Unidad 4

 

Elå`nsns mf Afdelnsahs Vlnmem = Florelfs y ]rflfs mf Florelfs

 

Nltrhmuddnôl @hs sf fstumnel phrquf `e trelsansnôl mf` aequnles ahvnanflth rhtethrnh mf@hs ul fjf eflorelfs htrh sf prfsflte prådtndeafltf fl thmes `es naeonlei`fs. florelfs dhlstntuyfl ulh mf `hs afjhrfs mf `hs mnvfrshs afmnhs mnsphlni`fs pere trelsantnr fstf ahvnanflth. @hs florelfs pufmfl sfr mf mnbfrfltfs tnphs: •   Florelfs rfdths • Florelfs cf`ndhnme`fs dôlndhs •   Florelfs •   ]hrln``hs snl bnl-dhrhle

 

Florelfss rfdths.  Thl Florelf

`hs aås sfldn``hs y, phr dhlsnounfl dhlsnounfltf, tf, f` tnph aås aås dhaúl dhaúl mf `hs florelfs. shl pere`f`h `f@hs `hss mnfltfs e` fjfmfmul f rflorelf hte htednô nôll. rfdth @hs flor fl orel elfs fs rfdt rfdths hs sn snrv rvfl fl pere pere trel trelsa sant ntnr nr ahvnanflth fltrf fjfs pere`f`hs, `es due`fs sf fldufltrel fl `e aeyhráe mf ep`ndednhlfs

Wnõhl y drfae``fre.  Fs

ul desh fspfdne` mf florelf rfdth mhlmf `hs mnfltfs lh fstål dhlbnouremhs e`rfmfmhr mf ul dnrdu`h, snlh fl ule iesf p`ele. @e drfae``f `frre sf vnsue`nze dhah ul florelf rfdth dhl ul mnåaftrh mnåa ftrh nlbnlnt nlbnlntea eaflt fltff `eroh. `eroh. Duelmh Duelmh `e drfae``fre sf edhp`e dhl ul florelf rfdth sf prhmudf ahvnanfl ahvnanflth th mf trels`ednôl. trels`ednôl.

 

Flo Florelf relfss nltf nltfrlhs rlhs h elu elu`erf `erfs. s.   ]nflf ]nflfll

`hs mnfltf mnfltfss dhlstrunmhs shirf `e supfrbndnf nltfrnhr mf ul dnrdu`h.

Duelmh sf edhp`el dhl ul rfdth, f` florelf nltfrlh ephrte `e vflteje mfflorelf rfmudnr `e mnsteldne fltrf `hs `hs dfl flttrhs mf `hs flore orelfs pe pere re `h `hoorer dn dnffrte vernednôl mf vf`hdnmem. Florelfs cf`ndhnme`fs. `fs. Thl Florelfs cf`ndhnme

perfdnmhs e `hs florelfs rfdths, quf snrvfl fl `es ansaes ep`ndednhlfs quf fsths. @e mnbfrfldne fs quf `hs mnfltfs mf ul florelf cf`n cf `ndh dhnm nme` e` sf nld` nld`nl nlel el cedne cedne f` fj fjff mf rhte rhtedn dnôl ôl.. F` ålou`h mftfnld`nlednôl dhlhdf f` nflth ålou`h mfs cî`nd cî `ndf. f. Fstf Fs ål ålou ou`h `h irnl irsfnlme me ul dhah ed edhp` hp`ea eanfl th aes ae oremue` mf `hs mnfltfs mureltf f` edhp`eanflth y prhmudf nap napedth y runmhs aflhrfs. Whr su eddnhleanflth aes suevf, fl `es ep`ndednhlfs mf e`te vf`hdnmem sf prfbnfrfl cf`ndhnme`fs

 

Florelf Florelfss dôlndhs. ]nflfl

`hs mnfltfs ah`mfemhs shirf ul supfrbndnf dôlnde y snrvfl per pere trelsantnr ahvnanflth shirf fjfs lh pere`f`hs. duelmh mf `e aeyhráe mf sus ep`ndednhlfs nap`ndel Eúl `e dhlfxnôl fjfs pfrpflmndu`erfs, `hs florelfs dôlndhs teainîl sf utn`nzel fl ep`ndednhlfs dhl fjfs duyhs ålou`hs shl aeyhrfs y aflhrfs mf >7·.

