Commerce is changing how companies manage their business. The Internet is the 1 . F as a s te t e st st gr gr ow o w in in g 2 . M os os t us u s er er F ri r i en e n dl dl y 3. Most Most commer commercial cially ly popular popular techno technology logy.. Advantages of Internet

E-

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1. Advertis Advertiseme ement nt reaching reaching customer customerss quickly and cheaply. cheaply. 2. Reaching Reaching any one anywhe anywhere re without without paying paying extra extra for distance distance or  duration. 3 . T he h e I nt n t er er ne n e t i s h os o s t t ho h o us u s an an d s o f e le le ct c t ro r o ni n i c p ub u b li l i ca c a ti t i on o n s t ha ha t  pro  p ro v i d e p r o m o t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a n y b u s i n e s s . 4. Website Website attract attractss millions millions of readers readers on a daily daily basis. basis. 5 . C o mp mp a ny n y u s e I n t er er n et et t o s e n d e m a il i l m as a s s m a i li li n g t o c u st st om o m er er   s u rv rv eey y s a r e s e nd nd t o s el e l ec e c t ed ed c u st st om o m er e r s , n o ti ti c es es a b ou ou t s p ec ec i al al cases. 6. Electroni Electronicc media media are also also much much easier easier to update update.. 2. Internet is open

1. All the Interne Internett protocols protocols are open open and public public and any one can use use t h em em t o w ri r i t e s /w / w i mp m p l em em en e n t at a t i on on s t h at at c a n i n te te ro r o p er er a te te w it it h other computers and n etwork. 2 . A w id id e r an an ge ge o f i m mp p llee m mee n ntt at a t io i o n a va v a il i l ab ab le l e f ro ro m f re re e w ar a r e a nd nd share ware versions of the Internet. 3. Doing business fast

1. E-Selli E-Selling ng is conducted conducted in minutes minutes rather rather than than hours/days hours/days.. 2. Waiting Waiting on phone to place place order order is reduced. reduced. 3 . T hi h i s s pe p e ed ed c o om m pr p r es es se s e s b us u s in in eess s p ro r o ccee ss ss es e s a nd n d p ro r o mo mo te t e s t he he growth of a customer base. 4. Gathering opinions and trying out new ideas:

1. Internet Internet is the ideal ideal place place for trying trying out new ideas ideas at low cost. cost. 2. Opinions Opinions can can be gathe gathered red from from anywhe anywhere. re. 5. Promoting a paper free environment:

1 . C om o m pa p a ny n y m em em os o s , h aan n db d b oo o o k, k , c at a t al a l og o g s, s , p ro r o mo mo ti t i on o n a l m at a t er er ia i a l, l, employee handbook, report can be placed on the company intranet and retrieved or circulated electronically anytime by authorized  pe  p e r s o n n el . 6. Providing a s uperior customer service and support resource

1 . M o st st w e b si si te te s g e n er er a te te c u uss to to m er er f ee ee d b ac ac k i n t h e w a y o f   comments, suggestions and complaints. 2. A common common support resource is FAQ FAQ (Frequently (Frequently Asked Asked Question). Question). 3 . A F AQ A Q e l im im i na na t es es h a vi vi n g s t af a f f a n s we w e r t h e s a me me q u es es ti t i o n s o v er er   and over again. 4. If a new questio question n comes the the answer answer is added added to the list. list.

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5. Using Using email, email, customer customer support support also frees frees company personne personnell from  be  b e i n g t i e d to a t e l e p h o n e . 7. Efficiency and unequaled cost effectiveness

1. Major Major corporatio corporation n are spending spending hundreds hundreds of million million of dollars dollars on sales promotion. 2. Cost of establis establishing hing and maintaini maintaining ng even sophistica sophisticated ted website website for that purpose is affordable. 8. Supporting Managerial functions, spreading ideas, Ease of Technical support The traditional managerial function of  1 . P l a n ni ni n g 2 . O rg rg an an iz i z in in g 3 . D i r ec ec ti ti n g 4 . C on on tr t r ol ol l in in g All the above requires managers to  Collect  Evaluate  Distribute management information

In organization with branches worldwide, 1. Internet Internet sends sends business business informati information on through through a company’s company’s network  network  and across network around the globe. 2. Email Email is convenient convenient tool for manage managers rs to reach employee employees, s, bosses, bosses, customers and supplies quickly and at no charge. 3 . T he h e I nt n t er er ne n e t h aass s pa p a wn wn eed d d is i s cu c u ss s s io io n g ro ro up up s c h haa t r oo o o ms m s , a nd nd online interactive session in which technical and managerial staff  e v al a l ua u a t es es p r od od u ct ct s a n d p r oc oc e ss ss es e s a n d a r ri ri v es es a t v a lu lu e a d de de d decisions. 4 . B e tt tt er e r t ec e c h ni n i c al al s u pp pp o rt rt i s o n e o f t h e k e y b e n ef ef i ts ts o f l i n ki ki n g t o the Internet. Example I BM BM o ff f f er er s c u uss to to me m e rs rs a nd n d t ec ec h hn n ic i c al a l s up u p po p o rt rt f ix i x eess b ug u g s a nd n d h aan n dl d l es es software upgrades on the Internet. 1000 of free software programs available for anyone to download.  Internet continues to deliver thousand of database of research data from medicine, vehicles, and food preparation to hundreds of R&D discussion group. ou s an an d s o f r es e s e ar ar ch c h j o ur ur n al al s , a u to to m at at ed e d s ea e a r ch ch e s t h ro ro u gh gh  F o r t h ou current and back issues are available in minutes. o m p an an y r es e s e ar a r ch c h , t h ey ey u se s e s I n te te rn r n e t t o s e ek ek i n fo fo rm r m at a t i on on a b ou ou t  C om customer tastes and preferences to profile a customer base for a new  pr  p r o d u c t o r t e s t a n e w c o n c e p t to s e e i f i t i s w o r t h d e v e l o p i n g .

