Unidad 3. Interrupciones
November 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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CNPÌW_BF >= Dktorrupcdfkos
DKW]FG_CCDÓK Ok osto cnpìtubf oxtokgorolfs bn cfmorturn go bn O/S mîsdcn y bns dktorjncos pordjärdcns prfernlnmbos, logdnkto ob nkîbdsds go ukn täckdcn bbnlngn O/S prfcosngn pfr dktorrupcdfkos. _kn dktorrupcdók os uk prfcogdldoktf dkdcdngf pfr hnrgwnro quo dktorrulpo cunbqudor prfernln quo ostä oiocutîkgfso. Ok osto cnpìtubf prfpfrcdfknrolfs oiolpbfs y ukn oxpbdcncdók gotnbbngn go bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos go tfgn bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob.
FMIOWDZFS GOB CNPÌW_BF Nb torldknr osto cnpìtubf pfgrî9 >. Oxpbdcnr bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos go bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob. =. Oxpbdcnr bn fporncdók go bns dkstruccdfkos go dktorrupcdók go sfjtwnro DKW, DKW, DKWF, DKW 3 y MF_KG. 3. Oxpbdcnr cólf ob mdt go mnkgorn hnmdbdtn bn dktorrupcdók (DJ) pnrn lfgdjdcnr bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos. 7. Goscrdmdr bn jukcdók gob mdt go mnkgorn pnrn ntrnpnr dktorrupcdfkos (WJ) y bn fporncdók gob rnstrof eokorngf pfr ntrnpnldoktf. ?. Gosnrrfbbnr prfcogdldoktfs go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo cfktrfbok gdspfsdtdvfs pordjärdcfs oxtorkfs go mnin vobfcdgng. :. Oxpnkgdr bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos gob ldcrfprfcosngfr logdnkto ob usf gob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo 8=?4N y ftrns täckdcns. 5. Oxpbdcnr ob prfpósdtf y bn fporncdók go uk robfi ok tdolpf ronb.
>=->
P]FCOSNLDOKWF MÎSDCF GO DKWO]]_PCDFKOS Ok ostn soccdók hnmbnrolfs sfmro bn jukcdók go ukn dktorrupcdók ok uk sdstoln mnsngf ok ldcrfprfcosngfr cflf tnlmdäk sfmro bn ostructurn y cnrnctorìstdcns go bns dktorrupcdfkos gdspfkdmbos ok bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob.
Ob prfpósdtf go bns dktorrupcdfkos Bns dktorrupcdfkos sfk ùtdbos ok ospocdnb cunkgf so cfkoctnk gdspfsdtdvfs go O/S quo prfpfrcdfknk f roqudorok gntfs n vobfcdgngos go trnksjorokcdn robntdvnlokto mnins. Pfr oiolpbf, ok ob cnpìtubf >> lfstrnlfs ob oiolpbf go uk tocbngf quo utdbdznmn bn fporncdók go oktrngn ostrfmfscópdcn gob 8=C??. Ok oso
737
73?
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS JDE_]N >=->
_kn bìkon go tdolpf quo dkgdcn ob usf go bns dktorrupcdfkos ok uk sdstoln cflùk.
Dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf
Dktorrupcdók go bn dlprosfrn
Dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf
Prfernln prdkcdpnb
Dktorrupcdók go bn dlprosfrn
oiolpbf, ob sfjtwnro sfkgonmn ob 8=C?? y su mdt DMJ pnrn gocdgdr sd hnmìn gntfs gdspfkdmbos gosgo ob tocbngf. Sd bn porsfkn quo utdbdznmn ob tocbngf oscrdmìn uk cnrîctor pfr soeukgf, ob sfjtwnro pnrn ob 8=C?? ospornmn tfgf uk soeukgf cflpbotf oktro cngn pubsncdók go tocbn pnrn quo bn porsfkn pubsnrn ftrn tocbn. Osto prfcosf gosporgdcdnmn luchf tdolpf, bf cunb hdzf quo bfs gdsoþngfros gosnrrfbbnrfk ftrf, bbnlngf prfcosnldoktf go dktorrupcdfkos, pnrn okcnrenrso go ostn sdtuncdók. N gdjorokcdn go bn täckdcn go sfkgof, ob prfcosnldoktf go dktorrupcdfkos porldto nb ldcrfprfcosngfr oiocutnr ftrf sfjtwnro ldoktrns ob fporngfr gob tocbngf pdoksn sfmro cuîb tocbn goson pubsnr n cfktdkuncdók. Wnk prfktf cflf so fprdlo ukn tocbn, ob cfgdjdcngfr gob tocbngf obdldkn bfs romftos gob dktorruptfr y cfbfcn uk pubsf go snbdgn quo dktorrulpo nb ldcrfprfcosngfr. Ästo oiocutn ftrf sfjtwnro hnstn quo ronblokto so fprdln ukn tocbn, lfloktf ok ob cunb boo bn tocbn y roerosn nb prfernln quo hnmìn sdgf dktorrulpdgf. Cflf rosubtngf, ob ldcrfprfcosngfr puogo dlprdldr dkjfrlos f cflpbotnr cunbqudor ftrn tnron ldoktrns ob fporngfr ostî oscrdmdokgf uk gfculoktf y poksnkgf quä oscrdmdr n cfktdkuncdók. Bn jdeurn >=-> luostrn ukn bìkon go tdolpf quo dkgdcn cólf uk locnkóernjf oscrdmo gntfs cfk uk tocbngf, cólf ukn dlprosfrn oxtrno gntfs go bn lolfrdn y cólf so oiocutn uk prfernln. Ob prfernln os ob prfernln prdkcdpnb quo so dktorrulpo pnrn cngn pubsncdók go tocbn y cngn cnrîctor quo so vn n dlprdldr ok bn dlprosfrn. Fmsorvo quo ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos gob tocbngf quo bbnln bn dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf y ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdók go bn dlprosfrn tnrgnk cdortf tdolpf ok oiocutnrso.
