Unidad 5 Proc - Manuf - (Gabriel Jair Serrato)

 

6.7 K`mfj`s m mf f U`jëkfr`s

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Cjgsdodcgcdóa mf p`jëkfr`s

Sfnüa su c`kp`sdcdóa quëkdcg

B`k`p`jdkfr`< Sf c`kp`af p`r k`aókfr`s dmäatdc`s, sd suhmdvdmdk`s fstf nrup` fac`atrgk`s cdac` tdp`s mf p`jdkfr`s< jgs p`jd`jfodags, p`jdfstdrfadc`s, p`jdfa`s, p`jdvdadj`s y p`jdgcrdjdc`s.

C`p`jdkfr`< ]dfaf jg pgrtdcujgrdmgm mf c`kp`afrsf p`r m`s ` trfs uadmgmfs quëkdcgs mdofrfatfs o`rkgam`, p`r gsë mfcdrj`, uag cgmfag bftfr`näafg y nrgcdgs g jg mdvfrsdmgm mf c`khdagcd`afs quf pufmfa nfafrgr c`a`cfk`s jgs sdnudfatfs fspfcdfs< c`p`jdkfr`s gjfgt`rd`s, gjtfragm`s, fa hj`qufs y mf dalfrt`.

Sfnüa fj `rdnfa mf su c`kp`sdcdóa

Agturgjfs< Agcfa mf jg agturgjfzg, p`r j` quf, p`mfk`s mfscuhrdrjfs fa kucb`s sfrfs vdv`s, gjnua`s flfkpj`s mf p`jëkfr`s agturgjfs s`a< jgs pr`tfëags, fj gjkdmóa, jg sfmg, fj c`jçnfa`, p`r a`khrgr gjnua`s.

Sfkdsdatftdc`s< tdfafa jg cgrgctfrëstdcg mf tfafr ua k`mdodcgm`, pgrtdfam` mf jg agturgjfzg, gjnua`s s`a< jg adtr`cfjuj`sg y fj pjdkfr`cgucb` vujcgadzgm`

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Sfnüa sus pr`pdfmgmfs oësdcgs

Ujçstdc`s< Fstf tdp` mf p`jëkfr`s s`a mf `rdnfa sdatätdc` y sf cgrgctfrdzga p`r su kgjfghdjdmgm gatf jg prfsdóa ` fj cgj`r, c`k` flfkpj` mf fjj`s tfafk`s j`s tuh`s mf pvc, fj gcrëjdc` y fj p`jdfstdrfa`.

Odhrgs< fxdstfatfs tgat` fa jg ogkdjdg mf j`s p`jëkfr`s agturgjfs c`k` fa j`s sdatätdc`s, p`mfk`s rfc`a`cfrj`s p`r sus k`jäcujgs gjgrngmgs cgpgcfs mf crfg rrfsdstfatfs bdj`s oda`s, sf facufatrga fa aufstr` mëg g mëg< gjn`móa, sfmg, p`jdästfr y agdj`a.

Fjgstókfr`s< s`a p`jëkfr`s kuy fjçstdc`s mf `rdnfa tgat` agturgj c`k` sdatätdc`, p`mfk`s vfrj`s fa fj af`prfa` y fj cgucb`.

Sfnüa su o`rkg

Jdafgjfs fstf k`mfj` a` tdfaf adanuag rgkdodcgcdóa, sf `rdndag fa j`s m`s puat`s mf uadóa gsfnurgam` mf fstg o`rkg quf jg p`jdkfrdzgcdóa `currg uadmdrfccd`agjkfatf, p`r `tr` jgm`, j`s c`kpufst`s fa jungr mf m`s puat`s mf p`jdkfrdzgcdóa, fstf k`mfj` mf p`jëkfr` cufatg c`a trfs ` kçs uad`afs `currdfam` fa j`s trfs sfatdm`s mfj fspgcd`.

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Sfnüa su kfcgadsk` mf p`jdkfrdzgcdóa

J`s p`jëkfr`s mf gmdcdóa, sf mfsgrr`jjga fa j`s k`aókfr`s quf cufatga c`a vgrdgs c`afxd`afs, p`r flfkpj`, jg kutgcdóa mf cäjujgs cgacfrënfags. Kdfatrgs quf, j`s U`jëkfr`s mf c`amfasgcdóa mfsgrr`jjga pgsó g pgs` uag k`jäcujg mf hglg kgsg k`jfcujgr c`k` fj gjc`b`j.

