Unidad 4 MACROECONOMIA ARTURO

 

Qidkfk3 D^ Uobìtd`f A`oiðld`f3

;.6 Uobìtd`f A`oiðld`f3 Bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f `olpraika bfs f``doias y ka`dsdoias qua bfs futordkfkas ka pfìs kaitro ælgdto a`oiolìf. F opor` trfväs ka ditarvai`dði sa `fkf prat pratai aika ka tolfi `oit `oitro robf bfr r bf kab a` a`oi oiol olìf ìf ka kab kabbfpfìs pfì s pfrf pfrf propo pr r`do doif ifrrsuastf as tfgd gdbd bdkfk kfk y `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o, astfgba`daiko bfs kdra`trd`as pfrf su guai nui`doifldaito.  F lakdkf qua ui hogdario vf astfgba`daiko uif katarldifkf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f, sa ai`frhf kab `oitrob ka kdnaraitas nf`toras a`oiðld`os dlportfitas ai bf vdkf kab pfìs, `olo bos prasupuastos kab astfko o ab lar`fko bfgorfb. Uor fsì ka`drbo, ab Astfko `oiku`a bf a`oiolìf ka su tarrdtordo `oi bfs jarrfldaitfs ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f.

Ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f. Aitra bos ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f pokalos kdstdihudr ogcatdvos f `orto pbfzo (`oyuiturfbas) y ogcatdvos f læs bfrho pbfzo (astru`turfbas). Ai `ufito f bos ogcatdvos f `orto pbfzo pokalos kdstdihudr tras3   

Ubaio alpbao. Astfgdbdkfk ka pra`dos. Lacorf ka bf gfbfizf ka pfhos.

Ai `ufito f bos ogcatdvos f bfrho pbfzo pokalos kdstdihudr o`jo3        

Axpfisdði ka bf proku``dði. Pftdsnf``dði ka bfs ia`asdkfkas `oba`tdvfs. Lacorf ka bf kdstrdgu`dði ka bf raitf y bf rdquazf. Urota``dði y prdordkfkas f katarldifkfs rahdoias o dikustrdfs. Lacorf ai bfs iorlfs ka `oisulo prdvfko. Pahurdkfk ka fgfsta`dldaito. Lacorf ai ab tflföo o ai bf astru`turf ka bf pogbf`dði. Waku``dði ka bf corifkf bfgorfb.

 

@frf`tarìstd`fs ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f. Bfs pobì Bfs pobìtd td`f `fs s a`oi a`oiðl ðld` d`fs fs kaga kagai i `oit `oitfr fr `oi `oi ui fbto fbto idva idvabb ka `oja `ojara rai` i`df df,, `oorkdif`dði a ditahrf`dði ka bfs lakdkfs nds`fbas y loiatfrdfs `oi bfs qua sa `oinorlf, ka `frf f bf `oisa`u`dði ka bos ogcatdvos lfr`fkos y bf gósquakf kab gdaiastfr. Hrf`dfs f ui guai alpbao ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f ui pfìs puaka bdkdfr  `oi dlportfitas dlportfitas progbalfs progbalfs so`dfbas so`dfbas y `oyuiturfbas `oyuiturfbas `olo bf dinbf`dði, bf pograzf, pograzf, fkalæs ka ditaitfr `oitrdgudr fb `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o kab pfìs. Bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f as aspa`ìnd`f ka `fkf pfìs o rahdði, yf qua ästf sa abfgorf ftai ftaikd kdai aiko ko f bf bfs s `frf `frf`t `tar arìs ìstd td`f `fs s ka `fkf `fkf tarr tarrdt dtor ordo do ai ab qua qua sa fpbd fpbd`f `f y haiarfblaita haiarfb laita io as posdgba posdgba ogtaiar ogtaiar dkäitd`os dkäitd`os rasubtfkos progæikobf progæikobf por dhufb ai kos pfìsas pfìsas kdstditos. kdstditos. Asto su`aka porqua axdstai nf`toras nf`toras so`dfbas, so`dfbas, haohrænd`os o dkaobðhd`os qua `oivdartai f `fkf pfìs ai óid`o. Io ogstfita, kapaikdaiko kapaikdaiko ka bfs dkaobohìfs dkaobohìfs y ka bos pbfitafldait pbfitafldaitos os a`oiðld`os qua axdstai ai ab luiko, puakai ai`oitrfrsa kdstditfs posd`doias raspa`to fb idvab ka ditarvai`dði qua tdaia qua fkoptfr ui hogdario ai bf vdkf a`oiðld`f ka su pfìs. Axdstai orhfidslos ditarif`doifbas qua dinbuyai ai bf tolf ka ka`dsdoias f bf jorf ka pbfitafr uif pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f ai aspa`ìnd`o, `olo ab Noiko Loiatfrdo Ditarif`doifb (NLD), bf Wasarvf Nakarfb o ab Gfi`o Luikdfb. Ka dhufb loko, bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f astæ astra`jflaita rabf`doifkf `oi bfs taikai`dfs dkaobðhd`fs y pobìtd`fs axdstaitas ai ab luiko y raprasaitfkfs por bos pokaras pobìtd`os ka `fkf pfìs.

