Unidad de Disco Duro

 

]lhefe em ehsab eurb Ml hl`brnæthaf, ulhefe em ehsab eurb b ulhef ulhefe e em em erhvm, JEE) ms ul ehsab rîkheb (ml hlkiès? jfre ehsd erhvm, ehspbshthvb em finfamlfnhmltb em eftbs eftbs qum  qum  mnpim mnpimff ul shstmnf shstmnf em krfgfahñl krfgfahñl nfklèthaf pfrf finfamlfr y rmaupmrfr frajhvbs ehkhtfims. Qm abn abnpblm em ulb b næs piftbs b ehsabs rîkhebs, rmaughmrtbs abl nftmrhfi nfklèthab y ulhebs pbr ul nhsnb mom qum khrf f krfl vmibahefe vmibahefe emltrb emltrb em ulf afof nmtæihaf nmtæihaf smiifef. Qbgrm afef piftb, y ml afef ulf em sus afrfs, sm shtÿf ul afgmzfi em imaturf/msarhturf qum `ibtf sbgrm  sbgrm  ulf emikfef iænhlf em fhrm kml kmlmrfef pbr if rbtfahñl rbtfahñl em ibs ehsabs.6  Smrnhtm mi faamsb fimftbrhb f ibs eftbs, ib qum shklh`haf qum ibs gibqums em eftbs sm pumeml finfamlfr b rm rmaupmrfr ml aufiquhmr breml y lb sbib em `brnf smaumlahfi. smaumlahfi. Ifs ulhefems em ehsab ehsab eurb sbl ul thpb em nmnbrhf lb vbiæthi, qum rmthmlml ibs eftbs finfamlf finf amlfebs ebs hlaiusb aufleb mstæl fpfkfebs. 7 1  5    Mi prhnmr ehsab eurb `um hlvmltfeb pbr HGN, ml 68=0.=   F ib ifrkb em ibs föbs, jfl ehs e hsnhluheb nhluheb ibs prmahbs em ibs ibs ehsabs ehsabs eurbs, fi nhsnb thmnpb qum jfl nuithpihafeb su afpfahefe, shmleb if prhlahpfi bpahñl em finfamlfnhmltb finfamlfnhmltb smaulefrhb smaulefrhb pfrf pfrf abnputfebrfss pmrsblfims, emsem su fpfrhahñl ml ibs abnputfebrf ibs föbs 6803.0   Ibs ehsabs eurbs jfl nfltmlheb su su pbshahñl ebnhlfltm krfahfs f ibs ablstfltms ablstfltm s hlarmnmltbs ml if emlshefe em krfg krfgfahñl, fahñl, qum sm jf jf nfltmlheb nfltmlhe b f if pfr em ifs lmamshefems em em 0 finfamlfnhmltb smaulefrhb. finfamlfnhmltb  smaulefrhb.   Nmobrfebs ablthlufnmltm, ibs ehsabs eurbs jfl nfltmlheb nfltmlh eb mstf pbshahñl ml if mrf nbemrlf em ibs smrvhebrms y ifs abnputfebrfs pmrsblfims. Næs em 775 abnpföîfs jfl `fgrhafeb ulhefems em ehsab eurb jhstñrhafnmltm, fulqum emspuès em ulf mxtmlsf ablsbihefahñl em if hleustrhf, if nfybrîf em ifs ulhefems sbl `fgrhafefs pbr Qmfkftm, Ubsjhgf y [mstmrl Ehkhtfi. Ibs ehsabs eurbs ebnhlfl mi vbiunml em finfamlfnhmltb prbeuaheb (mxfgytms pbr föb) pfrf smrvhebrms. Fulqum if prbeuaahñl mstæ armahmleb imltfnmltm, ibs hlkrmsbs pbr vmltfs y ibs mlvîbs em ulhefems mstæl ehsnhluymleb emgheb f qum ifs ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb (QQE) thmlml nfybrms tfsfs em trfls`mrmlahf em eftbs, nfybr

Ehsab eurb

Sfrtms Sfrtm s em if ulhefe em ehsab eurb. Hl`brnfahñl Uhpb @fgrhafltm @fgrha fltm

Ehspbshthvb em finfamlfnhmltb em eftbs @uohtsu JKQU Jhtfajh Qfnsulk Qf nsulk Qmfkftm Qm fkftm Ubsjhgf bsjhgf [mstmrl [m stmrl Ehkhtfi Qm ablmatf ablmatf f 

Abltrbifebr em ehsab

Hltmr`fz HEM b SFUF Hltmr`fz QFUF Hltmr`fz QFQ Hltmr`fz QAQH (pbpuifr ml smrvhebrms) Hltmr`fz @A (mxaiushvb ml smrvhebrms) Hltmr`fz ]QG

LFQ LF Q

@umltm em fihnmltfahñl

rmems em afgim / hlfiængrhafs Nbimx Arblbibkîf  Ehsab eurb

ulhefe em

 

emlshefe em finfamlfnhmltb em ærmf, nmobr abl`hfghihefe, ;   y thmnpbs em faamsb y iftmlahf nuajb næs gfobs.: 8  63   66    

mstfeb sñiheb

Ibs hlkrmsbs pbr QQE, if nfybrîf em ibs aufims uthihzfl LFLE, mxameml ihkmrfnmltm ibs em ibs JEE. 67   Fulqum ibs QQE thmlml ul abstb pbr ght afsh 63 vmams nfybr, mstæl rmmnpifzfleb f ibs ehsabs eurbs ml fpihafahblms eblem if vmibahefe, mi ablsunb em mlmrkîf, mi tfnföb pmqumöb y if eurfghihefe sbl hnpbrtfltms. 63 66     Ibs tfnföbs tfnghèl jfl vfrhfeb nuajb, emsem ibs prhnmrbs ehsabs HGN jfstf ibs `brnftbs mstflefrhzfebs fatufinmltm? 1,= puikfefs ibs nbemibs pfrf SA y smrvhebrms, y 7,= puikfefs ibs nbemibs pfrf ehspbshthvbs pbrtæthims. Ubebs sm abnulhafl abl if abnputfebrf f trfvès emi abltrbifebr em ehsab, mnpimfleb ulf hltmr`fz mstflefrhzfef. Ibs næs abnulms jfstf ibs föbs 7333 jfl sheb HEM (tfnghèl iifnfeb FUF b SFUF), QAQH/QFQ (kmlmrfinmltm usfeb ml smrvhebrms y mstfahblms em trfgfob). Emsem mi 7333 ml femifltm jf heb nfsh`haælebsm mi usb em ibs QFUF. Mxhstm femnæs ibs ehsabs em aflfi em `hgrf (@A), mnpimfebs mxaiushvfnmltm ml smrvhebrms. Ifs ulhefems mxtmrlfs sm ablmatfl prhlahpfinmltm pbr ]QG. Ehsab eurb nmaælhab Sfrf pbemr uthihzfr ul ehsab eurb, ul shstmnf bpmrfthvb emgm fpihafr ul `brnftb em gfob lhvmi qum em`hlf ulf b næs pfrthahblms. If bpmrfahñl em `brnftmb rmquhmrm mi usb em ulf `rfaahñl emi mspfahb ehspblhgim ml mi ehsab, qum empmlemræ emi shstmnf em frajhvbs b `brnftb mnpimfeb. Femnæs, ibs `fgrhafltms em ehsabs eurbs, ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb y tfromtfs `ifsj nheml if afpfahefe em ibs nhsnbs usfleb prm`hobs emi Qhstmnf Hltmrlfahblfi, qum mnpimfl nÿithpibs em pbtmlahfs em 6333 smkÿl if lbrnfthvf HMA m HMMM, ml iukfr em ibs prm`hobs ghlfrhbs, qum mnpimfl nÿithpibs em pbtmlahfs em 6375, y sbl ibs usfebs pbr shstmnfs bpmrfthvbs em Nharbsb`t. Mstb prbvbaf qum ml fikulbs shstmnfs bpmrfthvbs smf rmprmsmltfeb abnb nÿithpibs 6375 b abnb 6333, y pbr tfltb mxhstfl abl`ushblms, pbr momnpib, ul ehsab eurb em =33 KG, ml fikulbs shstmnfs bpmrfthvbs smræ rmprmsmltfeb abnb 50= KhG (ms emahr khghgytms4 6 KhG > 6375 NhG) y ml btrbs abnb =33 KG.

Mi rmlehnhmltb em ul ehsab eurb sm mspmah`haf pbr mi thmnpb rmqumrheb pfrf nbvmr ifs afgmzfs f ulf phstf b ahihlerb (thmnpb em faamsb prbnmehb) fkrmkfleb mi thmnpb qum tbnf pfrf qum mi smatbr emsmfeb sm numvf emgfob em if afgmzf (iftmlahf nmehf, qum ms ulf `ulahñl em if vmibahefe em rbtfahñl `îshaf ml ifs rmvbiuahblms pbr nhlutb) y, `hlfinmltm, if vmibahefe f if qum sm trflsnhtml trflsnhtml ibs eftbs (vmibahefe em eftbs).

Îleham Jhstbrhf  Mstruaturf iñkhaf  Mstruaturf `îshaf  Ehrmaahblfnhmltb @fatbr em @brnf Afrfatmrîsthafs Afrfatmrîst hafs em ul ehsab eurb Ablmatbrms

 

Uhpbs em ablmxhñl em eftbs HEM, FUF b SFUF QFUF QAQH QFQ @umltm em fihnmltfahñl

@ulahblfnhmltb nmaælhab Hltmkrhefe Nfltmlhnhmltb y auhefebs Nfltmlhnhmltb Kfimrîf em hnækmlms Srmsmltm y `uturb Abnpfrfthvf em QQE y JEE Ehsabs qum lb sbl ehsabs ]lhefems jîgrhefs

@fgrhafltms Pèfsm tfnghèl @fgrhafltms em ehsabs eurbs Wm`mrmlahfs Ghgihbkrf`îf  Mlifams mxtmrlbs

Jhstbrhf Fi prhlahphb ibs ehsabs eurbs mrfl mxtrfîgims4 shl mngfrkb, jby ml eîf tîphafnmltm vhmlml tbebs smiifebs (f mxampahñl em ul jumab em vmlthifahñl pfrf `hitrfr m hkufifr if prmshñl emi fhrm). Mi prhnmr ehsab eurb, fpfrmaheb ml 68=0, `um mi Wfnfa H, prmsmltfeb abl if abnputfebrf HGN 1=3? pmsfgf ulf tblmifef y su afpfahefe mrf em = NG. Næs krflem qum ul `rhkbrî`hab fatufi, mstm ehsab eurb trfgfofgf tbefvîf abl væivuifs em vfaîb y rmqumrîf ulf ablsbif smpfrfef pfrf su nflmob. Qu krfl nèrhtb ablshstîf ml qum mi thmnpb rmqumrheb pfrf mi faamsb mrf rmifthvfnmltm ablstfltm mltrm Flthkub ehsab eurb em HGN (nbemib 07SA, fikulfs pbshahblms em nmnbrhf. Mstm thpb em faamsb sm «Shaabib´), em 05,= NG, `fgrhafeb ml 68;8. ablbam abnb faamsb fimftbrhb. Ml afnghb, ml ifs ahltfs nfklèthafs mrf lmamsfrhb mlrbiifr y emsmlrbiifr ibs afrrmtms jfstf mlabltrfr mi eftb gusafeb, tmlhmleb thmnpbs em faamsb nuy ehspfrms pfrf afef pbshahñl. Mstm thpb em faamsb sm ablbam abnb faamsb smaumlahfi. If tmalbibkîf hlhahfi fpihafef f ibs ehsabs eurbs mrf rmifthvfnmltm rmifthvfnmltm shnpim. Ablshstîf ml rmaugrhr abl nftmrhfi nftmrhfi nfklèthab ul ehsab em nmtfi qum mrf `brnftmfeb ml phstfs ablaèltrhafs, qum iumkb mrfl ehvhehefs ml smatbrms. Mi afgmzfi nfklèthab abeh`hafgf hl`brnfahñl fi nfklmthzfr ehnhlutfs smaahblms emi ehsab eurb,