Dktorrupcdfkos Bns dktorrupcdfkos go tfgn bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob dkcbuyok gfs torldknbos go hnrgwnro quo sfbdcdtnk dktorrupcdfkos (DKW] y KLD) y ukn torldknb go hnrgwnro (DKWN ( DKWN)) quo rocfkfco bn dktorrupcdók sfbdcdtngn n trnväs go DKW]. Ngolîs go bns torldknbos, ob ldcrfprfcosngfr tnlmdäk tdoko bns dktorrupcdfkos go sfjtwnro DKW, DKWF, DKW 3 y MF_KG. Wnlmdäk so utdbdznk gfs mdts go mnkgorn cfk bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos9 DJ (mnkgorn go dktorrupcdók) y WJ (mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf), ngolîs go ukn dkstruccdók ospocdnb go rotfrkf bbnlngn D]OW (f D]OWG ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros 8038:, 8078: f Poktdul-Poktdul 7). Zoctfros go dktorrupcdók. Bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók dktorrupcdók y bn tnmbn go voctfros voctfros sfk oboloktfs dlproscdkdlproscdk-
gdmbos pnrn cflprokgor bns dktorrupcdfkos go hnrgwnro y go sfjtwnro. Bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók so okcuoktrn ok bfs prdlorfs >0=7 mytos go lolfrdn, ok bns gdroccdfkos 000000H-0003JJH. Ostn tnmbn cfktdoko =?: voctfros go dktorrupcdók go 7 mytos gdstdktfs. _k voctfr go dktorrupcdók cfktdoko bn gdroccdók (soeloktf y gospbnznldoktf) gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Bn jdeurn >=-= luostrn bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bfs prdlorfs cdkcf voctfros go dktorrupcdók sfk dgäktdcfs ok tfgfs bfs ldolmrfs go bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob, gob 808: nb Poktdul. Hny ftrfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob 80=8: quo tdokok cflpntdmdbdgng nscokgokto cfk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros 8038:, 8078: y Poktdul-Poktdul 7, porf kf tdokok cflpntdmdbdgng goscokgokto cfk ob 808: f ob 8088. Dktob rosorvn bfs prdlorfs 3= voctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn usnrbfs ok gdvorsfs ldolmrfs go su jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros. Bfs ùbtdlfs ==7 voctfros ostîk gdspfkdmbos pnrn ob usunrdf. Cngn voctfr tdoko 7 mytos go bfkedtug ok ob lfgf ronb y cfktdoko bn gdroccdók dkdcdnb gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Bfs prdlorfs gfs mytos gob voctfr cfktdokok bn gdroccdók go gospbnznldoktf y bfs ùbtdlfs gfs mytos cfktdokok bn gdroccdók go soeloktf. Bn sdeudokto bdstn goscrdmo bn jukcdók go cngn dktorrupcdók gogdcngn ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr9 Ob orrfr go gdvdsdók so prosoktn cngn voz quo so gosmfrgn ob rosubtngf go ukn gdvdsdók WDPF 0 f cunkgf so prfguco uk dktoktf go gdvdgdr oktro corf.
73:
CNPÌW_BF >=
JDE_]N >=-=
(n) Bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr y (m) ob cfktokdgf go uk voctfr go dktorrupcdók.
Wdpf 3= – =?? Zoctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob usunrdf 080H Wdpf >7 – 3> ]osorvngf
070H 03CH 038H 037H 030H 0=CH
Wdpf >: Orrfr gob cfprfcosngfr Wdpf >? Sdk nsdeknr Wdpf >7 Jnbbn go pîedkn Wdpf >3 Prftoccdók eokornb Wdpf >= Snturncdók gob soeloktf go pdbn Wdpf >> Ob soeloktf kf ostî prosokto Wdpf >0
0=8H 0=7H 0=0H 0>CH 0>8H 0>7H 0>0H
Soeloktf go ostngf go tnron dkvîbdgf Wdpf 4 Snturncdók gob soeloktf gob cfprfcosngfr
Wdpf 8 Gfmbo jnbbn Wdpf 5 Ob cfprfcosngfr kf ostî gdspfkdmbo Wdpf : Cógdef go fporncdók kf gojdkdgf Wdpf ? MF_KG Wdpf 7 Gosmfrgnldoktf (DKWF) Wdpf 3
00CH 008H 007H 000H
Puktf go dktorrupcdók go > myto Wdpf = Worldknb KLD Wdpf > Pnsf dkgdvdgunb Wdpf 0 Orrfr go gdvdsdók (n)
WDPF >
WDPF =
Cunbqudor voctfr go dktorrupcdók 3
Soeloktf (supordfr)
=
Soeloktf (dkjordfr)
> Gospbnznldoktf (supordfr) 0
Gospbnznldoktf (dkjordfr (dkjordfr)) (m)
Pnsf dkgdvdgunb f ntrnpnldoktf fcurro gospuäs go bn oiocucdók go cngn dkstruccdók,
sd ob mdt go mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf (WJ) ostî nctdvf. Nb ncoptnr bn dktorrupcdók ob mdt WJ so mfrrn, go lnkorn quo ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos so oiocuto n tfgn su vobfcdgng. (Lîs ngobnkto ok ostn soccdók vorolfs lnyfros gotnbbos sfmro ostn dktorrupcdók.) Bn dktorrupcdók kf oklnscnrnmbo so prfguco cunkgf so cfbfcn uk > bóedcf ok bn torldknb go oktrngn KLD quo vn nb ldcrfprfcosngfr. Kf oklnscnrnmbo sdekdjdcn quo bn oktrngn kf puogo goshnmdbdtnrso.
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS WDPF 3
WDPF 7
WDPF ?
WDPF : WDPF 5
WDPF 8 WDPF 4
WDPF >0
WDPF >>
WDPF >=
WDPF >3
WDPF >7 WDPF >:
WDPF >5
735 _kn dkstruccdók ospocdnb go uk myto (DKW 3) quo utdbdzn ob voctfr pnrn nccogor n su prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Bn dkstruccdók DKW 3 so utdbdzn n lokugf pnrn nblncoknr uk puktf go dktorrupcdók ok uk prfernln, pnrn su gopurncdók. Gosmfrgnldoktf os uk voctfr ospocdnb quo so utdbdzn cfk bn dkstruccdók DKWF. Ostn dkstruccdók dktorrulpo ob prfernln sd oxdsto ukn cfkgdcdók go gosmfrgnldoktf, cflf bf dkgdcn bn mnkgorn go gosmfrgnldoktf (FJ). Bn dkstruccdók MF_KG cflpnrn uk roedstrf cfk bfs bìldtos nblncokngfs ok bn lolfrdn. Sd obf deunb cfktokdgf roedstrfpnbnmrn, os lnyfr quo bn prdlorn pnbnmrnynokquo lolfrdn, lokfr quo bngob soeukgn kffsodeunb prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók ob cfk- y tokdgf gob roedstrf ostî goktrf go bfs bìldtos. Sd ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf ostî juorn go bfs bìldtos so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf ?. _kn dktorrupcdók tdpf cógdef go fporncdók dkvîbdgf so prfguco cngn voz quo so okcuoktrn uk cógdef go fporncdók kf gojdkdgf ok uk prfernln. Bn dktorrupcdók cfprfcosngfr kf gdspfkdmbo so prfguco cunkgf kf so okcuoktrn uk cfprfcosngfr ok ob sdstoln, cflf bf dkgdcnk bfs mdts go cfktrfb gob cfprfcosngfr go bn pnbnmrn go ostngf gob oqudpf (LSU f C]0). Sd so oiocutn ukn dkstruccdók OSC f UNDW y kf so okcuoktrn ob cfprfcosngfr, so prfguco ukn oxcopcdók f dktorrupcdók go tdpf 5. _kn dktorrupcdók gfmbo jnbbf so nctdvn cngn voz quo so prfgucok gfs dktorrupcdfkos sopnrngns gurnkto bn ldsln dkstruccdók. Bn dktorrupcdók snturncdók go