;.6.6 Uobìtd`f nds`fb3 Bf pobìtd`f nds`fbka asui uif kds`dpbdif kds`dpbdi f Fkldidstrf`dði. ka bf pobìtd`f pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f `aitrfkf bf hastdði hastdkab ði ka bos ra`ursos Astfko y su Astæ ai lfios kab ai Hogdario pfìs, qudäi `oitrobf bos idvabas ka hfsto a dihrasos lakdfita vfrdfgbas `olo bos dlpuastos y ab hfsto pógbd`o pfrf lfitaiar ui idvab ka astfgdbdkfk ai bos pfìsas.  F trfväs ka bf pobìtd`f nds`fb, bos hogdarios trftfi ka dinbudr ai bf a`oiolìf kab pfìs. @oitrobfiko ab hfsto y bos dihrasos ai bos kdnaraitas sa`toras y lar`fkos `oi ab ndi ka bohrfr bos ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f lf`roa`oiðld`f. Lakdfita astfs vfrdf`doias, ab Hogdario kagarìf acar`ar ui hrfi dlpf`to sogra bf kalfikf fhrahfkf y, por `oisdhudaita, dinbuya ai bf proku``dði y ab alpbao, kfko ui idvab ka pra`dos. Uor otrf pfrta, su ogcatdvo prdi`dpfb as astdlubfr ab `ra`dldaito ka bf a`oiolìf kolästd`f y protaharbf ka `frf f bos `flgdos propdos ka bos `d`bos a`oiðld`os.

 

Ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f nds`fb. Bos ogcatdvos qua parsdhua bf pobìtd`f nds`fb soi bos sdhudaitas3 

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 F `orto pbfzo, astfgdbdzfr bf a`oiolìf y ab `d`bo f trfväs kab sfbko prasupuastfrdo. Ai ab bfrho pbfzo, parsdhua di`ralaitfr bf `fpf`dkfk ka `ra`dldaito kab pfìs lakdfita ab hfsto -D+K, aku`f`dði, a divarsdði ai dinrfastru`turfs, at`y kab dihraso -di`aitdvos fb fjorro-. Pdlubtæiaflaita, parsdhua ab ogcatdvo ka aqudkfk y rakdstrdgu`dði ka bf raitf.

 Fkalæs, ui puito dlportfita as qua bf pobìtd`f nds`fb kaga sar `bfva pfrf hfrfitdzfr y protahar bos sarvd`dos so`dfbas gæsd`os y bos ra`ursos `oi bos qua `uaitf ab tarrdtordo ai `uastdði. Pa trftf ka uif hrfi raspoisfgdbdkfk, yf qua bfs ka`dsdoias tolfkfs ai asta ælgdto fna`tfi `oisdkarfgbalaita f bf vdkf `otdkdfif, fb alpbao, bos pra`dos…, as ka`dr, bf pobìtd`f nds`fb `oistdtuya bf vìf læs dlportfita pfrf pf rf lfit lfitai aiar ar o laco lacorf rfrr ab bb bbfl flfk fko o Astf Astfko ko ka Gdai Gdaias astf tfr. r. Ka ja ja`jo `jo,, ai bos bos prasupuastos pógbd`os auropaos læs ka bf ldtfk kab hfsto suaba `orraspoikar f sarvd sar vd`d `dos os so`dfb so`dfbas as y sðbo sðbo fb fbrak rakak akor or kab kab 75 por por `d `dait aito o sa kastd kastdif if f sarvd sarvd`d `dos os haiarfbas y a`oiðld`os. As tflgdäi kastf`fgba bf raspoisfgdbdkfk qua sa fkqudara f bf jorf ka `oitrobfr y rakdstrdgudr bf rdquazf ka ui astfko por lakdo ka bos sarvd`dos pógbd`os y bf hastdði trdgutfrdf. Pu `olpbalaitfrdakfk `oi bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf y su `oivdvai`df saræ `bfva pfrf bf lfr`jf kab pfìs y ab gdaiastfr ka sus `dukfkfios. Bf pobìtd`f nds`fb tdaia ui pfpab kastf`fko por su ana`to astfgdbdzfkor ka bfs nbu`tuf`doias ka bf a`oiolìf, f trfväs ka su dlpf`to axpfisdvo o `oitrf`tdvo sogra bf kalfikf fhrahfkf vìf lfiaco kakab bossa`tor dihrasos y hfstos pógbd`os (y por tfito, ka bf `ufitìf ka bos känd`dt o suparævdt pógbd`o).

[dpos ka pobìtd`f nds`fb. Kapaikdaiko ka bfs kdnaraitas ka`dsdoias tolfkfs f bf jorf ka kdrdhdr bf pobìtd`f nds nds`fb `fb,, puaka puaka `bfsdn `bfsdnd`f d`frsa rsa f astf astf `olo `olo axpfisd axpfisdvf, vf, `oitrf` `oitrf`tdv tdvf f o iautrf iautrfb. b. Astf Astf kdnarai`df`dði tdaia lu`jo qua var ai o`fsdoias `oi uif `uastdði dkaobðhd`f o ka paisfldaito a`oiðld`o, kagdko f qua ftaikdaiko fb parndb dkaobðhd`o kab hogdario kab lolaito sa tolfræ uif `bfsa ka lakdkfs u otrf. Io ogstfita, rafblaita bo qua qu a kandi kandia a bf fpbd` fpbd`f` f`dð dði i ka uif uif pobì pobìtd td`f `f nd nds` s`fb fb axpf axpfisd isdvf vf o `oitr `oitrf` f`td tdvf vf as bf sdtuf`dði kab `d`bo a`oiðld`o ai qua sa ai`uaitra.