 

mnpimfleb ul añehkb ghlfrhb em «amrbs´ y «ulbs´. Ibs ghts b eîkhtbs ghlfrhbs fsî krfgfebs pumeml pmrnflmamr hltfatbs eurfltm föbs. Brhkhlfinmltm, afef ght tmlîf ulf ehspbshahñl jbrhzbltfi ml if supmr`hahm nfklèthaf emi ehsab, pmrb iumkb sm emsaugrhñ añnb rmkhstrfr if hl`brnfahñl em ulf nflmrf næs abnpfatf. Mi nèrhtb emi `rflaès Figmrt @mrt y fi fimnæl Smtmr Krùlgmrk (fngbs prmnhb Lbgmi em @îshaf pbr sus abltrhguahblms ml mi afnpb emi finfamlfnhmltb nfklèthab) `um mi emsaugrhnhmltb emi `mlñnmlb ablbaheb abnb nfklmtbrrmshstmlahf khkfltm, qum pmrnhthñ ablstruhr afgmzfims em imaturf y krfgfahñl næs smlshgims, y abnpfatfr næs ibs ghts ml if supmr`hahm emi ehsab eurb. Em mstbs emsaugrhnhmltbs, rmfihzfebs ml `brnf hlempmlehmltm pbr mstbs hlvmsthkfebrms, sm emsprmlehñ ul armahnhmltb mspmatfauifr ml if afpfahefe em finfamlfnhmltb ml ibs ehsabs eurbs, qum sm mimvñ ul 03 % flufi ml if eèafef em 6883. Ml 6887, ibs ehsabs eurbs em 1,= puikfefs fibofgfl 7=3 NG, nhmltrfs qum 63 föbs emspuès jfgîfl supmrfeb 53 KG (53 803 NG). F if `majf (736;), yf sm ehspblm em ml mi usb abthehflb abl ehsabs eurbs em næs em = UG, mstb ms, =673 KG (= 757 ::3 NG). Ml 733= ibs prhnmrbs tmiè`blbs nñvhims qum hlaiuîfl ehsabs eurbs `umrbl prmsmltfebs pbr Qfnsulk y Lbdhf, fulqum lb tuvhmrbl nuajb èxhtb yf qum ifs nmnbrhfs `ifsj ibs fafgfrbl emspifzfleb, emgheb fi funmltb em afpfahefe, nfybr rmshstmlahf y nmlbr ablsunb em mlmrkîf. Pèfsm tfnghèl?  Srhnmrbs ehsabs HGN

Mstruaturf iñkhaf Emltrb emi ehsab sm mlaumltrfl?

Mi rmkhstrb em frrflqum prhlahpfi (Nfstmr Gbbt Wmabre , NGW), ml mi gibqum b smatbr em frrflqum, qum ablthmlm ablthmlm iif f tfgif em pfrthahblms. Ifs pfrthahblms em ehsab, eh sab, lmamsfrhfs pfrf pbemr abibafr ibs shstmnfs sh stmnfs em frajhvbs.

Mstruaturf `îshaf Emltrb em if ulhefe em ehsab eurb jfy ulb b vfrhbs ehsabs (em fiunhlhb b arhstfi) ablaèltrhabs iifnfebs piftbs  (lbrnfinmltm mltrm 7 y 5, fulqum pumeml smr jfstf 0 b ; smkÿl mi nbemib), y qum khrfl tbebs f if vmz sbgrm mi nhsnb mom, fi qum mstæl ulhebs. Mi afgmzfi  (ehspbshthvb em imaturf y msarhturf) mstæ `brnfeb pbr ul abloultb em grfzbs pfrfimibs f ibs piftbs, fihlmfebs vmrthafinmltm y qum tfnghèl sm emspifzfl em `brnf shnuitælmf, ml auyf pultf mstæl ifs afgmzfs em imaturf/msarhturf. Sbr lbrnf kmlmrfi jfy ulf afgmzf em imaturf/msarhturf pfrf afef supmr`hahm em afef piftb. Ibs afgmzfims pumeml nbvmrsm jfahf mi hltmrhbr b mi mxtmrhbr em ibs piftbs, ib aufi abnghlfeb abl if rbtfahñl em ibs nhsnbs pmrnhtm qum ibs afgmzfims pumefl fiaflzfr aufiquhmr pbshahñl em if supmr`hahm em ibs piftbs. Afef piftb pbsmm ebs ’bobs„, y ms lmamsfrhf ulf afgmzf em imaturf/msarhturf  pfrf afef afrf. afrf. Qh sm bgsmrvf mi msqumnf

Abnpblmltms em ulf ulhefe em ehsab eurb. Em hzquhmref f emrmajf, `hif supmrhbr? tfpf, afrafsf, piftb, mom4 `hif hl`mrhbr? mspunf fhsifltm, ahrauhtb hnprmsb em abltrbi, afgmzfi em imaturf/msarhturf, fatufebr m hnæl, tbrlhiibs.

Ahihlerb-Afgmzf-Qmatbr, Ahihlerb-Afgmzf-Qmatbr , f prhnmrf vhstf 5 grfzbs, ulby ablthmlm ebs afgmzfs? ulf pfrf immr if afrf pfrf afef piftb. Ml rmfihefe, afef ulb emsm ibsvml grfzbs ms ebgim, supmrhbr emi piftb, y btrf pfrf immr if afrf hl`mrhbr. Sbr tfltb, jfy bajb afgmzfs pfrf immr auftrb piftbs,

 

fulqum pbr aumsthblms abnmrahfims, lb shmnprm sm usfl tbefs ifs afrfs em ibs ehsabs y mxhstml ehsabs eurbs abl ul lÿnmrb hnpfr em afgmzfs, b abl afgmzfs emsjfghihtfefs. Ibs afgmzfims em imaturf/msarhturf lb tbafl mi ehsab, shlb qum pfsfl nuy amraf (jfstf f 1 lflñnmtrbs), emgheb f ulf `hlîshnf pmiîauif em fhrm qum sm `brnf mltrm ibs afgmzfims y ibs piftbs aufleb ibs ehsabs khrfl (fikulbs ehsabs hlaiuyml ul shstmnf qum hnphem qum ibs afgmzfims pfsml pbr mlahnf em ibs piftbs jfstf qum fiaflaml ulf vmibahefe em khrb qum kfrfltham if `brnfahñl em mstf pmiîauif). Qh fikulf em ifs afgmzfs iimkf f tbafr ulf supmr`hahm em ul piftb, afusfrîf nuajbs eföbs ml èi, rfyælebib krfvmnmltm, emgheb f ib ræpheb qum khrfl ibs piftbs (ulb em ;733 rmvbiuahblms pbr nhlutb sm numvm f 678 dn/j ml mi gbrem em ul ehsab em 1,= puikfefs).

Ehrmaahblfnhmltb Jfy vfrhbs ablamptbs pfrf rm`mrhrsm f zblfs emi ehsab?

Siftb? afef ulb em ibs ehsabs qum jfy emltrb em if ulhefe em ehsab eurb. Afrf ? afef ulb em ibs ebs ifebs em ul piftb. Shstf ? ulf ahraul`mrmlahf emltrb em ulf afrf4 if  phstf amrb (3) mstæ ml mi gbrem mxtmrhbr mxtmrhbr.. Ahihlerb ? abloultb em vfrhfs  phstfs4 sbl tbefs ifs ahraul`mrmlahfs qum mstæl fihlmfefs vmrthafinmltm (ulf em afef afrf). Afgmzfi? lÿnmrb em afgmzf b afgmzfi pbr afef afrf. Qmatbr ? afef ulf em ifs ehvhshblms em ulf phstf. Mi tfnföb emi smatbr lb ms `hob, shmleb mi mstælefr Ahihlerb, Afgmzfi y Qmatbr. fatufi =67 gytms, fulqum if fsbahfahñl HEMNF 61   jf armfeb ul abnhtè qum hnpuisf iimvfrib f 5 DhG. Flthkufnmltm mi lÿnmrb em smatbrms pbr phstf mrf `hob, ib aufi emsfprbvmajfgf mi mspfahb shklh`hafthvfnmltm, yf qum ml ifs phstfs mxtmrhbrms pumeml finfamlfrsm næs smatbrms qum ml ifs hltmrhbrms. Fsî, fpfrmahñ if tmalbibkîf krfgfahñl em ghts pbr zblfs  ( _blm  _blm Ght Wmabrehlk , _GW ) qum funmltf mi lÿnmrb em smatbrms ml ifs phstfs mxtmrhbrms, y uthihzf næs m`hahmltmnmltm mi ehsab eurb. Fsî ifs phstfs sm fkrupfl zblfs phstfs em hkufi aflthefe smatbrms. ml Aufltb næsem imobs emi amltrb em afef piftb em sm mlaumltrf ulf zblf, mstf ablthmlm ulf nfybr aflthefe em smatbrms ml sus phstfs. Femnæs nmehfltm _GW, aufleb sm imml smatbrms em ahihlerbs næs mxtmrlbs if tfsf em trfls`mrmlahf em ghts pbr smkuleb ms nfybr4 pbr tmlmr if nhsnf vmibahefe flkuifr qum ahihlerbs hltmrlbs pmrb nfybr aflthefe em smatbrms.65   Qmatbr kmbnètrhab? sbl ibs smatbrms ablthkubs pmrb em phstfs eh`mrmltms. Aiÿstmr? ms ul abloultb ablthkub em smatbrms .

Mstruaturf em ehsab nfklèthab? F ms ulf phstf emi ehsab (rbof (rbof ), G ms ul smatbr kmbnètrhab (fzui (fzui ), A ms ul smatbr em ulf phstf (nfkmltf ), E ms ul krupb em smatbrms b aiÿstmr (vmrem ).

Mi prhnmr shstmnf em ehrmaahblfnhmltb qum sm usñ `um mi Ahihlerb  (Ayihlemr-Jmfe-Qmatbr Ayihlemr-Jmfe-Qmatbr, , AJQ),emi yfehsab. qum abl Afgmzfi-Qmatbr trms vfibrms sm pumem shtufr ul eftb aufiquhmrf Næsmstbs femifltm sm armñ btrb shstmnf næs smlahiib,

 

qum fatufinmltm sm usf? ehrmaahblfnhmltb em gibqums iñkhabs  ( Ibkhafi  Ibkhafi Gibad Feermssh Feermsshlk lk,,  IGF ), qum ablshstm ml ehvhehr mi ehsab mltmrb ml smatbrms smatbrms y  y fshklfr f afef ulb ul ÿlhab lÿnmrb.

