Unidad Iv

 

QKFDBD FU. CB_ @ADFDB_ OBQTACBXA_ V CB AGAOQOFßK DA CB _AKTAKOFB. @adfdbs Obutacbras V Cb Agaouofÿk Da Cb _aktakofb Ak Ac ^rjoasj Ojktakofjsj Bd`fkfstrbtfvj. B trbvæs da cb gustfofb ojktakofjsj bd`fkfstrbtfvb sa pratakda ojktrjcbr cb calbcfdbd dac botubr da cb bd`fkfstrbofÿk y ojk accj bsalurbr ac aqufcfhrfj aktra pjdar y cfhartbd da cbs racbofjkas qua sa  prjduoak aktra cbs fkstftuofjkas dac Astbdj y cjs ofudbdbkjs, sfk a`hbrlj ak cb rabcfdbd prjoasbc asa ojktrjc sa `frb lakarbc`akta cagbkj yb qua cb ebctb da oacarfdbd ak cjs prjoasjs gudfofbcas j ac prjpfj  prjoasj f`pulkbtjrfj ak sà `fs`j, prjvjob aeaotjs kalbtfvjs pbrb cjs daraomjs a fktarasas da cjs ofudbdbkjs qua sa vak sj`atfdjs b cjs aeaotjs da cbs botubofjkas bd`fkfstrbtfvbs, sfk f`pjrtbr sf astbs mbk sfdj j kj bgustbdbs b Daraomj yb qua, tbcas botubofjkas da cb bd`fkfstrbofÿk, ljzbk da cbs  prasukofjkas da calftf`fdbd y agaoutjrfadbd y b pasbr da qua astbs puadbk sar f`pulkbdbs  gudfofbc`akta ojktfkubrâk surtfakdj sus aeaotjs cj qua pjdràb davakfr ak cb erustrbofÿk da cbs  prataksfjkas da qufakas agaroak cb boofÿk f`pulkbtjrfb pjr oubktj ac pbsj dac tfa`pj y cb prarrjlbtfvb astbtbc da cb agaoutfvfdbd da cbs botubofjkas bd`fkfstrbtfvbs pjdràbk davakfr ak cb fkaefobofb dac prjoasj  gudfofbc, vuckarâkdjsa da astb ejr`b ac booasj b ukb tutacb gudfofbc aeaotfvb. Erakta b astb rabcfdbd, surlak cbs `adfdbs obutacbras oj`j uk `aobkfs`j calbc qua husob bsalurbr cb tutacb gudfofbc aeaotfvb y cb aefobofb da cbs saktakofbs, sfakdj kaoasbrfj pbrb ac aeaotj qua ak cb kjr`btfvb prjoasbc sa astbhcazob cb pjsfhfcfdbd da bdjptbr astbs `adfdbs, hbgj pbrâ`atrjs datar`fkbdjs pbrb su ojkoasfÿk, y ojk uk akejqua da pcakb gurfsdfoofÿk9 as daofr, ojkoadfakdj b cjs guzlbdjras cb obpbofdbd da ojkoadar `adfdbs obutac obu tacbras bras sal÷k cbs pbrtfouc pbrtfoucbras bras ofroukst ofroukstbko bkofbs fbs da obdb obsj, pbrb pbrb bsà bsalur bsalurbr br cb aefobo aefobofb fb da cbs saktakofbs y ojk accj cb tutacb gudfofbc aeaotfvb.

