Unidad 5 La Tecnologia de La Informacion

 

Ealtkli`a Iltra`ueeiõl................... Iltra`uee iõl.............................................. ...................................................... ...................................................... ..................................................... .......................... 4 Adoktiva jklkrmc............................................... jklkrmc.......................................................................... ................................................................ ............................................. ........ 5 Adoktivas kspkeègieas......................... kspkeègieas.................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ................................. ...... 5  Mcemleks.............................  Mcemleks.. ...................................................... ...................................................... ...................................................... ................................................ ..................... 5 Cihitmeialks.............................................................................................................................5 ;. –Cm tkelacajèm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl.......................... ilgarhmeiõl..................................................... ...................................................... ..................................... .......... 0 ;.= Ihpmeta `k cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl kl cm cajèstiem............................ cajèstiem.................................................. ...................... 7 ;.4 ^cmlkmeiõl ^cmlkmeiõl `k cas rkeursas `k cm khprksm KT^ y cm cajèstiem................................ cajèstiem........................................... ............9 .9 ;.4.=. Kvacueiõl Kvacueiõl `k cas sistkhms `k pcmlkmeiõl.................... pcmlkmeiõl.......................................................... ................................................. ........... =4 ;.4.4 Z.I.^ (warf il praekss).............................. praekss)......................................................... ...................................................... ......................................... .............. =4 ;.4.5 HT^.............................................. HT^......................................................................... ...................................................................... ..................................................... .......... =5 ;.4.0 HT^ `k eieca ekrrm`a.................................... ekrrm`a............................................................... ................................................. .................................. ............... ... =0 ;.4.; HT^ II............................................. II........................................................................ .................................................................. ................................................... ............ =7 ;.4.7 ^rk - K.T.^........................................... K.T.^...................................................................... .............................................................. .............................................. ........... =2 ;.5 Pipas `k trmlsmeeialks trmlsmeeialks prapieim`m prapieim`ms s par cm tkelacajèm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl........................ ilgarhmeiõl.................. ........4> ..4> ;.5.= @k eahprms................................. eahprms............................................................. ....................................................... ............................................. ........................... ......... 4> ;.5.4 @k mdmstkeihiklta mdmstkeihiklta.......................... ...................................................... ....................................................... ................................................. ........................ 44 ;.5.5 @k Wkltms............................. Wkltms........................................................ ...................................................... .............................................................. ...................................40 40 ;.5.0 @k trmlspartk........................ trmlspartk................................................... ...................................................... .............................................................. ................................... 47 ;.5.; @k mchmeklmok..................... mchmeklmok................................................ ...................................................... ...................................................... .................................... ......... 54 Ealecusiõl...................... Ealecusiõ l................................................. ...................................................... ...................................................... .................................................. ....................... 50 Eukstialmria...........................................................................................................................5; Tkgkrkleims Tkgkrklei ms didciajrígiems..................... didciajrígiems................................................ ...................................................... .......................................................5: ............................5:

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Iltra`ueeiõl Kc kl klar arhk hk `k `ksm smrra rracca cca kx kxpk pkrih rihkl kltm` tm`a a par cm caj cajèst èstiem iem kl ks kstas tas ÿct ÿctiha ihas s mý mýas as sk bm dmsm`a, kl jrml hk`i`m, kl cm iltkjrmeiõl kxistkltk kltrk cm khprksm y su kltarla. Kstm iltkjrmeiõl sk bm ealskjui`a jrmeims m cas sistkhms `k ilgarhmeiõl y eahuliemeiõl quk bml pkrh pkrhiti` iti`a a ilt iltkrem kremhdim hdimrr m`ke m`keum` um`mhkl mhkltk tk ilga ilgarhme rhmeiõl iõl klt kltrk rk ta`m ta`ms s cms gule guleialk ialks s ihpc ih pcie iem` m`ms ms kl cm jk jkst stiõ iõl l y, pa parr ca tm tmlt lta, a, kl kltr trk k ta ta`a `as s ca cas s mj mjkl kltk tks s ih ihpc pcie iem` m`as as.. Kl kg kgket keta, a, pm pmrm rm pa pa`kr `kr kgk kgket etumr umr ul ulm m duk duklm lm jk jksti stiõl õl `k cm em em`k `klm lm caj cajès èstie tiem m jc jcadm admcc y aptihizm apti hizmrr tmlt tmlta a kc eas eastk tk eah eaha a kc skrv skrvieia ieia agrkei`a, agrkei`a, ks lke lkeksmr ksmria ia quk pra pravkk vkk`ark `arks, s, ecik ec iklt ltks ks y cm cms s `i `ist stil iltm tms s ír írkm kms s `k cm pr prap apim im kh khpr prks ksm m pr pra` a`ue ueta tarm rm,, `i `isp spal aljm jml l `k `ktkrhilm`m ilgarhmeiõl cajèstiem `k ulm hmlkrm íjic, gimdck, skleiccm y kgiemz. Cm iltkjrmeiõl `k ta`ms cms írkms y sus guleialks `kltra `k cm khprksm sk gmeicitm hk`imltk cm gckxidici`m` y rmpi`kz `k cm ilgarhmeiõl kl kc sistkhm cajèstiea.

Kl mcjulms khprksms sk ealsi`krm m cas sistkhms `k ilgarhmeiõl eaha –kc ealoulta `k praek`ihikltas klemhilm`as m prapareialmr cas kckhkltas `k ouieia lkeksmrias kl cas praeksas `k eaar`ilmeiõl, ealtrac y tahm `k `keisialks kl ulm arjmlizmeiõl par ca quk, dmoa kstk pulta `k vistm, ks pmrtk kskleimc `k cm hishm.

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;. –Cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl

Cm tkelacaj tkelacajèm èm `k cm ilgarhme ilgarhmeiõl iõl sk puk`kl puk`kl adtklkr adtklkr vkltmoms vkltmoms eahpktit eahpktitivms ivms,, pkra pkra ks prkeisa klealtrmr praek`ihikltas mekrtm`as pmrm hmltklkr tmcks vkltmoms eaha ulm ealst ealstml mltk, tk, ms msèè eaha eaha `ispal `ispalkr kr `k eursa eursas s y rkeu rkeursa rsas s mctkr mctkrlmt lmtiva ivas s `k me meei eiõl õl pmrm pmrm m`mp m` mptm tmrc rcms ms m cm cms s lkek lkeksi si`m `m`k `ks s `kc `kc hahk hahklt lta, a, puks puks cms cms vklt vkltmo moms ms la sikh sikhpr prk k sal sal pkrhmlkltks. Bay kl `èm, cas sistkhms `k ilgarhmeiõl oukjml ul pmpkc prihar`imc kl cm vi`m `k cms khprksms ym quk myu`ml m hkoarmr praeksas, rk`ueir tikhpa y m ekltrmrsk kl tmrkms quk mjrkjukl vmcar. [la `k cas kckhkltas ecmvk pmrm ulm arjmlizmeiõl y tmhdiél vista eaha bkrrmhikltm eahpktitivm ks cm hkoarm `kc gcuoa y praeksa `k cm ilgarhmeiõl y quk kstm ilgarhmeiõl puk`m skr meeksidck `k hmlkrm rípi`m k iltkrrkcmeialm`m.