@fatbr em @brnf  If prhnmrf ulhefe em ehsab eurb em HGN, if HGN 1=3, usfgf ulf phif em ahlaumltf piftbs em 75 puikfefs, finfamlfgf 1,;= NG em eftbs (fprbxhnfefnmltm mi tfnföb em ulf hnfkml ehkhtfi nbemrlf) y tmlîf ul tfnföb abnpfrfgim f ebs rm`rhkmrfebrms krflems. Ml 6807, HGN prmsmltñ mi HGN 6166, qum usfgf smhs piftbs em 65 puikfefs (tfnföb lbnhlfi) ml ul pfqumtm mxtrfîgim y mrf fprbxhnfefnmltm emi tfnföb em ulf ifvfebrf. Mstm sm ablvhrthñ ml ul tfnföb em piftb mstælefr eurfltm nuajbs föbs, uthihzfeb tfnghèl pbr btrbs `fgrhafltms.6=   Mi HGN 7165 usñ piftbs emi nhsnb tfnföb ml ul pfqumtm em blam m hltrbeuob mi ehsmöb em "ulhefe ml ul afoñl". f vmams iifnfeb mi "jbrlb em phzzf", fulqum mi "afoñl" lb mrf if ulhefe abnpimtf. Ml if eèafef em 68;3, ibs ehsabs eurbs sm b`rmaîfl ml kfghlmtms hlempmlehmltms em eh`mrmltms ehnmlshblms qum abltmlîfl em ulb f auftrb ehsabs

Qmhs ulhefems em ehsab eurb abl afrafsfs fghmrtfs nbstrfleb piftbs y afgmzfims4 :, =¹, 1¾, 7¾, 6⅔ y 6 puikfefs em ehænmtrb em ibs ehsabs qum rmprmsmltfl.

eurbs. F pfrthr em `hlfims em if eèafef em 6803, sm b`rmahmrbl ulhefems qum mlafofgfl abnpimtfnmltm ml ul ajfshs qum sm nbltfgf ml ul gfsthebr em 68 puikfefs. Ibs WD3= y WI36 em Ehkhtfi Mquhpnmlt Abrpbrfthbl `umrbl ibs prhnmrbs momnpibs qum uthihzfrbl piftbs hlehvheufims em 65 puikfefs ml pfqumtms mxtrfîgims, if ulhefe abnpimtf mlafofgf ml ul mspfahb em rfad em 63,= puikfefs em fitb (smhs ulhefems em rfad). F nmehfebs y `hlfims em if eèafef em 68:3, mi @uohtsu Mfkim em tfnföb shnhifr , qum usfgf (afsufinmltm) piftbs em 63,= puikfefs, mrf ul prbeuatb pbpuifr. ]lf ulhefe em ehsab eurb næs lumvf em 7,=

Abl mi funmltb em ifs vmltfs em nharbabnputfebrfs puikfefs (01,= nn) em 058= NG ml abnpfrfahñl qum thmlml ehsqumtmrfs hltmkrfefs (@EE), ibs JEE abl ulf ulhefe em ehsab eurb fltmrhbr em =,7= qum mlafofrfl ml ibs nbltfoms em @EE sm vbivhmrbl puikfefs em fiturf abnpimtf y 663 NG emsmfgims. Abnmlzfleb abl mi Qjukfrt Fssbahftms QF6333 , ibs `fatbrms em `brnf em JEE hlhahfinmltm shkuhmrbl f ibs em ifs ulhefems em ehsqumtm em : puikfefs, =¹ puikfefs y 1¾ puikfefs. Fulqum sm jfam rm`mrmlahf f mstbs tfnföbs lbnhlfims, ibs tfnföbs rmfims em msfs trms ulhefems rmspmathvfnmltm sbl 8,=", =,;=" y 5" em flajb. Emgheb f qum lb jfgîf ulhefems em ehsqumtm næs pmqumöfs, ibs `fatbrms em `brnf em JEE næs pmqumöbs, abnb ifs ulhefems em 7¾ puikfefs (ml rmfihefe, 7,;=" flajb) sm emsfrrbiifrbl f pfrthr em b`mrtfs em prbeuatbs b mstælefrms em if hleustrhf. Mi næs tmnprflb "`fatbr " `fatbr em `brnf" `brnf" em ibs ehsabs eurbs, jmrmeñ sus ehnmlshblms em ifs ehsqumtmrfs. Sumeml smr nbltfebs mlthpbs ibs @EE nhsnbs ajfshs yerhvms  fsî ibs eurbs `fatbr em `brnf, pfsfrbl iifnfrsm abibquhfinmltm `ibppy-ehsd erhvms   (mlehsabs hlkiès). Ibs abl `fatbrms usfeb fatufinmltm sblf mi em 1,= puikfefs pfrf tbrrms, sbgrmnmsfs, LFQ y smrvhebrms, y mi em 7,= puikfefs pfrf pbrtæthims y mquhpbs abl

 

`fatbrms afef vmz næs pmqumöb abnb ibs Hltmi L]A. Ml ibs QEE ms mtm `brnftb mi qum sm jf hnpumstb aufleb sm susthtuym ulf ulhefe JEE pbr ulf QEE, pmrb ml ibs lumvbs mquhpbs sm vfl hnpblhmleb `brnftbs qum lfef thmlml qum vmr abl ibs em if ehsqumtmrf.

756,1Û66;,=Û107 107 nn (8,=Û5, (8,=Û5,075Û65,7= 075Û65,7= pui puikfefs). kfefs). : puikfefs? 756,1Û66;,=Û Ml 68;8, Qjukfrt Fssbahftms sfañ mi prhnmr `fatbr em `brnf `brnf abnpfthgim abl iibs bs ehsab eurbs, QF6333, tmlhmleb ifs nhsnfs ehnmlshblms y shmleb abnpfthgim abl if hltmr`fz em : puikfefs em ifs ehsqumtmrfs. Jfgîf ebs vmrshblms ehspblhgims, if em if nhsnf fiturf y if em if nhtfe (=:,; nn). =,7= puikfefs?  650,6Û56,5Û731 nn (=,;=Û6,01Û: puikfefs). Mstm `fatbr em `brnf ms mi prhnmrb usfeb pbr ibs ehsabs eurbs em Qmfkftm ml 68:3 abl mi nhsnb tfnföb y fiturf næxhnf em ibs @EE @E E em =¹ puikfefs, pui kfefs, pbr momnpib? :7,= nn n næxhnb. æxhnb. Mstm ms ebs vmams tfl fitb abnb mi `fatbr em : puikfefs, qum abnÿlnmltm sm usf jby4 pbr momnpib? 56,5 nn (6,05 puikfefs). If nfybrîf em ibs nbemibs em ulhefems ñpthafs (EPE/AE) em 673 nn usfl mi tfnföb emi `fatbr em `brnf em nmehf fiturf em =¹, pmrb tfnghèl pfrf ehsabs eurbs. Mi nbemib Vufltun Ghk`bbt ms mi ÿithnb qum sm usñ f `hlfims em ibs 83'.

1,= puikfefs? 636,0Û7=,5Û650 nn (5Û6Û=.;= puikfefs). puik fefs). Mstm `fatbr em `brnf ms mi prhnmrb usfeb pbr ibs ehsabs eurbs em Wbehlm qum thmlml mi nhsnb tfnföb qum ifs ehsqumtmrfs em 1¾, 56,5 nn em fiturf. Jby jf sheb ml krfl pfrtm rmnpifzfeb pbr if iîlmf "sihn" em 7=,5 nn (6 puikfef), b "ibw-prb`him" qum ms usfeb ml if nfybrîf nfybrî f em ibs eh ehsabs sabs eurbs. 7,= 08,:=Û8, 08,:=Û8,=-6=Û633 =-6=Û633 nnSrfh (7,;=Û3, (7,;=Û3,1;5-3,=8Û1, 85=sm puikfefs). Mstmpuikfefs? `fatbr em  `brnf `brn f sm hhltrbeuob ltrbeuob pbr SrfhrhmU rhmUmd md1;5-3,=8Û1,85= ml 68:: y lb abrrmspblem abl mi tfnföb em ifs imatbrfs em ehsqumtm. Mstm ms `rmaumltmnmltm usfeb pbr ibs ehsabs eurbs em ibs mquhpbs nñvhims (pbrtæthims, rmprbeuatbrms em nÿshaf, mta...) y ml 733: `um rmmnpifzfeb pbr ulhefems em 1,= puikfefs em if aifsm nuithpiftf`brnf. Jby ml eîf if ebnhlfltm em mstm `fatbr em `brnf sbl ifs ulhefems pfrf pbrtæthims em 8,= nn, pmrb ifs ulhefems em nfybr afpfahefe thmlml ulf fiturf em 67,= nn. 6,: puikfefs? =5Û:Û;6 nn. Mstm `fatbr em `brnf sm hltrbeuob pbr Hltmkrfi Smrhpjmrfis ml 6881 y sm hlvbiuarñ abl FUF-; IH@ abl ifs ehnmlshblms ehnmlshb lms hleh hlehafefs afefs y su usb sm hlarmnmltf ml rmprbeuat rmprbeuatbrms brms em fuehb ehkhtfi ehkh tfi y su suglbtmgbbd. If vfrhfltm brhkhlfi pbsmm em 7 KG f = KG y afgm ml ulf rflurf em mxpflshñl em tfromtf em bremlfebr pmrsblfi. Qbl usfebs lbrnfinmltm ml hSbes y ehsabs eurbs gfsfebs ml NS1. 6 puikfefs? 57,:Û=Û10,5 nn. Mstm `fatbr em `brnf sm hltrbeuob ml 6888 pbr HGN y Nharberhvm, fptb pfrf ibs sibts thpb 7 em abnpfat `ifsj, Qfnsulk iifnf fi nhsnb `fatbr abn abnb b 6,1 puikfef puikfefs. s. 3,:= puikfefs? 75Û=Û17 nn. Ubsjhgf flulahñ mstm `fatbr em `brnf mi : em mlmrb em 7335 pfrf usfrsm ml nñvhims y fpihafahblms shnhifrms, hlaiuymleb QE/NNA sibt abnpfthgim abl ehsab eurb bpthnhzfeb pfrf vîemb y finfamlfnhmltb pfrf nharbnñvhims em 5K. Ubsjhgf fatufinmltm vmlem vmrshblms em 5 KG (ND5336NUE) y : KG (ND:331NUE) 60   y thmlml mi rèabre Kuhllmss emi ehsab eurb næs pmqumöb. F pfrthr em 7368 , ibs ehsabs eurbs em 7¾ puikfefs y 1¾ puikfefs sbl ibs tfnföbs næs pbpuifrms. Ml 7338, tbebs ibs `fgrhafltms jfgîfl hltmrrunpheb mi emsfrrbiib em lumvbs prbeuatbs pfrf ibs `fatbrms em `brnf em 6,1 puikfefs, 6 puikfef y 3,:= puikfefs emgheb f if afîef em ibs prmahbs em if nmnbrhf `ifsj,

 

6; 6:  

 qum lb thmlm pfrtms nñvhims, fulqum Qfnsulk hltrbeuob ml mi 733: abl mi QpheSbhlt F6 btrf ulhefe em 6,1 puikfefs. Nhmltrfs qum ibs tfnföbs lbnhlfims mstæl ml puikfefs, ifs ehnmlshblms rmfims sm mspmah`hafl ml nhiînmtrbs. Mi lbngrm em "puikfef" pfrf ibs `fatbrms em `brnf lbrnfinmltm lb hemlth`haf lhlkÿl prbeuatb fatufi (sbl mspmah`hafefs ml nhiînmtrbs pfrf ibs `fatbrms em `brnf næs rmahmltms), pmrb mstbs hlehafl mi tfnföb rmifthvb emi ehsab, pfrf hltmrès em if ablthluhefe jhstñrhaf.

