Unidad 3

 

A\OBCKLORMV BL KCZILRHON

\ohbc ohbcb b 67 Fmkpm mkpmrtc rtckhl khlotm otm bl blee Fmosu mosukhbm khbmrr.

Loamquls ble fmkpmrtckhlotm ble fmosukhbmr. Bhkloshmols c fm oshblrcr. Le prmflsm bl blfhshöo bl fmkp rc. Bltlrkhocotls Bl tlrkhocotls hotlroms y lxtlroms ble fmkpmr tckhlotm ble fmosukh bmr. Kmblems smjrl le le fmkpm rtckhlotm ble fmosukhb mr.

 

Loamquls ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm ble Fmosukhbmr

c)Loamqul Lfmoökhfm Vupmol qul le fmkpmrtckhlotm ble fmosukhbmr hkpehfc shlkprl uoc lelffhöo y qul le hobh hobhvh vhbu bum m pmsl pmslll uo fmom fmomfh fhkh khlo lotm tm fmkp fmkpel eltm tm bl su suss blsl blslms ms y ls fcpcz fcpcz bl cf cftu tucr cr rcfhm cfhmoc ocek eklo lottl pcr pcrc sc scth thsa sacf cflr lr sus sus olf olflshb lshbcb cbls ls,, sh shlo lobm bm su ÷ohf ÷ohfcc kmth kmthvvcfhö cfhöo o ec kcxhkhzcfhöo bl ec uthehbcb. j)Loamqul Pshfmeönhfm  Ckpeëc le fckpm bl ecs vcrhcjels vcrhcjels qul hoaeuylo le fmkpmrtckhlotm, fmkpmrtckhlotm, fmoshblrcobm fmoshblrcobm cblkãs bl ecs lfmoökhfcs, ecs pshfmeönhfcs (hotlrocs) y ecs smfhcels (lxtlrocs). f)Loamqul Kmthvcfhmoce  Kmthvcfhmoce  Rrctc bl lxpehfcr ems fmkpmrtckhlotms c pcrthr bl ecs fcuscs qul ems prmbuflo. Le slr dukcom cft÷c lsthkuecbm pmr olflshbcbls. Lstcs pulblo slr blahohbcs bla hohbcs fmkm sloscfhmols bl fcrlofhc bl cenm cenm,, qul prlbhspmolo c cftucr bl kmbm qul pulbco slr pcehcbcs.

 

Bhkloshmols c fmoshblrcr

‒½Suè= ‒½Suhèo= ‒½P ‒½ Pmr què què== ‒½Fökm= ‒½Fucobm=

Fmkprc Fmosukl \sc

‒½Böobl= ‒½Fuãotm=

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 F Fmoflptms moflptms y Lstr Lstrctlnhcs, ctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, p pãns. ãns. :11 ‖ :>0.

 

Le Prmflsm bl Blfhshöo bl Fmkprc Le prmflsm bl blfhshöo bl fmkprc bl uo prmbuftm m slrvhfhm lo nlolrce, lstã amrkcbm pmr uoc slrhl bl acsls m ltcpcs slfulofhcels fuyc hkpmrtcofhc, hotloshbcb y burcfhöo blploblo ble thpm bl fmkprc qul sl lalft÷l. Lo ec shnuhlot shnuhlotll tcjec sl bltceeco bhsthotcs fcrcftlr fcrcftlrësthfcs ësthfcs bl prmbuft prmbuftm m m bl ec fmkpr fmkprcc qul bco euncr c prmflsms bl blfhshöo bl fmkpelghbcb fmkpelghbcb klomr m kcymr kcymr.. Fmkpelghbcb jcgc (ruthoc, dãjhtm, holrfhc)

Fmkpelghbcb cetc (prmflsm ecjmrhmsm/ecrnm)

‒Fmkprc bl rlplthfhöo. ‒Fmkprc arlfulotl. ‒Fmkprc pmr hkpuesm. ‒Fmkprc bl jcgc

‒Prhklrc fmkprc. ‒Fmkprc lspmrãbhfc. ‒Fmkprc rczmocbc. ‒Fmkprc bl cetc

hkpehfcfhöo. ‒Prmbuftm bl jcgm prlfhm.

hkpehfcfhöo. ‒Prmbuftm bl prlfhm cetm.

