Unifying Themes in The Study of Life

 

  Mctbkueb hdkckey ds, cdtirmccy, tbi –stuoy kj cdji,‐ wbmt ds `imlt hy –cdji‐ vmrdis sdeldjdgmltcy. sdeldjdgmltcy . Iuamryktis, sugb ms `kst pcmlts, mld`mcs mlo juled, mri `uctd-giccucmr, mlo tbksi giccs gkltmdl lugcid tbmt bkco eilitdg dljkr`mtdkl. ^rkamryktis mri s`mcc -- kjtil sdleci-giccio -- kremlds`s cdai hmgtirdm. _bidr giccs ok lkt bmvi lugcid. Xiemrociss kj tbidr sdzi mlo strugturi, mcc cdvdle tbdles sbmri gklligtdkls.

Yldjydle _bi`is dl tbi Wtuoy kj Cdji Hdkckedgmc Wysti`  Bmvi yku ivir bimro tbi smydle smydle "_bi  "_bi wbkci ds erimtir tbml tbi su` kj dts pmrts"; _bds smydle gmpturis tbi d`pkrtmlgi kj bkw b kw m gk`hdlmtdkl kj pmrts gml jkr` m `kri gk`pcix kremldzmtdkl gmccio m systi`. M systi` bms prkpirtdis prkp irtdis tbmt mri hmsio kl tbi mrrmlei`ilt mlo dltirmgtdkls kj dts pmrts. Jkr ixm`pci, m hdgygci ds m `igbmldgmc systi` yku gml usi jkr ixirgdsi kr trmlspkrtmtdkl. Hut fust try tk eit mrkulo kl m hkx jucc kj hdgygci pmrts!  Tkur hkoy, cdai tbmt kj mly kremlds`, ds m cdvdle systi`. Tku `ma `maii usi kj tbi dltirmgtdkls m`kle dts pmrts wbil yku typi kl m aiyhkmro kr gcdga m gk`putir `kusi. _bi fkdlts dl ykur jdleirs mlo wrdst edvi ykur bmlo m wdoi rmlei kj `kvi`ilts. Hut ykur hklis tbi`sicvis gmllkt `kvi. @kvi`ilt oipilos kl gkltrmgtdkls kj tbi `usgcis mttmgbio tk tbi hklis. @usgcis mri gkkrodlmtio hy sdelmcs jrk` tbi hrmdl, gmrrdio hy lirvis. Jdlmccy, hckko vissics suppcy mcc kj tbisi pmrts wdtb kxyeil mlo jkko. _keitbir, tbi pmrts kj ykur hkoy ilmhci yku tk wkra tbi gk`putir. Tku mri girtmdlcy `kri tbml tbi su` kj ykur pmrts, mlo sk mri mcc hdkckedgmc systi`s. Ml igksysti` sugb ms m jkrist ds mcsk m hdkckedgmc systi`. Cdai ykur hk hkoy, oy, ml igksysti` bms prkpirtdis tbmt oipilo kl k l bkw dts pmrts dltirmgt. Jkr ixm`pci, tbi kremlds`s dl tbi igksysti` riqudri m stimoy suppcy kj girtmdl gbi`dgmcs tk cdvi. ^cmlts khtmdl `kst kj tbidr ligissmry gbi`dgmcs jrk` tbi skdc, wmtir, mlo mdr. Mld`mcs mgqudri `kst kj tbi gbi`dgmcs tbiy liio hy imtdle pcmlts kr ktbir mld`mcs. Gbi`dgmcs mri riturlio tk tbi skdc hy hmgtirdm mlo juled tbmt oigk`pksi tbi wmstis mlo ri`mdls kj kremlds`s.Tku gkuco smy tbmt sugb dltirmgtdkls kj kremlds`s wdtb imgb ktbir mlo wdtb tbi lklcdvdle ilvdrkl`ilt "put tbi systi` tbi  systi` dl  dl igksysti` igksysti`." ." _bi hdkckedgmc systi`s tbi`i mppcdis tk mcc civics kj cdji, jrk` tbi hdkspbiri mcc tbi wmy okwl tk tbi dltirmgtdkls kj `kcigucis dl giccs. !  _bi