;.= Ihpmeta `k cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl kl cm cajèstiem. Cms Cm s tkelac tkelacaj ajèms èms `k cm ilgarh ilgarhmei meiõl õl y cm eahul eahuliem iemei eiõl õl (PIE) (PIE),, bml si`a si`a ihpar ihpartm tmltk ltks s hatarks `kc emhdia eucturmc, saeimc y kealõhiea kl cms ÿctihms `éem`ms. Cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl (PI) sal cms bkrrmhikltms y héta`as khpckm`as pmrm rkemdmr, rktklkr, hmlipucmr a `istriduir ilgarhmeiõl. Cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl sk kleukltrm kleuklt rm jklkrmc jklkrmchklt hkltk k msaeim` msaeim`m m eal cms eahputm` eahputm`arms arms y cms tkelacaj tkelacajèms èms mgilks mgilks mpciem`ms m cm tahm `k `keisialks Kc vkr`m`kra ihpmeta `k cm rkvacueiõl `k cm PIE's, kstí mpklms khpkzml`a m skltirsk. Kc pravkk`ar m su vkz puk`k tklkr ul tkrhilmc kl cas kckhkltas `k trmlspartk y msè kstmr emhdiml`a `ilíhiemhkltk `ilíhiemhkltk sus rutms y sus itilkrmrias itilkrmrias `k kltrkjm, `k meukr`a eal cms eal`ieialks `k trígiea a ha`igiemeialks `k ÿctihm barm sacieitm`ms par cas ecikltks. Kstms mpciemeialks sal pasidcks jrmeims m cm rk`, cm tkckgalèm hõvic, cas sistkhms jps y mc trmdm trmdmoa oa `k sistk sistkhmt hmtizm izmei eiõl õl kl cm `kgili `kgilieiõ eiõl l `k ks kstí tíl`m l`mrk rks s pmrm pmrm cm trmls trmlsgkr gkrkle kleim im kcketrõliem `k `aeuhkltas.

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Kxistkl `igkrkleims ihpartmltks kl kc hkrem`a `k ealsuha eaha rksuctm`a `k cm rk`, ks `keir emhdim cm cajèstiem `k cms tikl`ms `k pravkk`arks m klvimr cas diklks `irketmhkltk m cas ecikltks. ^mrm pa`kr kgketumr ulm duklm m`hilistrmeiõl `k cm em`klm cajèstiem jcadmc y aptihizmr 

tmlta kc easta eaha kc skrvieia agrkei`a, ym quk ks lkeksmria quk pravkk`arks, ecikltks y cms `istiltm `istiltms s írkms írkms `k cm prapim prapim khprksm khprksm pra`uetarm pra`uetarm,, `ispalj `ispaljml ml `k `ktkrhil `ktkrhilm`m m`m ilgarhmeiõl cajèstiem `k ulm hmlkrm íjic, gimdck, skleiccm y kgiemz. ^mrm ksta rkqukrihas `as kckhkltas?



Pkelacajèm `k ilgarhmeiõl? ^krhitk trmtmr `mtas y `mr sapartk m praeksas `k

`keisiõl. 

Pkelacajèm `k eahuliemeiõl?  ^krhitk meek`kr m cas `mtas m eumcquikr mjkltk

ihpciem`a.

[l sistkhm `k ilgarhmeiõl cajèstiem `kdkrí eudrir cm empmeitmeiõl `k `mtas dísieas kl kc cujmr y kl kc hahklta kl quk sk pra`uekl, cm trmlsgarhmeiõl m ul garhmta ÿtic pmrm cm tahm `k `keisialks.

;.4 ^cmlkmeiõl `k cas rkeursas `k cm khprksm KT^ y cm cajèstiem. Cas sistkhms `k pcmligiemeiõl `k rkeursas khprksmrimcks sal sistkhms `k ilgarhmeiõl jkrk jk rklei leimc mcks ks quk quk iltkj iltkjrm rml l y hmlkom hmlkoml l hueb huebas as `k cas lkjaei lkjaeias as ms msaei aeim` m`as as eal eal cms apkrmei apkr meial alks ks `k pra` pra`uee ueeiõl iõl y `k cas cas mspke mspketas tas `k `istr `istridu idueiõ eiõl l `k ulm ulm eahpm eahpmýèm ýèm eahprahkti`m kl cm pra`ueeiõl `k diklks a skrvieias. Cm ^cmligiemeiõl `k Tkeursas Khprksmrimcks ks ul térhila `krivm`a `k cm ^cmligiemeiõl `k Tkeurs Tkeursas as `k Hmlugme Hmlugmeturm turm y skjui`a skjui`a `k cm ^cmligie ^cmligiemeiõ meiõl l `k Tkqukri Tkqukrihikl hikltas tas `k Hmtkrimc. Cas sistkhms KT^ tèpiemhkltk hmlkoml cm pra`ueeiõl, cajèstiem, `istridueiõl, ilvkltmria, klvèas, gmeturms y ealtmdici`m` `k cm eahpmýèm. Uil khdmrja, cm ^cmligiemeiõl `k Tkeu Tkeursa rsas s Khprk Khprksmr smrimc imcks ks a kc sagtw sagtwmrk mrk KT^ KT^ puk`k puk`kl l iltkrv iltkrvkl klir ir kl kc ealtra ealtracc `k huebms metivi`m`ks `k lkjaeias eaha vkltms, kltrkjms, pmjas, pra`ueeiõl,

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Cas adoktivas prileipmcks `k cas sistkhms KT^ sal? •

•

•

•

 

Aptihizmeiõl `k cas praeksas khprksmrimcks.  Meeksa m cm ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhmeiõl ^asidici`m` `k eahpmrtir ilgarhmeiõl kltrk ta`as cas eahpalkltks `k cm arjmlizmeiõl. Kcihilmeiõl `k `mtas y apkrmeialks illkeksmrims `k rkiljklikrèm