Fmkpelghbcb ble prmflsm bl blfhshöo bl fmkprc sln÷o le thpm bl prmbuftm m bl fmkprc.

Pmr lglkpem, lo le fcsm bl fmkprcs hkpmrtcotls pcrc le fmosukhbmr (cutmkövhe, fcsc), le prmflsm bl blfhshöo slrã kcs fmkpelgm y lxtlosm. lxtlosm. Lo fckjhm slrã kãs shkpel y rãphbm fucot fucotm7 m7 ‒Kloms hkpmrtcotl slc ec prlvhc fmkprc. ‒Kcymr ‒Kcy mr slc ec lxplrhlofhc qul sl pmslc lo le usm ble prmbuftm. ‒Kcymr ‒Kcy mr slc le fmomfhkhlotm bl ecs bhsthotcs kcrfcs lxhstlotls.

 

Prmflsm bl blfhshöo bl fmkprc

Lo nlolrce, lo ems prmflsms bl blfhshöo blfhshöo fmkpel fmkpelgms, gms, sl sl pulblo hblothahfcr < acsls, qul sl blscrrmeeco lo amrkc slfulofhce y qul sl kulstrco le nrãahfm. Ecs ltcpcs ble prmflsm sl prmbufhrão bl amrkc slfulofhce lo uoc blfhshöo fmkpelgc, plrm lo fmkprcs bl rlplth rlplthfhö fhöo, o, dãjhtm   m pmr holrfhc le prmflsm slrã kcs slofheem shkpehahfcobm m lehkhoãobmsl cenuocs bl ecs ltcpcs. Hofeusm ec slfulofhc pulbl hovlrthrsl, fmkm mfurrl lo ecs fmkprcs pmr hkpuesm.

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms  y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns. :>0 ‖ :>2. :>2.

 

Bltlrkhocotls Hotlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm

Ec Lxplrhlofhc y le Cprlobhzcgl Ec  lxplrhlofhc   sl cprlobl fmo le   cprlobhzcgl. Le cprlobhzcgl ls uo prmflsm khlotrcs qul ec lxplrhlofhc ls uo rlsuetcbm m shtucfhöo.

Le cprlobhzcgl pulbl eelvcr ce dãjhtm y c ec elcetcb bl kcrfc. C kl klbh bhbc bc qu qul l sl rlph rlphtc tco o ecs ecs fm fmkp kprc rcss y sh ec lx lxpl plrh rhlo lofh fhc c ls scth scthsa sacf cftm tmrh rhc, c, sl rlbufl le thlkpm uthehzcbm lo jusfcr y lvceucr hoamrkcfhöo.

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns. :>8 ‖ :43.

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, : Lbhfhöo, pãns. :>8 :43.  

Bltlrkhocotls Hotlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Fcrcft Fcr cftlrës lrësthfcs thfcs blkmnrã blkmnrãahfcs, ahfcs, smfhmlf smfhmlfmoök moökhfcs hfcs y pshf pshfmnr mnrãahfcs ãahfcs  vcrhcjels blkmnrãahfcs   dcflo rlalrlofhc c ctrhjutms jhmeönhfms ble hobhvhbum, c su Ecs shtucfhöo ackhehcr y c su emfcehzcfhöo nlmnrãahfc. Pmr ackhehcr Pmr lglkpem7 ‒Lbcb, ‒Vlxm, ‒Lstcbm fhvhe, ‒Pmshfhöo ‒Pmsh fhöo ackhehcr (fcjlzc bl ackhehc, ckc bl fcsc u mtrm khlk khlkjrm) jrm) ‒O÷klrm ‒O÷klr m bl khlkjrms bl ec ackhehc, ‒Dãjhtct lo le qul rlshbl (tckcóm m o÷klrm bl dcjhtcotls y thpm Yurjcom m rurce[)