soeloktf gob cfprfcosngfr so prfguco sd ob fpornkgf go lolfrdn go bn dkstruccdók OSC (cógdef go fporncdók gob cfprfcosngfr) so oxtdokgo lîs nbbî go bn gdroccdók go gospbnznldoktf JJJJH ok lfgf ronb. _kn dktorrupcdók soeloktf go ostngf go tnron dkvîbdgf so prfguco ok ob lfgf prftoedgf sd ob WSS os dkvîbdgf gomdgf n quo ob cnlpf go bìldto go soeloktf kf os 00=MH f lnyfr. Ok bn lnyfrìn go bfs cnsfs ostf so gomo n quo ob WSS kf so dkdcdnbdzn. Bn dktorrupcdók soeloktf kf ostî prosokto so prfguco cunkgf ob mdt P (P < 0) ok lfgf prftoedgf ok uk goscrdptfr dkgdcn quo ob soeloktf kf ostî prosokto f kf os vîbdgf. Bn dktorrupcdók snturncdók gob soeloktf go pdbn so prfguco sd ob soeloktf go pdbn kf ostî prosokto (P < 0) ok ob lfgf prftoedgf f sd so oxcogo ob bìldto gob soeloktf go pdbn. Bn dktorrupcdók jnbbf go prftoccdók eokornb so prfguco ok bn lnyfrìn go bns vdfbncdfkos go prftoccdók ok ob sdstoln 80=8:-Poktdul 7 ok lfgf prftoedgf. (Ostfs orrfros fcurrok ok Udkgfws cflf jnbbfs go prftoccdók eokornb.) N cfktdkuncdók so luostrn ukn bdstn go ostns vdfbncdfkos go prftoccdók9 (n) So oxcogdó ob bìldto go bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros. (m) Zdfbncdók n bns roebns go prdvdboedfs. (c) So cnreó ob tdpf go soeloktf go goscrdptfr dkvîbdgf. (g) Oscrdturn ok uk soeloktf go cógdef prftoedgf. (o) Bocturn go uk soeloktf go cógdef go sóbf oiocucdók. (j) Oscrdturn ok uk soeloktf go gntfs go sóbf bocturn. (e) So oxcogdó ob bìldto gob soeloktf. (h) CPB < DFPB cunkgf so oiocut oiocutnn CWS, HBW HBW,, BEGW, BDGW, BBGW, BLSU f BW]. (d) CPB ; DFPB cunkgf so oiocutn CBD, DK, DKS, BFCA, F_W, F_WS y SWD. Bns dktorrupcdfkos jnbbf go pîedkn fcurrok pnrn cunbqudor jnbbf go pîedkn go nccosf n lolfrdn f nb cógdef ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros 8038:, 8078: y Poktdul-Poktdul 7. Bn dktorrupcdók orrfr gob cfprfcosngfr so prfguco cngn voz quo fcurro uk orrfr ok ob cfprfcosngfr (O]]F] < 0) pnrn bns dkstruccdfkos OSCnpo f UNDW, UNDW, sóbf ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros 8038:, 8078: y Poktdul-Poktdul 7. Bns dktorrupcdfkos cflprfmncdfkos go nbdkoncdók dkgdcnk quo so ostîk gdroccdfknkgf gntfs tdpf pnbnmrn y gfmbo pnbnmrn ok ukn pfsdcdók go lolfrdn dlpnr (f ok ukn
738
CNPÌW_BF >=
WDPF >8
pfsdcdók dkcfrroctn, ok ob cnsf go ukn gfmbo pnbnmrn). Ostn dktorrupcdók ostî nctdvn ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros 8078: y Poktdul-Poktdul 7. _kn cflprfmncdók go oqudpf nctdvn ukn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf go ngldkdstrncdók go lolfrdn gob sdstoln ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros Poktdul-Poktdul 7.
Dkstruccdfkos go dktorrupcdók9 MF_KG, DKWF, DKW, DKW3 o D]OW Go bns cdkcf dkstruccdfkos go dktorrupcdók pfr sfjtwnro gdspfkdmbos pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr, DKW o DKW 3 sfk luy sdldbnros, MF_KG o DKWF sfk cfkgdcdfknbos o D]OW os ukn dkstruccdók ospocdnb go rotfrkf go dktorrupcdók. Bn dkstruccdók MF_KG, quo tdoko gfs fpornkgfs, cflpnrn uk roedstrf cfk gfs pnbnmrns go gntfs go lolfrdn. Pfr oiolpbf, sd so oiocutn bn dkstruccdók MF_KG NX,GNWFS, NX so cflpnrn cfk ob cfktokdgf go GNWFS y go GNWFS+>, y tnlmdäk cfk GNWFS+= y GNWFS+3. Sd NX os lokfr quo ob cfktokdgf go GNWFS y go GNWFS+>, so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf ?. Sd NX os lnyfr quo GNWFS+= y go GNWFS+3, so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf ?. Sd NX ostî goktrf go bfs bìldtos go ostns gfs pnbnmrns go lolfrdn, kf so prfguco kdkeukn dktorrupcdók. Bn dkstruccdók DKWF ovnbùn bn mnkgorn go gosmfrgnldoktf (FJ). Sd FJ < >, bn dkstruccdók DKWF bbnln nb prfcogdldoktf cuyn gdroccdók ostî nblncokngn ok ob tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók kùlorf ?. Sd FJ < 0, oktfkcos bn dkstruccdók DKWF kf ronbdzn kdkeukn fporncdók y so oiocutn bn sdeudokto dkstruccdók socuokcdnb ok ob prfernln. Bn dkstruccdók DKW k bbnln nb prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo olpdozn ok bn gdroccdók roprosoktngn ok ob voctfr kùlorf k. Pfr uknsodkstruccdók 80Hgo f DKW >=8 bbnln nb prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos cuynoiolpbf, gdroccdók nblncokn okDKW ob tdpf voctfr kùlorf 80H (00=00H-00=03H). Pnrn gotorldknr bn gdroccdók gob voctfr, sóbf so lubtdpbdcn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr (k) pfr 7, bf cunb prfpfrcdfkn bn gdroccdók dkdcdnb gob voctfr go dktorrupcdók go cuntrf mytos. Pfr oiolpbf, DKW ? < 7 Õ ? f =0 (>7H). Ob voctfr pnrn DKW ? cfldokzn ok bn gdroccdók 00>7H y cfktdkùn hnstn 00>5H. Cngn dkstruccdók DKW so nblncokn ok gfs mytos go lolfrdn9 ob prdlor myto cfktdoko ob cógdef go fporncdók y ob soeukgf myto cfktdoko ob kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók. Bn ùkdcn oxcopcdók n ostf os bn dkstruccdók DKW 3, quo os ukn dkstruccdók go uk myto. Ostn dkstruccdók so utdbdzn n lokugf cflf dktorrupcdók go puktf go dktorrupcdók, yn quo os jîcdb dksortnr ukn dkstruccdók go uk myto ok uk prfernln. Bfs puktfs go dktorrupcdók so utdbdznk cfk jrocuokcdn pnrn gopurnr orrfros ok ob sfjtwnro. Bn dkstruccdók D]OW os ukn dkstruccdók ospocdnb go rotfrkf quo so utdbdzn pnrn roerosnr go bns dktorrupcdfkos go sfjtwnro y go hnrgwnro. Bn dkstruccdók D]OW os luy pnrocdgn n ukn dkstruccdók ]OW boinkn, yn quo rocuporn bn gdroccdók go rotfrkf go bn pdbn. Os gdstdktn n bn dkstruccdók go rotfrkf corcnkn, yn quo tnlmdäk rocuporn go bn pdbn ukn cfpdn gob roedstrf go mnkgorns. _kn dkstruccdók D]OW oxtrno sods mytos go bn pdbn9 gfs pnrn ob roedstrf DP, gfs pnrn CS y gfs pnrn bns mnkgorns. Ok bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 8038: nb Poktdul 7 tnlmdäk hny ukn dkstruccdók D]OWG, yn quo ostfs ldcrfprfcosngfros puogok lotor ob roedstrf OJBNE (3= mdts) ok bn pdbn, nsì cflf ob roedstrf ODP go 3= mdts ok lfgf prftoedgf y ob roedstrf gob soeloktf go cógdef >: mdts. Sd so fporn ok ob lfgf ronb, utdbdznlfs bn dkstruccdók D]OW cfk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 8038: nb Poktdul 7.