  Tnrvfl Tnrvfl pere trelsantnr ahvnanflth ahvnanflth fltrf fjfs lh pere`f`hs quf lh sf nltfrsfdel. F` thrln``h snl bnl tnflf ul mnfltf fl bhrae mf fspnre` e`rfmfmhr mf ul dn`nlmrh mf pesh. Fstf mnfltf teainîl sf dhlhdf dhah dufrme phr quf sf esfafje e `e dufrme mf ul thrln``h.

Florelfs snl bnl.

 

]franlh`hoáe mf `hs Florelfs. F` dnrdu`h mf pesh fs ul dnrdu`h tfôrndh sh shir irff f` quf quf oflfre oflfre`a `aflt fltff sf iese iesell thmhs `hs då`du`hs. @hs dárdu`hs mf pesh mf ul per mf florelfs edhp`emhs shl telofltfs fltrf sn. F` pes pesh h dnr dnrdu` du`er er (Wd (Wd))   fs

`e mnsteldne, afmnme shirf f` dnrdu`h mf pesh, quf ve mfsmf ul pulth shirf hirf ulh mf `hs mnfltfs ceste ul pulth dhrrfsphlmnfltf shirf ul mnfltf emyedfltf. Mnåaftrh mf pesh (m) fs snap`fafltf f` mnåaftrh mf` dnrdu`h mf pesh.

Lúafrh mf mnfltfs (L)   f`

lúafrh thte` mf mnfltfs mf` florelf. florelf. Fs fvnmfltf quf fstf ve`hr ceirå mf sfr ul fltfrh, phr quf lh sf pufmfl utn`nzer breddnhlfs mf mnfltf.

 

]franlh`hoáe mf `hs Florelfs. Eldch mf dere (B) fs `e `hlontum mf` mnfltf mf` florelf pere`f`e e` fjf mf `e b`fdce. F` emflmh (e)  fs

`e mnsteldne remne` mf` dnrdu`h mf pesh e `e pertf supfrnhr mf` mnfltf mf`

florelf. F` mfmflmh (i)  fs

`e mnsteldne remne` mf` dnrdu`h mf pesh e `e pertf nlbfrnhr mf` mnfltf mf`

florelf. @e prhbulmnmem thte` (ct)  fs

`e e`ture mf` mnfltf mf` florelf, quf fs `e suae mf` emflmh y f`

mfmflmh. @e th`freldne (d) fs `e deltnmem fl `e due` f` mfmflmh fxdfmf e` emflmh. Fstf fs f` fspednh fltrf

`e pertf supfrnhr mf` mnfltf mf` florelf y `e pertf nlbfrnhr mf` mnfltf mf` florelf edhp`emh. @e ch`oure (I) fs `e deltnmem quf f` eldch mf` fspednh fltrf mnfltfs fxdfmf e` fspfshr mf` mnfltf

mf` florelf, afmnme shirf f` dnrdu`h mf pesh.

 

Florelfs rfdths. Lhafld`eture

F` pesh mneaftre` h snap`fafltf pesh,  sf rfbnfrf pesh, sf rfe`nmem teaeõhBhrae`afltf mf` mnfltf, quf ce dhlvfrtnmh fl ul Wm fstålmer mf fspfdnbndednôl pere f`flteaeõh mf`e`ansah. f` sf pesh mneaftre` fs f` luafrh mf mnfltfs phr pu`oeme mf` mnåaftrh mf pesh.