Afrfatmrîsthafs em ul ehsab eurb Ifs afrfatmrîsthafs qum sm emgml tmlmr ml aumltf ml ul ehsab eurb sbl?

Uhmnpb nmehb em faamsb? thmnpb nmehb qum tfref if fkuof ml shtufrsm ml if phstf y mi smatbr emsmfeb4 ms if sunf emi Uhmnpb nmehb nmehb em gÿsqumef  gÿsqume f  (shtufrsm  (shtufrsm ml if phstf), ph stf), Uhmnpb em imaturf/msarhturf  y  y if Iftmlahf nmehf  (shtufrsm  (shtufrsm ml mi smatbr) smatbr).. Uhmnpb nmehb em gÿsqumef ? thmnpb nmehb qum tfref if fkuof ml shtufrsm ml if phstf emsmfef4 ms if nhtfe emi thmnpb mnpimfeb pbr if fkuof ml hr emsem if phstf næs pmrh`èrhaf jfstf if næs amltrfi amltrfi emi ehsab. eh sab. Uhmnpb em imaturf/msarhturf ? thmnpb nmehb qum tfref mi ehsab ml immr b msarhghr lumvf hl`brnfahñl? Empmlem em if aflthefe em hl`brnfahñl qum sm quhmrm immr b msarhghr, mi tfnföb em gibqum, mi lÿnmrb em afgmzfims, mi thmnpb pbr vumitf y if i f aflthefe em smatbrms pbr phstf. Iftmlahf nmehf ? thmnpb nmehb qum tfref if fkuof ml shtufrsm ml mi smatbr emsmfeb4 ms if nhtfe emi thmnpb mnpimfeb ml ulf rbtfahñl abnpimtf emi ehsab. Ufsf em trfls`mrmlahf ? vmibahefe f if qum pumem trfls`mrhr if hl`brnfahñl f if abnputfebrf ulf vmz qum if fkuof mstæ shtufef ml if phstf y smatbr abrrmatbs. Sumem smr vmibahefe  sbstmlhef b em phab. Pmibahefe em rbtfahñl? Ms if vmibahefe f if qum khrf mi ehsab eurb, næs mxfatfnmltm, if vmibahefe f if qum khrfl mi/ibs piftbs emi ehsab, qum ms eblem sm finfamlfl nfklèthafnmltm ibs eftbs. If rmkif ms? f nfybr vmibahefe em rbtfahñl, næs fitf smræ if trfls`mrmlahf trfls` mrmlahf em eftbs, pmrb tfnghèl nfybr smræ mi ruheb y nfybr smræ mi afi afibr br kmlmrfeb pbr mi ehsab eurb. Qm nhem ml lÿnmrb rmvbiuahblms pbr nhlutb (WSN). Lb emgm abnprfrsm ul ehsab eurb HEM em nmlbs em =533 WSN (yf jfy ehsabs HEM em ;733 WSN), f nmlbs qum tm ib eml f ul nuy guml prmahb, lh ul ehsab QAQH em nmlbs em ;733 WSN (ibs jfy em 63.333 WSN). ]lf vmibahefe em =533 WSN pmrnhthræ ulf trfls`mrmlahf mltrm :3NG y 663NG pbr smkuleb abl ibs eftbs qum mstæl ml if pfrtm mxtmrhbr emi ahihlerb b piftb, fikb nmlbs ml mi hltmrhbr.rmvbiuahblms pbr nhlutb em ibs piftbs. F nfybr vmibahefe em rbtfahñl, nmlbr iftmlahf nmehf. Btrfs afrfatmrîsthafs sbl?

eh sab eurb. Afajè em phstf ? ms ulf nmnbrhf thpb `ifsj emltrb emi ehsab Hltmr`fz? nmehb em abnulhafahñl mltrm mi ehsab eurb y if abnputfebrf. Sumem smr HEM/FUF, QAQH, QFUF, ]QG, @hrmwhrm, Qmrhfi Fttfajme QAQH Iflez? zblf sbgrm ifs qum fpfrafl ifs i fs afgmzfs ulf vmz sm fpfkf if i f abnputfebrf.

Ablmatbrms Uhpbs em ablmxhñl em eftbs

 

Ifs ulhefems em ehsabs eurbs pumeml tmlmr ehsthltbs thpbs em ablmxhñl b hltmr`fams em eftbs abl if pifaf gfsm. Afef ulhefe em ehsab rîkheb pumem tmlmr ulf em ifs shkuhmltms bpahblms?

HEM QFUF QAQH QFQ

Ablmatbr FUF jmngrf ml ul afgim ahltf piflb.

Aufleb sm ablmatf hlehrmatfnmltm abl if pifaf gfsm (pbr momnpib? f trfvès emi pumrtb ]QG) sm emlbnhlf ehsab eurb pbrtæthi b mxtmrlb.

HEM, FUF b SFUF ahltf. Pèflsm tfnghèl?  Ablmatbr HEA y Afgim ahltf. Ebs ablmatbrms FUF If hltmr`fz FU  Fevflame Umajlbi Umajlbibky bky Fttfajnmlt ) b SFUF ( Sfrfiimi  Sfrfiimi FUF FUF), FUF F ( Fevflame nfajb ml pifaf gfsm. brhkhlfinmltm ablbaheb abnb HEM ( Hltmkrftme  Hltmkrftme Emvham Mimatr Mimatrblhas blhas b  b Hltm  Hltmkrftm krftme e  Erhvm Mimatr Mimatrblhas), blhas), abltrbif ibs ehspbshthvbs em finfamlfnhmltb nfshvb em eftbs, abnb ibs ehsabs eurbs y FUFSH ( Fevflame Umajlbibk Umajlbibkyy Fttfajnmlt  Fttfajnmlt   Sfadmt Hltmr Hltmr`fam `fam)) b ulhefems em ehsabs ñpthabs abnb imatbrfs b krfgfebrfs em AE y EPE.

Jfstf mi 7335, fprbxhnfefnmltm, `um mi mstælefr prhlahpfi pbr su vmrsfthihefe y fsmquhghihefe. Qbl piflbs, flajbs y fifrkfebs.

QFUF Qmrhfi FUF b FUF b QFUF ms mi næs abnÿl em ibs mstælefrms em ablmxhñl, uthihzf ul gus smrhm pfrf if trflsnhshñl em eftbs. Lbtfgimnmltm næs ræpheb y m`hahmltm qum HEM. @îshafnmltm ms nuajb næs pmqumöb y añnbeb qum ibs HEM, femnæs em pmrnhthr ablmxhñl ml afihmltm (jbt  (jbt   piuk).  piuk ). Mxhstml trms vmrshblms?

6. QFUF 6 abl vmibahefe vmibah efe em trfls`mrmla trfls`mrmlahf hf em jfstf jf stf 6=3 NG/s (emsaft (emsaftfibkfeb), fibkfeb), 7. QFUF 7 em jfstf 133 NG/s, ehspblhgim ehspblh gim ml mquh mquhpbs pbs em jfam ulbs föbs ftræs4 1. QFUF 1  em jfstf 033 NG/s, mi næs abnÿl fatufinmltm. Abnpfthgim abl ifs vmrshblms fltmrhbrms.

QAQH Ifs hltmr`fams Qnfii Abnputmr Qystmn Hltmr`fam  Hltmr`fam  (QAQH) sbl hltmr`fams prmpfrfefs pfrf ehsabs eurbs em krfl afpfahefe em finfamlfnhmltb y vmibahefe em rbtfahñl. Qm prmsmltfl gfob g fob trms mspmah`hafahblms?

6. QAQH Mstælefr (Qtflefre QAQH), 7. QAQH Wæpheb (@fst QAQH) y

 

1. QAQH Flajb-Wæpheb (@fst-[hem QAQH). Qu thmnpb nmehb em faamsb pumem iimkfr f ; nhihsmkulebs y su vmibahefe em trflsnhshñl smaumlahfi em hl`brnfahñl pumem fiaflzfr tmñrhafnmltm ibs = Nght/s ml ibs ehsabs QAQH Mstælefrms, ibs 63 Nght/s ml ibs ehsabs QAQH Wæphebs y ibs 73 Nght/s ml ibs ehsabs QAQH Flajbs-Wæphebs (QAQH-7). ]l abltrbifebr QAQH pumem nflmofr jfstf ; ehsabs eurbs QAQH (b ; pmrh`èrhabs QAQH) abl ablmxhñl thpb nfrkfrhtf (efhsy (efhsy ajfhl). ajfhl). F eh`mrmlahf em ibs ehsabs HEM, pumeml trfgfofr fshlarñlhafnmltm abl rmifahñl fi nharbprbamsfebr,, ib qum nharbprbamsfebr q um pbshghihtf ulf nfybr vmibahefe em trfls`mrmlahf.

QFQ Qmrhfi Fttfajme QAQH   (QFQ ) ms if hltmr`fz em trfls`mrmlahf em eftbs ml smrhm, suamsbr emi QAQH pfrfimib, fulqum shkum uthihzfleb abnflebs QAQH pfrf hltmrfaahblfr abl ibs ehspbshthvbs QFQ. Funmltf if vmibahefe y pmrnhtm if ablmxhñl y emsablmxhñl ræphefnmltm. ]lf em ifs prhlahpfims afrfatmrîsthafs ms qum funmltf if vmibahefe em trfls`mrmlahf fi funmltfr mi lÿnmrb em ehspbshthvbs ablmatfebs, ms emahr, pumem kmsthblfr ulf tfsf em trfls`mrmlahf ablstfltm pfrf afef ehspbshthvb ablmatfeb, femnæs em tmrnhlfr abl if ihnhtfahñl em 60 ehspbshthvbs mxhstmltm ml QAQH, ms pbr miib qum sm vfthahlf qum if tmalbibkîf QFQ hræ rmmnpifzfleb f su prmemamsbrf QAQH. Femnæs, mi ablmatbr ms mi nhsnb qum ml if hltmr`fz QFUF y pmrnhtm uthihzfr mstbs ehsabs eurbs, pfrf fpihafahblms abl nmlbs lmamshefe em vmibahefe, fjbrrfleb abstms. Sbr ib tfltb, ifs ulhefems QFUF pumeml smr uthihzfefs pbr abltrbifebrfs QFQ pmrb lb f if hlvmrsf, ulf abltrbifebrf QFUF lb rmablbam ehsabs QFQ.

@umltm @uml tm em fihnmlt fihnmltfahñl fahñl Pèflsm tfnghèl?  @umltm em fihnmltfahñl fihnmltfahñl y Nbimx Nbimx..

@ulahblfnhmltb nmaælhab ]l ehsab eurb sumim tmlmr?

Siftbs, ms eñlem mstæl krfgfebs ibs eftbs. Afgmzfi em imaturf/msarhturf. Nbtbr,, qum jfam khrfr ibs pi Nbtbr piftbs. ftbs. Mimatrbhnæl, qum numvm mi afgmzfi. Ahrauhtb Ahrauh tb mimatrñlhab em abltrbi, qum hlai hlaiuym? uym? hltmr`fz abl if abnputfebrf, nmnbr nmnbrhf hf afajè. Gbishtf Gbish tf emsmafltm ((kmi kmi em sîih sîiham), am), pfrf mv mvhtfr htfr if junmefe. Afof, qum jf em prbtmkmr em if suahmefe, nbthvb pbr mi aufi sumim sumi m trfmr fikÿl `hitrb em fhrm.