Giccucmr Hmsds kj Cdji

Mcc kremlds`s mri `moi kj giccs. Giccs ds tbi hmsdg uldt kj cdji. Ubitbir ml kremlds` ds  prkamryktii kr iuamrykti,  prkamrykt iua mrykti, dts dt s strugturi mlo julgtdkl jul gtdkl mri mr i hmsio kl tbi gicc. _bi _b i gkltilts gklti lts kj giccs gi ccs `my odjjir, hut tbidr d`pkrtmlgi ds gklsdstilt. @kst gklsdstilt.  @kst `uctdgiccucmr kremlds`s bmvi giccs tbmt mri spigdmcdzio jkr odjjirilt julgtdkls. _wk ixm`pcis kj spigdmcdzio giccs dl ykur hkoy mri ykur `usgci giccs, wbdgb gkltrmgt mlo ilmhci yku tk `kvi, mlo ykur lirvi giccs, wbdgb trmls`dt d`pucsis tbmt gkltrkc ykur `usgcis.  Dl `kst `uctdgiccucmr kremlds`s, giccs mri kremldzio dltk bdebir civics kj kremldzmtdkl. Hiedlldle wdtb tbi giccucmr civic, tbi lixt civic ds m tdssui, wbdgb ds m erkup kj sd`dcmr giccs tbmt tkeitbir pirjkr` m spigdjdg julgtdkl. Jkr ixm`pci, lirvi tdssui gklsdsts kj `mly lirvi giccs

 

kremldzio dltk m gk`pcix litwkra. Wivirmc typis kj tdssui tkeitbir `my `mai up m strugturi gmccio ml kreml. _bi _ bi hrmdl ds ml kreml tbmt gklsdsts kj lirvi tdssui mlo ktbir typis kj tdssuis. Jdlmccy, sivirmc kremls tbmt tkeitbir gmrry kut m `mfkr hkoy julgtdkl `mai up ml kreml systi`. Dl tbds ixm`pci, tbi hrmdl, spdlmc gkro, mlo lirvis `mai up tbi kreml systi` gmccio tbi lirvkus systi`.

M `uctdgiccucmr kremlds`'s oivickp`ilt mlo survdvmc mri hmsio kl tbi julgtdkls mlo dltirmgtdkls kj dts `mly giccs. _bds giccucmr hmsds kj cdji ds m tbi`i yku wdcc ilgkultir kjtil ms yku yk u ixpckri tbi cdvdle wkrco. !  Wtrugturi

mlo Julgtdkl

Mt iviry stip kj tbi hdkckedgmc bdirmrgby, strugturi mlo julgtdkl mri gklligtio. Jkr ixm`pci, odjjirilt giccs bmvi spigdjdg gk`pklilts tbmt bicp tbi` gmrry kut tbidr outdis. Xio  hckko giccs, gic cs, wbdgb gmrry kxyeil, k xyeil, mri mr i jkr`io odjjiriltcy o djjiriltcy tbml tbi tb i wbdti hckko h ckko giccs gic cs tbmt jdebt jdeb t dljigtdkl. _bi ricmtdklsbdp hitwiil strugturi mlo julgtdkl ds mcsk mppmrilt dl iltdri kremlds`s mlo tbi pbysdkckedgmc systi`s tbmt sirvi tbi`. M gmt—s ckle, silsdtdvi wbdsairs emtbir dljkr`mtdkl jrk` dts ilvdrkl`ilt.  _bi mirkoylm`dg sbmpi kj m hdro's wdle ds m cdvdle ixm`pci kj tbi jkr`-jdts-julgtdkl tbi`i. _bi strugturi kj tbi hdro's hklis h klis gkltrdhutis tk tbi hdro's mhdcdty tk jcy. Dlsdoi tbi hklis, ml kpil, bkliygk`h-cdai b kliygk`h-cdai strugturi prkvdois erimt striletb wdtb cdttci widebt. _bi jkr`-jdtsjulgtdkl tbi`i mcsk ixtilos okwl tk tbi giccucmr civic. Jkr ixm`pci, hdros bmvi ckle ixtilsdkls kj lirvi giccs tbmt gkltrkc tbidr jcdebt `usgcis. _bisi jdhirs `mai dt pkssdhci jkr tbi hdro's hrmdl tk gkkrodlmti jcydle `kvi`ilts. Ms yku ixpckri tbi strugturi kj cdji, yku'cc odsgkvir tbi bmr`kly kj jkr` mlo julgtdkl ivirywbiri. iviry wbiri.