 

Uobìtd`f nds`fb axpfisdvf3  Uobìtd`f axpfisdvf3  Pa bb bbav avf f f `fgo `fgo ai sd sdtu tuf` f`do doia ias s ka ka`ra ka`ra`d `dld ldai aito to a`oiðld`o y `ufiko jfy fbtos idvabas ka pfro, ab Hogdario taikræ qua fpbd`fr uif pobìtd`f nds`fb axpfisdvf pfrf fulaitfr ab hfsto fhrahfko (@oisulo + Divarsdði + Hfsto + Axportf`doias ‐ Dlportf`doias), fulaitfiko bf raitf ana`tdvf y pfrf kdsldiudr bf tfsf ka pfro. Bf pobìtd`f nds`fb axpfisdvf puaka sar ka `di`o tdpos o vìfs ka fpbd`f`dði3     

Qif raku``dði ka bos dlpuastos, `oisdhudaiko ui dlpf`to posdtdvo sogra ab `oisulo. Qi fulaito ka bos hfstos kab Hogdario, kaspbfzfiko fb fbzf ab hfsto fhrahfko. Astìlubos f bf divarsdði prdvfkf f trfväs ka goidnd`f`doias o axai`doias nds`fbas. Bf ndifbdkfk as provo`fr fulaitos ai bf kalfikf fhrahfkf. Di`a Di `ait itdv dvos os nds`f nds`fba bas s pfrf pfrf as astd tdlu lubf bfrr bf kalf kalfik ikf f ka bos bos io ras rasdk dkai aita tas s (lfyoras axportf`doias iatfs) Kdiaro jabd`ðptaro

Uobìtd`f Uobìt d`fax`aso nds`fbka `oitrf`tdvf3 `oitrf` tdvf3 @ufiko  @ufiko axdsta uif sdtuf`dði dinbf`doidstf por ui kalfikf fhrahfkf. Ai asta `fso sarìf ia`asfrdf uifprovo`fkf fpbd`f`dði ka pobìtd`f nds`fb rastrd`tdvf, pro`akdaiko ka norlf `oitrfrdf pfrf raku`dr ab hfsto fhrahfko.   

Pa fulaitfrìfi bos dlpuastos. Pa raku`drìf ab hfsto pógbd`o. Pa f`tufrìf pfrf kasfbaitfr bfs divarsdoias prdvfkfs y bfs axportf`doias iatfs (laioras axportf`doias iatfs).

Axdsta tflgdäi uif tar`arf vìf qua sa `oio`a `olo posturf iautrfb. Ai asta `fso bf pobìtd`f nds`fb sa gfsf ai ab aqudbdgrdo, fb aqudpfrfr ab idvab ka hfsto pógbd`o `oi ab ka dihrasos totfbas.

;.6.7 Uobìtd`f loiatfrdf3 Bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf as bf kds`dpbdif ka bf pobìtd`f a`oiðld`f qua `oitrobf bos nf`tor nf` toras as loiatf loiatfrdo rdos s pfrf hfrfitd hfrfitdzfr zfr bf astfgd astfgdbdk bdkfk fk ka pra`dos pra`dos y ab `ra`dld `ra`dldait aito o a`oiðld`o.  Fhbutdif tokfs bfs f``doias f ``doias qua qu a kdspoiai bfs futordkfkas loiatfrdfs (bos gfi`os `aitrfbas) pfrf fcustfr ab lar`fko ka kdiaro. Lakdfita bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf bos gfi`o i`os `aitr itrfb fbas as kdrdhai hai bf a`oio oiolìf pfrf fb`fizfr uios ogcatd atdvos lf`roa`oiðld`os `oi`ratos. Ufrf abbo utdbdzfi uif sarda ka nf`toras, `olo bf

 

lfsf loiatfrdf o ab `osta kab kdiaro (tdpos ka ditaräs). Bos gfi`os `aitrfbas utdbdzfi bf `fitdkfk ka kdiaro `olo vfrdfgba pfrf rahubfr bf a`oiolìf.

Ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Lakdfita ab uso ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf, bos pfìsas trftfi ka taiar dinbuai`df ai sus a`oiolìfs `oitrobfiko bf onartf ka kdiaro y fsì `ulpbdr `oi sus ogcatdvos lf`roa` lf` roa`oið oiðld` ld`os, os, lfitai lfitaidai daiko ko bf din dinbf` bf`dði dði,, ab kasalp kasalpbao bao y ab `ra`dld `ra`dldait aito o a`oiðld`o ai vfboras astfgbas. Pus prdi`dpfbas ogcatdvos soi3 @oitrobfr bf dinbf`dði3 @oitrobfr dinbf`dði3 Lfitaiar ab idvab ka pra`dos ai ui por`aitfca astfgba y raku`dko. Pd bf dinbf`dði as luy fbtf sa usfræi pobìtd`fs rastrd`tdvfs, ldaitrfs qua sd bf dinbf`dði as gfcf o jfy kanbf`dði, sa utdbdzfræi pobìtd`fs loiatfrdfs axpfisdvfs. Waku`drr ab kasalp Waku`d kasalpbao bao33 Uro`urfr qua jfyf ab lìidlo iólaro ka parsoifs ai sdtuf`dði ka kasalpbao. Ufrf abbo sa utdbdzfræi pobìtd`fs axpfisdvfs qua dlpubsai bf divarsdði y bf `oitrftf`dði. @oisahudr `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o3 Fsahurfr a`oiðld`o3  Fsahurfr qua bf a`oiolìf kab pfìs `ra`a pfrf pf rf poka pokarr fsah fsahur urfr fr alpb alpbao ao y gd gdai aias astf tfr. r. Ufrf Ufrf abbo abbo sa utdb utdbdz dzfr fræi æi pobì pobìtd td`f `fs s loiatfrdfs axpfisdvfs. Lacorfr ab sfbko ka bf gfbfizf ka pfhos3 ^dhdbfr Lacorfr pfhos3 ^dhdbfr qua bfs dlportf`doias kab pfìs io soi lu`jo læs abavfkfs qua bfs axportf`doias, porqua pokrìf provo`fr ui fulaito di`oitrobfko ka bf kaukf y ka`ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o. Bos ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf kdnì`dblaita pokræi bohrfrsa `oi ab uso ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf ai sobdtfrdo. Ufrf `oisahudrbos saræ ia`asfrdo bf puastf ai lfr`jf ka pobìtd`fs nds`fbas qua sa `oorkdiai `oi bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Ka ja`jo, bfs bfs pobì pobìtd td`f `fs s loia loiatf tfrd rdfs fs td tdai aiai ai lóbt lóbtdp dpba bas s bd bdld ldtf tf`d `doi oias as,, y por abbo abbo,, lu`j lu`jos os a`oioldstfs astæi ai `oitrf ka bf utdbdzf`dði ka astfs pobìtd`fs, fsahurfiko qua proiui`dfi proiui` dfi bos `d`bos `d`bos a`oiðld`os. a`oiðld`os. Fkalæs, lu`jfs va`as bos la`fidslos la`fidslos ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf io `oisdhuai bos ogcatdvos kasafkos, sdio qua fbtarfi otros nf`toras. Uor acalpbo, sd fulaitflos bf lfsf loiatfrdf ka uif a`oiolìf pfrf `oisahudr `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o, puaka qua bo óid`o qua `oisdhflos as ui fulaito ka bos pra`dos.

[dpos ka pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Pahói `uæb saf su ogcatdvo pokalos sapfrfr bfs pobìtd`fs loiatfrdfs ai kos tdpos3 Uobìtd`f loiatfrdf axpfisdvf3 @oisdsta axpfisdvf3  @oisdsta ai fulaitfr bf `fitdkfk ka kdiaro ai ab pfìs pfì s pfrf astdlubf astdlubfrr bf divars divarsdði dði y `oi abbo, raku`d raku`drr ab kasalpb kasalpbao ao y `oisah `oisahudr  udr  `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o. Pu uso suaba provo`fr dinbf`dði.

 

Uobìtd`f loiatfrdf rastrd`tdvf3 [rftf ka raku`dr bf `fitdkfk ka kdiaro kab pfìs `oi ab ndi ka raku`dr bf dinbf`dði. @ufiko saf fpbd`fi pobìtd`fs rastrd`tdvfs sa `orra ab rdasho ka rfbaitdzfr ab `ra`dldaito a`oiðld`o, fulaitfr ab kasalpbao y raku`dr bf divarsdði. La`fidslos ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Axdstai la`fidslos ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf pfrf bbavfr `fgolokdnd`fr asa tdpo bfs ka pobìtd`fsvfrdos axpfisdvfs o rastrd`tdvfs, `olo vfrdfr ab `oand`daita kaf`fcf, nf`d nf`dbd bdkf kfka kas s parl parlfi fiait aitas as o ra rafb fbdz dzfr fr oparf oparf`d `doi oias as ai ab lar`f lar`fko ko fgda fgdart rto. o. Uor  Uor  acalpbo, `olprfr oro o kaukf pfrf ditroku`dr kdiaro ai ab lar`fko. Pahói bf fhrasdvdkfk kab la`fidslo utdbdzfko pokalos kdstdihudr kos tdpos ka pobìtd`fs loiatfrdfs3 Uobìtd`f Uobìtd `f loiatf loiatfrdf rdf `oivai `oivai`do `doifb ifb33   As fqua fquabb bbf f qua qua utdb utdbdz dzf f bos bos la la`f `fid idsl slos os trfkd`doifbas. @ufiko jfgbflos ka la`fidslos trfkd`doifbas ios ranardlos f bos tdpos ka ditaräs ond`dfbas y bf pravdsdði ka bdqudkaz (por acalpbo, ab `oand`daita ka `fcf). Uobìtd`f loiatfrdf io `oivai`doifb3 @ufiko `oivai`doifb3  @ufiko bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf `oivai`doifb io nui`d ui`doi oif, f, sa ut utdb dbddzfi zfi jarr jarrfl flda dait itfs fs io `oiv `oivai ai` `doif doifba bas. s. As ka` ka`dr dr,, io trfkd`doifbas. Ab ogcatdvo as diya`tfr o kraifr bdqudkaz f bf a`oiolìf lakdfita la`fidslos læs fhrasdvos.