Eúl duelmh `hs florelfs edhp`emhs suf`fl tflfr mnbfrfltfs mnåaftrhs y mnbfrfltf lúafrh mf mnfltfs, florelfs edhp`emhs f` ansahmf`pesh mneaftre`. mfif sfr phrquf f``hspesh mneaftre` fs ule mfifl afmnmetflfr mf` teaeõh mnfltf. F` peshFsth mneaftre` lhfvnmfltf sf anmf mnrfdteafltf shirf f` florelf, eulquf fs ul ve`hr dhaúl mf rfbfrfldne fxtrfaemeafltf dhaúl.

 

Florelfs rfdths. Lhafld`eture

F` pesh dnrdu`er Wd y f` pesh mneaftre`  Wm  sf rf`ednhlel afmneltf `e fxprfsnôl:

F` Aômu`h fs `e rezôl mf` mnåaftrh mf pesh e` lúafrh mf mnfltfs. F` aômu`h fs f` álmndf mf`

teaeõh mf` mnfltf fl f` TN.

a  pd

 1

1

m   L 

a

χ  

 

@fy Bulmeaflte` mf` Florelf.

 

Wfrbn` mf mnfltfs mf nlvh`ute.

 

Wfrbn` mf mnfltfs mf nlvh`ute.

 

Tnstfaes mf mnfltfs l hrae EOAE EOAE y ELTN, pere florelfs rfdth s

 

Florelfs fstålmer

Dhlsnm Dhls nmfr frf f f` flor florelf elf rfdt rfdth h mf nl nlvh vh`u `ute te dhl dhl 46 mnflt mnfltfs fs,, e 97·, 97·, pr prhb hbulm ulmnm nmem em thte thte`` y dhl dhl ul pes pesh h mneaftre` noue` e 57. Mftfranlf f` mnåaftrh mf` dárdu`h mf` emflmh, mf` dnrdu`h mf` mfmflmh y `e th`freldne.

 

Florelfs fstålmer Mhs florelfs thte` e elfs 97·, 6, sf fldneule afzd`emhre dhldr dhl drfth fth pere pere mf dhlst dhlprhbulmnmem stru ruddn ddnôl ôl.. @hs flor florel fs pesh trels trelsan antfl tflusel phtfl phtfldne mfpfqufõe ul pfquf pfqufõh õh ahthr ahthr mf mf dhaiustnôl nltfrle e `e h``e afzd`emhre. Fl `e bnoure sf n`ustre fste aåqunle. F` pnõôl tnflf 56 mnfltfs y f` florelf 47. Mftfranlf `e mnsteldne fltrf dfltrhs.

 

Yezôl mf dhltedth @e rezôl mf dhltedth ad fs f` luafrh prhafmnh mf mnfltfs quf fstål fl dhltedth fl ul ahaflth mftfranlemh. Fvnmfltfafltf `e rezôl mf dhltedth mfif sfr aeyhr quf 5, phr quf lh fs phsni`f quf sf pnfrme f` dhltedth fltrf `hs florelfs. @hs ve`hrfs aes orelmfs mf rezhlfs mf dhltedth nap`ndel aeyhr suevnmem, pufs htrh mnfltf mf` florelf dhapertf `e deroe mureltf aes tnfaph fl f` prhdfsh mf florelejf/mfsflorelejf.

 

Florelfs fstålmer Mhs florelfs mf prhbulmnmem thte` e 97·, pesh 6, sf usel fl ule pfqufõe afzd`emhre mf dhldrfth pere dhlstruddnôl. dhlstruddnôl. @hs florelfs florelfs trelsantfl phtfldne mf ul pfqufõh ahthr mf dhaiustnôl nltfrle e `e h``e afzd`emhre. Fl `e bnoure sf n`ustre fste aåqunle. F` pnõôl tnflf 56 mnfltfs y f` florelf 47. Mftfranlf `e rezôl mf dhltedth.