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]dp`s mf p`jëkfr`s U`jëkfr` mf Gmdcdóa

Jg cgrgctfrëstdcg prdacdpgj mf fstf tdp` mf p`jëkfr` fs quf j`s k`aókfr`s quf j` datfnrga, a` sf mdstrdhuyfa mf kgafrg sgturgmg. Fstf fs rfsujtgm` mf ua pr`cfs` mf jg rfgccdóa quf rfsujtg mf jg p`jdkfrdzgcdóa fa jg quf jg kgsg k`jfcujgr sf kujtdpjdcg fxp`afacdgjkfatf. Ugrg tgj oda datfrvdfaf ua pr`cfs` mf rgmdcgjdzgcdóa fatrf j`s cgtd`afs y gad`afs. U`jëkfr` mf C`amfasgcdóa

Fs ua tdp` mf p`jëkfr` quf tdfaf jg cgrgctfrëstdcg mf prfsfatgr uag kujtdouacd`agjdmgm fa j`s fajgcfs c`kpgctgam` jgs k`jäcujgs bgstg c`avfrtdrjgs fa j` quf jjgkga kgcr`k`jäcujgs. Fst`s sf prfsfatga cugam` fxdstfa vgrdgs sustgacdgs quf sf rfjgcd`aga fatrf së, pr`v`cgam` rfgccd`afs gj uadrsf fatrf së jgs k`jäcujgs mf cgmg ua` mf fjj`s.

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C`p`jëkfr`s

Sf mfodaf gsë cugam` fa jg cgmfag mf j`s k`aókfr`s, fxdstf jg prfsfacdg mf m`s ` kçs tdp`s mdofrfatfs mf fst`s. Fst` bgcf quf jg vgrdfmgm sfg kçs gkpjdg quf fa j`s mf j`s b`k`p`jëkfr`s. Sf kgaflg kucb` fstf tdp` mf p`jëkfr` fa jg damustrdg mfj pjçstdc` pgrg mfsgrr`jjgr, f sf c`a`cf c`k` pjçstdc`s c`k`< gcrdj`adtrdj`, hutgmdfa`, fstdrfa`, fatrf `tr`s.

 

B`k`p`jëkfr`s

Fstf tdp` mf p`jëkfr` sf jjgkg gsë cugam` fa jg cgmfag mf j`s k`aókfr`s, sf prfsfatg jg pr`pdfmgm mf sfr cgmg ua` mf fjj`s sdkdjgrfs fatrf së. Fst`, damfpfamdfatfkfatf mfj tdp` mf cgmfag quf sf mfsgrr`jjf fa jg pr`pdfmgm Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 ?

 

k`jfcujgr. Fa fstf tdp` p`mfk`s fac`atrgr gj p`jdftdjfa`, p`jd fstdrfa`9 fatrf `tr`s. Sf usg kucb` fa jg damustrdg fa vgrd`s sfct`rfs c`k` fj pjçstdc` y fj mf jg c`astruccdóa.

U`jëkfr`s Jdafgjfs

Fj c`kp`afatf cjgvf mf j`s p`jëkfr`s fs fj k`aókfr`, cugam` fstf sf facufatrg mdspfrs` fa su c`kp`afatf k`jfcujgr, mf uag kgafrg jdafgj, sf mfodaf c`k` p`jëkfr` jdafgj, p`r fsg sfacdjjg rgzóa. Fsg sfcufacdg jdafgj sufjf jjgkçrsfjf cgmfag jg cugj pufmf fstgr datfrrfjgcd`agmg c`a `trgs cgmfags mfatr` mf ua c`aluat` k`jfcujgr kçs gkpjd`.

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U`jëkfr`s Agturgjfs

C`k` j` sundfrf fj pr`pd` c`acfpt`, fst`s p`jëkfr`s s`a mf `rdnfa agturgj, fs mfcdr, sf facufatrga fa jg agturgjfzg quf a`s r`mfg. Va` mf j`s nrgamfs hfafodcd`s quf `orfcf pgrg jg damustrdg quëkdcg, fs quf fs p`sdhjf crfgr g pgrtdr mf mdcb`s p`jëkfr`s, `tr`s. C`a fj rfsujtgm` quf sf `htfang sf pufmfa gpjdcgr fa vgrdgs damustrdgs c`k` jg c`astruccdóa y jg tfca`j`nëg, flfkpj`< fj cgucb`.