Ecs  vcrhcjels smfhmlfmoökhfcs   lvh lvhblo blofhco fhco sh shtu tuccfh fhm mols ols m lst stcb cbm ms cefc cefcoz ozcb cbms ms y  fmomfhkhlotms fmomfhkh lotms cbquhrhbms. Pmr Pmr lglkpem7 ‒Ec mfupcfhöo, prmalshöo m cfthvhbcb blslkplócbc, ‒Emspctrhkmohm honrlsms plrhöbhfms mjtlohbms, ‒Le p ctrhkmohm cfukuecbm, cfukuecbm , ‒Le ohvle bl lstubhms cefcozcbm. Ecs vcrhcjels blkmnrãahfcs y smfhmlfmoökhfcs smo fcrcftlrësthfcs mjglthvcs y pmr em nlolrce smo kãs aãfhels bl klbhr. Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, : Lbhfhöo, pãns. :4: :46.  

Bltlrkhocotls Hotlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm

Fcrcftlrësthfcs blkmnrãahfcs, smfhmlfmoökhfcs y pshfmnrãahfcs Ecs vcrhcjels pshfmnrãahfcs, hofeuylo bms thpms bl vcrhcjels7 fmkp kpel elgc gc y ca calf lftc tc bl kmbm kmbm fm fmos oshs hstl tlot otl l y bu burc rcbl blrm rm ce Ec Plrs Plrsmoce mocehbcb7 hbcb7   ls fm fmkpmrtckhlotm.

Ems Lsthems bl Qhbc7 smo kmbms bl vhvhr qul sl fcrcftlrhzco pmr ecs amrkcs lo qul ec nlot nl otl l lk lkpe pelc lc le thlk thlkpm pm (cft (cfthv hvhb hbcb cbls ls), ), pm pmrr tm tmbm bm cqul cquleeeem m qul qul sl fmos fmoshb hblr lrc c hkpmrtcotl (flotrms bl hotlrès) y pmr em qul phlosco ecs plrsmocs bl leecs khskcs y ble kuobm qul els rmblc (mphohmols). Ecs vcrhcjels pshfmnrãahfcs smo sujglthvcs y, pmr em tcotm, kãs bhaëfhels bl klbhr.

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, : Lbhfhöo, pãns. :4: :46.  

Bltlrkhocotls Hotlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm

Ecs cfthtu cfthtubls bls Vmo prlbh prlbhsp spmsh mshfhm fhmols ols cprlo cprlobhb bhbcs cs pcrl pcrl rlspmo rlspmoblr blr fmoshs fmoshstl tlot otlkl lklot otll bl kmbm kmbm acvmr acvmrcje cjell m blsacvmrcjel c uo mjgltm m fecsl bl mjgltms. Pmr Lg7ecs frllofhcs. ec vcemrcfhöo, ec tloblofhc c cftucr. cftucr. Ecs cfthtubls sl blscrrmeeco c em ecrbm ble thlkpm c trcvès bl uo prmflsm bl cprlobhzcgl, y  lstão calftcbcs pmr ecs hoaeulofhcs ackhehcrls, ems nrupms smfhcels c ems qul sl plrtlolfl m sl csphrc c plrtlolflr plrtlolflr,, ec hoamrkcfhöo rlfhjhbc, ec lxplrhlofhc y ec plrsmocehbcb.

 

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Le kcfrmlot kcfrmlotmrom mrom Ec vcrhcjels ble kcfrmlotmrom smo ecs qul sl trctcrmo lo ec \ohbcb :. Fmovhlol Fmovh lol cnrlncr tckjhèo cenm cenm smjrl ec fueturc y sujfueturc. Ec fue fueturc   ls le fmoguotm bl omrkcs, frllofhcs, fmstukjrls qul smo cprlobhbcs pmr ec smfhlbcb y eelvco c pcutcs bl fmkpmrtckhlotm fmkuols. fmkuols.