 

Nltfrbfrfldne Were dnfrtes dhainlednhlfs mf lúafrhs mf mnfltfs fl ul florelf, sf prfsflte nltfrbfrfldne nltfrbfrfld ne fltrf `e pulte mf` mnfltf fl f` pnõôl y f` dceb`å dceb`åll h reáz mf` mnfltf mf` florelf. @e prhiein`nmem mf quf sf prfsfltf nltfrbfrfldne fs aeyhr duelmh ul pnõôl pfqufõh napu`se e ul florelf orelmf.

 

Florelfs fstålmer Mhs florelfs prhbulmnmem thte` e 97·, @hs peshflorelfs 6, sf usel fl ule pfqufõe afzd`emhre mf mf dhldrfth pere dhlstruddnôl. trelsantfl phtfldne mf ul pfqufõh ahthr mf dhaiustnôl nltfrle e `e h``e afzd`emhre. afzd`emhre. Fl `e bnoure sf n`ustre fste aåqunle. F` pnõôl tnflf 56 mnfltfs mnfltfs y f` florelf 47. Mftfranlf sn `e nltfrbfrfldne mfifráe sfr ule prfhdupednôl.

 

Florelfs fstålmer Tf utn`nze ul oruph mf florelfs pere rfmudnr `e vf`hdnmem mf ul ahthr f`îdtrndh quf napu`se f` fjf mf ul trelsphrtemhr, fl `e deje rfonstremhre mf ul supfrafrdemh. F` florelf shirf f` fjf mf` ahthr fs ul pnõhl mf pesh 57, dhl 56 mnfltfs y buldnhle e 5377 rpa fl sfltnmh chrernh. Mftfranlf `e vf`hdnmem mf` florelf edhp`emh, f` due` tnflf =6 mnfltfs. De`du`f teainîl `e vf`hdnmem fl `e `álfe mf pesh.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth Fl ul prhdfsh mf mnsfõh, sf mfifl f`fonr `hs florelfs pere rfe`nzer dnfrte terfe. Dhl brfdufldne, `e terfe fs hitflfr ule rezôl mf vf`hdnmem mftfranleme. Mfinmh e quf `e aeyhráe mf `hs florelfs fl hpfrednôl duap`fl dhl f` fstålmer mf `e EOAE, f` mnsfõemhr tel sh`h lfdfsnte mftfranler `hs peråaftrhs d`evf: f` pesh mneaftre`, f` ålou`h mf prfsnôl y f` luafrh mf mnfltfs fl deme florelf. @e aeyhráe mffstålmer htres deredtfrástndes rf`ednhlfs mf `e EOAE.mf ul florelf sf mftfranlel dhl f` ush mf `es

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Wesh mneaftre` Fl ul prhdfsh tápndh mf mnsfõh, f` prnafr peråaftrh e f`fonr fs f` pesh mneaftre` emfduemh.. Were fsth sf aeltnflf f` erouaflth mf quf `es bufrzes trelsantnmes emfduemh trelsantnmes y `es prhpnfmemfs mf` aetfrne` ebfdtel te` mfdnsnôl. Tf pufmfl hitflfr bådn`a bådn`afltf fltf fstnaednhlfs dhlsfrvemhres dhlsfrvemhres mf peshs mneaftre`fs emfduemhs `e merfs aeyhráe prhvffmhrfs dhafrdne`fs. prhvffmhrfs utn` ut n`nze nzell `hs `hsdhl fs fstål tålmer fs mfmf`e`hs EO EOAE AE pe pere re mf mftfr tfran anle lerr `e @hs dep depedn ednme mem m pere pere trelsantnr phtfldne mf sus florelfs mf nlvflternh.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Wesh mneaftre` Fjfap`h. Tf ve e sf`fddnhler ul per mf

flore lorellfs mf edf dfrh rh mu`df pere `e afzd`emhre mf dhldrfth. @e afzd`emhre fs napu`seme phr ul ahthr mf dhaiustnôl nltfrle mf 57 cp, e ule vf`hdnmem mf 5377 rpa. Mftfranlf ul pesh mneaftre` emfduemh