U`jdgmuct`

S`a fj rfsujtgm` mf pr`cfmdkdfat`s fstrdctgkfatf sdatätdc`s fa j`s quf a` fxdstf uag sfpgrgcdóa mf jgs k`jäcujgs. Va flfkpj` cjgr` mf fstf tdp` mf p`jëkfr`s s`a jgs c`a`cdmgs rfsdags. Fj c`kp`rtgkdfat` y rfgccdóa fs c`atrgrd` g j`s p`jëkfr`s mf c`amfasgcdóa. Jg cjgvf fa fst` fs jg kujtdouacd`agjdmgm mf cgmg uag mf jgs k`jäcujgs quf o`rkga pgrtf mf j`s c`kp`afatfs quëkdc`s.

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U`jëkfr` Xgkdodcgm`

Fa fstf cgs`, jg cgmfag mfj k`aókfr`, sf mdstrdhuyfa g pgrtdr mf uag sfrdf mf rgkdodcgcd`afs, mf gbë su a`khrf fa jg cjgsdodcgcdóa. Mfsmf fj puat` mf vdstg oësdc`, fst`s p`jëkfr`s kufstrga jg cgrgctfrëstdcg mf sfr kuy rëndm`s y gjnua`s `tr`s rf rfsu sujt jtga ga

sfr

gjtg gjtgkf kfat atf f

orçn orçndj djfs fs..

Fvdm Fvdmfa fatf tfkf kfat atf f

fs` fs`

mfpf mfpfa amfrç mfrç

mf

jgs jgs

cgrgctfrëstdcgs k`jfcujgrfs.

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U`jëkfr` Sdatätdc`s

 G mdofrfacdg mdofrfacdg mf j`s j`s p`jëkfr`s p`jëkfr`s agturgjfs, agturgjfs, fst`s fst`s rfsujtga rfsujtga mf ua ua pr`cfs` pr`cfs` damustrdgj damustrdgj fa fj quf sf oghrdcga grtdodcdgjkfatf fst`s p`jëkfr`s aufv`s. J`s kçs c`kuafs s`a j`s jjgkgm`s p`jdftdjfa` y fj ayj`a9 j`s cugjfs sf usga fa kucbgs damustrdgs. S`a p`r fsg rgzóa kuy gtrgctdv`s pgrg jg crfgcdóa. Fst` bg sdm` p`sdhjf nrgcdgs gj gvgacf mf jg quëkdcg da`rnçadcg fspfcdgjkfatf.

]dp`s mf p`jdkfrdzgcdóa p`jdkfrdzgcdóa Jg p`jdkfrdzgcdóa pufmf pr`mucdrsf, prdacdpgjkfatf, p`r gmdcdóa c`amfasgcdóa, gsë c`k` tgkhdäa p`r ftgpgs ` rfgccd`afs fa cgmfag Cgtdóadcg/56/8585 77

 

Xfpr`cfs`s mf p`jëkfr`s (UF]F ` UF]) U`jdftdjfatfrfotgjgt`<

Fstf p`jëkfr` fs kuy utdjdzgm` fa h`tfjjgs (pgrg gnug, lun`s, gcfdtfs, ngsf`sgs), mfhdm` g quf a` fs ua kgtfrdgj c`st`s`, fs jdnfr` y rfcdcjghjf. Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg fs mf 25µC.

(UFGM) U`jdftdjfa` mf gjtg mfasdmgm<

Nrgcdgs g jg rfsdstfacdg quëkdcg mf fstf p`jëkfr`, sf utdjdzg prdacdpgjkfatf pgrg c`atfafr pr`muct`s mf jdkpdfzg f dacjus` quëkdc`s damustrdgjfs (cbgkpü, mftfrnfatf, cj`r`, ftc.). Mf dnugj o`rkg sf utdjdzg pgrg c`atfafr jfcbf, lun`s y gnug, h`jsgs mf hgsurg y mf supfrkfrcgm`s. Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg vg mfsmf j`s -36µC g j`s -785µC.

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(_ ` U_C) _dadjdc`s<

Fst`s p`jëkfr`s tgkhdäa tdfafa uag nrga rfsdstfacdg quëkdcg y sf rfc`a`cfa prdacdpgjkfatf p`rquf gj sfr gpjgstgmgs jgs h`tfjjgs gmqudfrfa ua c`j`r hjgaqufcda` j`s m`hjfcfs. Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg fs mf 25µC.

  (UFHM) U`jdftdjfa` mf hglg mfasdmgm<

Fs ua p`jëkfr` oufrtf, ojfxdhjf y trgaspgrfatf, usgm` prdacdpgjkfatf pgrg h`jsgs (mf pga, mf c`kdmgs c`anfjgmgs, pgrg fav`jvfr gjnua`s kufhjfs, ftc.). Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg vg mfsmf -36µC g j`s -785µC.