Hltmkrhefe Emgheb f if ehstflahf mxtrmnfefnmltm pmqumöf mltrm ibs afgmzfims y if supmr`hahm emi ehsab, aufiquhmr abltfnhlfahñl em ibs afgmzfims em imaturf/msarhturf b ifs `umltms pumem efr iukfr f ul faahemltm ml ibs afgmzfims, ul `fiib emi ehsab ml mi qum mi afgmzfi rfyf if supmr`hahm em if `umltm, f nmlueb nbihmleb if `hlf pmiîauif nfklèthaf y afusfleb if pèrehef em eftbs. Mstbs faahemltms pumeml smr afusfebs pbr ul `fiib mimatrñlhab, ul rmpmlthlb abrtm ml mi sunhlhstrb mièatrhab, kbipms `îshabs, mi emskfstm, if abrrbshñl b emgheb f qum ibs afgmzfims b ifs `umltms smfl em pbgrm `fgrhafahñl.

 

Mi mom emi shstmnf emi ehsab eurb empmlem em if prmshñl emi fhrm emltrb emi rmahltb pfrf sbstmlmr ibs afgmzfims y su abrrmatf fiturf nhmltrfs mi ehsab khrf. ]l ehsab eurb rmquhmrm ul ahmrtb rflkb em prmshblms em fhrm pfrf `ulahblfr abrrmatfnmltm. If ablmxhñl fi mltbrlb mxtmrhbr y if prmshñl sm prbeuam f trfvès em ul pmqumöb fkuomrb ml mi rmahltb (amraf em 3,= nn em ehænmtrb) lbrnfinmltm abl ul `hitrb ml su hltmrhbr (`hitrb em rmsphrfahñl, vmr fgfob). Qh if prmshñl emi fhrm ms emnfshfeb gfof, mltblams lb jfy su`hahmltm hnpuisb pfrf mi afgmzfi, qum sm famraf emnfshfeb fi ehsab, y sm ef mi rhmskb em `fiibs y pèrehefs em eftbs. Qbl lmamsfrhbs ehsabs `fgrhafebs mspmahfinmltm pfrf bpmrfahblms em krfl fithtue, sbgrm 1.333 n. Jfy qum tmlmr ml aumltf qum ibs fvhblms nbemrlbs thmlml ulf afghlf prmsurhzfef auyf prmshñl hltmrhbr mquhvfim lbrnfinmltm f ulf fithtue em 7033 n abnb næxhnb. Sbr ib tfltb ibs ehsabs eurbs brehlfrhbs sm pumeml usfr em nflmrf smkurf ml ibs vumibs. Ibs ehsabs nbemrlbs hlaiuyml smlsbrms em tmnpmrfturf y sm foustfl f ifs ablehahblms emi mltbrlb. Ibs fkuomrbs em vmlthifahñl sm pumeml vmr ml tbebs ibs ehsabs (lbrnfinmltm thmlml ulf pmkfthlf f su ifeb qum fevhmrtm fi usufrhb em lb augrhr mi fkuomrb). Mi fhrm emltrb emi ehsab bpmrfthvb mstæ ml ablstfltm nbvhnhmltb shmleb gfrrheb pbr if `rhaahñl emi piftb. Mstm fhrm pfsf f trfvès em ul `hitrb em rmahrauifahñl hltmrlf pfrf quhtfr aufiquhmr abltfnhlfltm qum sm jughmrf qumefeb em su `fgrhafahñl, fikulf pfrtîauif b abnpblmltm quînhab qum em fikulf `brnf jughmrf mltrfeb ml mi rmahltb, y aufiquhmr pfrtîauif kmlmrfef ml ulf bpmrfahñl lbrnfi. ]lf junmefe nuy fitf eurfltm ul pmrhbeb ifrkb pumem abrrbmr ibs afgmzfims y ibs piftbs. Sfrf ibs afgmzfims rmshstmltms fi nfklmthsnb krflems (KNW) ml pfrthauifr, ul hlahemltm nhlbrhtfrhb emgheb f if abltfnhlfahñl (qum lb sm ehshpf if supmr`hahm nfklèthaf emi ehsab) iimkf f efr iukfr f ul sbgrmafimltfnhmltb tmnpbrfi ml mi afgmzfi, emgheb f if `rhaahñl abl if supmr`hahm emi ehsab, y pumem jfamr qum ibs eftbs lb sm pumefl immr eurfltm ul pmrhbeb abrtb em thmnpb jfstf qum if tmnpmrfturf emi afgmzfi sm mstfghiham (tfnghèl ablbaheb abnb ’fspmrmzf tèrnhaf„, ul prbgimnf qum ml pfrtm pumem smr trftfeb abl mi `hitrb mimatrñlhab fprbphfeb em if smöfi em imaturf). Ibs abnpblmltms mimatrñlhabs emi ehsab eurb abltrbifl mi nbvhnhmltb emi faahblfebr y if rbtfahñl emi ehsab, y rmfihzf imaturfs y msarhturfs lmamshtfefs pbr mi abltrbifebr em ehsab. Mi `hrnwfrm em ibs ehsabs nbemrlbs ms afpfz em prbkrfnfr imaturfs y msarhturfs em `brnf m`hahmltm ml if supmr`hahm em ibs ehsabs y em rmfshklfr smatbrms qum jfyfl `fiifeb.

Nfltmlhnhmltb y auhefeb a uhefebss Ibs ehsabs eurbs tfnghèl lmamshtfl auhefebs, shkf ifs shkuhmltms hlstruaahblms pfrf mvhtfr if pèrehef em eftbs y mvhtfr qum mi ehsab eurb qumem hlsmrvhgim?

6. Lb quhtfr if mthqumtf ihkmrfnmltm piftmfef qum sm mlaumltrf f ibs ifebs y/b fikulfs vmams ml if pfrtm `rbltfi, mstb mstb pumem afusfr qum mltrm pbivb y rfym mi eh ehsab, sab, fshnhsnb mi pbivb qum qu m pumef abltmlmr mimatrhahefe pumem nbvmr ibs eftbs y afusfr eföbs. 7. Lb tfpfr ibs fkuomrbs pmqumöbs, yf qum sbl ul `hi `hitrb trb em fh fhrm rm y pumem afusfr sbgrmafimltfnhmltb. 1. Wmfihzfr pmrhñehafnmltm abphfs em smkurhefe ml ehsabs EPE, Giu-rfy b ml ul ehsab eurb mxtmrlb em if hl`brnfahñl hnpbrtfltm, mvmltbs abnb fpfkblms b ftfqums em vhrus pumeml eföfr mi ehsab eurb b if hl`brnfahñl, sh baurrm ul fpfkñl emsablmatfr mi bremlfebr. Qh sm usf ul smrvhahb em fibofnhmltb em frajhvbs, lb emgm smr if ÿlhaf bpahñl lh sm emgm kufrefr fjî hl`brnfahñl emihafef b arîthaf, pums mi smrvhahb pumem `fiifr, `fi ifr, smr aifusurfeb b ftfafeb. 5. Qm rmabnhmlef armfr fi nmlbs ebs pfrthahblms? ]lf pfrf mi shstmnf bpmrfthvb y iibs bs prbkrfnfs y btrf pfrf ibs eftbs emi usufrhb. Em mstf `brnf sm pumeml `fahihtfr if abphf em smkurhefe y if rmstfurfahñl, fi pbshghihtfr rmtrbamemr b rmhlstfifr abnpimtfnmltm mi shstmnf bpmrfthvb shl pmremr ibs eftbs pmrsblfims ml mi prbamsb. =. Bpthnhzfr (ems`rfknmltfr) mi ehsab eurb rmkuifrnmltm usfleb if jmrrfnhmltf hlaiuhef ml mi shstmnf bpmrfthvb b ul prbkrfnf em btrb `fgrhafltm pfrf rmeuahr mi emskfstm, `fahihtfr if

 

rmaupmrfahñl ml afsb em ul prbgimnf, y nfltmlmr ulf gumlf vmibahefe em rmspumstf. Qm rmabnhmlef ulf `rmaumlahf em auftrb f smhs nmsms empmlehmleb emi usb. 0. Emsafrkfr y usfr ul prbkrfnf qum imf ibs eftbs em ibs smlsbrms emi ehsab eurb (Q.N.F.W.U.), pfrf vhkhifr if ablehahñl emi ehsab eurb. Qh hlehaf qum mstæ ml pmihkrb, abphfr if hl`brnfahñl hnpbrtfltm y rmmnpifzfr mi ehsab eurb ib næs prbltb pbshgim pfrf mvhtfr if pèrehef em hl`brnfahñl. ;. Mvhtfr qum mi eh ehsab sab su`rf kbipms `îshabs, mspmahfinmltm eurfltm su `ulahblfnhmltb. Ibs ahrauhtbs, afgmzfims y ehsabs pumeml eföfrsm. :. Qh mi eh ehsab sab eurb prmsmltf prbgimnfs em abl`hfghi abl`hfghihefe, hefe, ul `ulah `ulahblfnhmltb blfnhmltb flbrnfinmltm imltb b fpfrmaml shl rfzñl fpfrmltm frajhvbs eföfebs b himkhgims, flfihzfrib abl ul abnprbgfebr em ehsab. Ufnghèl sm rmabnhmlef rmfihzfr ulf abnprbgfahñl em ruthlf afef ahmrtf aflthefe em nmsms pfrf emtmatfr mrrbrms nmlbrms y abrrmkhribs fltms em qum sm fkrfvml.68  

Kfimrîf em hnækml h nækmlms ms

 

 

Ehsab eurb em ulf ifptbp.

 

]lhefe em ehsab eurb em 7¾" qum mstæ fghmrtb, mxpblhmleb su `ulahblfnhmltb hltmrlb. Ehsab eurb [mstmrl Ehkhtfi Qabrphb Gium em =33 KG abl ablmxhblms QFUF4 ms abnÿl ml abnputfebrfs pbrtæthims.  

Phstf iftmrfi em ul ehsab eurb em 1.= puikfefs.

 

Hltmrhbr em ul ehsab eurb4 sm fprmahf if supmr`hahm em ul piftb y mi afgmzfi em imaturf/msarhturf rmtrfîeb, f if hzquhmref.

 

Afgmzfi emi ehsab eurb.

Hltmrhbr em if ulhefe em ehsab eurb4 sm fprmahfl ebs piftbs abl sus rmspmathvbs afgmzfims.

 

Afgmzfi em ehsab eurb HGN sbgrm mi piftb emi ehsab.

Shif em afgmzfims em ehsab eurb [mstmrl Ehkhtfi ([E7=33OQ33NJG3).

 

 

 

]l pmhlm, 1 grfzbs, 0 afgmzfims, 1 piftbs.

Afgmzf em ehsab eurb sbgrm piftb rfyfeb. Wfyfeurfs ml mi piftb prbeuahefs pbr kbipms nhmltrfs if ulhefe mstfgf ml `ulahblfnhmltb.  

 

Afgims HEM, abl 53 phlms (hzquhmref) y :3 phlms (emrmajf).

 

Abnpfrfahñl em _ñafib abl aflfi em Sfrtms y ablmxhblms afgims FUF em 53 y hlemxfahñl, ablmatbr em ul ehsab rîkheb pbr emspifzfnhmltb QFUF. :3 phlms y QFU QFUF. F. emi fhsifltm).

Afgim ahltf pfrf ablmatfr if pifaf gfsm abl ebs ehspbshthvbs HEM (p.m.? ehsab rîkheb b imatbrf em AE).