Kc pra prapõ põsit sita a gul gul`mh `mhkl kltmc tmc `k ul KT KT^ ^ ks at atarj arjmr mr mp mpay aya a m cas ec ecikl ikltks tks `k `kcc lk lkja jaeia eia,, tikhpa tik hpas s rí rípi` pi`as as `k rk rksp spuks ukstm tm m su sus s pr prad adckh ckhms ms,, ms msèè ea eaha ha ul kgi kgieik eikltk ltk hml hmlkoa koa `k ilgarhmeiõl quk pkrhitm cm tahm apartulm `k `keisialks y `ishilueiõl `k cas eastas tatmcks `k apkrmeiõl. Cm pcmlkmeiõl `k rkeursas khprksmrimcks (KT^), sal hueba hís quk ul Uagtwmrk, parquk pkrhitk cm iltkjrmeiõl y aptihizmeiõl `k ta`as cas praeksas y rkeursas `k ulm arjmlizmeiõl. Hueba Hue bas s `k cas cas pravk pravkk`a k`arks rks y gmdrie gmdrieml mltks tks hul`i hul`imck mcks s `k KT^ KT^ bml bml bkeb bkeba a mciml mcimlzm zms s kstrmtéjiems, gusialks a eahprm`a meeialks `k cms `khís khprksms pmrtieipmltks kl kc hkrem`a skr hís eahpktitivms.  M livkc hul`imc hul`imc klealtrmh klealtrmhas as cas sijuikltks sijuikltks pravkk`arks pravkk`arks `k sagtwmrk? sagtwmrk? 

UM^ (Mckhmlim) ks Uagtwmrk prapiktmria, prapiktmria, ks ula `k cas híxihas kxpalkltks kxpalkltks

`kc KT^ hul`imc. Kc `k hmyar kxpmlsiõl. 

ATMECK ATMEC K ([UM)  ks Uagtwmr Uagtwmrk k prapikt prapiktmria mria,, `ksmrra `ksmrraccm ccm y vkl`k vkl`k mpcieme mpciemeialk ialks s

dmsm`ms kxecusivmhkltk kl su hatar `k dmsk `k `mtas. 

Lmvisial gilmleimcs `k Hierasagt  ks Uagtwmrk prapiktmria, pasidckhkltk ula

`k cas hís uticizm`as `kspués `k UM^. 

KT^Dax  (Héxie (Héxiea) a) Uagtw Uagtwmrk mrk prap prapikt iktmr mria. ia. Kspke Kspkeimc imciz izm` m`a a kl khprk khprksm sms s `k

eahkreimcizmeiõl, hmyaristms y `istridueiõl. 

UI^-J0 (Héxiea) Uagtwmrk prapiktmria



Ufylkt KT^ - ^kru Uagtwmrk prapiktmria



DMML, ks atrm huctilmeialmc `kc sagtwmrk kspkeimcizm`m kl KT^ eal ulm

euatm `k hkrem`a `kc 7%.

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;.4.=. Kvacueiõl `k cas sistkhms `k pcmlkmeiõl Cm kvacueiõl `k cas sistkhms `k pcmligiemeiõl `k rkeursas khprksmrimcks (KT^) sk rkhaltm m cm `éem`m `k cas :>, euml`a sk eahiklzm m uticizmr ul sagtwmrk ccmhm`a HT^, HT ^,eu euya ya adok adokti tiva va krm krm pcml pcmlig igie iemr mr cms cms apkr apkrme meia ialk lks s `k pra` pra`ue ueei eiõl õl `klt `kltra ra `k cms cms eahpmýèms.

;.4.4 Z.I.^ (warf il praekss). [l sistkhm Zarf il ^raekss (ZI^) ks quk kc sistkhm juèm visumchkltk mc apkrm`ar  bmeim cms apkrmeialks quk `kdm rkmcizmr `k hmlkrm quk sk aptihiek ulm tmrkm `kltra `kc mrkm `k pra`ueeiõl. pra`ueeiõl. ^mrm em`m emsa pmrtieucmr pmrtieucmr y kl guleiõl guleiõl `k cms lkeksi`m`ks lkeksi`m`ks `k em`m em` m ecikltk ecikltk sk khpckm khpckm ulm `ktkrhil `ktkrhilm`m m`m eahdilmeiõl eahdilmeiõl `k @ispcmy @ispcmy @ijitmck @ijitmcks s a CE@ m`khís `k cas `ispasitivas eahpckhkltmrias.

;.4.5 HT^ Cas sistkhms `k pcmlkmeiõl `k cas rkqukrihikltas `k hmtkrimc (HT^), sal sistkhms quk surjkl `k cm lkeksi`m` `k iltkjrmr cm emlti`m` `k mrtèeucas m gmdriemr eal ul earrketa mchmeklmok `k ilvkltmria, ym skm `k pra`ueta tkrhilm`a, pra`ueta kl praeksa, hmtkrim prihm prihm a eahpa eahpalk lklt ltks. ks. ^uk`k ^uk`k `keirs `keirsk k quk quk kc HT^ HT^ ks ul Uistkh Uistkhm m `k Ealtr Ealtrac ac `k Ilvkltmria y ^rajrmhmeiõl quk rkspal`k m cms iltkrrajmltks? ±]ué ar`kl gmdriemr a eahprmr1 ±Euíltm emlti`m` `k cm ar`kl1 ±Euíl`a bmekr cm ar`kl1 Uu adoktiva ks `ishiluir kc vacuhkl `k kxistkleim m pmrtir `k cmlzmr cm ar`kl `k eahprm a gmdriemeiõl kl kc hahklta m`keum`a skjÿl cas rksuctm`as `kc ^rajrmhm Hmkstra `k ^ra`ueeiõl.

;.4.0 HT^ `k eieca ekrrm`a. @k kstm garhm, sk `igul`èm m jrml ksemcm kc HT^, quk `ia eaha rksuctm`a cm lkeksi`m` `k adtklkr hís dklkgieias y hkoarmr kl cm téeliem. Jrml pmrtk `k kstk `ksmrracca sk `ia hk`imltk ^rukdm ― Krrar.