RQÆ A_ QKB @ADFDB OBQTACBX  Cbs `adfdbs obutacbras sjk bquaccbs qua puadak jrdakbr cjs guaoas ojk ac jhgatfvj da avftbr tjdj rfaslj qua pudfarb f`padfr ac dasbrrjccj bdaoubdj dac prjoasj. Ac prjoasj obutacbr as ukb ejr`b da lbrbktfzbr aefobz`akta cb pjsfhfcfdbd da agaoutbr cb saktakofb y tfaka su eukdb`aktj, da bktfluj, ak cbs dfefouctbdas y dfcbofjkas prjpfbs dac prjoasj. Obcb`bkdraf daoàb qua, pbrb ukb ojrraotb ojkoraofÿk da cb gustfofb, djs axflakofbs dahàbk ojkourrfr7 «mboar cbs ojsbs prjktj y mboarcbs hfak. Da bouardj bc ojktakfdj dac brtàoucj 1== dac Oÿdflj da ^rjoadf`faktj Ofvfc vakazjcbkj, pbraofarb qua sjcj sa puadak daoratbr `adfdbs obutacbras oubkdj axfstb ukb obusb ak prjoasj. Accj sa dasprakda da cb erbsa qua dfoa. Bsà, cbs `adfdbs obutacbras sa sjcfoftbk da jrdfkbrfj guktj ojk cb da`bkdb prfkofpbc. ^arj tb`hfæk puadak sjcfoftbrsa durbkta cb pakdakofb dac prjoasj. Kj astâk pravfstbs ocbrb`akta ak ac Oÿdflj ^rjoasbc vakazjcbkj cbs `adfdbs obutacbras bktfofpbdbs, as daofr, qua sa sjcfoftbk bktas da  prjduofrsa cb da`bkdb y da axfstfr prjpfb`akta cb obusb b qua bcuda ac brtàoucj raearfdj. Ak cb prâotfob, oj`j vara`js, axfsta cb ebouctbd da sjcfoftbr ac fkfofj da uk prjoasj obutacbr bktas da fkojbdj ac gufofj  prfkofpbc, darfvbdj da cj astbhcaofdj ak cayas aspaofbcas. Oubkdj cb `adfdb obutacbr sa sjcfoftb bktas da cb fktarpjsfofÿk da cb da`bkdb, as praofsj qua ac sjcfoftbkta boradfta, bda`âs da cjs prasupuastjs lakarbcas (bpbrfakofb da huak daraomj y pacflrj da qua cb `jrb prjoasbc tjrka fcusjrfb cb agaouofÿk dac ebccj), cbs rbzjkas urlakofb j astâk kaoasfdbd pbrb qua puadbk bojrdbrsadacbs obutacbs ojk obrâotar pravfj.  Kjr`bc`akta astbsdasftubofjkas vfkoucbdbs ojk cb kaoasfdbd qua cb `adfdb sa bouarda sfk

 

budfakofb da qufak vbyb b sar da`bkdbdj, ojk ac jhgatj da kj oj`prj`atar ac huak efk da cb `adfdb obutacbr. Cbs `adfdbs dfspuastbs ak ac brtàoucj 1== dac Oÿdflj da ^rjoadf`faktj Ofvfc vakazjcbkj sjk ac a`hbrlj da hfakas `uahcas, ac saouastrj da hfakas datar`fkbdjs y cb prjmfhfofÿk da akbgakbr y lrbvbr   hfakas fk`uahcas. ^arj bda`âs dfspjka ac `fs`j brtàoucj qua tb`hfæk ac Guaz puada bojrdbr  oubcasqufarb jtrbs dfspjsfofjkas oj`pca`aktbrfbs, y bojrdbr cbs prjvfdakofbs obutacbras qua ojksfdara bdaoubdbs, oubkdj muhfara eukdbdj ta`jr da qua ukb da cbs pbrtas puadb obusbr casfjkas lrbvas j da dfeàofc rapbrbofÿk bc daraomj da cb jtrb, pudfakdj ac Trfhukbc butjrfzbr j prjmfhfr cb agaouofÿk da datar`fkbdj datar `fkbdjss botjs, y bdjptbr bdjptbr cbs prjvfdakofbs prjvfdakofbs qua taklbk pjr jhgatj mboar oasbr cb ojktfkufdbd ojktfkufdbd da cb casfÿk.

RQFAK ^QADA FKTAKTBX QKB @ADFDB OBQTACBX  Oÿdflj da ^rjoadf`faktj Ofvfc. Ac brtàoucj 228 da dfomj ouarpj kjr`btfvj astbhcaoa cj sflufakta7 –_f kj muhfara cftflfj aktra cbs pbrtas, dfombs pruahbs y `adfdbs sarâk daoratbdbs pjr ac Guaz da ^brrjqufb j @ukfofpfj dac culbr djkda dahb agaoutârsacbs sf su urlakofb cj axflfara, sfk qua ac prjpfatbrfj pjsaadjr, raspjksbhca, bd`fkfstrbdjr u joupbkta dac culbr djkda dahbk aeaotubrsa puadb jpjkarsa b su prâotfob j agaou agaouof ofÿk. ÿk. Ac `f `fs` s`j j Gu Guaz az ca cavb vbkt ktbr brââ cb cbss `adf `adfdb dbss b sj sjcf cfof oftu tud d da cb pbrta pbrta oj ojkt ktrb rb qufak qufak jhrak, jhrak, bc vakof`faktj da trafktb (?>) dàbs ojktfkujs dasda su agaouofÿk, sf kj sa ca muhfasa oj`prjhbdj cb fkfofbofÿk dac gufofj‐.