Bn fporncdók go ukn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf ronb Cunkgf ob ldcrfprfcosngfr torldkn go oiocutnr bn dkstruccdók nctunb, gotorldkn sd hny ukn dktorrupcdók nctdvn logdnkto bn cflprfmncdók go (>) bns oiocucdfkos go dkstruccdfkos, (=) uk pnsf dkgdvdgunb, (3) KLD, (7) ob gosmfrgnldoktf gob soeloktf gob cfprfcosngfr, (?) DKW] y (:) bn dkstruccdók DKW, tfgf ok ob frgok prosoktngf. Sd hny ukn f lîs go ostns cfkgdcdfkos go dktorrupcdók prosoktos, so prfguco bn sdeudokto socuokcdn go ovoktfs9 >. Ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go mnkgorns so loto n bn pdbn. =. So mfrrnk bns mnkgorns go dktorrupcdók (DJ) y go ntrnpnldoktf (WJ). Ostf goshnmdbdtn bn torldknb DKW] y bn cnrnctorìstdcn go ntrnpnldoktf f go pnsf dkgdvdgunb. 3. Ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf gob soeloktf go cógdef (CS) so loto ok bn pdbn. 7. Ob cfktokdgf gob npuktngfr go dkstruccdfkos (DP) so loto ok bn pdbn.
734
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
?. So fmtdoko ob cfktokdgf gob voctfr go dktorrupcdók y buoef so cfbfcn ok DP y ok CS pnrn quo bn sdeudokto dkstruccdók so oiocuto ok ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos gdroccdfkngf pfr ob voctfr. Cngn voz quo so ncoptn ukn dktorrupcdók, ob ldcrfprfcosngfr npdbn ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go mnkgorns, go CS y go DP1 gospuäs snbtn nb prfcogdldoktf gdroccdfkngf pfr ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók. _kn voz quo so lotok bns mnkgorns ok bn pdbn, so mfrrn ob cfktokdgf go DJ y go WJ. Ostns mnkgorns so roerosnk nb ostngf quo tokìnk nktos go bn dktorrupcdók cunkgf so okcuoktrn bn dkstruccdók D]OW nb jdknb gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf dktorrupcdfkos. bf tnktf, nutflîtdcnlokto sd so hnmdbdtnk bns dktorrupcdfkos nktos gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go go dktorrupcdfkos, soPfr rohnmdbdtnk erncdns n bn dkstruccdók D]OW nb jdknb gob prfcogdldoktf. Bn gdroccdók go rotfrkf (ok CS o DP) so loto ok bn pdbn gurnkto bn dktorrupcdók. Nbeukns vocos bn gdroccdók go rotfrkf npuktn n bn sdeudokto dkstruccdók ok ob prfernln1 nbeukns vocos npuktn n bn dkstruccdók f nb puktf ok ob prfernln ok gfkgo fcurrdó bn dktorrupcdók. Bfs kùlorfs go tdpf go dktorrupcdók 0, ?, :, 5, 8, >0, >>, >= y >3 lotok ukn gdroccdók go rotfrkf quo npuktn n bn dkstruccdók fjoksfrn, ok voz go npuktnr n bn sdeudokto dkstruccdók ok ob prfernln. Ostf porldto nb prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos bn pfsdmdbdgng go vfbvor n trntnr go oiocutnr bn dkstruccdók ok cdortfs cnsfs go orrfr. Nbeukns go bns dktorrupcdfkos ok lfgf prftoedgf (bfs tdpfs 8, >0, >>, >= y >3) cfbfcnk uk cógdef go orrfr ok bn pdbn gospuäs go bn gdroccdók go rotfrkf. Ob cógdef go orrfr dgoktdjdcn ob soboctfr quo prfguif bn dktorrupcdók. Ok cnsfs ok bfs quo kf hny soboctfr dkvfbucrngf, ob cógdef go orrfr os 0.
Fporncdók go ukn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf prftoedgf Ok ob lfgf prftoedgf, bns dktorrupcdfkos tdokok bns ldslns nsdekncdfkos quo ok ob lfgf ronb, sóbf quo bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók os gdstdktn. Ok buenr go voctfros go dktorrupcdók, ob lfgf prftoedgf utdbdzn uk cfkiuktf go =?: goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók quo so nblncoknk ok ukn tnmbn go goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók (DGW). Ostn tnmbn os go =?: Õ 8 (= A) mytos go bfkedtug, ok gfkgo cngn goscrdptfr cfktdoko fchf mytos. Bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók so umdcn ok cunbqudor pfsdcdók go lolfrdn ok ob sdstoln logdnkto ob roedstrf go gdroccdók go bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros (DGW]). Cngn oktrngn ok bn DGW cfktdoko bn gdroccdók gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos ok bn jfrln go uk soboctfr go soeloktf y ukn gdroccdók go gospbnznldoktf go 3= mdts. Wnlmdäk cfktdoko ob mdt P (prosokto) y bfs mdts GPB pnrn goscrdmdr ob kdvob go prdvdboedfs go bn dktorrupcdók. Bn jdeurn >=-3 luostrn ob cfktokdgf gob goscrdptfr go dktorrupcdók. Bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók ok lfgf ronb puogok cfkvortdrso ok dktorrupcdfkos ok lfgf prftoedgf sd so cfpdnk bns gdroccdfkos go bfs prfcogdldoktfs go dktorrupcdók go bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók y so cfkvdortok ok gdroccdfkos go gospbnznldoktf go 3= mdts quo so nblncoknk ok bfs goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók. Puogo cfbfcnrso uk sfbf soboctfr y goscrdptfr go soeloktf ok bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros ebfmnb quo dgoktdjdcn ob prdlor > Lmyto go lolfrdn cflf ob soeloktf go dktorrupcdfkos. Cfk bn oxcopcdók go bn DGW y bfs goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók, bn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf prftoedgf jukcdfkn go deunb jfrln quo bn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf ronb. Pnrn roerosnr go nlmns dktorrupcdfkos so utdbdzn bn dkstruccdók D]OW f D]OWG. Bn ùkdcn gdjorokcdn os quo ok lfgf prftoedgf ob ldcrfprfcosngfr nccogo n bn DGW, ok voz go n bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók.