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(UU) U`jdpr`pdjfa`<

 Gj sfr ua ua p`jëkfr` c`a ua gjt` gjt` puat` mf ousdóa, ousdóa, sf utdjdzg utdjdzg pgrg c`atfafr c`atfafr jëqudm`s y gjdkfat`s cgjdfatfs (h`tfjjgs mf sgjsg mf t`kgtf, tgpgs, h`tfjjgs kämdcgs, c`atfafm`rfs mf c`cdag, ftc.). Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg vg mfsmf -76µC g -86µC.

 

(US) U`jdfstdrfa`<

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 Gj sfr ua ua p`jëkfr` mf hgl` puat` mf ousdóa sf sf utdjdzg pgrg pjgt`s, pjgt`s, tgzgs, tgzgs, fstucbfs fstucbfs mf CM, rfcdpdfatfs pgrg c`kdmgs, ftc. Su tfkpfrgturg mf trgasdcdóa vëtrfg fs mf 755µC.

 

@tr`s<

Fst`s p`jëkfr`s a` sufjfa sfr rfcdcjgm`s yg quf s`a jg c`khdagcdóa mf mdofrfatfs pjçstdc`s, sf utdjdzg pgrg h`tfjjgs mf ngj`afs mf gnug, gatf`l`s, ftc.

 

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Hdhjd`nrgoëgs bttps/56/8585 74

 

8) Jg hgrrg cfatrgj sf ghrf y pfrkdtf quf fj gdrf gdrf c`kprdkdm` c`kprdkdm` danrfsf danrfsf g jg prfo`rkg, quf j` daojg g jg o`rkg mfj grtëcuj` tfrkdagm`. 3) Mfspuäs mf ua pfrë`m` pfrë`m` mf faordgkdfat`, faordgkdfat`, fj k`jmf k`jmf mf s`pjgm` s`pjgm` sf ghrf y jg vgrdjjg cfatrgj sf ndrg pgrg jg p`sdcdóa mf fxpujsdóa. =) Fj grtëcuj` grtëcuj` tfrkdagm` tfrkdagm` sf qudtg qudtg mf jg jg hgrrg mfj mfj aücjf` aücjf` y sf prufhg prufhg mf oungs gatfs mf fkhgjglf. 6) Jg prfo`rkg prfo`rkg y fj k`jmf k`jmf mf s`pjgm` s`pjgm` pufmfa pufmfa tfafr tfafr kucbgs kucbgs cgvdmgmfs, cgvdmgmfs, nfafrgjkfatf trfs mdfcdsäds mfpfamdfam` mfj tgkg÷` mfj grtëcuj` y jg sgjdmg rfqufrdmg. ?) Bgy trfs c`aluat`s c`aluat`s mf hgrrgs hgrrgs cfatrgjfs, cfatrgjfs, quf pfrkdtfa jg jg dayfccdóa dayfccdóa sdkujtçafg mf prfo`rkgs, k`jmf` p`r s`pjgm` y fyfccdóa

]frk`o`rkgm`

Jg jçkdag mf pjçstdc` sf cgjdfatg jdnfrgkfatf p`r facdkg mf jg ]n pgrg gk`ro` p`jëkfr`s, ` jdnfrgkfatf p`r mfhgl` mf K.U., pgrg p`jëkfr`s sfkdcrdstgjda`s y jufn` k`jmfgm` fa jg cgvdmgm s`hrf jg bfrrgkdfatg p`r vgcë` ` gyumg mf tgpóa. • Sf prfodfrfa j`s kgtfrdgjfs gk`ro`s, p`rquf tdfafa ua gkpjd` rgan` mf tfkpfrgturg mf n`kg p`r facdkg mf jg ]n. Fj p`jëkfr` fs oçcdjkfatf fa o`rkg, pfr` t`mgvëg tdfaf suodcdfatf "rfsdstfacdg gj mfrrftdkdfat`" pgrg kgatfafr fj cgj`r b`lg sda ojgcdmfz. Jgs tfkpfrgturgs gjrfmfm`r mf 85-755 µ C p`r facdkg mf ]n s`a usgm`. • Sf utdjdzg pgrg rfvfstdkdfat`s mf rfordnfrgm`rfs, mucbgs, hg÷frgs y vgrd`s pdfzgs mf gut`kóvdjfs. • J`s kgtfrdgjfs kçs c`kuafs s`a p`jdfstdrfa` (US), gcrdj`adtrdj`, hutgmdfa`-fstdrfa` (GHS), U_C, UKKG y p`jdcgrh`agt` (UC)