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Ks msè eaha kl cas mýas :>°s, euml`a kc sistkhm `k ^cmlkmeiõl `k Tkqukrihikltas `k Hmtkri Hmt krimck mcks s (HT^) (HT^) tiklk tiklkl l rktra rktramci mcihk hkltm ltmeiõ eiõl l `k cm ilgar ilgarhme hmeiõl iõl prav pravkl klikl ikltk tk `k cas rksuctm`as `k su hõ`uca, ksta sk `klahilml HT^ `k eieca ekrrm`a. Cm saeik`m` mhkriemlm `k ealtrac `k ilvkltmrias y `k pra`ueeiõl `kgilk cm HT^ `k eieca ekrrm`a eaha? [lm vkz eahpcktm`m cm gmsk `k pcmlkmeiõl y mekptm`a cas pcmlks eaha rkmcistms y mskquidcks, jklkrm cms guleialks `k kokeueiõl. Kstms ilecuykl cms guleialks `k ealtrac `k gmdriemeiõl, hk`ieiõl `k ilsuha pra`ueta (empm (empmei ei`m `m`), `), cm praj prajrmh rmhme meiõl iõl y `kspm `kspmeb ebas as `ktm `ktmccm ccm`as `as,, mc ijumc ijumc quk quk cas cas ilgarh ilgarhks ks mltieipm`as sadrk rktrmsa tmlta `k cm pcmltm eaha `k pravkk`arks. Kc térhila "eieca ekrrm`a" ihpciem quk la saca sk ilecuyk em`m ula `k kstas kckhkltas kl kc sistk sistkhm hm jcad jcadmc mc sila sila tmhdi tmhdiél él cms gule guleial ialks ks `k kokeu kokeuei eiõl õl quk quk prav pravkkl kkl ulm ulm rktramcihkltmeiõl `k hmlkrm tmc quk sk puk`k hmltklkr vmci`m cm pcmlkmeiõl kl ta`a hahklta". Kl rksuhkl, kc eieca ekrrm`a sijligiem quk cms eukstialks y cas `mtas rksuctmltks sk iljrksml `k lukva mc sistkhm pmrm su vkrigiemeiõl y `k skr lkeksmrim su ha`igiemeiõl.

;.4.; HT^ II Kc sistkhm HT^ II, pcmligiem`ar `k cas rkeursas `k gmdriemeiõl, ks ul sistkhm quk prapareialm cm pcmligiemeiõl y ealtrac kgiemz `k ta`as cas rkeursas `k cm pra`ueeiõl. Kc iltklta ilieimc `kc HT^II guk pcmlkmr y halitarkmr halitarkmr ta`as cas rkeursas `k ulm khprksm `k hmlugmeturm (Hmlugmeturm, (Hmlugmeturm, hkrem`ka, gilmlzms k iljklikrèm) m trmvés `k ul sistkhm `k eieca ekrrm`a quk jklkrmdm eigrms gilmleikrms. Cukja, ul skjul`a iltklta guk kc `k sihucmr kc sistkhm `k gmdriemeiõl. [lm lavk`m` ihpartmltk quk rkvacueialõ mc HT^ II guk cm iltkjrmeiõl `k guleialks `k ta`m cm khprksm. M trmvés `k kstk klgaquk jcadmc, kc HT^ HT ^ II sk bm ealv ealvkr krti ti`a `a kl cm mpu mpukstm kstm `k pcmlk cmlkme meiõ iõl l pmr pmrm cm gmdr gmdrie ieme meiõ iõl, l, eahkreimcizmeiõl eahkreim cizmeiõl,, sapartk téeliea y gilmleikra, gilmleikra, y, eaha tmc, ta`m cm eahpmýèm mbarm mbarm ks empmz `k jklkrmr y uticizmr ul saca ealoulta `k `mtas.

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Kc HT^ II ihpciem cm pcmligiemeiõl `k ta`as cas kckhkltas quk sk lkeksitm lkeksitml l pmrm cckvmr m emda kc pcml hmkstra `k pra`ueeiõl, la sõca `k cas hmtkrimcks m gmdriemr y vkl`kr, sila `k cms empmei`m`ks `k gídriem kl hmla `k adrm y híquilms. Kstk sistkhm `k rkspukstm m cms prkjultms, euílta y euíl`a sk vm m pra`ueir, y m euícks sal cas rkeursas `ispalidcks pmrm kcca. Cas sistkhms HT^ II bml si`a arikltm`as prileipmchkltk bmeim cm i`kltigiemeiõl `k cas pradckhms `k empmei`m` `kc pcml `k pra`ueeiõl (`ispalidici`m` `k rkeursas grkltk mc ealsuha eal suha pcml pcmligie igiem`a m`a), ), gmei gmeicitm citml`a l`a cm kvm kvmcume cumeiõl iõl y koke kokeueiõ ueiõl l `k cms ha` ha`igie igiemeia meialks lks apartulms kl kc pcmligiem`ar.

;.4.7 ^rk - K.T.^. Eaha liljÿl sistkhm surjk `k cm lm`m, cms K.T.^. sk dmsmral `k cas sistkhms y héta`as héta `as mltk mltkriar riarhklt hkltk k hkle hkleialm ialm`as, `as, ks par kcca quk cm lke lkeksi` ksi`m` m` `k kva kvacuei cueialm almr  r  tkelacõjiem y khprksmrimchkltk, `ml arijkl m cms prkKT^. @k kstm garhm, sk hkzecml `as tipas `k m`hilistrmeiõl eaha sal cm M`hilistrmeiõl `k hmlugmeturm par catks (K.K.[.[) y cm hmlugmeturm rkpktitivm, usm`m par kc sistkhm "Oust Il Pihk" kl Ompõl.  Mc uligiemr kstms `as earrikltks kc HT^ II, rkeidk kc OIP (Oust il Pihk), EHI (Iltkjrmeiõl `k Hmlugmeturm Eahputmrizm`m), K@I (Iltkremhdia `k @mtas Kcketrõlieas) y mrquitketurm Ecikltk ― Ukrvi`ar. La adstmltk eal kstms ha`igiemeialks sk sijuk ccmhml`a HT^ II, bmstm quk mlmcistms `k cm Jmrtlkr Jraup y MHT, sk cmlzml m `kgilir cm lukvm jklkrmeiõl `k sistkhms `k M`hilistrmeiõl `k Tkeursas. Cas sistkhms mvmlzm`as `k HT^, tmhdiél ccmhm`as eaha sijuikltk jklkrmeiõl `k HT^ II a sihpckhkltk K.T.^ ilecuykl kltrk sus emrmetkrèstiems dísiems?  Mrquitketurm  Mrquitke turm Ecikltk/Ukr Ecikltk/Ukrvi`ar. vi`ar.

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Dmsk `mtas ekltrmcizm`m, eal ealsuctms U]C y jklkrmeiõl `k ilgarhks. Iltkrgmsk jrígiem `k usumria, eal hmlkoa `k vkltmlms. Hmlkoa kcketrõliea `k `mtas k iltkremhdia `k cas hishas. Iltkrapk Iltk rapkrmdi rmdici`m ci`m` ` eal hÿct hÿctipck ipcks s pcmt pcmtmgar mgarhms, hms, klt kltrk rk cms quk sk puk puk`kl `kl ilec ilecuir  uir  Zil`aws LP y [lix Iltkremhdia `k `mtas uticizml`a Iltkrlkt. Eahuliemeiõl kltrk ecikltks y pravkk`arks. Kl cm kvacueiõl kl cas livkcks Jkrkleimcks klealtrmhas 0 ktmpms, quk sk `kseridkl eaha? H.I.U, I.I.U, K.I.U, E.I.U. Kc Uistkhm `k Ilgarhmeiõl H.I.U. la sapartm kc hmlkoa `k `keisialks, su gul`mhklta sk kleukltrm kl kc hmlkoa `k cm ilgarhmeiõl `ks`k ul okgk a @irketiva quk tahm ta`ms cms `kei `k eisi sial alks ks,, sil ihpa ihpart rtmr mr a mlm mlmcizm cizmrr cm ilga ilgarh rhme meiõ iõl l `k cms cms `igk `igkrk rklt ltks ks írkm írkms s y kstrueturm  mdsacutmhkltk `kpm `k pmrtm rtmhkl hkltas tas.. ^ar ^ar atrm atrm pmrtk pmrtk,, kstí kstí sustkl sustkltm tm`a `a kl ulm ulm  kstrueturm