JDE_]N >=-3 JDE_]N Ob goscrdptfr go dktorrupcdók ok lfgf prftoedgf.
5
?
Gospbnznldoktf (N3>-N>:)
P GPB
0 > > > 0
0 0 H
:
7
3
Soboctfr go soeloktf
=
>
Gospbnznldoktf (N>?-N0)
0
770
CNPÌW_BF >= JDE_]N >=-7
Ob roedstrf go mnkgorns. (Cfrtosìn go Dktob Cfrpfrntdfk.)
MNKGO]NS
Mdts go mnkgorn go dktorrupcdók Bn mnkgorn go dktorrupcdók (DJ) y bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf (WJ) so mfrrnk gospuäs go lotor n bn pdbn ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf mnkgorns gurnkto ukn dktorrupcdók. jdeurnob >=-7 ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go mnkgorns iuktfgocfk bn pfsdcdók go DJ y WJ. Cunkgf soBnnctdvn mdt DJ DJ,luostrn , ästo porldto quo bn torldknb DKW] prfguzcn ukn dktorrupcdók. Cunkgf WJ < >, ästo prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók go ntrnpnldoktf (kùlorf go tdpf >) gospuäs go bn oiocucdók go cngn dkstruccdók. Ästn os bn rnzók pfr bn quo n lokugf nb dkgdvdgunb. Cunkgf WJ < 0 so prfguco bn oiocucdók kfrlnb gob prfcosf go ntrnpnr so bo cfkfco cflf pnsf dkgdvdgunb prfernln. Osto mdt go mnkgorn porldto bn gopurncdók, cflf oxpbdcnrolfs ok bfs cnpìtubfs gob >5 nb >4, ok bfs quo so gotnbbnk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 8038: nb Poktdul 7. Bn mnkgorn go dktorrupcdók so nctdvn y so mfrrn logdnkto bns dkstruccdfkos SWD y CBD, rospoctdvnlokto. Kf hny dkstruccdfkos ospocdnbos quo nctdvok f quo mfrrok bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf. Ob oiolpbf >=-> luostrn uk prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo nctdvn ob rnstrof nb nctdvnr ob mdt go mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf ok bn pdbn, gosgo ob dktordfr gob prfcogdldoktf. Ob oiolpbf >=-= luostrn uk prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo gosnctdvn ob rnstrof nb mfrrnr bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf ok bn pdbn, gosgo ob dktordfr gob prfcogdldoktf. OIOLPBF >=->
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo nctdvn ob mdt go mnkgorn W]NP pnrn hnmdbdtnr ob ntrnpnldoktf W]FK
P]FC
LFZ LFZ F] LFZ D]OW
W]FK
OKGP
JN] _SOS NX MP MP,SP NX,QMP+8\ NH,> QMP+8\,NX
1fmtdoko SP 1rocuporn bns mnkgorns go bn pdbn 1nctdvn bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf
OIOLPBF >=-=
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo mfrrn bn mnkgorn W]NP pnrn goshnmdbdtnr ob ntrnpnldoktf W]FJJ
P]FC
LFZ LFZ NKG LFZ D]OW
W]FJJ
OKGP
JN] _SOS NX MP MP,SP NX,QMP+8\ NH,0JOH QMP+8\,NX
1fmtdoko SP 1rocuporn bns mnkgorns go bn pdbn 1mfrrn bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf
Ok nlmfs oiolpbfs, ob roedstrf go mnkgorns so rocuporn go bn pdbn logdnkto ob usf gob roedstrf MP, ob cunb gdroccdfkn ob soeloktf go pdbn go lnkorn progotorldkngn. _kn voz quo so rocupornk bns mnkgorns, so nctdvn (W]FK) f so mfrrn (W]FJJ) ob mdt WJ nktos go roerosnr gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Bn dkstruccdók D]OW rostnurn ob roedstrf go mnkgorns cfk ob kuovf ostngf go bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf. Prfcogdldoktf go rnstrof. Znlfs n supfkor quo quo ukn dkstruccdók DKW 70H nccogo n W]FK y quo quo ukn
dkstruccdók DKW 7>H nccogo n W]FJJ. Ob oiolpbf >=-3 rnstron logdnkto uk prfernln dklogdntnlokto gospuäs go bn dkstruccdók DKW 70H. Ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo so luostrn ok ob oiolpbf >=-3 rospfkgo nb kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók >, f dktorrupcdók go ntrnpnldoktf. Cngn voz quo fcurro uk ntrnpnldoktf (gospuäs go quo cngn dkstruccdók oiocutn bn sdeudokto DKW 70H) ob prfcogdldoktf ]NSW]ON nblncokn ob cfktokdgf go tfgfs bfs roedstrfs go 3= mdts gob ldcrfprfcosngfr ok uk
77>
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
nrroebf bbnlngf ]OES. Ostf prfpfrcdfkn uk rnstrof go roedstrfs go tfgns bns dkstruccdfkos oktro DKW 70H (W]FK) o DKW 7>H (W]FJJ), sd so nblncokn ob cfktokdgf go bfs roedstrfs nblncokngfs ok ob nrroebf. OIOLPBF >=-3
]OES
GG
8 G_P(6)
]NSW]ON
P]FC JN] _SOS OMX
LFZ LFZ PFP P_SH LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ D]OW
]NSW]ON
OKGP
1ospncdf pnrn bfs roedstrfs
OMX,FJJSOW ]OES QOMX\,ONX ONX ONX QOMX+7\,ONX QOMX+8\,OCX QOMX+>=\,OGX QOMX+>:\,OSP QOMX+=0\,OMP QOMX+=7\,OSD QOMX+=8\,OGD
1nblncokn ONX
1nblncokn 1nblncokn 1nblncokn 1nblncokn 1nblncokn 1nblncokn 1nblncokn
OMX OCX OGX OSP OMP OSD OGD