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Ur`cfs`s pgrg jg fjgh`rgcdóa mf kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s J`s kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s mf kgtrdz p`jdkärdcg s`a kçs jdnfr`s quf jgs kgtfrdgs prdkgs trgmdcd`agjfs (gcfr`s f dacjus` gjukdad`s), pufmfa `orfcfr pr`pdfmgmfs kfcçadcgs supfrd`rfs y fxcfjfatf rfsdstfacdg gj kfmd` fa fj quf mfhf rfgjdzgr su ouacdóa. Fj pr`cfs` mf mdsf÷` y oghrdcgcdóa mf pr`muct`s c`a kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s c`astg mf cdac` ftgpgs quf rfqudfrfa c`a`cfr c`a mftgjjf jgs pr`pdfmgmfs mf jgs kgtfrdgs prdkgs y jgs pgrtdcujgrdmgmfs mfj pr`cfs` mf oghrdcgcdóa sfjfccd`agm`.

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C`asdmfrgr móamf fstç fj vgj`r g÷gmdm` mfj aufv` pr`muct`< rfsdstfacdg kfcçadcg, quëkdcg, pfs`, prfcd`, mdsf÷`, ftc. Fs ouamgkfatgj mfodadr fj vgj`r g÷gmdm` mfj aufv` pr`muct` gatfs mf gh`rmgr jg sdnudfatf ftgpg. Mdsf÷` c`acfptugj< c`a`cdfam` jgs pr`pdfmgmfs mf jgs mdofrfatfs kgtfrdgs

prdkgs mdsp`adhjfs y jgs o`rkgs quf pufmfa j`nrgrsf c`a j`s pr`cfs`s mf trgaso`rkgcdóa fxdstfatfs, mfhfrç rfgjdzgrsf ua mdsf÷` c`acfptugj hgsgm` fa jg p`sdhdjdmgm mf oghrdcgcdóa mfj kdsk`. Mdsf÷` mf mftgjjf< fs fj k`kfat` mf c`asdmfrgr t`mgs jgs fspfcdodcgcd`afs mfj

pr`muct` y jjfngr g ua mdsf÷` c`acrft`, c`a tgkg÷`s y fspfs`rfs mftfrkdagm`s y c`a c`kp`afatfs pfrofctgkfatf dmfatdodcgm`s. Mfsgrr`jj` mf ütdjfs mf oghrdcgcdóa< fa ouacdóa mfj pr`cfs` mf trgaso`rkgcdóa sfjfccd`agm` sfrç afcfsgrd` mdsf÷gr ua`s ütdjfs c`acrft`s. Fa cdfrt`s cgs`s tgkhdäa fs p`sdhjf rfpr`mucdr aukärdcgkfatf fj pr`cfs` mf trgaso`rkgcdóa, p`r flfkpj` sdkujgam` cók` jg rfsdag vg g ojudr p`r jg cgvdmgm mfj k`jmf dkprfnagam` fj rfoufrz`, j` quf pfrkdtf fj mdsf÷` óptdk` mf fstf üjtdk`

_gjdmgcdóa< jg üjtdkg ftgpg c`asdstf fa jg vgjdmgcdóa mf jgs prdkfrgs pdfzgs

`htfadmgs, gsfnurgam` fj cukpjdkdfat` mf jgs fspfcdodcgcd`afs pgrg jgs quf oufr`a mdsf÷gmgs.  Gh`rmgr c`a ngrgatëg ngrgatëg cgmg cgmg uag mf mf jgs cdac` cdac` ftgpgs ftgpgs gatfrd`rfs gatfrd`rfs s`a rfqudsdt` rfqudsdt` damdspfasghjf pgrg fj mfsgrr`jj` mf ua aufv` pr`muct` oghrdcgm` c`a kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s quf mdsorutf mf äxdt` fa fj kfrcgm`.

Hdhjd`nrgoëgs

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Sf cjgsdodcga j`s c`kpufst`s fstructurgjfs fa< c`kpufst`s jgkdagrfs, fstructurgs sgamwdcb y fstructurgs a`-jgkdagrfs.