 

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Xiprkougtdkl mlo Dlbirdtmlgi 

"Cdai hieits cdai" ds ml kco smydle tbmt oisgrdhis tbi mhdcdty kj kremlds`s tk riprkougi tbidr kwl adlo. Jkr ixm`pci, m Fmpmlisi `mgmqui `klaiy mlo bir hmhy risi`hci imgb ktbir. _bi hmhy `mgmqui dl turl `my erkw up mlo prkougi sd`dcmr-ckkadle kjjsprdle kj dts kwl. Kjjsprdle dlbirdt uldts kj dljkr`mtdkl gmccio eilis jrk` tbidr pmrilts. Eilis mri rispklsdhci jkr jm`dcy risi`hcmlgi. Xigmcc mcsk tbmt eilis mri `moi kj dljkr`mtdkl-rdgb `kcigucis gmccio OLM. Imgb gicc dl ykur hkoy gkltmdls m gkpy kj mcc tbi OLM tbmt yku dlbirdtio jrk` ykur `ktbir mlo jmtbir. Ubil m gicc odvdois, dt gkpdis dts OLM mlo pmssis tbds eilitdg dljkr`mtdkl kl tk imgb kj tbi twk giccs dt  prkougis. Bkw ds tbds dljkr`mtdkl pmssio jrk` pmrilt kremlds`s tk kjjsprdle; kjjsprdle; Dl bu`mls, ml iee gicc jrk` tbi `ktbir jusis wdtb m spir` gicc jrk` tbi jmtbir. _bi risuct ds m jirtdcdzio gicc gkltmdldle m gk`hdlmtdkl kj OLM jrk` hktb pmrilts. _bi dlbirdtio OLM odrigts tbi trmlsjkr`mtdkl kj tbi jirtdcdzio iee dltk m pirskl, wdtb bds kr k r bir kwl iyi gkckr, jmgdmc jimturis, mlo ktbir gbmrmgtirdstdgs.

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Ilvdrkl`iltmc Dltirmgtdkl 

Mcc kremlds`s dltirmgt wdtb tbidr ilvdrkl`ilt, wbdgb dlgcuois hktb kremldg mlo dlkremldg gk`pklilts. @mtirdmc @mtirdmc mlo ilirey jckw hmga mlo jkrtb. Jkr dlstmlgi, eriil pcmlts usi wmtir, gmrhkl odkxdoi mlo sulcdebt jrk` tbidr ilvdrkl`ilt tk prkougi tbidr kwl ilirey tbrkueb pbktksyltbisds, pbktksyltbisds, hut tbiy ricimsi r icimsi kxyeil ms m hy prkougt. p rkougt.  Lk kremlds` ds gk`pciticy dskcmtio jrk` dts surrkulodles. surrkulodles. Ms pmrt kj ml igksysti`, imgb kremlds`jrk` dltirmgts gkltdlukuscy wdtb dts ilvdrkl`ilt. m pcmlt khtmdls_ wmtir mlousis lutrdilts tbi skdc, gmrhkl odkxdoi ems jrk` tbi mdr,Jkr mloixm`pci, ilirey jrk` sulcdebt. _bi bi pcmlt

 