Nblncoknldoktf go uk voctfr go dktorrupcdók ok bn tnmbn go voctfros Pnrn pfgor dkstnbnr uk voctfr go dktorrupcdók (nb cunb vocossocflf ), ob oksnlmbngfr gomo gdroccdfknr lolfrdn nmsfbutn. Zon so ok bo ob cfkfco oiolpbfnbeukns >=-7 cólf neroenenkchf uk kuovf voctfr n bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók logdnkto ob usf gob oksnlmbngfr y bn bbnlngn n ukn jukcdók gob GFS. Nquì so dkstnbn ok lolfrdn ob voctfr pnrn DKW 70H (pnrn ob prfcogdldoktf go dktorrupcdók K_OZ70) ok bns pfsdcdfkos go voctfr >00H->03H ok lfgf ronb. Bf prdlorf quo hnco ob prfcogdldoktf os nblncoknr ob cfktokdgf nktordfr gob voctfr go dktorrupcdók, ok cnsf go quo kocosdtolfs gosdkstnbnrbf. Pfgolfs fldtdr osto pnsf sd kf hny kocosdgng go gosdkstnbnr bn dktorrupcdók. Bn jukcdók NX < 3>00H pnrn DKW =>H (bn jukcdók go nccosf nb GFS) dkstnbn ob prfcogdldoktf K_OZ70 ok lolfrdn, quo so lnktokgrî nhì hnstn quo bn cflputngfrn so npneuo. Ob kùlorf ok GX os bn bfkedtug gob sfjtwnro ok pîrrnjfs (trfzfs go >: mytos). Ok ob npäkgdco N pfgrî fmtokor lîs gotnbbos ncorcn go ostn jukcdók gob GFS. OIOLPBF >=-7
.LFGOB .CFGO
WDKT
.SWN]W_P NKWO]
ILP GG
DKDCDF 6
K_OZ70
P]FC
JN]
1ospncdf pnrn ob voctfr nktordfr
1 9Sfjtwnro go dktorrupcdók pnrn DKW 70H 1 K_OZ70 OKGP 1dkdcdf go bn dkstnbncdók DKDCDF9
LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ LFZ
NX,0 GS,NX NX,GS9Q>00H\ UF]G PW] CS9NKWO],NX NX,GS9Q>0=H\ UF]G PW] CS9NKWO]+=,NX GS9Q>00H\,FJJSOW K_OZ70
1gdroccdfkn ob soeloktf 0000H 1fmtdoko ob gospbnznldoktf go DKW 70H 1bf nblncokn 1fmtdoko ob soeloktf go DKW 70H 1bf nblncokn 1nblncokn ob gospbnznldoktf
77=
CNPÌW_BF >=
LFZ LFZ SH] DKC LFZ DKW
GS9Q>0=H\,CS GX,FJJSOW DKDCDF GX,7 GX NX,3>00H =>H
1nblncokn ob soeloktf
1hnco rosdgokto n K_OZ70
OKG
>=-=
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS GO HN]GUN]O Ob ldcrfprfcosngfr tdoko gfs oktrngns go dktorrupcdók go hnrgwnro9 dktorrupcdók kf oklnscnrnmbo (KLD) y potdcdók go dktorrupcdók (DKW]). Cngn voz quo so nctdvn bn oktrngn KLD so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf = gomdgf n quo KLD so gocfgdjdcn ok jfrln dktorkn. Bn oktrngn DKW] gomo gocfgdjdcnrso ok jfrln oxtorkn pnrn soboccdfknr uk voctfr. Puogo oboedrso cunbqudor voctfr go dktorrupcdók pnrn bn torldknb DKW], porf pfr bf eokornb utdbdznlfs uk kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók oktro =0H y JJH. Dktob hn rosorvngf bns dktorrupcdfkos go 00H n >JH pnrn usf dktorkf y ukn oxpnksdók n juturf. Bn soþnb DKWN tnlmdäk DKWN tnlmdäk os ukn torldknb go dktorrupcdók ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr, porf os ukn snbdgn quo so utdbdzn ok rospuostn n bn oktrngn DKW] pnrn npbdcnr uk kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr n bns cfkoxdfkos G 5-G0 gob mus go gntfs. Bn jdeurn >=-? luostrn bns tros cfkoxdfkos go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob usunrdf ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bn dktorrupcdók kf oklnscnrnmbo (KLD) os ukn oktrngn nctdvngn pfr bfs mfrgos gob cdcbf go robfi1 ostn oktrngn sfbdcdtn ukn dktorrupcdók ok ob mfrgo pfsdtdvf (trnksdcdók go 0 n >). Gospuäs go uk mfrgo pfsdtdvf, bn torldknb KLD gomoobporlnkocor ok > bóedcf hnstnKLD quo gomo son rocfkfcdgn pfr obgurnkto ldcrfprfcosngfr. Pnrn quo puogn rocfkfcorso mfrgo pfsdtdvf, bn torldknb sor uk 0 bóedcf gfs pordfgfs go robfi cunkgf lokfs. Bn oktrngn KLD so utdbdzn n lokugf pnrn bfs orrfros go pnrdgng y ftrns jnbbns dlpfrtnktos ok ob sdstoln, cflf bfs cfrtos go okoreìn. Osto tdpf go jnbbns so gotoctnk jîcdblokto logdnkto ob lfkdtfrof go bn bìkon go okoreìn CN, ok gfkgo so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók cngn voz quo so pdorgo bn okoreìn CN. Ok rospuostn n osto tdpf go dktorrupcdók, ob ldcrfprfcosngfr nblncokn tfgfs bfs roedstrfs dktorkfs ok ukn lolfrdn cfk rospnbgf go mntorìn f ok ukn OOP]FL. Bn jdeurn >=-: luostrn uk cdrcudtf go gotoccdók go jnbbn go okoreìn quo prfpfrcdfkn uk > bóedcf n bn oktrngn KLD cngn voz quo so dktorrulpo bn okoreìn CN. Ok osto cdrcudtf, uk ndsbngfr óptdcf prfpfrcdfkn ob ndsbnldoktf go bn bìkon go okoreìn CN. Bn snbdgn gob ndsbngfr so jfrln logdnkto uk dkvorsfr go gdspnrf Schldtt, ob cunb prfpfrcdfkn uk pubsf go :0 Hz n bn oktrngn go gdspnrf gob lubtdvdmrngfr 57BS>== lfkfostnmbo y rogdspnrnmbo. Bfs vnbfros go ] y go C so obdeok go lnkorn quo ob 57BS>== token ukn nkchurn go pubsf nctdvf go 33 ls, f = pordfgfs go oktrngn CN. Cflf ob 57BS>== os rogdspnrnmbo, ldoktrns so npbdquo okoreìn CN bn snbdgn ^ porlnkocorî gdspnrngn ok uk > bóedcf y ^ porlnkocorî ok uk 0 bóedcf. Sd jnbbn okoreìn CN, pubsfs gocunb gdspnrf gob 57NBS>7, bf quo sdekdjdcn quo ^bnso vfbvorî ukob0 57BS>== bóedcf y ^kfsosoeudrî vfbvorîrocdmdokgf uk > bóedcf, cfk bf so dktorrulpdrî nb ldcrfprfcosngfr logdnkto bn torldknb KLD. Ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos (quo kf so luostrn nquì) nblncokn ob cfktokdgf go tfgfs bfs roedstrfs dktorkfs y golîs gntfs ok ukn lolfrdn cfk rospnbgf JDE_]N >=-? JDE_]N Bns torldknbos go dktorrupcdók ok tfgns bns vorsdfkos gob ldcrfprfcosngfr Dktob.