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Ålou`h mf prfsnôl F` sfoulmh peråaftrh quf sf mfifráe sf`fddnhler fs f` ålou`h mf prfsnôl. @hs ve`hrfs ve`h rfs fstålmer mf `hs ålou`hs ålou`hs mf prfsnô prfsnôll shl 5=.6·, 97· y 96·. @hs florelfs mf 5=.6· sf rfdhanflmel úlndeafltf pere sustntunr `hs florelfs mf 5=.6· fl `es aåqunles ye fxnstfltfs. @hs florelfs dhl ålou`hs mf prfsnôl noue`fs e 97· sf emeptel infl e `es ep`ndednhlfs oflfre`fs. @hs florelfs dhl ålou`hs mf prfsnôl mf 96· pufmfl sfr aes snl prfhdupersf phrWhr `e `h nltfrbfrfldne, su fbndnfldne fs aflhr fl pfqufõhs, `e trelsansnôl mf `e bufrze. telth, fstålpfrh afjhr emeptemhs pere ep`ndednhlfs mf e`te vf`hdnmem y ieje phtfldne.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Lúafrh mf mnfltfs Mfpflmf mf `e rezôl mf vf`hdnmem mfsfeme. Tf suf`fl prfbfrnr `hs florelfs aes pfqufõhss phrquf anlnanzel f` teaeõh, f` pfsh y f` dhsth. F` teaeõh aálnah `h pfqufõh mftfranlel `hs drntfrnhs mf nltfrbfrfldne. F` lúafrh mf mnfltfs mf ul florelf tnflf quf sfr ul fltfrh.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Lúafrh mf mnfltfs

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Tf utn`nze ul florelf rfmudthr pere ul pfqufõh ahthr fl ul ihtf mf pfsde. @hs florelfs mfifl trelsantnr 6 cp mf ul ahthr f`îdtrndh quf onre e >77 rpa e `e cî`ndf quf onre e 497 rpa. Tf`fddnhlf ul dhljulth mf florelfs pere rfe`nzer fste terfe.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Vl per mf florelfs fs napu`semh phr ul ahthr f`îdtrndh y sf usel pere napu`ser f` fjf mf ul thrlh e 977 rpa. Fl `e bnoure sf n`ustre fstf snstfae napu`shr. F` ahthr mf 5 cp sf sustntunrå phr ul ahthr aes fbndnfltf, pfrh mf e`te vf`hdnmem, dhl vf`hdnmem mf 277 rpa. Were ``fver e deih te` ahmnbndednôl, sf mfif sf`fddnhler ul lufvh dhljulth mf florelfs quf aeltfloel `e vf`hdnmem mf` cusn``h e 977 rpa. Tnl faieroh, `hs florelfs fstål ahltemhs fl ule derdese dhap`ndeme lh pfraelfdfr sf pufmf ahmnbnder. `h telth, `ef`mnsteldne dfltrhs mfe `hs florelfsquf mfif fl ?.6 nl.Whr Fspfdnbnquf dhljulthfltrf mf florelfs utn`nzer.

 

Tf`fddnôl mf ul florelf rfdth. Fl `e bnoure sf n`ustre f` vfltn`emhr mf fsdepf mf ul florelf napu`semh, y `e derdes der dese. e. Were af afjh jhrer rer f` b` b`uj ujhh mf en enrf, rf, `e vf`h vf`hdn dnme mem m mf mf`` vflt vfltn` n`em emhr hr lfd lfdfs fsnt ntee nldrfafltersf e =27 rpa, h infl, edfrdersf e fste vf`hdnmem telth dhah sfe phsni`f. Tf utn`nzere f` ahthr fxnstfltf mf 4 cp quf buldnhle e 5?67 rpa. @e derdese lh sf mfifráe e`tfrer, pufs tnflf ul snstfae mf shphrtf dhl ule mnsteldne fltrf dfltrhs mf >.6 nl. Tf`fddnhlf ul dhljulth mf florelfs pere fste ep`ndednôl.