tbisi tbrii "dlputs" jrk` dts ilvdrkl`ilt jkr pbktksyltbis pb ktksyltbisds‟tbi ds‟tbi prkgiss hy wbdgb pcmlts `mai jkko. Hut tbi pcmlt mcsk bms b ms ml d`pmgt kl dts surrkulodles. Jkr ixm`pci, ms m pcmlt erkws, dts rkkts hrima up rkgas mlo ricimsi mgdos tbmt gbmlei tbi skdc. _bds mjjigts tbi typis kj kremlds`s tbmt gml cdvi dl tbi skdc. ^cmlts mcsk ricimsi kxyeil ms m hy prkougt kj pbktksyltbisds. Ktbir kremlds`s ms wicc ms pcmlts usi tbds kxyeil jkr tbidr kwl survdvmc. _bi trmlsjir kj gbi`dgmcs hitwiil kremlds`s k remlds`s mlo tbidr ilvdrkl`ilts ds m aiy prk prkgiss giss dl mly igksysti`. _bdla mhkut ykur kwl gbi`dgmc ixgbmleis wdtb tbi kutsdoi wkrco. Tku hrimtbi mdr, ordla wmtir, imt jkko, mlo eit rdo kj wmsti prkougts. Cdvdle riqudris m omdcy hmcmlgi kj sugb "dlputs" mlo "kutputs." Dl moodtdkl tk gbi`dgmc ixgbmlei, tbiri mri `mly ktbir wmys yku dltirmgt wdtb ykur ilvdrkl`ilt. Dj yku ek kutsdoi kl m hrdebt su``ir omy, tbi sul `my gmusi yku tk squdlt. ^irbmps tbi hmra kj ml mpprkmgbdle oke gmusis yku tk turl ykur bimo qudgacy. Fust ms yku mri gklstmltcy silsdle mlo rispklodle tk gbmleis dl ykur ilvdrkl`ilt, sk mri mcc ktbir kremlds`s. Jkr ixm`pci, m spigdmcdzio cimj kj tbi Zilus' jcytrmp silsis tbi cdebt jkktstips kj m skkl-tk-hiodeistio eriil hkttci jcy. _bi pcmlt rispkloio tk tbds ilvdrkl`iltmc std`ucus hy rmpdocy jkcodle tbi cimj tkeitbir. Tku wdcc odsgkvir `mly sugb ixm`pcis kj kremlds`-ilvdrkl`ilt dltirmgtdkls ms yku ixpckri cdji. ! 

Ilirey mlo Cdji  

@kvdle, erkwdle, riprkougdle, mlo ktbir mgtdvdtdis kj cdji riqudri kremlds`s tk pirjkr` wkra. Ukra oipilos kl m skurgi kj ilirey. Tku khtmdl ykur ilirey dl gbi`dgmc jkr`‟dl tbi suemrs, jmts, mlo ktbir "juic-cdai" `kcigucis dl ykur yk ur jkko. Tkur giccs usi tbds ilirey jkr mcc tbidr wkra. Tku "hurl" juic tk `kvi, tk tbdla, mlo ivil tk aiip ykur bimrt himtdle wbil yku mri msciip. Kl m hdeeir sgmci, yku gml trmgi ilirey tbrkueb ml igksysti`. Ilirey jckws dltk ml igksysti` ms sulcdebt mlo ixdts dl tbi jkr` kj bimt. _bi pdgturi h hickw ickw ds m sd`pcdjdio odmerm` kj tbds ilirey jckw tbrkueb m jkrist j krist igksysti`. Lkti bkw tbi igksysti`'s kremlds`s gklvirt kli jkr` kj ilirey tk mlktbir. mlk tbir. Jkr ixm`pci, dl tbi prkgiss kj pbktksyltbisds, pcmlts gklvirt cdebt ilirey tk tbi gbi`dgmc ilirey stkrio dl suemrs mlo ktbir jkkos. ^cmlts mlo ktbir pbktksyltbitdg kremlds`s mri ml igksysti`'s prkougirs, sk lm`io higmusi tbiy prkougi tbi jkko upkl wbdgb tbi iltdri igksysti` oipilos. _bi _b i pcmlts usi sk`i kj tbi jkko tbiy prkougi jkr tbidr kwl juic mlo hudcodle `mtirdmc. M pkrtdkl kj tbi stkrio ilirey rimgbis gklsu`irs, wbdgb mri mld`mcs mlo ktbir kremlds`s tbmt imt (gklsu`i) tbi jkko `moi hy tbi prkougirs.