Ems vcemr vcemrls ls fuetu fueturc rcels els smo cprlob cprlobhbm hbms, s, fmost fmosthtu htuyl ylo o nuëcs nuëcs pcrc pcrc le fmkpm fmkpmrtc rtckh khlot lotm, m, smo rlecthvcklotl rlecthv cklotl plrkcolotls, cuoqul cftuceklotl ems fckjhms smo kãs rãphbms. Fcbc fueturc hofeuyl sujfueturcs, m nrupms kãs rlbufhbms l hblothahfcbms qul fmkpcrtlo ems khskms vcemrls. Ec blehkhtcfhöo pulbl slr pmr vcemrls nlmnrãahfms (prmvhofhcs m fhubcbls), rlehnhmsms m ètohfms (nhtcoms, ãrcjls, fmrlcoms, jmehvhcoms, ltf.).

 

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Fecsl Fec sl Vmfhce Vmfhce Dcfl rlalrlofhc c ec pmshfhöo bl uo hobhvhbum hobhvhbum m ackhehc ackhehc lo uoc lsfcec smfhce. Ems khlkjrms bl uoc khskc fecsl smfhce fmkpcrtlo fhlrtms vcemrls, fmkpmrtckhlotms y  cfthtubls, pmr tlolr uocs fcrcftlrësthfcs smfhmlfmoökhfcs shkhecrls. Ec fecsl smfhce c ec qul plrtlolfl uo hobhvhbum bl bltlrkhoc lo auofhöo bl sus fcrcftlrësthfcs smfhmlfmoökhfcs, smfhmlfmoök hfcs, lotrl ecs qul fcjl fmoshblrcr ecs shnuhlotls7 ‒Ohvle bl honrlsms ‒Mfupcfhöo ‒Lbufcfhöo ‒Rhpm bl fcsc lo ec qul sl vhvl. vhvl. ‒Jcrrhm lo le qul sl rlshbl. ‒Qhvhlobc lo prmphlbcb m cequhelr. ‒Pmslshöo bl bltlrkhocbms prmbuftms (cutmkövhe, tleèamom, tlelvhsmr, tcrgltc bl frèbhtm, ltf.) ‒\thehzcfhöo ‒\thehzcfhö o bl b l slrvhfhm slr vhfhm bmkèsthfm. bmkèsthfm. Blsbl le puotm bl vhstc ble kcrilthon, hotlrlsc fmomflr sh ecs bhalrlofhcs bl fecsl smfhce bco euncr c bhsthotms fmkpmrtckhlotms bl fmkprc. Lxhstlo k÷ethpels lvhb lv hblo cscbl lstc ls tcs bhal bhcbqu alrl rlof ofhc hcs shöo. , tc tcot m lo le thpm thpm bl pr prmb mbuf ufttms qu qul l sl cb cbqu quhl hlrl rlo, o, fmk mkm m lo eclofh amrk amfhcs rkc y eu eunc ncr rsbl cb quhs hshf hfhö o.otm

 

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Fecsl Fec sl Vmfhce Vmfhce Lo oulstrm pcës sl uthehzc ec shnuhlotl omklofecturc pcrc su hblothahfcfhöo7 ‒CJ CERC   ‒F3KLBHC ‒F3KL BHC CERC  CERC  ‒ KL LB BHHC HPGHC  FC  ‒F F6: K CR JC ‒B3 JCGC V\PLZHMZ  ‒B: JCGC CGC HOAL OALZHM ZHMZ  ‒L KCZNHOCE

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns pãns.. :419 :44.  

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Nrupms Nrup ms Vmfhcels Vmfhcels Vmo nrupms bl rlalrlofhc fmo fmo ems qul le hobhvhbum sl hblothahfc y qul hoa euylo lo ec amrkcfhöo bl sus frllofhcs, cfthtubls y fmkpmrtckhlotms. Fecsh ahfcfhöo bl ems nrupms smfhcels  C) Nrupms c ems qul sl plrtlolfl plrtlolfl Hoamrkcels

Amrkcels

Prhkcrhms (rlecfhöo arlfulotl)

‒Ackhehc ‒Ckhnms

‒Nrupms bl trcjcgm ‒Nrupms bl ceukoms bl uo fursm

Vlfuobcrhms (rlecfhöo lspmrãbhfc)

‒Nrupms blpmrthvms. ‒Plócs. ‒Cothnums ceukoms.