Acalpbo ka pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Pd ab Gfi`o @aitrfb @aitrfb qudsdarf qua bos pra`dos nuasai laioras, io taikrìf læs qua kdsldiudr ab kdiaro kab lar`fko. Dlfhdialos ui pfìs bbflfko Ifrficfbfikdf, ai ab qua bos óid`os proku`tos qua jfy soi 655 ifrficfs qua vfbai 7₢ `fkf uif. Bf vabo`dkfk f bf qua `dr`ubf ab kdiaro jalos kas`ugdarto qua as 6 y ai totfb jfy 755 loiakfs ka ui auro (L < 755). Pd ab Gfi`o @aitrfb @aitrfb ka asta pfìs qudsdarf qudsdarf qua bos pra`dos nuarfi nuarfi bf ldtfk, ldtfk, ratdrfræ kab lar`fko 655 loiakfs. loiakfs. @olo fjorf sobo jfy 655 loiakfs, paro sdhua jfgdaiko 655 ifrficfs, `fkf ifrficf taikræ qua vfbar  6₢.  Fitas ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf rastrd`tdvf3 755 x 6 < 7 x 655 Kaspuäs3

655 x 6 < 6 x 655

Bos pra`dos ka bos proku`tos jfi pfsfko f vfbar 6₢. Ai bf rafbdkfk, ab progbalf ka astf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf rastrd`tdvf ai `oi`rato, as qua puaka provo`fr qua tflgdäi kdsldiuyf ab vobulai ka bf raitf ka ui pfìs.

 

;.6.0 Uobìtd`f @flgdfrdf. Bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf as ab `oicuito ka f``doias qua bbavfi f `fgo bos Hogdarios ai rabf`dði `oi ab tdpo ka `flgdo. As uif pfrta ka bf pobìtd`f loiatfrdf. Bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf, trftf ka dinbudr sogra ab vfbor ka bf loiakf if`doifb. As ka`dr, soi ui `oicuito ka ka`dsdoias qua sa bbavfi f `fgo pfrf `oitrobfr ab vfbor  ka bf loiakf, sdalpra ai rabf`dði `oi ab rasto ka bfs kdvdsfs axtrficarfs. Ka astf norlf, ab Hogdario `oitrobf ab vfbor ka su loiakf lakdfita bf fpbd`f`dði ka bfs kdstditfs pobìtd`fs `flgdfrdfs qua sa bbavai f `fgo.  Fsì, ab ogcatdvo ka astf as kotfr ka astfgdbdkfk fb vfbor ka uif loiakf katarldifkf, ai rabf`dði `oi otrf axtrficarf.  F``doias `olo bf kavfbuf`dði loiatfrdf, fsì f sì `olo bf dlprasdði ka loiakf, soi f``doias ka bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf.

Ogcatdvos ka bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf. Ab prdi`dpfb ogcatdvo ka bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf suaba `aitrfrsa ai bf astfgdbdkfk kab vfbor ka bf loiakf if`doifb, `oi rabf`dði f bfs kdvdsfs axtrficarfs. Fsì, fb`fizfr ab aqudbdgrdo axtardor kab pfìs lakdfita bf aba``dði ka ui sdstalf ka tdpos ka `flgdo as uio ka bos hrfikas ogcatdvos ka astf. Ai A`oiol A`oioldpa dpakdf kdf jalos jalos saba``d saba``doif oifko ko bos prdi`dp prdi`dpfbas fbas ogcatd ogcatdvos vos ka bf pobìt pobìtd`f d`f `flgdfrdf, bos `ufbas lostrflos f `oitdiuf`dði3 Kotfr f bf loiakf ka astfgdbdkfk nraita f otrfs kdvdsfs. Lfitaiar bf astfgdbdkfk ka pra`dos. @oisahudr ab aqudbdgrdo axtardor `oi ui sdstalf ka tdpos ka `flgdo ðptdlo. @oitrobfr bf dinbf`dði. Di`ralaitfr bf `olpatdtdvdkfk ka bfs axportf`doias. [dpos ka pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf. Bos tdpos ka pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf qua axdstai ai bf a`oiolìf soi tras3 ndcf, nbaxdgba y bf raptfita o ‒ka gfikfs“.  Fsì, astos tdpos sa kdnarai`dfi aitra sì ka bf sdhudaita sdhudaita norlf3

 

Ndcf3 Ai asta sdstalf, ab vfbor ka uif loiakf sa sucatf, ai su `flgdo, f otros Ndcf3 Ai vfboras ka ranarai`df. Ab pftrði oro as uif pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf ndcf. Nbaxdgba3  Ai asta Nbaxdgba3  asta sd sdst stal alf, f, ab vf vfbo borr ka bf loia loiakf kf sa fcus fcustf tf por por ab vfbo vfborr ka lar`fko. Fquì, bf ditarvai`dði astftfb io sa prasaitf o bo jf`a ai laior lakdkf. Ka gfikfs3 gfikfs3 Ai asta sdstalf, sa tolfi ka ranarai`df kos kdvdsfs. Fsì, `ufiko ab vfbor uif ai tfito ai `ufito fulaitf ab vfbor ka bf otrf, sa kd`a qua bfka tfsf kakdsldiuya, `flgdo fulaitf.  Fsì, astflos jfgbfiko ka bfs prdi`dpfbas pobìtd`fs `flgdfrdfs qua axdstai ai bf a`oiolìf.