 

 

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Xieucmtdkl 

Mlktbir tbi`i yku wdcc ilgkultir jriquiltcy dl ykur stuoy kj hdkckey hdkcke y ds tbi mhdcdty kj kremlds`s tk rieucmti tbidr dltirlmc gklodtdkls. Jkr ixm`pci, yku bmvi m "tbir`kstmt" dl ykur  hrmdl tbmt rimgts wbilivir ykur hkoy ti`pirmturi vmrdis scdebtcy jrk` 75¾G (mhkut 42.:¾J). Dj tbds dltirlmc tbir`kstmt oitigts m scdebt rdsi dl ykur hkoy ti`pirmturi kl m bkt omy, ykur yku r hrmdl sdelmcs ykur sadl tk prkougi swimt. Wwimtdle bicps gkkc ykur hkoy.  Cdvdle tbdles bmvi pmrts mlo prkgissis tbmt bicp dlodvdoumcs kr spigdis survdvi. Kremlds`s usi jiiohmga tk rieucmti tbi prkgissis. _bds gml hi kl m cmrei sgmci. Jkr ixm`pci,  hdrtbs mlo oimtbs gkltrkc g kltrkc mld`mc ml d`mc pkpucmtdkls pkpu cmtdkls dl ml igksysti`. igksy sti`. Xieucmtdkl Xieuc mtdkl mcsk mc sk ixdsts kl tbi giccucmr civic, sugb ms m gicc's mhdcdty tk `mdltmdl m prkpir ti`pirmturi.  ti`pirmturi.   ^mltdle ds mlktbir ixm`pci kj m gkkcdle `igbmlds`. Tku'vi prkhmhcy siil m oke pmlt kl m bkt omy, hut odo yku alkw tbmt sk`i hdros mcsk pmlt; ^mltdle gmusis `kdsturi kl tbi cmrei surjmgi kj tbi mld`mc's cules tk ivmpkrmti, gkkcdle tbi hkoy ms m risuct. _bi mhdcdty kj `m``mcs mlo hdros tk rieucmti hkoy ti`pirmturi ds fust kli ixm`pci kj bk`ikstmsds, kr "stimoy stmti." @igbmlds`s kj ilmhci kremlds`s tk rieucmti tbidr dltirlmc   ilvdrkl`ilt, oispdti gbmleis dl tbidr ixtirlmc  ilvdrkl`ilt.  ilvdrkl`ilt.

!  Momptmtdkl

mlo Ivkcutdkl

 

Momptmtdkls _bi uldqui gbmrmgtirdstdgs tbmt gm`kujcmei imgb `mltdo spigdis mri ixm`pcis kj momptmtdkls. Ml momptmtdkl ds ml dlbirdtio trmdt tbmt bicps tbi kremlds`'s mhdcdty tk survdvi mlo riprkougi dl dts pmrtdgucmr ilvdrkl`ilt.

Bkw ok `mltdos mlo ktbir kremlds`s mompt tk tbidr ilvdrkl`ilts; ^mrt kj tbi mlswir ds tbi vmrdmtdkl m`kle dlodvdoumcs dl m pkpucmtdkl. M pkpucmtdkl ds m ckgmcdzio erkup kj kremlds`s  hickledle tk tbi sm`i spigdis. Fust ms yku mlo ykur gcmss`mtis mri lkt ixmgtcy mcdai, dlodvdoumcs kj mcc pkpucmtdkls, dlgcuodle `mltdos, mcsk vmry dl sk`i kj tbidr trmdts. _bisi vmrdmtdkls rijcigt imgb dlodvdoumc's pmrtdgucmr gk`hdlmtdkl kj dlbirdtio eilis. Mlo tbds biriodtmry vmrdmtdkl ds tbi rmw `mtirdmc tbmt `mais dt pkssdhci jkr m pkpucmtdkl tk mompt tk dts ilvdrkl`ilt. Dj m pmrtdgucmr vmrdmtdkl ds bicpjuc, dlodvdoumcs wdtb tbi vmrdmtdkl `my cdvi ckleir mlo prkougi `kri kjjsprdle tbml tbksi tbmt ok lkt bmvi dt. _bds prkgiss ds gmccio lmturmc sicigtdkl higmusi dt wkras hy tbi lmturmc ilvdrkl`ilt "sicigtdle" girtmdl dlbirdtio trmdts.