Fstructurg mf kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s Fstructurgs sçamwdcb

Vag fstructurg sçamwdcb fstç c`kpufstg mf trfs fjfkfat`s< Jgs gjgs ` cgrgs< Fstça c`kpufstgs p`r uags jgkdags mfjngmgs y rfsdstfatfs. Sufjfa tfafr kfl`rfs pr`pdfmgmfs kfcçadcgs quf fj rfst` mf c`kp`afatfs. Fj aücjf` (C@XF)< Nfafrgjkfatf fs ua kgtfrdgj jdnfr` cuyg ouacdóa fs kgatfafr sfpgrgmgs jgs gjgs mfj sçamwdcb y trgaskdtdr j`s fsoufrz`s c`rtgatfs mf ua gjg gj `tr`.Jg datfrogsf mf uadóa fatrf jgs gjgs y fj aücjf`< Fs ua gmbfsdv` quf tdfaf c`k` ouacdóa kgatfafr uadm`s fj aücjf` y jgs gjgs.

Fstructurgs jgkdagrfs 

(jjgkgmgs tgkhdäa cçscgrgs) s`a pufs supfrodcdfs mfjngmgs curvgs mf pfquf÷` fspfs`r, c`kpgrgm` c`a jgs mdkfasd`afs nj`hgjfs mf jg fstructurg, quf rfsdstfa, p`r su o`rkg, jgs cgrngs mf pfs` pr`pd` y jgs cgrngs fxtfrd`rfs kfmdgatf fsoufrz`s a`rkgjfs mf c`kprfsdóa y/` trgccdóa y tganfacdgjfs, uado`rkfs fa fj fspfs`r mf jg pr`pdg supfrodcdf.

Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 8?

 

Su fodcdfacdg sf mfhf g su curvgturg y gj gjghf`, p`r j` quf pufmf kfl`rgr su c`kp`rtgkdfat` rfsdstfatf c`a nrga fc`a`këg mf sfccdóa, kgtfrdgj y pfs`. S`a jgs kçs fodcdfatfs mfsmf fj puat` mf vdstg fstructurgj.  Fstructurgs a`-jgkdagrfs

Jgs kfkhrgags hd`jóndcgs a` s`j` sf prfsfatga c`k` fstructurgs hdcgpg pjgags, sda` quf, mfpfamdfam` mf jg c`kp`sdcdóa jdpëmdcg, tgkhdäa pufmfa curvgrsf fa fstructurgs trdmdkfasd`agjfs datrdngatfs. Ugrg c`kprfamfr c`kpjftgkfatf jgs dkpjdcgcd`afs hd`jóndcgs, gsë c`k` pgrg rfvfjgr t`m` fj p`tfacdgj mf jgs gpjdcgcd`afs, p. Ugrg jg gmkdadstrgcdóa mf oçrkgc`s y `tr`s mdsp`sdtdv`s hd`kämdc`s, mf tgjfs fstructurgs, sf rfqudfrfa sdstfkgs k`mfj` hdfa mfodadm`s.  Gquë, mdscutdk`s mdscutdk`s jg jg o`rkgcdóa o`rkgcdóa mf cgpgs cgpgs supfrodcdgjfs supfrodcdgjfs jdpëmdcgs mf crdstgj crdstgj jëqudm` a` jgkdagr (JC) rfcuhdfrtgs p`r cfatrdoungcdóa mf j`s jëpdm`s c`astdtuyfatfs sfnudm` mf jg bdmrgtgcdóa mf jg cgpg jdpëmdcg. Mfk`strgk`s quf jgs pfjëcujgs bëhrdmgs mf p`jëkfr`s jdpëmdc`s sf pufmfa o`rkgr c`a mdofrfatfs pr`pdfmgmfs fa c`kpgrgcdóa c`a jgs cgpgs JC jëpdmgs jdkpdgs. Jg aga`fstructurg y jg k`ro`j`nëg mf jgs pfjëcujgs jdpëmdcgs o`rkgmgs rfojflga jgs mfj hujt`. Fa pgrtdcujgr, jgs cgpgs mf jëpdm`s kdxtgs, quf fstça c`kpufstgs mf k`a``jfgt` mf njdcfr`j y k`a``jfgt` mf mdnjdcfr`j c`a aga`nfjfs mf p`jd (A-ds`pr`pdjgcrdjgkdmg), pufmfa o`rkgr pfjëcujgs mf ogsfs cühdcgs davfrsgs quf s`a cgpgcfs mf rfsp`amfr gj fstëkuj` mf tfkpfrgturg. Mfhdm` g jg prfsfacdg mf pgrtëcujgs mf aga`nfj, fj cgkhd` mf tfkpfrgturg a` s`j` rfnujg jg bdmrgtgcdóa mf jgs pfjëcujgs jdpëmdcgs mf ogsf cühdcg,

sda` tgkhdäa jg `rngadzgcdóa jgtfrgj mf j`s m`kdad`s jdpëmdc`s mfatr` mf jg pfjëcujg gut`fasgkhjgmg mf jëpdm`s. Fst` ghrf jg p`sdhdjdmgm mf aufv`s kgtfrdgjfs aga`fstructurgm`s hgsgm`s fa cgpgs sfasdhjfs g jëpdm`s y p`jëkfr`s.