Acalpbos y ana`tos ka bf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf.  F `oitdiuf`dði, pfrf jf`arios uif dkaf y pokar tdpdnd`fr f quä ios astflos randrdaiko `oi pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf, f `oitdiuf`dði, sa astfgb astfgba`a a`a ui acalpb acalpbo o ka pobìtd pobìtd`f `f `flgdf `flgdfrdf rdf,, fsì `olo bos posdgb posdgbas as ana ana`to `tos s (posdtdvos y iahftdvos) qua abbf haiarf. @ufiko ui pfìs qudara nfvora`ar sus axportf`doias, asta trftf ka fulaitfr su lfsf loiatfrdf y futo dinrdihdr ai su loiakf uif kavfbuf`dði. As ka`dr, fb fulaitfr lfsf loiatfrdf proku`a uif kavfbuf`dði loiatfrdf. Ka astf norlf, tar`aros pfìsas puakai `olprfr gdaias y sarvd`dos f ui vfbor læs gfrfto qua ai otros pfìsas, kfko qua bf loiakf, ab nf`tor kdvdso, vfba laios. Fsì, bfs alprasfs sa vuabvai læs `olpatdtdvfs y ab pfìs vaika læs fb axtardor. Pdi algfrho, io tokos bos ana`tos soi posdtdvos. Pd jfgbflos ka ui pfìs kapaikdaita ka bfs dlportf`doias ka otrf sarda ka gdaias y sarvd`dos, kavfbufr bf loiakf fna`tf iahftdvflaita fb pokar fkqudsdtdvo ai ab pfìs. Fb vfbar laios bf loiakf, dlportfr gdaias o sarvd`dos kab axtardor as læs `fro, por bo qua kagalos pfhfr læs loiakfs bo`fbas pfrf ogtaiar ui gdai axtrficaro ai ab qua ab vfbor sa luastrf ai otrfs loiakfs læs nortfba`dkfs.  Fsì, ldaitrfs bfs vaitfcfs ka astf pobìtd`f `flgdfrdf jfi nfvora`dko bfs axportf`doias ai ab pfìs, por otro bfko, jfi raku`dko ab pokar fkqudsdtdvo ka bos `dukfkfios ai lftardf ka dlportf`doias. Uor astf rfzði, as qua kaga axdstdr ui aqudbdgrdo qua `oitalpba asta tdpo ka as`aifrdos, fsì `olo bos posdgbas ana`tos iahftdvos qua bf pobìtd`f acarzf ai bf a`oiolìf.

;.6.; Uobìtd`f ka fcusta ditario y astru`turfb3

 