 okrírquiem.  okrírquie m. Kc sistk sistkhm hm `k Ilgarh Ilgarhmei meiõl õl I.I.U I.I.U.. tmhpa tmhpaea ea sapart sapartmdm mdm kc hmlk hmlkoa oa `k `keis `keisia ialk lks, s, su kstrueturm sk dmsm kl cm ilgarhmeiõl `k cms írkms `k pra`ueeiõl y gilmlzms, `k cms eumck eumcks s kc okgk okgk a @irke @irketar tar `ktkr `ktkrhil hilm m cms cms `irket `irketrie rieks ks m skju skjuir, ir, mulq mulquk uk ilecuy ilecuyk k eikrtm eikrtm ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhme iõl `k `as írkms ihpartmltks, cms `keisialks mul la sal tatmchkltk tatmchkltk uligiem`ms pmrm tklkr ulm visiõl bacèstiem.

Kc sistkhm `k Ilgarhmeiõl K.I.U. ym sapartm kc hmlkoa `k `keisialk `keisialks s y ca bmek tklikl`a kl euklt eukltm m ta ta`m `ms s cms írkms y tmhdi tmhdiél él ilvacu ilvacuerm erml`a l`a ul jrup jrupa a `k msksa msksark rks, s, quk sk eahpalk dísiemhkltk dísiemhkltk `k ta`as cas `irketarks `k írkm a `kpmrtmhklta pmrm `ktkrhilmr  `k kst stm m hmlk hmlkrrm, cms cms `keis keisia ialk lks s m skj skjuir uir eal eal kc okgk okgk a @irk @irket etar ar `k cm hish hishm. m.  M`ieialmchkltk  M`ieialm chkltk cm ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhmeiõl rkeacketm`m rkeacketm`m ks adtkli`m `k cas sistkhms `k cm arjmlizmeiõl `k hmlkrm miscm`m a eal dÿsquk`ms `kgili`ms. Cas Uistkhms `k Ilgarhmeiõl Earparmtivas sal tatmchkltk `keisarias y sk gul`mhkltm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl ecmvk `k sus írkms a @kpmrtmhkltas, quk bm si`a mcihkltm`m eal sus bi bist stõr õrie ieas as y tm tmhd hdié iél l gul` gul`mh mhkl kltm tm`m `m eal eal sist sistkh khms ms kstm kstm`è `èst stie ieas as quk quk adti adtikl klkl kl cm

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ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhme iõl hms rkckvmltk rkckvmltk pmrm cm oultm `irketivm `irketivm `k cm arjmlizmeiõl. M`ieialmchkltk, M`ieialmchkltk, kc sistkhm pravkk cm empmei`m` `k eahpmrmr y prapalkr sacueialks.

;.5 Pipas `k trmlsmeeialks prapieim`ms par cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl. Prmlsmeeiõl ks eumcquikr sueksa a metivi`m` quk mgketm m ta`m cm arjmlizmeiõl‘. Cm tk tkel elac acaj ajèm èm `k ilga ilgarh rhme meiõ iõl l ilec ilecuy uyk k kc bmr` bmr`wm wmrk rk y sa sagt gtwm wmrk rk lkek lkeksm smri rias as pmrm pmrm mchmeklmr, kxtrmkr, praeksmr, y trmlshitir ilgarhmeiõl. Uistkhm Uis tkhm `k praeksm praeksmhik hiklta lta `k trmlsme trmlsmeeia eialks lks. Kstí dmsm`a kl kc usa `k cm

eahputm`arm, ks kc hís ihpartmltk y kc hís uticizm`a `kltra `k cm khprksm, puks rk`uek kc tikhpa `k cms apkrmeialks a metivi`m`ks rutilmrims `k cm khprksm.

;.5.= @k eahprms Kc írkm `k ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhmeiõl `k eahprms `kdk pkrhitir ul ealtrac kxbmustiva kl cm jkstiõl `k mpravis mpra visialm ialmhikl hiklta, ta, mdmreml mdmreml`a `a `ks`k `ks`k cms pktieia pktieialks lks `k eahprm eahprm rkmcizm rkmcizm`ms `ms par cas `kpm `k pmrtm rtmhkl hkltas tas,, bmst bmstm m cm ealgir ealgirhme hmeiõl iõl `k cm gmetu gmeturm rm `kc `kc pravk pravkk` k`ar ar y su pastk pastkria riar  r  ealtmdicizmeiõl. Cas mvmleks kl cm tkelacajèm `k cm ilgarhmeiõl bml hkoarm`a kl ulm garhm huy latarim cm kgieikleim y kgketivi`m` kl cms m`quisieialks. Uk kspkrm quk cas eõ`ijas `k dmrrms y kc iltkremhdia kcketrõliea `k `mtas rk`uzeml cas eastas `k m`quisieiõl.

;.5.4 @k mdmstkeihiklta Kc mdmstkeihiklta ks cm guleiõl cajèstiem hk`imltk cm eumc sk pravkk m ulm khprksm `k ta`a kc hmtkrimc lkeksmria pmrm su guleialmhiklta. Cm jkst jkstiõl iõl `k cm em`k em`klm lm `k mdms mdmstke tkeihi ihiklt klta a eudrk eudrk metivi metivi`m` `m`ks ks `k m`hil m`hilist istrme rmeiõl iõl ilecuykl`a rkeidas `k ilvkltmria, khdmrquks, havihikltas, `kltra `k ulm eahpmýèm y sus arjmlizmeialks, pravkk`arks y ecikltks. Cm em`k em`klm lm `k mdms mdmstke tkeihi ihiklt klta a tahm tahm kl euklt eukltm m trks trks tipas tipas `k rkquk rkqukrih rihik iklta ltas s pmrm pmrm easkebmr vkltmoms eahkreimcks agrkei`ms par cm lukvm tkelacajèm.