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9. Triggering New Businesses

Given the world wide networking of business and commerce, mere  pr  p r e s e n c e i s b o u n d t o t r i g g e r o n e t y p e o f b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y o r a n o th e r . Eg. i n y c o mm mm er e r c ia ia l f i lt lt er e r m a ke ke s i n L y nc nc h bu bu r g V ir i r gi g i n ia i a l an a n d ed ed $ 6  T in million contract with government of Saudi arabia from the Internet. t a r tu tu p c o mp mp a ny n y o w ne n e d b y s tu t u d en en t s g e ne ne ra r a t ed ed $ 1 1 m i ll ll i on on i n  A s ta revenues in 1999 from selling used books nationwide. Internet is truly moving from novelty to necessity. Limitations

1 . S ec ec u urr it i t y & pr p r iv iv aacc y 2 . F ak a k eess & fo f o rg rg eerr ie ie s 3. Other Other threats threats (Hackers, (Hackers, worms, worms, viruses, viruses, Trojan Trojan horse) horse) WORLD WIDE WEB

World wide web is the fastest 1 . g ro r o w in in g m ar a r k et et pl p l ac ac e . 2 . R es es ea e a rc r c h f ac a c il i l it it y 3. Communic Communicatio ation n tools tools in the the world world.. Internet:

It is an infrastructure that links hundreds and thousands of network  to one another. World Wide Web:

It is the whole constellation of resources that can be accessed using tools such as FTP,HTTP and TELNET. An organization of files designed around a group of servers on the Internet, programmed to handle requests from browser software that resides on user pc’s. 1. World World wide web web is not limited limited to text text & graphics, graphics, listeni listening ng of Audio& Audio& video files is also possible. 2. Users Users must first first download download the file and and then use a s/w applicati application on to play the file. TCP/IP- A set of protocols that provide the basis for operating the Internet. TCP/IP does not include any ability to control the speed or consultancy at which information is transferred. Some packets may more quickly while other are slowed down because of congestion at a particular network site.

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a s p ro ro vi vi de de d a n a de de q qu u at at e b ut u t f ar ar f ro ro m i de de al al Streaming Streaming Tech Technolog nology y h as solution to the audio and video streaming application begin playing the file a s i t i s b eeii ng n g d ow o w nl n l oa o a de d e d r at a t he h e r t ha h a n w ai ai ti t i ng n g u nt n t il il t he he e n ntt ir i r e f il il e i s received. This means that the user does not have to wait for the file to the completely downloaded. WORLD WIDE WEB STANDARDS

1. The www is define defined d by handful of protoco protocoll specificat specifications. ions. 2 . S o ft ft wa w a r e d e ve ve l op op e rs rs u s e t he h e s e s p ec ec if i f i ca c a ti t i o ns n s t o i mp m p l em em en en t s t h e web browser & web server programs. 3. b r o w s e r    HTTP  Server. Interaction between server and  br  b r o w s er a r e m a d e t h r o u g h HT T P . ww w i s a c l i e n t s e r v e r sy s t e m . Content is held by web servers and requested by clients of web  br  b r o w s er s . 4 . U R L ( Un Un if if o rm rm R e s o ur ur c e L o ca ca to to r) r) p ro ro to to co co l s p ec ec if if i es es h ow ow individual resources( files, documents or even a specific location of a document) are to be identified with www. 5. Web browsers browsers use use these URL in in HTTP requests to remote remote servers. servers. 6 . W eb eb d oc oc u um m en en ts t s s to to re r e d o n t he h e s er er ve v e r t ha h a t h aav v e b eeee n s pe p e ci ci al a l ly ly tagged using HTML tags. 7. Tags allows allows differe different nt parts of a document document to behave behave differe differently ntly.. Most important are the abilities of text & graphics to behave as  po  p o i n t er s t o o th e r p a r t s o f a d o c u m e n t . Web Page:

A document on the web is called a webpage. Home Page:

The first page in a series of related documents or a site is called a homepage. Browser:

A browser is a software program loaded on a pc that allows the user  to read or access information stored on the Internet. It is a vehicle that enables the user to interface with the Internet. The browser takes the user instructions and converts them into a language and a format that can be sent to remote site and executed. Web server:

A web server is the destination point on the Internet to offer web s er e r vi v i ce c e s, s, a c o om m pu p u te te r m us us t b e c o on n n ec ec te te d t o t he h e I nt n t er er ne n e t, t, b e r un un n in in g a webserver program and have web documents available.

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