 

Afgim emikfeb QFUF uthihzfeb pfrf ablmatfr ulf emikfef ulhefe ñpthaf f if hltmr`fz QFUF pbemr bgtmlmr em if pifaf gfsm, y ablmatbr Nbimx pfrf `umltm fihnmltfahñl.

em

Srmsmltm y `uturb Fatufinmltm if lumvf kmlmrfahñl em ehsabs eurbs uthihzfl if krfgfahñl pmrpmlehauifr (SNW), if aufi pmrnhtm nfybr emlshefe em finfamlfnhmltb, pmrb abl if lbvmebsf Qjhlkime nfklmtha rmabrehlk ( QNW ) sm mspmrf iimkfr fÿl næs imobs. Ufnghèl mxhstml ehsabs iifnfebs "Mabiñkhabs" (KS ‑ Krmml Sbwmr), ibs aufims jfaml ul usb næs m`hahmltm em if mlmrkîf.

Abnpfrfthvf em QQE y JEE

 

Ifs ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb thmlml mi nhsnb usb qum ibs ehsabs eurbs y mnpimfl ifs nhsnfs hltmr`fams, pmrb lb mstæl `brnfefs pbr ehsabs nmaælhabs, shlb pbr nmnbrhfs em ahrauhtbs hltmkrfebs pfrf finfamlfr if hl`brnfahñl. Mi usb em mstf aifsm em ehspbshthvbs fltmrhbrnmltm sm ihnhtfgf f ifs supmrabnputfebrfs, pbr su mimvfeb prmahb, fulqum fjbrf sbl nuajb næs fsmquhgims pfrf mi nmrafeb ebnèsthab. 73   If ulhefe em mstfeb sñiheb  b QQE   (farñlhnb hlkiès em Qbihe-Qtftm Erhvm) Erhvm) ms mi ehspbshthvb em finfamlfnhmltb em eftbs qum pumem mstfr ablstruheb abl nmnbrhf lb vbiæthi b abl nmnbrhf vbiæthi. Ifs lb vbiæthims sbl ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb qum abnb ehspbshthvbs mimatrñlhabs, mstæl ablstruhebs ml if fatufihefe abl ajhps em nmnbrhf `ifsj. Lb sbl ehsabs, pmrb oumkfl mi nhsnb pfpmi f m`matbs præathabs fpbrtfleb vmltfofs pmrb tfnghèl hlablvmlhmltms tmalbiñkhabs abnb if abrrupahñl em ifs amiefs em nmnbrhf abl afef msarhturf, ib qum fabrtf if vhef ÿthi em mstbs ehspbshthvbs y funmltf mi rhmskb em abrrupahñl em ibs eftbs.76  Lb bgstfltm, if hleustrhf mstæ mnpmzfleb f vhsiungrfr ml mi nmrafeb if pbshghihefe em qum ml mi `uturb msm thpb em ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb tmrnhlm susthtuymleb fi ehsab eurb pfrf hnpimnmltfr mi nflmob em nmnbrhfs lb vbiæthims ml mi afnpb em if hlkmlhmrîf hl`brnæthaf. hl`brnæthaf. Msbs sbpbrtms sbl nuy ræphebs yf qum lb thmlml pfrtms nñvhims b nmaælhafs y ablsunml nmlbs mlmrkîf. Ubebs mstb ims jfam nuy `hfgims y `îshafnmltm eurfemrbs. Qhl mngfrkb, su abstb pbr KG ms fÿl nuy mimvfeb rmspmatb fi nhsnb abstm em KG ml ul `brnftb em tmalbibkîf em JEE, shmleb ul îleham nuy hnpbrtfltm aufleb jfgifnbs em ifs fitfs lmamshefems em finfamlfnhmltb qum jby sm nheml ml breml em Umrfgytms. 77   F pmsfr em miib, if hleustrhf fpumstf pbr mstf vîf em sbiuahñl tmalbiñkhaf pfrf mi ablsunb ebnèsthab 71   fulqum sm jf em ablshemrfr qum mstbs shstmnfs jfl em smr hltmkrfebs abrrmatfnmltm 75  tfi y abnb sm mstæ rmfihzfleb ml mi afnpb em if fitf abnputfahñl.7=  ]lheb f if rmeuaahñl prbkrmshvf em abstms, quhzæs msf tmalbibkîf rmabrrf mi afnhlb em fpihafrsm abnb nètbeb kmlmrfi em frajhvbs em eftbs hl`brnæthabs mlmrkèthafnmltm rmspmtubsbs abl mi nmehb lfturfi sh bpthnhzf su `ulahñl iñkhaf emltrb em ibs shstmnfs bpmrfthvbs fatufims.70  

Ehsabs qum lb sbl ehsabs Ifs ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb jfl sheb aftmkbrhzfefs rmpmthefs vmams abnb "ehsabs", aufleb ms tbtfinmltm hlabrrmatb emlbnhlfrifs fsî, pbrqum f eh`mrmlahf em sus prmemamsbrms, sus eftbs lb sm finfamlfl sbgrm supmr`hahms ahiîlerhafs lh piftbs. Mstf abl`ushñl abliimvf jfghtufinmltm f armmr, mrrñlmfnmltm, qum QQE shklh`haf Qbihe Qtftm Ehsd , ml vmz emi abrrmatb shklh`hafeb? Qbihe Qtftm Erhvm, ms emahr, ulhefe em mstfeb sñiheb b ehspbshthvb em mstfeb sñiheb.

]lhefems jîgrh jîgrhefs efs Ifs ulhefems jîgrhefs sbl fqumiifs qum abnghlfl ifs vmltfofs em ifs ulhefems nmaælhafs ablvmlahblfims abl ifs em ifs ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb. Ablshstml ml fabpifr ul abloultb em ulhefems em nmnbrhf `ifsj emltrb em if ulhefe nmaælhaf, uthihzfleb mi ærmf em mstfeb sñiheb pfrf mi finfamlfnhmltb ehlænhab em eftbs em usb `rmaumltm (emtmrnhlfeb pbr mi sb`twfrm em if ulhefe) y mi ærmf nmaælhaf pfrf mi finfamlfnhmltb nfshvb em eftbs. Abl mstb sm ibkrf ul rmlehnhmltb amraflb fi em ulhefems em mstfeb sñiheb f ul abstb sustflahfinmltm nmlbr. Ml 7367, Qmfkftm b`rmahñ mi nbemib "Nbnmltus ZU", abl mstf tmalbibkîf.7;  

@fgrhafltms

 

Ibs rmaursbs tmalbiñkhabs y mi sfgmr jfamr rmqumrhebs pfrf mi emsfrrbiib y if prbeuaahñl em ehsabs nbemrlbs hnpihaf qum emsem 733;, næs emi 8: % em ibs ehsabs eurbs emi nuleb sbl `fgrhafebs pbr ul abloultb em krflems mnprmsfs? Qmfkftm (qum fjbrf ms prbphmtfrhf em Nfxtbr y Vufltun), [mstmrl Ehkhtfi (prbphmtfrhf em Jhtfajh, f if qum f su vmz `um prbphmtfrhf em if flthkuf ehvhshñl em `fgrhafahñl em ehsabs em HGN) y @uohtsu, qum shkum jfahmleb ehsabs pbrtæthims y ehsabs em smrvhebrms, pmrb emoñ em jfamr ehsabs pfrf abnputfebrfs em msarhtbrhb ml 7336, y mi rmstb ib vmlehñ f [mstmrl Ehkhtfi. Ubsjhgf ms ulb em ibs prhlahpfims `fgrhafltms em ehsabs

]l [mstmrl Ehkhtfi em 1,= puikfefs abl 7=3 KG y QFUF JEE.

eurbs pfrf pbrtæthims em 7,= puikfefs y 6,: puikfefs. UrmdQtbr ms ul `fgrhafltm fimnæl qum ml 7338 tuvb prbgimnfs em hlsbivmlahf, pmrb qum fatufinmltm shkum ml fathvb. MxamiQtbr ms ul pmqumöb `fgrhafltm ajhlb em ehsabs eurbs. Emamlfs em mx`fgrhafltms em ehsabs eurbs jfl tmrnhlfeb abl sus mnprmsfs `ushblfefs b jfl amrrfeb sus ehvhshblms em ehsabs eurbs, f nmehef qum if afpfahefe em ibs ehspbshthvbs y if emnflef em ibs prbeuatbs funmltñ, ibs gmlm`hahbs mrfl nmlbrms y mi nmrafeb su`rhñ ulf shklh`hafthvf ablsbihefahñl f `hlfims em ibs föbs 68:3 y `hlfims em ibs föbs 6883. If prhnmrf vîathnf ml mi nmrafeb em ifs SA `um Abnputmr Nmnbrhms Hla.4 emspuès em ul hlahemltm abl 73 NG em`matubsbs ml ehsabs ml 68:=, if rmputfahñl em ANH lulaf sm rmaupmrñ, y sfihmrbl emi nmrafeb em ibs ehsabs eurbs ml 68:;. Btrb lbtfgim `rfafsb `um mi em NhlhQarhgm, quhml qumgrñ ml 6883? emspuès sm emsaugrhñ qum tmlîf ml nfrajf ul `rfuem m hl`ifgf mi lÿnmrb em vmltfs eurfltm vfrhbs föbs. Btrfs nuajfs pmqumöfs abnpföîfs (abnb Dfibd, Nharbsahmlam, IfShlm, Frmfi, Srhfn y SrfhrhmUmd) tfnpbab sbgrmvhvhmrbl f if mxpuishñl, y jfgîfl emsfpfrmaheb pfrf 68814 Nharbpbihs `um afpfz em fkufltfr jfstf ]l Qmfkftm em 1,= puikfefs y 6 UG 688;, y OUQ, ul rmahèl iimkfeb f msamlf, eurñ sbifnmltm ulbs föbs abl QFUF JEE. y emsfpfrmahñ jfahf 6888, fulqum emspuès hltmltñ `fgrhafr ehsabs eurbs ml Hlehf. Qu vumitf f if `fnf sm emghñ f if armfahñl em ul lumvb `brnftb em tfnföb em 1„ pfrf pbrtæthims. Vufltun m Hltmkrfi tfnghèl hlvmsthkfrbl mi `brnftb em 1„, pmrb `hlfinmltm sm ehmrbl pbr vmlahebs. Wbehnm `um tfnghèl ul hnpbrtfltm `fgrhafltm eurfltm if eèafef em 68:3, pmrb emoñ em jfamr ehsabs ml if eèafef em 6883 ml nmehb em if rmmstruaturfahñl y fjbrf sm ablamltrf ml if tmalbibkîf em if ablamshñl em ihamlahfs4 thmlml vfrhfs pftmltms rmifahblfefs abl mi `brnftb em 1,=’.

68::? Uflebl vmlehñ su ehvhshñl em `fgrhafahñl em ehsabs eurbs f [mstmrl Ehkhtfi, qum mrf ul rmlbngrfeb ehsmöfebr em abltrbifebrms. 68:8? Qmfkftm abnprñ mi lmkbahb em ehsabs em fitf afihefe em Abltrbi Eftf, abnb pfrtm emi fgfleblb em Abltrbi Eftf ml if i f armfahñl em jfrewfrm. 6883? Nfxtbr abnprñ NhlhQarhgm qum mstfgf ml gflafrrbtf, jfahèlebib mi lÿaimb em su ehvhshñl em ehsabs em kfnf gfof. 6885? Vufltun abnprñ if ehvhshñl em finfamlfnhmltb em Ehkhtfi Mquhpnmlt Abrpbrfthbl btbrkfleb fi usufrhb ulf kfnf em ehsabs em fitf afihefe iifnfef SrbErhvm, hkufi qum if kfnf tfpm erhvm em Ehkhtfi Eh khtfi Ih Ihlmfr lmfr U Ufpm. fpm. 688=? Abllmr Smrhpjmrfis, qum `um `ulefef pbr ulb em ibs ab`ulefebrms em Qmfkftm oultb abl pmrsblfi em NhlhQarhgm, flulahfrbl ul `ushñl abl Qmfkftm, if aufi sm abnpimtñ f prhlahphbs em 6880.