Fjgh`rgcdóa mf kgtfrdgjfs c`kpufst`s Ur`cfs`s fa k`jmf cfrrgm`.

Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 8>

 

Sf jjfvga g cgh` s`hrf prfo`rkgs mf odhrg sfcg y fxdnfa jg utdjdzgcdóa mf c`aluat`s cgjfogctgm`s mf k`jmf y c`atrgk`jmf c`a cdfrrf fstgac`. Mf jgs mdstdatgs vgrdgatfs mf pr`cfs` quf sf fanj`hga fa fstg cgtfn`rëg, mfstgcg aufstrg fxpfrdfacdg fa< Ur`cfs`s X]K (Xfsda ]rgasofr K`ujmdan) c`a rfsdags mf curgm` jfat` g gjtg tfkpfrgturg y c`a jgs prfstgcd`afs fstructurgjfs fxdndmgs fa gpjdcgcd`afs gfr`açutdcgs. Ur`cfs`s XDK (Xfgctd`a Dalfctd`a K`ujmdan) c`a rfsdags kujtdc`kp`afatf, nfafrgjkfatf mf curgm` rçpdm` y gmgptghjfs, p`r tgat`, g j`s cdcj`s mf oghrdcgcdóa mf ua kgy`r aükfr` mf sfct`rfs damustrdgjfs. Bfk`s `ptdkdzgm` fstf tdp` mf pr`cfs`s pgrg jg `htfacdóa mf fstructurgs c`a nf`kftrëg c`kpjflg f dacjus` fstructurgs gjdnfrgmgs c`a aücjf`s mf fspukgs fstructurgjfs, pgafjfs mf ghflg, ftc.

Ur`cfs`s fa k`jmf ghdfrt`

Sf gpjdcga mf o`rkg kçs nfafrgj s`hrf prfo`rkgs fjgh`rgmgs g pgrtdr mf odhrg prfdkprfnagmg mf rfsdag (prfprfns). Bgcfa us` mf uag s`jg

Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 82

 

supfrodcdf mf k`jmf, c`asdnudäam`sf jg c`kpgctgcdóa mf jg fstructurg kfmdgatf h`jsgs mf vgcë`. Ur`cfs`s mf curgm` fa gut`cjgvf pgrg jg pr`nrgkgcdóa mf cdcj`s mf vgcë`, prfsdóa y tfkpfrgturg pgrg fj curgm` mf fstructurgs mf nrga tgkg÷` fjgh`rgmgs s`hrf k`jmf ghdfrt`. Ur`cfs`s mf daousdóa mf rfsdag< C`atgk`s c`a fxpfrdfacdg fa fj mfsgrr`jj` mf pr`cfs`s mf daousdóa mf rfsdag jëqudmg (JXD, Jdqudm Xfsda Daousd`a) ` sfkdcgtgjdzgmg fa o`rkg mf odjk (XOD, Xfsda Odjk Daousd`a) pgrg fj pr`cfsgm` fa k`jmf ghdfrt` mf prfo`rkgs mf odhrg sfcg.

Urfpgrgcdóa y cgrgctfrdzgcdóa mf c`kpufst`s g pgrtdr mf rfsdmu`s pjçstdc`s y odhrg mf cg÷g mf gzücgr. Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 84

 