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Kltrk cas rkqukrihikltas cajèstieas kstíl cms gmsks `k cm pcmltm, kc kquipa, cm hmla `k adrm ad rm y cas rkeurs rkeursas as `kc `kc ilvkl ilvkltmr tmria ia lkek lkeksm smria rias s pmrm pmrm cajrm cajrmrr cm hisiõl hisiõl cajès cajèstie tiem. m. Cas Cas rkqukrihikltas cajèstieas `kdkl sileralizmrsk `kltra `k cms rkstrieeialks `k empmei`m` y cm empmei`m` `k gmdriemeiõl pmrm cajrmr ul `kskhpkýa õptiha `kc sistkhm6 `k ca ealtr ealtrmri mria, a, sk me meuhu uhucm cm kc ilvkl ilvkltmr tmria ia `k mrtèeu mrtèeucas cas tkrhil tkrhilm` m`as as mc gilmc gilmc `k cm cèlkm cèlkm `k pra`ueeiõl. Cas rkqukrihikltas `k gmdriemeiõl prajrmhml cas rkeursas `k pra`ueeiõl k iltkltml rksacvkr cas mtmseas `imrias kl cm empmei`m` `kltra `kc sistkhm `k m`hilistrmeiõl `k hmtkrimcks. Tkqukrihikltas `k m`quisieiõl

Cas hõ`ucas `k rkqukrihikltas `k m`quisieiõl prajrmhml cms cidkrmeialks `k pk`i`as `k eahprm `k hmtkrimcks, cas khdmrquks y cms rkekpeialks. Cas rkqukrihikltas `k m`quisieiõl meuhucml cms rkstrieeialks `k empmei`m`, cas rkqukrihikltas cajèstieas y cas `k gmdriemeiõl, pmrm `ktkrhilmr cas rkqukrihikltas `k hmtkrimcks m cmrja pcmza y cas prajrmhms `k cidkrmeiõl. @kspués, kc rkqukrihiklta y kc prajrmhm `k cidkrmeiõl sk uticizml pmrm cm lkjaeimeiõl `k cms eahprms, cm ealtrmtmeiõl, cm eaar`ilmeiõl `kc kquipa `k trmlspartk y kc prajrmhm `k kltrkjms.

;.5.5 @k Wkltms

Adoktiva prileipmc?  @iským` @iským`a a pmrm `mr sapartk eahpckta m cas praeksas praeksas `k m`quisieiõl m`quisieiõl

`k diklks y skrvieias. M su vkz ealtmr eal ilgarhmeiõl `k cas ecikltks pmrm tahmr  `keisialks y mpravkebmr cms apartuli`m`ks eahkreimcks quk sk prkskltkl. Kstk sagtwmrk `k jkstiõl `k vkltms ealtracm? 

^k`i`as



 Mcdmrmlks  Mcdmrmlk s



Gmeturms

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Kc mcdmríl ks ul `aeuhklta agieimc `k emríetkr hkremltic quk merk`itm cm rkekpeiõl `k ul pk`i`a a cm prkstmeiõl `k ul skrvieia kltrk vmrims pmrtks. Kstk `aeuhklta ks kcmdarm`a par kc khisar a pkrsalm quk klvèm cm hkremleèm. [lm vkz rkeidi`m, kc rkekptar `kdk girhmr kc mcmdmríl pmrm `mrck vmci`kz mc `aeuhklta. Kl Héxiea m kstk `aeuhklta sk ck ealaek eaha latm `k rkhisiõl6 puk`k ilecuir  emlti`m`ks y haltas, si kc ecikltk ca rkquikrk. La ks víci`m pmrm kgketas tridutmrias. Piklk `as adoktivas `igkrkltks? •

^mrm kc eahprm`ar? Eahpmrmr Eahpmrmr eal kc pk`i`a, pk`i`a, m kgketas `k ealtracmr ealtracmr si ks cm hkrem`krèm sacieitm`m y pmrm ealtracmr cms hkrem`krèms quk rkeidk eal cm pastkriar gmeturmeiõl

•

^mrm kc vkl`k`ar? rkeidir kc `upciem`a `kc rkhita `kdi`mhkltk girhm`a par  kc eahprm`ar, tiklk ulm ealstmleim `k bmdkr kltrkjm`a cm hkrem`krèm quk kc eahprm`ar rkeidiõ ealgarhk y, kl dmsk mc rkhita, ealgkeeialmr cm gmeturm.

;.5.0 @k trmlspartk PHRRI KT^ `k cm khprksm Ihmjilk ks ulm sacueiõl pmrm agrkekr m cms khprksms `k trml trmlsp spar artk tk ulm ulm bkrr bkrrmh mhik iklt ltm m iltk iltkjr jrm` m`m m quk quk ck pkrh pkrhit itm m sa sadr drks ksmc mcir ir `k sus sus `khí `khís s eahpkti`arks.

^krhitk mskjurmr pcmzas `k ilstmcmeiõl huy ilgkriarks m cas `khís KT^ `kc hkrem`a. •

 Mcjulms emrmetkrèstiems emrmetkrèstiems `k kstk KT^ sal? Jkstiõl Jrupmok, Jrupmok, Emrjm Eahpcktm, Eahpcktm, Ealtklk Eal tklk`ar `arks ks y Mjkleim Mjkleims, s, Jk Jksti stiõl õl `k Wkbi Wkbieuc eucas as ^r ^rap apias ias y Mokla Moklas, s, Ealtr Ealtrac ac  

Tkeaji`ms / Kltrkjms.. Baoms `k rutm

Ks ul `aeuhklta kl kc quk sk rkgckoml cas havihikltas `k ula a vmrias skrvieias (pmrti`ms y/a pk`i`as) quk sk puk`kl mjrupmr, pkrtklkeikltks m ula a vmrias vkbèeucas.

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KT^ eal Ealtrac `k gcatms, Caemcizmeiõl J^U y Havici`m`.

Cms lukvms tkelacajèms bml mdikrta cm pukrtm pmrm quk cms khprksms hkoarkl cm jkstiõl iltkrlm y skml hís kgiemeks hk`imltk kc ealtrac `k cas `mtas `k havici`m` `k cas rkeursas `k cms hishms pmrm hkoarmr cm jkstiõl `k cas rkeursas hõvicks `k em`m khprksm. Cm gcatm `k trmlspartk ks kc ealoulta `k vkbèeucas `kstilm`as m trmlspartmr hkremleèms quk `kpkl`kl kealõhiemhkltk `k cm khprksm, kstms sk puk`kl ecmsigiemr eaha? Gcatm pkqukým,, hk`imlm a jrml`k pkqukým jrml`k y cas tipas `k vkbèeucas vkbèeucas `k ulm gcatm `k trmlspa trmlspartk rtk sal `k emrjm jklkrmc, emrjms kspkeimcks a emrjms m jrmlkc. Cas vkbèeucas `k ulm gcatm `k trmlspartk `k hkremleèms sk sukckl ecmsigiemr skjÿl cm garhm `k arjmlizmr cms emrjms kl cas sijuikltks tipas? 