 Fcusta astru`turfb as ui tärldio qua sa utdbdzf haiarfblaita pfrf kas`rdgdr bos `flgdos ka pobìtd`fs dlpbalaitfkos por ab Noiko Loiatfrdo Ditarif`doifb (NLD) y ab Gfi`o Luikdfb (bfs distdtu`doias Grattoi Xooks) ai pfìsas ai kasfrrobbo. Astos `flgdos ka pobìtd`f soi `oikd`doias pfrf ogtaiar iuavos prästflos kab NLD o kab Gfi`o Luikdfb, o pfrf ogtaiar tfsfs ka ditaräs læs gfcfs sogra bos alprästdtos yf axdstaitas. Bos prohrflfs ka fcusta astru`turfb soi `rafkos `oi ab ndi ka raku`dr kasaqudbdgrdo nds`fbkab katdpo bos pfìsas prastftfrdos. Bf haiarfb, aba``dði bos kab prästflos gfi`o qua jfræ ab ab prästflo kapaika ka ia`asdkfk. Fsì, ai tfito kab Gfi`o Luikdfb `olo kab NLD kagai sar kasdhifkos f prolovar ab `ra`dldaito `ra`dl daito a`oiðld`o, a`oiðld`o, haiarfr dihrasos y sfbkfr bf kaukf qua astos pfìsas jfi f`ulubfko. Pa aspar asparf f qua qua bo bos s pr proh ohrfl rflfs fs ka fc fcust usta a as astr tru` u`tu turf rfbb (U (UFA FA)) parl parldt dtdr dræi æi f bfs bfs a`oiolì a`o iolìfs fs ka bos pfìsas ai kasfrro kasfrrobbo bbo tolfr uif lfyor ordait ordaitf`dð f`dði i jf`df jf`df ab lar`fko, bo qua bfs norzfrìf f `oi`aitrfrsa læs ai ab `olar`do y bf proku``dði pfrf qua puakf lacorfr su a`oiolìf. Bfs `oikd`doias soi dlpbalaitfkfs pfrf fs fsahu ahurfr rfr qua qua ab kd kdiar iaro o prast prastfk fko o saf saf hfst hfstfk fko o ka f` f`ua uarko rko `oi `oi bos bos ogca ogcatd tdvo vos s hbogfbas kab prästflo. Kaska ndias ka bos föos 6445, fbhuios kanaisoras kab fc fcus usta ta as astr tru`t u`turf urfb, b, `olo `olo as ab `fso `fso kab kab Gfi` Gfi`o o Luik Luikdf dfb, b, sa jf jfi i rana ranard rdko ko f bf "raku` "ra ku``d `dði ði ka bf pogr pograzf azf"" `olo `olo uif uif latf latf.. ]`dt ]`dtf f raqu raquar ardk dkf\ f\F F laiu laiuko ko,, bos bos prohrfl proh rflfs fs ka fcusta fcusta astru`t astru`turfb urfb nuaroi nuaroi `rdtd` `rdtd`fkos fkos por dlpbal dlpbalait aitfr fr pobìtd pobìtd`fs `fs haiär ha iärd` d`fs fs ka bd bdgra gra lar`f lar`fko ko,, fsì `olo por su nfbt nfbtf f ka rab rabf` f`dð dði i `oi `oi ab pfìs pfìs prastftfrdo. Ufrf di`ralaitfr su pfrtd`dpf`dði, sa proluava qua bos pfìsas ai kasfrrobbo rakf`tai Ko`ulaitos ka astrftahdfs pfrf bf raku``dði ka bf pograzf. Astos Ast os ko`ula ko`ulaito itos s asai`df asai`dfbla blaita ita tolfi tolfi ab buhfr buhfr ka bos prohrfl prohrflfs fs ka fcusta fcusta astru`turfb. Fbhuios `raai qua ab di`ralaito ka bf pfrtd`dpf`dði ka bos hogdarios bo`fbas ai `rafr bf pobìtd`f `oiku`dræ f uif lfyor propdakfk ka bos prohrflfs ka präst prästfl flos, os, por por bo tfit tfito, o, f uif uif laco lacorr pobì pobìtd td`f `f nds` nds`fb fb.. Ab `oit `oitaid aidko ko ka astos astos ko`ul ko `ulait aitos os jf rasubt rasubtfk fko o sar sar gfst gfstfi fita ta sd sdld ldbf bfrr fb `oit `oitai aidk dko o ordhd ordhdif ifbb ka bos bos Urohrfl Uro hrflfs fs ka Fcusta Fcusta Astru`t Astru`turfb urfb,, ka futorì futorìf f kab Gfi`o Gfi`o Luikdf Luikdfb. b. Bos `rìtd` `rìtd`os os frhulaitfi quatokfvìf bfs sdldbdtukas luastrfi qua ab Gfi`o Luikdfb y pfìsas quaka bo ndifi`dfi astæi kalfsdfko divobu`rfko ai ab pro`aso kabos abfgorf`dði pobìtd`fs.

 

;.7 Lokabo DP-BL Ab lokabo DP-BL as uif jarrfldaitf lf`roa`oiðld`f qua luastrf bf rabf`dði aitra bos tdpos ka ditaräs y bf proku``dði rafb ai ab lar`fko ka gdaias y sarvd`dos y, por tfito, ai ab kdiaro. Bfs did`dfbas DP sdhidnd`fi «Divastlait fik Pfvdih aqudbdgrdul½ (aqudbdgrdo aitra divarsdði y fjorro) ldaitrfs qua BL raspoika f bfs sdhbfs ka «Bdqudkdty pranarai`a fik Loiay suppby aqudbdgrdul“ (aqudbdgrdo aitra bdqudkaz y ab suldidstro kab kdiaro).

Bfs `urv Bfs `urvfs fs DP DP-BL -BL sd sdhua huai i sd sdaik aiko o uio uio ka bos bos laco lacoras ras acal acalpbo pbos s ka bf taorì taorìf f a`oiðld`f a`oiðl d`f rabf`doifkf `oi ab paisfldaito mayiasdfio. mayiasdfio. Pdi algfrho, algfrho, bfs `rìtd`fs proito sa jd`daroi iotfr `oi raspa`to f bfs paikdaitas ka bfs `urvfs DP y BL y f bfs a`uf`doias ka pra`dos y sfbfrdos qua kagìfi föfkdrsa fb lokabo, aitra otros lu`jos nf`toras. Bf `urvf DP3 Bf `urvf DP luastrf bfs sdtuf`doias ka aqudbdgrdo aitra divarsdði y fjorro pfrf bos kdnaraitas vfboras ka raitf (T) y tdpo ka ditaräs (r). Uor tfito luastrf ab aqudbdgrdo ai ab lar`fko ka gdaias. [daia paikdaita iahftdvf porqua, `olo bf divarsdði kapaika divarsflaita kab tdpo ka ditaräs, uif kdsldiu`dði o fulaito kab tdpo ka ditaräs jf`a fulaitfr o kdsldiudr bf divarsdði, bo qua `oibbavf ui fulaito o kas`aiso ka proku``dði. Ai kandidtdvf, kandidtdvf, astf bìiaf raprasaitf bf rabf`dði rabf`dði ka `fusfbdkfk `fusfbdkfk aitra bf `fìkf ka bfs tfsfs ka ditaräs y fb fulaito ka bfs divarsdoias pravdstfs ndcfs qua provo`fi ab fulaito ka bf raitf if`doifb y bf proku``dði.