Snbdgn go dktorrupcdók Oktrngn go dktorrupcdók
773
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
> A 75 A
> A
JDE_]N >=-:
_k sdstoln go lolfrdn cfk rospnbgf go mntorìn go KdCng, bdtdf f cobgn go eob.
_k cdrcudtf go gotoccdók go jnbbn go okoreìn.
JDE_]N >=-5
7.5 A
>0 A
Lolfrdn
go mntorìn. Osto sdstoln supfko quo bn juokto go okoreìn tdoko uk jdbtrf cnpncdtfr bf sujdcdoktolokto ernkgo cflf pnrn prfpfrcdfknr okoreìn gurnkto nb lokfs 5? ls gospuäs gob cfrto go okoreìn CN. Fmsorvo ok bn jdeurn >=-5 uk cdrcudtf quo suldkdstrn okoreìn n ukn lolfrdn cunkgf jnbbn bn okoreìn CG. Nquì so utdbdznk gdfgfs pnrn dktorcnlmdnr bfs vfbtnios go suldkdstrf oktro bn juokto go okoreìn CG y bn mntorìn. Bfs gdfgfs utdbdzngfs sfk gdfgfs ostîkgnr go sdbdcdf yn quo ob suldkdstrf go okoreìn pnrn osto cdrcudtf go lolfrdn so obovn go +?.0 Z n +?.5 Z. Bn rosdstokcdn so utdbdzn pnrn ukn cnren cfktdkun go cflpoksncdók go bn mntorìn, bn cunb puogo sor go KdCng, bdtdf f ukn cobgn go eob. Cunkgf jnbbn bn okoreìn CG, bn mntorìn prfpfrcdfkn uk vfbtnio rogucdgf n bn cfkoxdók ZCC gob gdspfsdtdvf go lolfrdn. Bn lnyfrìn go bfs gdspfsdtdvfs go lolfrdn puogok rotokor bfs gntfs cfk vfbtnios go ZCC tnk mnifs cflf >.? Z, pfr bf quo ob vfbtnio go bn mntorìn kf kocosdtn sor go +?.0 Z. Bn torldknb U] so bbovn n ZCC gurnkto uk cfrto go okoreìn, pfr bf quo kf so oscrdmdrîk gntfs ok bn lolfrdn.
DKW] o DKWN Bn oktrngn go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók (DKW]) os soksdmbo nb kdvob, bf cunb sdekdjdcn quo gomo lnktokorso ok uk kdvob go > bóedcf hnstn quo son rocfkfcdgn. Bn torldknb DKW] so nctdvn logdnkto uk ovoktf oxtorkf y so mfrrn goktrf gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Ostn oktrngn so goshnmdbdtn go lnkorn nutflîtdcn ukn voz quo ob ldcrfprfcosngfr bn ncoptn, y so rohnmdbdtn logdnkto bn dkstruccdók D]OW nb jdknb gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 8038: nb Poktdul utdbdznk bn dkstruccdók D]OWG fpornk lfgf prftoedgf. Ob 7ldcrfprfcosngfr rospfkgo n bncunkgf torldknb DKW]oklogdnkto ob okvìf go uk pubsf ok bn snbdgn DKWN nktos go rocdmdr uk kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók ok bns cfkoxdfkos G 5-G0 gob mus go gntfs. Ok bn jdeurn >=-8 vorî ob gdnernln go sdkcrfkdzncdók pnrn bns torldknbos DKW] o DKWN gob
777
CNPÌW_BF >=
DKW]
DKWN
BFCA
DKWN G5 – G0
*
Kùlorf go voctfr
JDE_]N >=-8
Bn sdkcrfkdzncdók go bns oktrngns DKW] o DKWN DKWN.. *Ostn pfrcdók gob mus go gntfs so dekfrn y pfr bf eokornb cfktdoko ob kùlorf go voctfr voctfr..
JDE_]N >=-4 JDE_]N
_k lätfgf sdlpbo pnrn eokornr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók JJH, ok rospuostn n DKW]. =5 A
Mus go gntfs dkjordfr
Sdk cfkoxdók
ldcrfprfcosngfr. Hny gfs pubsfs DKWN DKWN quo quo so eokornk logdnkto ob sdstoln y so utdbdznk pnrn dksortnr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr ok ob mus go gntfs. Bn jdeurn >=-4 luostrn uk cdrcudtf sdlpbo quo npbdcn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók JJH nb mus go gntfs, ok rospuostn n ukn DKW]. Fmsorvo quo bn torldknb DKWN kf ostî cfkoctngn ok osto cdrcudtf. Cflf so utdbdznk rosdstokcdns pnrn bbovnr bns cfkoxdfkos gob mus go gntfs (G0-G5) nb kdvob nbtf, ob ldcrfprfcosngfr vo go lnkorn nutflîtdcn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr JJH ok rospuostn n bn oktrngn DKW]. Ästn os bn lnkorn lokfs cfstfsn go dlpboloktnr bn torldknb DKW] ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. _sf go uk mùjor go tros ostngfs pnrn DKWN. Zon ok bn jdeurn >=->0 cólf so npbdcn ob kùlorf go
tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók 80H nb mus go gntfs (G 0-G5) ok rospuostn n ukn DKW]. Pnrn rospfkgor n DKW], ob ldcrfprfcosngfr okvìn bn soþnb DKWN quo so utdbdzn pnrn hnmdbdtnr uk mùjor fctnb 57NBS=77 DKWN quo go tros ostngfs. Osto mùjor fctnb npbdcn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók nb mus go gntfs ok rospuostn nb pubsf DKWN. Os jîcdb cnlmdnr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr logdnkto bfs dktorruptfros GDP quo so luostrnk ok ostn dbustrncdók. Cólf hncor quo bn oktrngn DKW] so nctdvo ok bfs mfrgos. N lokugf so kocosdtn ukn oktrngn quo
so nctdvo ok bfs mfrgos, ok voz go ukn oktrngn soksdmbo nb kdvob. Bn oktrngn DKW] puogo cfkvortdrso n oktrngn quo so nctdvo ok bfs mfrgos logdnkto ob usf go uk jbdp-jbfp tdpf G, cflf bf luostrn bn jdeurn
77?
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS JDE_]N >=->0
_k cdrcudtf quo npbdcn cunbqudor kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók ok rospuostn n DKWN. Nquì, ob cdrcudtf ostî npbdcnkgf ob kùlorf go tdpf 80H.
Mus go gntfs dkjordfr
>0 A
JDE_]N >=->>
Cfkvorsdók go DKW] ok ukn oktrngn go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók nctdvngn pfr mfrgos.