@JDJ DA DFOTBX QKB @ADFDB OBQTACBX. _a dfsouta ak djotrfkb sf cbs `adfdbs obutacbras puadak bojrdbrsa sfk axfstfr cb bpbrfakofb da huak daraomj j ac pacflrj da qua sab f`pjsfhca cb agaouofÿk da cb saktakofb, ak vfrtud da cbs `adfdbs tj`b tj `bdbs dbs pjr ac da da`b `bkd kdbdj bdj.. Ak kuast kuastrj rj ojkoa ojkoapt ptj j cb ra radb dboof oofÿk ÿk da dacc br brtà tàou oucj cj 1= 1=1 1 da dacc Oÿdf Oÿdflj lj da ^rjoadf`faktj Ofvfc kj ca db bc Guaz aspbofj pbrb bojrdbr j kj cb `adfdb obutacbr sf cjs prasupuastjs  prjoasbcas mbk sfdj dahfdb`akta ou`pcfdjs. Da flubc `bkarb, tb`pjoj puada ac Guaz bojrdbr cb `adfdb sf bclukjs da cjs djs prasupuastjs prjoasbcas kj astâk suefofakta`akta prjhbdjs, b kj sar qua sa ojkstftuyb obuofÿk, tbc y oj`j dfoa ac brtàoucj 16> afusda`, j oubkdj sa mbyb b`pcfbdj cb pruahb ojksfdarbdb fksuefofakta, ak btakofÿk bc brtàoucj 5>2. _f as kaoasbrfj, bktas da agaoutbr ukb `adfdb obutacbr pravfb b cb prasaktbofÿk da cb da`bkdb racbtfvb bc  gufofj prfkofpbc, puadak sjcfoftbrsa fkspaoofjkas gudfofbcas, axpartfofbs y jtrjs dfearaktas `adfjs da  pruahb. Astbs prjvfdakofbs obutacbras astâk dastfkbdbs b ojksarvbr pruahbs qua pudfarbk dasbpbraoar, y qua puadak cualj sar utfcfzbdbs eruotujsb`akta durbkta ac gufofj prfkofpbc. Asta as uk prjoadf`faktj qua Xaklac Xj`harl mb dakj`f dakj`fkbdj kbdj ^rjvfdakofbs ^rjvfdakofbs Obutacbras Obutacbras ak Eukofÿk Fkstruotjrf Fkstruotjrfbb Bktfofpbdb. Bktfofpbdb. Astbs pruahbs y jtrbs qua puadb ac Guaz dfotbr j qua ac da`bkdbkta puadb bpjrtbr, par`ftak bc Guaz dfotbr `adfdbs pravaktfvbs kj`fkbdbs a fkkj`fkbdbs, bktas da cb prasaktbofÿk ejr`bc da cb da`bkdb  prfkofpbc, y rasuctbk sar fkbudftb bctarb pbrta, as daofr, sfk ojkjof`faktj j kjtfefobofÿk da cb jtrb pbrta, ÷kfob`akta gustfefobdbs pjr rbzjkas da axtra`b urlakofb j aeaotfvfdbd da cb `adfdb.

AGAOQOFJK DA CB _AKTAKOFB Aktakda`js pjr agaouofÿk da saktakofb ac ojkguktj da botubofjkas prjoasbcas takdaktas b cb agaouofÿk da agaouofÿk uk daraomjdaktrj suhgatfvj ak uk tàtucjbd`fkfstrbtfvj. da agaouofÿk, qua cj qua mbhfcftb ac fkfofj da cb ebsa da da ukraojkjofdj prjoasj ojktakofjsj Cb as agaouofÿk da saktakofbs mb sfdj fdaktfefobdb oj`j ac prjhca`b eukdb`aktbc dac ojktakofjsj bd`fkfstrbtfvj, yb qua, bc sar cb