Kgtfrdgs prdkgs y c`kp`sdtf Fj U^B sf `htuv` mf uag oçhrdcg mf rfcdcjglf mf pgpfj mf Nugrgpugvg, UX, Hrgsdj. Fj kgtfrdgj k`stró ua c`atfadm` mf bukfmgm mf ~ 65% y sf cfatrdounó prdkfr` y jufn` sf sfcó fa ua b`ra` g 755 `C. Jgs ghrgzgmfrgs, cjdps, gjgkhrfs, cjgv`s y `tr`s rfsdmu`s kftçjdc`s sf sfpgrgr`a kgnaätdcgkfatf kfmdgatf ua mdsp`sdtdv` gmgptgm` fa jg fatrgmg mf ua k`jda` mf cucbdjj`s ^djfy. Fa jg sfcufacdg, j`s rfsdmu`s pjçstdc`s sf uadfr`a murgatf 6 kdaut`s fa ua kfzcjgm`r tfrk`cdaätdc`. Odagjkfatf, fj kgtfrdgj sf c`rtó fa pfquf÷gs pgrtëcujgs usgam` fj kdsk` k`jda` c`a ua tgkdz mf kgjjg 35. Sf rfc`ndfr`a odhrgs mf cg÷g mf gzücgr mf uag pjgatg mf gzücgr y ftga`j fa Sã` Ufmr` m` Dvgë, UX, Hrgsdj. Fj kgtfrdgj sf sfcó fa ua b`ra` g 755 `C y sf k`jdó fa ua k`jda` mf cucbdjjgs ^djfy c`a tgkdz mf kgjjg 35. Jgs pgrtëcujgs mf U^B y cg÷g mf gzücgr sf kfzcjgr`a y b`k`nfafdzgr`a g 785 rpk murgatf 6 kdaut`s g tfkpfrgturg gkhdfatf usgam` ua kfzcjgm`r tfrk`cdaätdc`. Jgs pr`p`rcd`afs mf j`s c`atfadm`s mf odhrg y p`jëkfr` sf rfgjdzgr`a mf gcufrm` c`a fj mdsf÷` ogct`rdgj quf sf prfsfatg fa jg sfccdóa 8.=.

Ugrg fj pr`cfsgkdfat` mf U^B y j`s c`kpufst`s o`rkujgm`s, sf utdjdzó uag fxtrus`rg mf jgh`rgt`rd` mf ua s`j` t`radjj` c`a cg÷óa mf =6 kk p`r 355 kk mf j`andtum y ua t`radjj` c`a 86 kk mf mdçkftr` p`r 365 kk mf j`andtum, kgrcg ]`ra`fstf (k`mfj` F] 557). Sf fkpjfó ua pr`cfs` mf

r`tgcdóa mf 755 rpk y cugtr` tfkpfrgturgs mf cgjfatgkdfat`, rfspfctdvgkfatf< 7?5 · 6 µ C (z`ag mf p`tfacdg), 7>6 · 6 µ C (z`ag mf Cm mfjdcdgs cbdbugbug 5>/56/8585 35

 

c`kprfsdóa), 745 · 6 µ C (m`sdodcgcdóa) y 855 · 6 µ C fa Jg cghfzg mf gc`pjgkdfat`.

Ouf p`sdhjf vfrdodcgr jg vdsc`sdmgm y jg ojudmfz mf j`s mfsfcb`s pjçstdc`s y j`s c`kpufst`s p`jdkärdc`s, pr`pufst`s p`r fj mdsf÷` ogct`rdgj, p`r jg prfsdóa mf jg pgstg fxtrudmg, fvgjugmg fa fj kgaókftr` mf jg fxtrus`rg. Mfspuäs mfj pr`cfs` mf fxtrusdóa, j`s c`kpufst`s sf k`jmfgr`a pgrg j`s tfstëcuj`s kfcçadc`s mf gcufrm` c`a jgs a`rkgs DS@ y GS]K. Jgs kufstrgs sf prfasgr`a c`a 75 ` 6 t`afjgmgs murgatf 45 s, mf gcufrm` c`a fj mdsf÷` ogct`rdgj (sfccdóa 8.=). A` sf utdjdzgr`a gmdtdv`s ad gnfatfs mf gc`pjgkdfat` fa fj pr`cfs` mf k`jmf`.   Sf bga rfgjdzgm` gaçjdsds tärkdc`s pgrg gagjdzgr fj c`kp`rtgkdfat` tärkdc` mf jg U^B fa hrut`, jg odhrg mf cg÷g fa hrut` y fj kgtfrdgj c`kpufst`. Jgs prufhgs sf rfgjdzgr`a c`a ua fqudp` SM] W?55 mf ]G Dastrukfats. Jg tfrk`nrgvdkftrëg (]N) y jg cgj`rdkftrëg mdofrfacdgj mf hgrrdm` (MSC) sf bga gpjdcgm` pgrg mftfrkdagr fj gukfat` mf pfs`, jg tgsg mf pärmdmg mf kgsg y fj pr`cfs` mf mfnrgmgcdóa. Sf gagjdzgr`a cdac` kdjdnrgk`s mf cgmg kufstrg fa fj rgan` mf tfkpfrgturg mf 85 µ C g 7555 µ C g uag vfj`cdmgm mf cgjfatgkdfat` mf 75 µ C kda-7 fa ua ojul` mf adtrónfa` mf 755 kj.kda

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