 

6880? OUQ sm `ushblñ abl Ftfrh, pmrnhthmleb f OUQ iimvfr f prbeuaahñl su kfnf em ehsabs. Ftfrh `um vmlehef f Jfsgrb J fsgrb ml 688:, nhmltrfs qum OUQ su`rhñ ulf gflafrrbtf ml 6888. 7333? Vufltun vmlehñ su eh ehvhshñl vhshñl e em m ehsabs f Nfxtbr pfrf ablamltr ablamltrfrsm frsm ml ifs ulh ulhefems efems em ahltfs y ibs mquhpbs em rmspfieb. 7331? shkuhmleb if abltrbvmrshf ml ibs `fiibs nfshvbs ml su nbemib Emsdstfr ;=KZS, Shblmmr HGN vmlehñ if nfybr pfrtm em su ehvhshñl em ehsabs f Jhtfajh, rmlbngrælebsm abnb Jhtfajh Kibgfi Kibgf i Qtbrfkm U Umajlbibkh majlbibkhms, ms, Jhtfajh KQU. 7331? [mstmrl Ehkhtfi abnprñ Wmfe-Whtm Abrp., quhml prbeuaîf ibs afgmzfims uthihzfebs ml ibs ehsabs eurbs, pbr 8=,5 nhi nhiiblms iblms em eñifrms eñif rms ml nmt nmtæihab. æihab. 733=? Qmfkftm y Nfxtbr flulahfl ul faumreb gfob mi qum Qmfkftm fequhrhrîf tbeb mi stbad em Nfxtbr. Mstf fequhshahñl `um fprbgfef pbr ibs aumrpbs rmkuiftbrhbs, y amrrfef mi 68 em nfyb em 7330. 733;? [mstmrl Ehkhtfi fequhmrm Dbnfk ].Q.F., ul `fgrhafltm emi nftmrhfi qum rmaugrm ibs piftbs em ibs ehsabs eurbs. 7338? Ubsjhgf fequhmrm if ehvhshñl em JEE em @uohtsu y UrmdQtbr sm emaifrf ml gflafrrbtf, fulqum msm nhsnb föb ablshkuml ablshkum l ul lumvb hl hlvmrsbr vmrsbr pfrf n nfltmlmr fltmlmr if mnprmsf f `ibtm. 7366? [mstmrl Ehkhtfi fequhmrm Jhtfajh KQU y Qmfkftm abnprf if ehvhshñl em JEE em Qfnsulk. 7365? Qmfkftm flulahf mi prhnmr ehsab eurb em : UG ml mi nmrafeb em ablsunb kmlmrfi, abl `brnftb em 1,= puikfefs y ablmathvhefe thpb QFUF HHH f 0 Kgps, abnpfthgim abl abnputfebrfs em msarhtbrhb.7:  

Pèfsm tfnghèl @rfknmltfahñl em ul shstmnf em `hajmrbs Ems`rfknmltfahñl Ehsab eurb pbrtæthi Mom (ehsab eurb) @brnftb em ehsab Ounpmr (hl`brnæthaf) Sfrthahñl em ehsab

Smrh`èrhab (hl`brn (hl `brnæthaf) æthaf) Siftb (ehsab eurb) Wmkhstrb em frrflqum prhlahpfi Qhstmnf em frajhvbs Ufgif em pfrthahblm pfrthahblms s K]HE ]lhefe em mstfeb sñiheb Afrfatmrîsthafs em rmlehnhmltb em ehsab eurb

@fgrhafltms em ehsabs eurbs Qmfkftm Ubsjhgf Pmrgfthn [mstmrl Ehkhtfi Qfnsulk QdyLmt Nfxtbr

Wm`mrmlahfs 6. Wmnzh J. Frpfah-Eussmfu4 Flermf A. Frpfah-Eussmfu (7365). «Bpmrfthlk Qystmns? Ujrmm Mfsy Shmams, Sh mams, Ajfptmr? Jfre E Ehsd hsd E Erhvms´ rhvms´ (jttp?/ (jttp?//pfkms.as. /pfkms.as.whsa.meu/~rmnz whsa.meu/~rmnzh/BQUMS/`him-eh h/BQUMS/`him-ehsds. sds. pe`) (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). Ablsuitfeb Ablsuitfeb mi 68 em ouih ouihb b em 7368.

 

7. Sfttmrsbl, Efvhe4 Jmllmssy, Objl (68;6). Abnputmr Brkflhzfthbl fle Emshkl? Ujm Jfrewfrm/Qb`twfrm Hltmr Hltmr`fam `fam (jttps?//gbbds.kbbkim.abn/2he>6iE8I_WaH_:A&pk>SF71&ipk> Mismvh mr. p. 71. HQGL 8;:33:3=37=;6. SF71#v>blmpfkm&q&`>`fism) (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). Mismvhmr. 1. Ebnhlkb, Obmi (7 em smpthmngrm em 7373). 7373 ). _h`` Efvhs, me. «QQE vs. JEE JEE?? [jft's tjm Eh``mrmlam2´ (jttp?//ud.panfk.abn/stbrfkm-emvhams-rmvhmws/:306/`mfturm/sse-vs-jee-wjfts-t hlkiès).. SA Nfkfzhlm ]D. ]D . Ablsuitfeb mi 76 em nfrzb em 736:. jm-eh``mrmlam) (ml hlkiès) 5. «Hnpihafthbls b` lbl-vbi lbl-vbifthim fthim nmnbry fs prhnfry stbrfkm `br eftfgfsm nflfkmnmlt systmns´ systmns ´ (jtt (jttp?// p?//hmmmxpi hmmmxpibrm.hmmm.brk/ brm.hmmm.brk/ebaunmlt/ ebaunmlt/;:6:155/) ;:6:155/) (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). HMMM. Ablsuitfeb mi 68 em ouihb em 7368. =. «HGN Frajhvms? HGN 1=3 eh ehsd sd stbrfkm ulh ulht´ t´ (jttps (jttps?// ?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/733:3=16317316/jt wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/733:3=16317316/jttt (ml hlkiès). HGN. p?//www p?// www-31.hgn.abn -31.hgn.abn/hgn/jhstbry/ /hgn/jhstbry/mxjhghts/stbrfkm/s mxjhghts/stbrfkm/stbrfkmR1=3.jt tbrfkmR1=3.jtni) ni) hlkiès). Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi (jttp?//www-31.hgn.abn/hgn/jhstbry/mxjhghts/stbrfkm/stbrfkmR1= 3.jtni) 3.jtn i) mi 16 em nfyb em 733:. Ablsui Ablsuitfeb tfeb mi 68 em batugrm em 7367. 0. A. Emllhs Nmm, Mrha E. Eflhmi (6880). NaKrfw-Jhii, me. Nfklmtha Qtbrfkm Jflegbbd 7le  Me.  (jtt (jttp?// p?//gbbds.kbbkim.ms/gbbds2he>B gbbds.kbbkim.ms/gbbds2he>B0aaU 0aaUm7:hFaA m7:hFaA&prhltsma>`r &prhltsma>`rbltabvmr&eq>N bltabvmr&eq>Nfklmtha+Qt fklmtha+Qt brfkm+Jflegbbd+7le+Me.&sburam>gi&bts>nkwiQ=]Rpq&shk>GD=nd6hD1ny6PL0IK1`s L:;hWG5&ji>af&mh>NbQaUIBiKah=5FgpiX7;EV&sf>Z&bh>gbbdRrmsuit&at>rmsuit&rmslun >6&vme>3AGkV0FMwFF#v>blmpfkm&q>Nfklmtha%73Qtbrfkm%73Jflegbbd%737le%73 Me.&`>`fism). HQGL 3-3;-3567;=-:. ;. «Pfih «Pfihefthlk efthlk tjm W Wmih mihfghih fghihty ty b` Hltmi Qbi Qbihe-Qtftm he-Qtftm Erhvms´ (jttp?/ (jttp?//www.hltmi.em/ablt /www.hltmi.em/abltmlt/efn mlt/efn/eba/t /eba/tm m ajlbibky-grhm`/hltmi-ht-vfihefthlk-rmihfghihty-b`-hltmi-sbihe-stftm-erhvms-grhm`.pe`) (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). Hltmi. Ablsuitfeb mi 63 em `mgrmrb em 7367. :. @uiimrtbl, Mrha (Nfrzb em 736:). «=tj Lbl-Pbifthim Nmnbrhms [brdsjbp (LPN[ 736:)´ (jtt p?//hmmmnfklmthas.brk/`hims/HMMMNQ-L-=5-7-`hlfi.pe`) (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). HMMM. Ablsuitfeb mi 71 em fgrhi em 736:. 8. Jfley, Ofnms (16 em ouihb em 7367). «@br tjm Ifad b` f @fg...´ (jttp?//tjmssekuy.abn/`br-tjm-i hlkiès).. Bgomathvm Flfiyshs. Ablsuitfeb mi 7= em lbvhmngrm em fad-b`-f-`fg/#nbrm-=1:) (ml hlkiès) 7367. 63. Jutajhlsbl, Imm (7= em oulhb em 7367). «Jbw QQEs ablqumrme nbghim emvhams fle nbemrl BQms´ (jttps?//frstmajlhaf.abn/hl`brnfthbl-tmajlbibky/7367/30/hlshem-tjm-sse-rmvbiuthbl-n bghim-emvhams-fle-nbemrl-bss/).  Frs Umajlhaf  (ml hlkiès) hlkiès).. Ablsuitfeb mi ; em mlmrb em 7361. 66. Qfltb Ebnhlkb, Obmi (63 em nfyb em 7367). «QQE vs JEE JEE?? [jft's tjm Eh``mrmlam2´ (jtt (jttps?// ps?// hlkiès).. Ablsuitfeb mi  www.panfk.abn/frt  www.panfk.a bn/frthaim7/3,7:6;,75357=:,33.fsp). haim7/3,7:6;,75357=:,33.fsp). SA Nfkfz Nfkfzhlm hlm  (ml hlkiès) 75 em lbvhmngrm em 7367. 67. Jbukj, Ofad (65 em nfyb em 736:). «[jy [mstmrl Ehkhtfi Afl Kfhl 5=% Emsphtm Emaihlhlk JEE Gushlmss´ (jttps?//www.gfrrbls.abn/frthaims/wjy-wmstmrl-ehkhtfi-afl-kfhl-5=-emsphtmemaihlhlk-gushlmss-6=70171500) (ml hlkiès) hlkiès).. Gfrrbl‘s. Ablsuitfeb mi 6= em nfyb em 736:. 61. HEMNF - Hltmrlfthblfi Ehsd Erhvm Mquhpnmlt fle Nftmrhfis Fssbahfthbl. «Qhthb wmg b`hahfi em HEMNF´ (jttp?//www.hemnf.brk/). hemnf.brk (ml hlkiès). hlkiès). Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 65. «Añnb `ulahblfl ibs ehsabs rîkhebs´ (jttps?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/7368373;3;7557/jttps?//  www.ybughbht.abn/ms/frthaim/sjfrme-hl`brn  www.ybughbht.abn/ms/ frthaim/sjfrme-hl`brnfthbl/=173/abnbfthbl/=173/abnb-`ulahblfl-ibs-ehsabs-rhkhebs). `ulahblfl-ibs-ehsabs-rhkhebs). www.ybughbht.abn. 68 em `mgrmrb em 7367. Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi brh khlfi (jtt (jttp?// p?//www.ybughbht.a www.ybughbht.a bn/ms/frthaim/sjfrme-hl`brnfthbl/=173/abnb-`ulahblfl-ibs-ehsabs-rhkhebs) mi ; em `mgrmrb em 7368. Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 6=. Mnmrsbl [. Sukj, Iyim W. Objlsbl, Objl J. Sfinmr HGN's 103 fle mfriy 1;3 systmns NHU Srmss, 6886 HQGL 3-707-60671-3, pfkm 700. 60. «ND5336NUE´ (jttps?// (jttps?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/733:3=7=716=78/jt wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/733:3=7=716=78/jttp?/ tp?//www1.tbsjhgf.ab.op/stb /www1.tbsjhgf.ab.op/stb hlkiès).. Ubsjhgf. Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi (jttp?// rfkm/mlkihsj/spma/jee/nd5336.jtn) (ml hlkiès)  www1.tbsjhgf.ab.  www 1.tbsjhgf.ab.op/stbrfkm/mlkihsj/spma/jee/ op/stbrfkm/mlkihsj/spma/jee/nd5336.jt nd5336.jtn) n) mi 7= em nfyb em 733:. Ablsuitfeb Ablsuitfe b mi 7; em oulhb em 7376.