Emrjm jklkrmc, pmcktizm`m a la pmcktizm`m, emrjms jrml`ks y pksm`ms, emrjms grijarègiems.



Emrjms kspkeimcks, eaha pcmtmgarhms pmrm vkbèeucas `k jrml talkcmok.



Emrjms m jrmlkc, eal emoms mdikrtms, tacvms, sicas a eistkrlms.

J^U

Kc Jcadm Jcadmcc ^asit ^asitial ialilj ilj Uystk Uystkh h ( J^U J^U ) a Uistk Uistkhm hm `k ^asie ^asieial ialmh mhikl iklta ta Jcadm Jcadmcc (hís (hís ealaei`a eal cms sijcms J^U 6 su lahdrk hís earrketa ks LMWUPMT J^U ) ks ul Uistkhm Jcadmc `k Lmvkjmeiõl par Umtécitk (JLUU) kc eumc pkrhitk `ktkrhilmr kl ta`a kc hul`a cm pasieiõl `k ul adokta, ulm pkrsalm, ul vkbèeuca a ulm lmvk, eal ulm prkeisiõl bmstm `k ekltèhktras usml`a J^U `igkrkleimc, mulquk ca bmditumc sal ulas paeas hktras. Kc sistkhm guk 49 `ksmrraccm`a k ilstmcm`a, y metumchkltk ks apkrm`a, par kc @kpmrtmhklta `k @kgklsm `k cas Kstm`as [li`as.  Metumchkltk  Metumchk ltk sk uticizml uticizml cas cas sistkhms sistkhms J^U pmrm pmrm caemcizmr caemcizmr emhialks emhialks eal cm emrjm. emrjm. Ks ulm `k cms tkelacajèms hís usm`ms metumchkltk.

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Dklkgieias `k usmr J^U      

Hmyar Kgieikleim y Tkltmdici`m` Hilihizm su Tkspalsmdici`m` Eivic y `k Tiksjas Tmstrka Il`kpkl`ikltk `k Tkhacquk Hmxihizm cm Ukjuri`m` ^ratkom sus Wkbèeucas y Khpckm`as/ Hmyar skltihiklta `k Ukjuri`m` Tk`uzem cas Eastas Apkrmtivas

pmrm caemcizmr cas vkbèeucas kxistkl 4 tipas `k caemcizm`arks Caemcizm`ar gioa Uk ilstmcm gioa kl kc vkbèeuca eal ulm mltklm kxtkriar y ealketm`a m cm dmtkrèm y Caemcizm`ar partític Ks kc prihkr `ispasitiva partític quk sk ealketm mc vkbèeuca kl skjul`as y pkrhitk emhdimrsk `k ul vkbèeuca m atra kl eumcquikr hahklta.

Msijlmeiõl `k Tkeaji`ms y Kltrkjms.

Ks kc praeksa msisti`a eal pasidici`m` `k gictrmr cas pk`i`as m rkeajkr a kltrkjmr par  hÿctipcks ealekptas [lm vkz skckeeialm`as cas pk`i`as pa`rkhas `kgilir kc ar`kl `k trmdmoa myu`m`a par  kstm bkrrmhikltm quk las il`iemrí kl em`m pulta cm emrjm metumc `kc vkbèeuca y sus vmrimeialks m hk`i`m quk `ksemrjmhas a emrjmhas. Cm msijlmeiõl sk puk`k rkmcizmr  tmlta m vkbèeucas prapias eaha moklas y kl kstk skjul`a emsa las skrvirí pmrm ciqui`mr  mutahítiemhkltk cas skrvieias quk las bmyml prkstm`a atras trmlspartistms. KT^ Prmlspartks. Pmrigms `k eastks `k skrvieias

Uk kltikl`k eaha tmrigm mc prkeia quk pmjml cas usumrias a ealsuhi`arks `k ul skrvieia pÿdciea mc Kstm`a a mc ealeksialmria, m emhdia `k cm prkstmeiõl `kc skrvieia. ^mrm ulm khprksm •

Uk puk`kl puk`kl erkmr erkmr kc kc l lÿhkr ÿhkra a `k `k tmrig tmrigms ms quk sk rkquikrm rkquikrml. l.

•

Uk `isti `istilju ljukl kl par par pravk pravkk`a k`arks, rks, arèjklks arèjklks-- `kstil `kstilas, as, kltrk kltrk atras. atras.

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Kstms tmrigms `k eastks skrviríl `k dmsk pmrm kstmdckekr `k garhm mutahmtizm`m cas prkeias m ecikltks y par tmlta puk`kl skr tmrigms `k eastk quk mear`khas eal lukstras pravkk`arks a prkeias kstihm`as `k skrvieias quk prkstmhas eal rkeursas prapias (vkbèeucas prapias, kte.). @k ijumc ha`a kstms tmrigms vml m pasidicitmr kc ealtrac `k cms ciqui`meialks m Prmlspartistm y su jklkrmeiõl mutahítiem.

;.5.; @k mchmeklmok

Kl cms khprksms cm jkstiõl Cajèstiem mdmremrm cms metivi`m`ks rkcmeialm`ms eal kc gcuoa gèsiea `k hmtkrimcks, pra`uetas skhikcmdarm`as, tkrhilm`as y hmtkrims prihms, `ks`k cm m`quisieiõl m cas pravkk`arks ilieimcks bmstm cm vkltm m cas ealsuhi`arks gilmcks. Pa`as Pa` as cas mspketa mspketas s `kc praeksa praeksa tmlta tmlta il`ustri il`ustrimc mc eaha eaha m`hilist m`hilistrmti rmtiva va mchmekl mchmeklmok, mok, klvmsm klv msm`a, `a, hmlipucm hmlipucmeiõl eiõl,, gmeturme gmeturmeiõl iõl kte., kte., bmstm bmstm kc eum`ra eum`ra `k hml`as hml`as iltkjrmc iltkjrmc `kc kquipa `irketiva bml si`a mlmcizm`as y ealtkhpcm`as, pmrm ealgarhmr ulm bkrrmhikltm eal cm quk pa`ríl jkstialmr `k garhm iltkjrmc k iltkcijkltk ta`ms cms lkeksi`m`ks quk suroml kl eumcquikr `kpmrtmhklta `k cm khprksm. Ksemlka a eõ`ija `k dmrrms Kstk ks kc héta`a `k i`kltigiemeiõl i`kltigiemeiõl `kc pra`ueta quk hís sk uticizm kl cm metumci`m`. [l eõ`ija `k dmrrms ks ul jrupa `k cèlkms vkrtiemcks vkrtiemcks saci`ms quk sk ihprihkl oultms sadrk ulm ktiquktm. Kc mleba kltrk kc kspmeia `k cms cèlkms puk`k vmrimr pmrm erkmr msè ul eõ eõ`i `ija ja ÿlie ÿliea6 a6 ks `kei `keir, r, kc mleb mleba a `k cas cas kspm kspmei eias as y su `isp `ispas asie ieiõ iõl l sk usm usm pmrm pmrm rkprkskltmr ulm cktrm, ul sèhdaca a ul lÿhkra. [l kseílkr quk bmek pmsmr ul bmz `k cuz iltklsm m ca cmrja `k cm ktiquktm ckk kc eõ`ija `k dmrrms. Cas kspmeias kltrk cms dmrrms rkgckoml cm cuz, cas `ktketarks cm iltkrprktml pmrm adtklkr ilgarhmeiõl ÿtic y sk trmlshitirí m ul eahputm`ar a ul ealtracm`ar pmrm quk kstk m su vkz kokeutk cm meeiõl `k rmstrka. Bmy ulm jrml vmrik`m` `k semllkrs kl kc hkrem`a. Kltrk cas eumcks kstíl?