 

ouc`fkbofÿk dac prjoasj, sa varfefob ak asta sf uk Astbdj as da Daraomj j kj. Accj as, da kbdb vbca cb  pakb ac prjoasj sf kj as pjsfhca agaoutbr cj daofdfdj. Oj`j quadj dfomj, cb agaouofÿk da cbs saktakofbs ejr`b ejr `b pbrta pbrta kjr`bc kjr`bc dac prjoas prjoasj j gudfof gudfofbc, bc, cb trfbdb trfbdb fkt fktalr alrbdb bdb pjr –boofÿ –boofÿk-pr k-prjoa joasjsj-gur gurfsd fsdfoo foofÿk fÿk‐‐ eukdb` euk db`akt aktbb asb befr`b befr`bofÿ ofÿk, k, pjr akda, akda, ac ojktak ojktakofj ofjsj sj bd`fkf bd`fkfstr strbtf btfvj vj as uk prjoas prjoasj j bc qua ca sjk bpcfobhcas cjs `fs`js prfkofpfjs y ojksaouakofbs dac prjoasj ak lakarbc. Cb agaouofÿk da saktakofbs kj mboa sfkj ccavbr b aeaotj ukb rasjcuofÿk gudfofbc y, pjr cj tbktj, cjs botjs `btarfbcas j tæokfojs ak qua cb agaouofÿk ojksfsta, obraoak da vfbhfcfdbd prjpfb, pjr asj as f`pjrtbkta cb axfstakofb da uk ojktrjc gudfofbc da cb calbcfdbd bd`fkfstrbtfvb, qua sjcj sa cjlrb sf cjs  guaoas bc daofdfr cj guzlbdj puadak agaoutbr cj daofdfdj, orfstbcfzbkdj da astb `bkarb tb`hfæk ac daraomj b cb tutacb gudfofbc aeaotfvb erakta b cb Bd`fkfstrbofÿk ^uhcfob. Cb agaouofÿk da cb saktakofb ojrraspjkda ak prfkofpfj, bc ÿrlbkj da cb bd`fkfstrbofÿk qua mbyb dfotbdj ac botj j cb dfspjsfofÿk jhgatj dac raoursj. Bsà qua ac ou`pcf`faktj da asta dahar pjr cb bd`fkfstrbofÿk mb da prjduofrsa ojk obrâotar lakarbc y daktrj dac pcbzj da cb eaomb da raoapofÿk dac tastf`jkfj da cb saktakofb j dasda cb efgbofÿk da cb fkda`kfzbofÿk, astj as, ak càkab da ojktfkufdbd ojk ac tàtucj guràdfoj qua ca sfrva da eukdb`aktj. Cb daofsfÿk gudfofbc ukb vaz efr`a, daha sar agaoutbdb ak cjs tær`fkjs pjr accb astbhcaofdjs y kj  puada quadbr asb agaouofÿk cfhrbdb b cb huakb vjcuktbd da cb bd`fkfstrbofÿk, pbrb qua æstb ou`pcb, oubkdj y oj`j qufarb, sfkj qua daha sar ac ÿrlbkj gurfsdfoofjkbc qufak agarzb ac pjdar da guzlbr mbstb sus ÷ctf`bs ojksaouakofbs, oj`j darfvbofÿk dac prfkofpfj da qua ac guaz daha guzlbr y mboar agaoutbr cj  guzlbdj. Astb agaouofÿk vjcuktbrfb tfaka pjr efkbcfdbd ccavbr b purj y dahfdj aeaotj cjs  prjkukofb`faktjs gudfofbcas ojktakfdjs ak cb saktakofb j rasjcuofÿk, pjr cj qua daha oj`prakdar tjdj,  parj bc `fs`j tfa`pj sjcj cj kaoasbrfj, b tbc efk, qua ac rasuctbdj sab cb fdaktfdbd aktra cj agaoutbdj y cj astbtufdj. Ak cbs `adfdbs obutacbras bktfofpbdbs, sa pratakda jhtakar, eraouakta`akta, uk bdacbktb`faktj da cb saktakofb b qua sa bspfrb, pjr aga`pcj, cb prjmfhfofÿk da utfcfzbr ukb datar`fkbdb `brob, qua ac botjr ojksfdarb oj`j suyb prjpfb pjr rbzÿk da su tftucbrfdbd ralfstrbc. Cbs pruahbs praojkstftufdbs mbk axfstfdj da bktbòj y, da maomj, Obrkacuttf ak su Tajràb Lakarbc dac Daraomj cbs astudfb. Ac Oÿdflj Ofvfc vakazjcbkj pravæ cb fkspaoofÿk joucbr bktfofpbdb j pravfb bc gufofj ak ac brtàoucj Kj. 2486, oubkdj ak cjs obsjs da ratbrdj pargudfofbc, cjs fktarasbdjs puadak prj`jvar cb fkspaoofÿk joucbr, pbrb dagbr ojkstbkofb da ofroukstbkofbs qua puadbk dasbpbraoar j `jdfefobrsa ojk ac trbksoursj dac tfa`pj.