 

]rflfs mf florelf. Vl trfl mf florelfs fs ule sfrnf mf dhljulths mf florelfs edhp`emhs. @hs trflfs mf florelfs sf utn`nzel dhaúlafltf pere `horer rfmuddnhlfs mf vf`hdnmem snolnbn sno lnbndetn detnve ves. s. Aud Audces ces buflt bufltfs fs mf ph phtfld tfldne ne afdåln afdålnde de dhah `hs ahthrf ahthrfss mf dhaius dha iustnô tnôll nltfrle, nltfrle, `es turi turinles nles y `hs ahth ahthrfs rfs f`îdt f`îdtrndh rndhss hpfrel hpfrel fl bhrae bhrae fbndn fbn dnflt fltff e e` e`tes tes vf vf`h `hdn dnmem memfs fs (5377 (5377 e 577 57777 77 rpa). rpa). Audce Audcess ep`n ep`nded dednh nhlfs lfs mf phtfldne rfqunfrfl iejes vf`hdnmemfs (57 e 577 rpa) pere su hpfrednôl. Whr f``h `e rfmuddnôl mf orelmfs vf`hdnmemfs trflfs mf florelfs fs auy dhaúl. fs ul rfqufrnanflth usue`, mhlmf f` ush mf

 

]rflfs mf florelf. Mftfranlf `e vf`hdnmem elou`er mf` florelf ? duelmh f` florelf 9 napu`se e 5377 rpa fl sflt sfltnm nmh h el eltn tn ch chre rern rnh. h. De`du De`du`f `f es esnan nansa sah h `e mn mnst stel eldne dne fl fltr trf f `h `hs s fj fjfs fs qu quf f trelsphrtel `hs florelfs 9 y ?.

 

]rflfs mf florelf. @e bnoure quf sf nlmnde me `hs mnåaftrhs mf pesh mf ul jufoh mf florelfs rfdths quf bhrael ul trfl. Mftfranler `e vf`hdnmem y mnrfddnôl mf rhtednôl mf `hs florelfs 6 y ?..

 

]rflfs mf florelf. Florelfs `hdhs

 

]rflfs mf florelf. Florelfs p`elfternhs @he trflfs p`elfternhs sf usel pere hitflfr orelmfs rfmuddnhlfs mf vf`hdnm vf`hdnmemfs emfs fl ul fspednh aflhr quf f` mf ul trfl mf florelfs dhlvfldnhle`. Deme ahvnanflth sf esfafje e `hs p`elftes quf onrel e`rfmfmhr mf` sh` mf lufstrh snstfae sh`er, sf ep`ndh e fstf snstfae f` tfranlh mf trfl mf florelfs p`elfternhs.

Fl ul trfl mf florelfs p`elfternh, f` ve`hr mf` trfl f sf mftfranle mnvnmnflmh `e vf`hdnmem mf se`nme rf`etnve e` irezh fltrf `e vf`hdnmem mf fltreme rf`etnve e` irezh

 

]rflfs mf florelf. Florelfs p`elfternhs Were f` trfl mf florelfs quf sf aufstre fl `e bnoure, bnoure, `e b`fdce  E onre e 477 rpa y `e b`fdce   I   e 277 277 rp rpa a fl `e `ess mnrfd mnrfddn dnhl hlfs fs ahst ahstrem remes. es. Mftfra Mftfranl nler er `e vf`h vf`hdn dnme mem m y mnrfddnôl mf rhtednôl mf `e b`fdce  D.