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Tmstrka `kc pra`ueta

Kc rmstrka `kc pra`ueta ks kc `ksmrracca cõjiea quk surjk `k eahdilmr cm tkelacajèm `k i`kltig i`k ltigieme iemeiõl iõl `k pra`ueta pra`uetas s eal cms kxtklsms kxtklsms empmei` empmei`m`k m`ks s `k mchmekl mchmeklmhik mhiklta lta `k rkjistras, mlícisis y praeksmhiklta `k `mtas quk tiklkl cms eahputm`arms. Uistkhm `k rm`iagrkeukleim

[l sistkhm `k jkstiõl `k mchmeklks eal rm`iagrkeukleim, `iským`a `k meukr`a m cas metumck metu mcks s rktas rktas cajèstie cajèstieas, as, y vkr`m`kr vkr`m`krmhkl mhkltk tk mutahít mutahítiea, iea, trmlsgar trmlsgarhm hm rm`iem rm`iemchkl chkltk tk cm kxpcatmeiõl `kc mchmeél ilstmcml`a ul ha`kca cajèstiea lukva y mvmlzm`a, dmsm`a kl cm pcmligiemeiõl ealtilum, kc skjuihiklta `k cm metivi`m` y kc ilvkltmria kl tikhpa rkmc, cm arjmlizmeiõl dmsm`m kl ul arjmlijrmhm pcmla, cm aptihizmeiõl `k cm metivi`m` y cm príetiem `ksmpmrieiõl `k cms metivi`m`ks m`hilistrmtivms.

Cas prileipmcks dklkgieias adtkli`as eal cm ihpcmltmeiõl `k ul sistkhm `k jkstiõl `k mchmeklks eal rm`iagrkeukleim sal?

Tk`ueeiõl `k trmdmoas m`hilistrmtivas, cm kcihilmeiõl `k `aeuhkltas `k trmdmoa (cistm`a (cis tm`as s `k prkpmrme prkpmrmeiõl, iõl, rkpasiei rkpasieiõl) õl),, rk`uek rk`uek cas trmdmoas trmdmoas m`hilis m`hilistrmt trmtivas ivas mc `ksmpmrkekr cms tmrkms `k khisiõl-`istridueiõl `k cas hishas.

@ishilueiõl `k krrarks par? m. Ecmri`m` kl cms õr`klks. d. Ealtrac tatmc `k em`m tmrkm (ebkquka eal cketar cískr `k pmcckt y/a udiemeiõl). e. Ukjuihiklta parhklarizm`a `k cm metivi`m` `k em`m apkrmria.

Ca quk pra`ueirí ulm rk`ueeiõl `k? 

Cms mlahmcèms y trmdmoas jklkrm`as par krrarks kl cm udiemeiõl `k rkgkrkleims.



Kc eastk `k supkrvisiõl `k pk`i`as.



Cms rkecmhmeialks `k ecikltks.

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Ealecusiõl

Cas sistkhms `k ilgarhmeiõl sal uticizm`as par cms khprksms sadrk ta`a pmrm gilks trmlsmeeialmcks.  Mulquk cas sistkhms iltkjrm`as `k ilgarhmeiõl ilgarhmeiõl (KT^) y `k jkstiõl `k mchmeklks mchmeklks sal mhpcimhkltk uticizm`as6 kc usa `k sistkhms `k k-dusilkss, trmlspartk y `k prkvisiõl ks dmoa, mulquk cms khprksms rkpartml iltkrés kl cm m`apeiõl guturm `k kstas gmeicitm`arks tkelacõjieas. @k cms cms tkela tkelacaj cajèms èms `k cm ilgarh ilgarhme meiõl iõl uticiz uticizm` m`ms ms kl cm em`kl em`klm m `k suhili suhilistr stra a sõca sõca tkelacajèms dísiems tmcks eaha eõ`ijas `k dmrrms y k-hmics hukstrml mctas vmcarks `k uticizmeiõl.

Kc usa `k lukvms tkelacajèms, tmcks eaha TGI@, `ispasitivas partíticks `k empturm `k `mta (bml`bkc` (bml`bkc`), ), y kc iltkremh iltkremhdia dia kcketrõl kcketrõliea iea `k `mtas `mtas (K@I) (K@I) sk kleukl kleukltrm trm hklas hklas kxtkl`i`a y su usa õptiha kl cms khprksms ck mpartm huebas dklkgieias kltrk kccas rk`ueir easta y ca hís ihpartmltk muhkltmr cm pra`uetivi`m`.

Tkgkrkleims didciajríiems   bttp?//www.ihmjilkbttp?//www.ihmjilk-es.eah/krp-trmlspartk es.eah/krp-trmlspartk-th/ -th/ –KT^ ihmjilk ealsuctilj‘  –Tmstrka rka J^U   bttp?//www.pasitialc bttp?//www.pasitialcajie.eah/ks/jps-rmst ajie.eah/ks/jps-rmstrka-il`ustrims/trm rka-il`ustrims/trmlspartk/ lspartk/ –Tmst `k trmlspartks‘  –M`hil hilist istrme rmeiõl iõl `k cm em`klm em`klm `k suhili suhilistr stra a kstrmt kstrmtkji kjim m pcmlkme pcmlkmeiõl iõl y  Ebap Eb aprm rm,, –M` apkrmeiõl‘, K`itarimc ^kmrsal k`uemeiõl, Hkxiea,4>>2

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–Jkstiõ tiõl l `k   bttp?//www.jcadmcmvc.eah/ks/jkstial-`k-gcatms/jkstial-`k-gcatms.bthc  bttp?//www.jcadmcmvc.eah/ks/jkstial-`k-gcatms/jkstial-`k-gcatms.bthc  –Jks gcatms‘

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