Ivkcutdkl  Lmturmc sicigtdkl ds tbi `igbmlds` hy wbdgb ivkcutdkl kggurs. _bi tir` ivkcutdkl `imls ivkcutdkl  `imls "m prkgiss kj gbmlei." gbml ei." Hdkckedsts usi tbi wkro ivkcutdkl spigdjdgmccy tk `iml m eilirmtdkl-tk-eilirmtdkl gbmlei dl tbi prkpkrtdkl kj odjjirilt dlbirdtio eilis dl m pkpucmtdkl. Jkr ixm`pci, dl tbi hiitci ixm`pci, eilis jkr omra gkckr mri higk`dle `kri gk``kl mlo eilis jkr cdebt gkckr mri higk`dle ciss gk``kl kvir tbi eilirmtdkls kj hiitcis. _bi hiitci pkpucmtdkl ds smdo tk hi uloirekdle ivkcutdkl, kr ivkcvdle. ! 

Wgdiltdjdg Dlqudry 

Wgdiltdjdg dlqudry ds tbi prkgiss jkr mgqudrdle liw alkwcioei. Wgdiltdsts `mai khsirvmtdkls,, jkr` bypktbisis, gklougt ixpird`ilts, ormw gklgcusdkl mlo ripimt tbi prkgiss. khsirvmtdkls prkgiss.   Hdkckey ds m sgdilgi mlo, ms sugb, ricdis kl girtmdl prkgissis kj dlqudry. Wgdiltdjdg dlqudry dlvkcvis msadle quistdkls mhkut lmturi mlo tbil usdle khsirvmtdkls kr ixpird`ilts tk jdlo  pkssdhci mlswirs tk tbksi quistdkls. quistdkls. Jkr ixm`pci, hy jdttdle m rmodk trmls`dttir kltk ml Mtcmltdg ckeeirbimo turtci, risimrgbirs wdcc usi sdelmcs jrk` tbi trmls`dttir tk `kldtkr tbi mld`mc ms dt `kvis tbrkuebkut dts rmlei. Wugb risimrgb ds bicpdle hdkckedsts oitir`dli bkw cmrei m lmturi  prisirvi `ust hi tk suppkrt m pkpucmtdkl kj Mtcmltdg ckeeirbimos. !  Wgdilgi,

_igblkckey mlo Wkgdity 

 

_brkueb sgdilgi, bu`mls cimrl mhkut tbi lmturmc wkrco. _igblkckey mppcdis tbds alkwcioei dl liw wmys. Jkr dlstmlgi, dl 8>=7, Mustrmcdml oivickpirs grimtio m prktktypi jkr m hdkldg iyi. Dt silos ml d`mei tk m `dgrkgbdp dl tbi hrmdl, mcckwdle tbi usir tk –sii‐ tbi d`mei.   @kri tbml ivir hijkri, `koirl hdkckey ds gbmledle bu`mls' iviryomy cdvis. Liw jdlodles mhkut OLM mjjigt sugb jdicos ms `iodgdli mlo merdgucturi. Xisimrgb kl tbi lirv lirvkus kus systi` ds d`prkvdle tbi trimt`ilt kj girtmdl `iltmc dcclissis. _bi stuoy kj ivkcutdkl ds bicpdle bimctb prkjissdklmcs uloirstmlo bkw odsimsi-gmusdle hmgtirdm higk`i risdstmlt tk mltdhdktdg orues. Ilvdrkl`iltmc dssuis sugb ms wmtir mlo mdr pkccutdkl mri gbmledle bkw pikp pikpci ci tbdla mhkut tbidr ricmtdklsbdp tk tbi hdkspbiri. Dj yku wmtgb tbi ivildle liws kr rimo m liwspmpir jkr m wiia, dt's cdaicy yku'cc bimr mhkut `mly dssuis tbmt ricmti tk hdkckey, sugb ms sti` gicc risimrgb, mld`mc gckldle, ilvdrkl`iltmc dssuis, eilitdgmccy `kodjdio grkps, grkp s, kr liw wmys tk trimt odsimsis. _bi gklgipts yku stuoy tbds yimr wdcc bicp yku tk bmvi dljkr`io kpdldkls mhkut tbi d`pmgt kj  hdkckey's rmpdo prkeriss.