 

Bf `urvf BL3Bf `urvf BL luastrf bfs sdtuf`doias sdtuf`doias ka aqudbdgrdo aqudbdgrdo aitra bf onartf y bf kalfikf ai ab lar`fko loiatfrdo. Pa `oisdkarf qua `ufito lfyor as ab idvab ka proku proku`` ``dð dði i y ra rait itf, f, lfyor lfyor as bf kalf kalfik ikf f ka kdiar kdiaro= o= y `ufi `ufito to lfyo lfyorr as bf kalfikf kalfik f ka kdiaro, lfyor lfyor tdaika f sar ab tdpo ka ditaräs. Ka fjì qua bf BL taihf uif paikdaita posdtdvf.

Aqudbdgrdo kab Lokabo DP-BL3 Ab puito A ai ab qua sa `ruzfi bfs `urvfs DP y BL luastrf bf posd`dði kab aqudbdgrdo sdlubtæiao ai flgos lar`fkos, ab loiatfrdo y ab ka gdaias. As ui aqudbdgrdo astfgba yf qua sd sa proku`a uif sdtuf`dði talporfb ka kasaqudbdgrdo qua kaspbfzf bf posd`dði f `ufbqudar otro puito, bfs nuarzfs kab lar`fko prasdoifræi pfrf vobvar f asa puito ka `ru`a. Bf sdtuf`dði ka aqudbdgrdo puaka varsa fbtarfkf por vfrdfgbas kdstditfs fb tdpo ka ditaräs ditarä s qua puakai provo`fr kaspbfzfldai kaspbfzfldaitos tos ka bfs `urvfs. Bos fulaitos fulaitos ai bf kalfikf ana`tdvf (ka `oisulo, ka divarsdði, ka hfstos pógbd`os o kab sa`tor  axtardor) provo`fi kaspbfzfldaitos jf`df bf kara`jf ka bf `urvf DP y, por tfito, ui iuavo puito ka aqudbdgrdo f ui idvab ka raitf y tdpo ka ditaräs supardor. Jfy qua Jfy qua ra`or ra`orkfr kfr bf kd kdna nara rai` i`df df aitr aitra a lovd lovdld ldai aito to f bo bfrho bfrho ka ui uif f `urvf `urvf y kaspbfzfldaito ka bf `urvf3 ab lovdldaito f bo bfrho ka bf DP astfræ provo`fko por  vfrdf`doias ai ab tdpo ka ditaräs, ldaitrfs qua bos kaspbfzfldaitos sa kagaræi f vfrdf`doias ai otrfs vfrdfgbas, saf `ufb saf ab tdpo ka ditaräs.  Fsdldslo, bos fulaitos ai bf onartf ka kdiaro, `fìkfs ai ab idvab haiarfb ka pra`dos, kdsldiu`doias ai bf kalfikf ka kdiaro, at`, provo`fi kaspbfzfldaitos jf`df bf kara`jf ka bf `urvf BL y por tfito ui iuavo aqudbdgrdo `oi lfyor  proku`to y laior tdpo ka ditaräs.

Kaspbf Kas pbfzfl zfldai daitos tos-lo -lokab kabo-d o-ds-b s-bl3 l3 Ka f`uarko f`uarko `oi ab lokabo lokabo DP-BL, DP-BL, `ufiko `ufiko sa fulaitf ab hfsto (kaspbfzfldaito `urvf DP f bf kara`jf) fulaitfræi bos tdpos ka ditaräs. Uor bo qua sd sa fulaitf bf onartf loiatfrdf (kaspbfzfldaito `urvf BL f bf kara`jf) sa `oisahudræ kas`aikar ka iuavo ab tdpo ka ditaräs y bf laz`bf ka flgfs pobìtd`fs a`oiðld`fs abavfræi bf proku``dði.

^aitfcfs y kasvaitfcfs kab lokabo DP-BL Aitra bfs vaitfcfs kab lokabo DP-BL kastf`fi3 Nf`dbdtf bf `olpraisdði kab nui`doifldaito kab lar`fko loiatfrdo. Pdlpbd Pdl pbdnd` nd`f f ab aqudbd aqudbdgrd grdo o kab lar`fk lar`fko o ka divars divarsdði dði y fjorro, fjorro, tolfiko tolfiko ai `uaitf bfs vfrdfgbas prdi`dpfbas. As uio ka bos lokabos taðrd`os `oi læs prastdhdo.

 

Ka bf ldslf norlf, `olo toko lokabo tdaia tflgdäi kasvaitfcfs ai norlf ka bdldtf`doias3  Fb sar ui lokabo sdlpba, io di`buya lu`jos otros nf`toras qua pokrìfi fna`tfr fb aqudbdgrdo ka lar`fko. Axdsta kds`usdði pfrf astdlfr bfs paikdaitas ka bfs `urvfs DP y BL. Bos Bo s `rìtd `rìtd`os `os di dikd kd`f `fi i qua qua aitr aitra a bf bfs s vfrd vfrdfg fgba bas s qua qua ka kagar garìf ìfi i di`b di`bud udr, r, sa ai`uaitrfi bf `urvf ka sfbfrdos y ka pra`dos.