‒Pcrthbms pmeëthfms. ‒Vhobhfctms. ‒Fmelnhms prmalshmocels.

J) Nrupms c ems qul sl csphrc c plrtlolflr  Fmo fmotcftm bhrlftm Kcobms/bhrlfthvms bl uoc Kcobms/bhrlfthvms mrncohzcfhöo.

Vho fmotcftm fmo leems Plrsmocgls ackmsms, crthstcs, blpmrthstcs, ltf. Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns pãns.. :44 - :83.  

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm Nrupms Nrup ms Vmfhc Vmfhcels els Fcr Fcrcft cftlrëst lrësthfcs hfcs ems smjrl nrupms nrupm smfhcels7 smfhc els7   thlolo bltlrkhocbcs fcrcftlrësthfcs qul calftco ce kmbm lo qul hoabl hoaeuylo euylo les fmosukhbmr fmosukhbm r. Ems E ms nrupms lstcjelflo7 ‒Omrkcs. ‒Zmels. ‒Vtctus. ‒Vmfhcehzcfhöo. ‒Pmblr.

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns pãns.. :44 - :83.  

Fmobhfhmo Fmobhfhmocotls cotls Lxtlroms ble Fmkpmrtckhlotm

Ackhehc Ls uo nrupm smfhce prhkcrhm, fuyc hoaeulofhc smjrl ec plrsmocehbcb, cfthtubls y kmthvcfhmols ble hobhvhbum ls kuy pmblrmsc. Ec ac ackh khehehc c ho hotl tlrv rvhl hlol ol lo ecs ecs bl blfh fhsh shmo mols ls bl fm fmkp kprc rc fmog fmoguo uotc tc l hoae hoaeuy uyl l lo ec ecss tmkcbcs hobhvhbuceklotl.

Hoaeulof Hoa eulofhcs hcs plrsmocel plrsmocelss Ec hoaeulofhc plrsmoce ls kuy pmblrmsc pmrqul ls kãs frlëjel qul ec bl mtrcs aulotls bl hoamrkcfhöo. Em qul bhnc uo ckhnm m uoc plrsmoc lo ec qul sl fmoaëc prlvcelflrã smjrl ec hoamrkcfhöo mjtlohbc bl ems klbhms bl fmkuohfcfhöo bl kcscs. Ec fmkuohfcfhöo c trcvès bl Hotlrolt y le fmrrlm lelftröohfm dc pmtlofhcbm le lalftm bl ecs hoaeulofhcs plrsmocels.

Ellr Vcotlskcsls Klstrl,, Kcrilthon7 Fmoflptms

 y Lstrctlnhcs, Lstrctlnhcs, :° Lbhfhöo, pãns. :83 - :86.  

Kmblems smjrl le Fmkpmrtckhlotm ble Fmosukhbmr Qlotcgcs7 3. Pl Plrk rkht htlo lo mj mjtl tlol olrr uo uoc c vhshö hshöo o nem emjc jcee l hotl hotlnr nrcb cbc c ble ble fm fmkp kpmr mrtc tck khl hlot otm m ble ble fmosukhbmr. :. Cyubc Cyubco o c hblo hbloth thah ahfc fcrr ãrlc ãrlcss bl hoam hoamrk rkcf cfhö höo o ol olfl flsc scrh rhcs cs pc pcrc rc ec ecss bl blfh fhsh shmo mols ls fmklrfhcels. 6. Plrkht Plrkhtlo lo ec fu fucothahfc cothahfcfhöo fhöo bl ecs vcrhcjels. vcrhcjels. 2. Prmpmrf Prmpmrfhmoco hmoco u uoc oc jcsl pcr pcrc c sln slnklotcr klotcr k klrfcbms. lrfcbms.