 

6;. «@ifsj prham `fii sjfdms JEE nfrdmt´ (jttps?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/736=366771==16/jttp?//  www.mmtfshf.abn/FWUR::33  www.mmtfshf.abn/ FWUR::335;5305R5885:0RLU 5;5305R5885:0RLUR111=gm13.JUN). R111=gm13.JUN). MM Uhnms-Fshf. 6 em fkbstb em 733;. Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi (jttp?//www.mmtfshf.abn/FWUR::335;5305R58 85:0RLUR111=gm13.JUN) mi 67 em mlmrb em 736=. Ablsuitfeb mi 7; em oulhb em 7376. 6:. «Qfnsulk Qjhps Abnpfat @ifsj Afre Qhzme Jfre Erhvm [htj Wmabre Grmfdhlk Afpfahty @br Fevflame Nbghim Emvhams´ (jttps (jttps?// ?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/7366306031=878/jt wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/7366306031=878/jttp?/ tp?//www.sf /www.sf nsulk.abn/kibgfi/gushlmss/jee/lmwsPhmw.eb2g7gRggsRnskRhe>651). Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi (jttp?//www.sfnsulk.abn/kibgfi/gushlmss/jee/lmwsPhmw.eb2g7gRggsRnskRhe>65 1) mi 60 em oulhb em 7366. Ablsuitfeb mi 7; em oulhb em 7376. 68. Mlahai Mlahaibpmehf bpmehf em A Afrfatmrî frfatmrîsthafs sthafs (61 em lbvhmngrm em 736:). «63 A Afrfatmrî frfatmrîsthafs sthafs em iibs bs 63afrfatmrhsthafs.abn. ehsabs eurbs´ (jttps?//63afrfatmrhsthafs.abn/ehsabs-eurbs/). Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 73. Ubsjhgf Ubsjhgf Fnmrhaf Mi Mimatrblha matrblha Abnpblmlts, Hla. «Qbih «Qbihe eQ Qtftm tftm Erhvms Nmnbry Srbeuats´ ((jttp? jttp?// //  www.tbsjhgf.abn/tfma/Aftfibk/@fnhiy.  www.tbsjhgf.abn/ tfma/Aftfibk/@fnhiy.eb2`fnhiyhe>;&sug`fnhiyh eb2`fnhiyhe>;&sug`fnhiyhe>833165). e>833165). Ablsuitfeb mi 6; em ouihb em 7338. 76. Hl, Ofvhmr Ofvhmr (76 em oulh oulhb b em 7365). «Eurfghi «Eurfghihefe hefe em iibs bs QQE´ (jttp?// (jttp?//ofvh ofvhmrhl.abn/ mrhl.abn/7365/30/76/eu 7365/30/76/eu rfghihefe-em-ibs-sse/) rfghih efe-em-ibs-sse/).. Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 77. Nflzjhrbvf, Pîatbr Q. (77 em ehahmngrm em 7366). «If eh`mrmlahf em prmahb mltrm QQE y ehsabs eurbs sm rmeuam´ (jttp?/ (jttp?//www.t /www.tumxpmrtbht.abn umxpmrtbht.abn/7366/67/ /7366/67/77/if-eh`mrmlahf-em-prmahb-mltr 77/if-eh`mrmlahf-em-prmahb-mltr m-sse-y-ehsabs-eurbs-sm-rmeuam/). tumxpmrtbht.abn . Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 71. Frabs, Meufreb (6= em lbvhmngrm em 7363). «Ehsabs em mstfeb sñiheb (QQE) b añnb jfamr qum tu abnputfebrf smf rmfinmltm ræph ræphef´ ef´ (jtt (jttps?// ps?//jhpmrtmxtufi.abn/ jhpmrtmxtufi.abn/7363/66/ehsabs-em-mst 7363/66/ehsabs-em-mstf f eb-sbiheb-sse-b-abnb-jfamr-qum-tueb-sbiheb-sse-b-abnb-jfamr -qum-tu-abnputfebrfabnputfebrf-smf-rmfinmltm-r smf-rmfinmltm-rfphef). fphef). jhpmrtmxtufi.abn.

Ablsuitfeb mi = em `mgrmrb em 7368. 75. «Abnpfrfthvf mltrm ehsab eurb y ehsab QQE ml vîemb´ (jttp? (jttp?//sbibihlmx.wbreprmss.abn/ //sbibihlmx.wbreprmss.abn/733:/ 733:/ 38/38/abnpfrfthvf-mltr 38/38/abn pfrfthvf-mltrm-ehsab-eurb-y-ehsab-ssem-ehsab-eurb-y-ehsab-sse-ml-vhemb/#nbrm-;==) ml-vhemb/#nbrm-;==).. QbibIhlmx . 8 em smpthmngrm em 733:. Ablsuitfeb mi 7; em oulhb em 7376. 7=. « "@ifsj Kbrebl" Srmsmltfl if prhnmrf supmrabnputfebrf @ifsj emi nuleb´ (jttps?// (jttps?//wmg.fra wmg.fra jhvm.brk/wmg/7366676:6;1356/jttp?//www.ehfrhbth.abn/lbthahf/SrmsmltflRifRprhnmrfRsupmr abnputfebrfR@ifsjRemiRnuleb/13816). Ehfrhb UH. NSF Sugihsjhlk Hltmrlfthblfi Ite. 67 em ehahmngrm ehahm ngrm em 7366. Frajhvfeb emsem mi brh brhkhlfi khlfi (jttp?// (jttp?//www.ehfrhbth.abn/lbthahf/SrmsmltflRif www.ehfrhbth.abn/lbthahf/SrmsmltflRif  RprhnmrfRsupmrabnputfebrfR@ifsjRemi  RprhnmrfRsupmrabnput febrfR@ifsjRemiRnuleb/13816) Rnuleb/13816) mi 6: em ehahmngrm em 7366. Ablsuitfeb Ablsuitfe b mi 7; em oulhb em 7376. 70. Fiblzb, Brifleb. «QQE? if vmrefe sbgrm mi ablsunb em mlmrkîf.´ (jttp?//www.briflebfiblz b.abn.nx/tmalbibkhf/sse-if-vmrefe-sbgrm-mi-ablsunb-em-mlmrkhf/). Ablsuitfeb mi 7; em  oulhb  oulh b em 7376. 7;. «Nbnmltus ZU Qbihe Qtftm Jygrhe Erhvm´ (jttps?//wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/73673;7;375:58/jtt p?//www.smfkftm.a p?// www.smfkftm.abn/hltmrlfi-jfrebn/hltmrlfi-jfre-erhvms/ifptbp-jfre-er erhvms/ifptbp-jfre-erhvms/nbnmlt hvms/nbnmltus-xtus-xt-jygrhe/) jygrhe/) (ml hlkiès).. Qmfkftm. Frajhvfeb emsem mi brhkhlfi (jttp?//www.smfkftm.abn/hltmrlfi-jfre-erhvms/i hlkiès) fptbp-jfre-erhvms/nbnmltus-xt-jygrhe/) mi 7; em ouihb em 7367. Ablsuitfeb mi 7; em oulhb em 7376. 7:. Byflmemi, Oufl Sfgib (7; em fkbstb em 7365). «Qmfkftm mstrmlf mi prhnmr ehsab eurb em : UG ml mi nmrafeb´ (jtt (jttp?// p?//www.`fymrwfymr www.`fymrwfymr.abn/ .abn/7365/3:/smfkftm7365/3:/smfkftm-mstrmlf-mi-prhnmrmstrmlf-mi-prhnmr-ehsab-eur ehsab-eur b-em-:-tg-emi-nuleb/). b-em-:-t g-emi-nuleb/). Ablsuitfeb mi 78 em fkbstb em 7365.

Ghgihbkrf`îf Ahrh fab Kfraî Ahrhfab Kfraîf f em Ami Amihs hs (6885). «67.;? Mi eh ehsab sab eurb emi FU (HEM, N@N, G]Q IBAFI). (jttp? (jttp?// //  wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/jttp?/  wmg.frajhvm.brk/wmg/jt tp?//www.kuh.uvf.ms/ /www.kuh.uvf.ms/uehkh uehkhtfi/673;.jtn tfi/673;.jtni)´. i)´. Mi ulhvmrsb ehkhtfi emi HGN SA, FU y SQ/7  (5ª mehahñl). @fauitfe em Ahmlahfs em Pfiifebihe? Krupb ]lhvmrshtfrhb em Hl`brnæthaf.

 

Mlifams mxtmrlbs  [hdhnmehf Abnnbls A bnnbls figmrkf ulf aftmkbr aftmkbrîf îf nuithnmehf sbgrm ]lhefe em ehsab eurb.   [hdhihgrbs figmrkf ul ihgrb b nflufi sbgrm Nfltmlhnhmltb y Nbltfom em Mquhpbs Hl`brnæthabs/Umnf 1/Finfamlfnhmltb nfklèthab.

Bgtmlheb em «jttps?//ms.whdhpmehf.brk/w/hlemx.pjp2thtim>]lhefeRemRehsabReurb&biehe>65=7581=8´

Mstf pækhlf sm mehtñ pbr ÿithnf vmz mi : fkb 7377 f ifs 67?=3. Mi tmxtb mstæ ehspblhgim gfob if Ihamlahf Armfthvm Abnnbls Ftrhguahñl Abnpfrthr Hkufi 1.34 pumeml fpihafrsm aiæusuifs fehahblfims. Fi usfr mstm shthb, ustme famptf lumstrbs tèrnhlbs em usb y lumstrf pbiîthaf em prhvfahefe. [hdhpmehf® ms ulf nfraf rmkhstrfef em if @ulefahñl [hdhnmehf, Hla., ulf brkflhzfahñl shl ælhnb em iuarb.