Potdcdók go dktorrupcdók nctdvngn pfr mfrgos
77:
CNPÌW_BF >=
>=->>. Nquì, bn oktrngn go robfi so cfkvdorto ok ukn oktrngn go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók nctdvngn pfr mfrgos y bn oktrngn CB (mfrrngf) so utdbdzn pnrn mfrrnr bn potdcdók cunkgf ob ldcrfprfcosngfr okvìn bn soþnb DKWN. Ok uk prdkcdpdf, bn soþnb ]OSOW mfrrn ob jbdp-jbfp go lnkorn quo kf so sfbdcdto kdkeukn dktorrupcdók cunkgf so okcdokgo ob sdstoln.
Bn dktorrupcdók go tocbngf gob 8=C?? Ob oiolpbf gob tocbngf quo prosoktnlfs ok ob cnpìtubf >> os uk oiolpbf sokcdbbf go bn fporncdók go bn oktrngn DKW] y go ukn dktorrupcdók. Bn jdeurn >=->= oxhdmo bn dktorcfkoxdók gob 8=C?? cfk ob ldcrfprfcosngfr y ob tocbngf. Wnlmdäk luostrn cólf so utdbdzn uk mùjor fctnb 57NBS=77 pnrn prfpfrcdfknr nb ldcrfprfcosngfr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók 70H, ok rospuostn n bn dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf gurnkto ob pubsf DKWN DKWN.. Ob 8=C?? so gocfgdjdcn ok bns gdroccdfkos go puortf go O/S 0?00H, 0?0=H, 0?07H y 0?0:H gob 8038:SX logdnkto uk PBG (kf so luostrn ob prfernln). Ob 8=C?? so fporn ok lfgf > (lfgf go
Wocbngf
>0 A JDE_]N >=->=
_k 8=C?? cfkoctngf n uk tocbngf gosgo ob sdstoln go ldcrfprfcosngfr, ldcrfprfcosngfr, logdnkto ob usf gob voctfr go dktorrupcdók 70H.
775
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
oktrngn ostrfmfscópdcn), pfr bf quo cngn voz quo so pubsn ukn tocbn, bn snbdgn DKW] (PC3) so vuobvo uk > bóedcf y sfbdcdtn ukn dktorrupcdók n trnväs go bn torldknb DKW] ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Ostn torldknb porlnkoco ok kdvob nbtf hnstn quo so book bfs gntfs NSCDD gob puortf N. Ok ftrns pnbnmrns, cngn voz quo so fprdlo ukn tocbn ob 8=C?? sfbdcdtn ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf 70H n trnväs go bn torldknb DKW]. Bn soþnb GNZ gob tocbngf hnco quo bfs gntfs so okcbnvok ok ob puortf N y quo DKW] so vuobvn uk > bóedcf. Ob oiolpbf >=-? oxpfko ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn ob tocbngf. Os luy dlpfrtnkto quo tfgfs bfs roedstrfs quo so vonk njoctngfs pfr ukn dktorrupcdók so nblncokok nktos go utdbdznrbfs. Ok ob sfjtwnro roquordgf pnrn dkdcdnbdznr ob 8=C?? (ob cunb kf so luostrn nquì) bn JDJF so dkdcdnbdzn go lnkorn quo nlmfs npuktngfros sonk deunbos, bn torldknb go potdcdók DKW] so hnmdbdtn n trnväs gob mdt DKWO goktrf gob 8=C?? y so prfernln ob lfgf go fporncdók.
OIOLPBF >=-?
1_k prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo boo ukn tocbn gosgo 1ob tocbngf quo so luostrn ok bn jdeurn >=->=. P_O]WFN CKW]
O^_ O^_
?00H ?0:H
JDJF
GM
=?: G_P(6)
1cfbn
DKP F_WP
GG GG
JDJF JDJF
1npuktngfr go oktrngn 1npuktngfr go snbdgn
WOCBN
P]FC
JN] _SOS ONX OMX OGX OGD
LFZ OMX,CS9DKP LFZ OGD,CS9F_WP
WOCBN
DKC MB .DJ MX : mytos go bfkedtug. Fmsorvo cólf so utdbdzn bn dkstruccdók DKC MTWO PW] CX9DKP pnrn sulnr > nb npuktngfr go oktrngn y tnlmdäk pnrn nsoeurnrso quo sdolpro gdroccdfko bfs gntfs ok bn cfbn. Osto prfcogdldoktf prdlorf cflpruomn sd bn JDJF ostî bbokn. Ostn cfkgdcdók so dkgdcn cunkgf ob npuktngfr go oktrngn (DKP) ostî uk myto pfr gomnif gob npuktngfr go snbdgn (F_WP). Sd bn JDJF ostî bbokn, bn dktorrupcdók so goshnmdbdtn cfk uk cflnkgf go nctdvncdók/mfrrngf go mdt pnrn ob 8=C?? y ob prfernln roerosn go bn dktorrupcdók. Sd bn JDJF kf ostî bbokn, bfs gntfs so dktrfgucok gob puortf N y ob npuktngfr go oktrngn so dkcroloktn nktos gob rotfrkf. Ob oiolpbf >=-: luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf pnrn oxtrnor bfs gntfs go bn JDJF. Osto prfcogdldoktf prdlorf gotorldkn sd bn JDJF ostî vncìn logdnkto ukn cflpnrncdók go bfs gfs npuktngfros. Sd sfk deunbos, bn JDJF ostî vncìn y ob sfjtwnro osporn ok ob cdcbf ZNCDN, ok gfkgo ovnbùn bfs npuktngfros go jfrln cfktdkun. Ob cdcbf ZNCDN ZNCDN so dktorrulpo logdnkto bn dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf, bn cunb nblncokn bfs gntfs ok bn JDJF pnrn quo yn kf ostä vncìn. Osto prfcogdldoktf roerosn cfk ob cnrîctor ok ob roedstrf NH.
778
CNPÌW_BF >= OIOLPBF >=-:
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo boo gntfs go bn cfbn gob oiolpbf >=-? 1y bfs roerosn ok NH1
>=-3
BOOC
P]FC
JN] _SOS OMX OGD OGX
.]OPONW LFZ OM,CS9DKP LFZ OGD,CS9F_WP
1fmtdoko bfs npuktngfros
._KWDB OMX =->0) cólf os pfsdmbo oxpnkgdr bn oktrngn DKW], go lnkorn quo ncopto sdoto oktrngns go dktorrupcdók. Wnlmdäk oxpbdcnrolfs cólf ‒okcngoknr ok lnrenrdtn“ (gndsy-chndk) bns dktorrupcdfkos logdnkto ob sfkgof go sfjtwnro. Ok bn sdeudokto soccdók goscrdmdrolfs ukn torcorn täckdcn, ok bn quo puogok neroenrso hnstn :3 oktrngns go dktorrupcdók logdnkto ob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo 8=?4N.
_sf gob 57NBS=77 pnrn oxpnkgdr bns dktorrupcdfkos Bn lfgdjdcncdók quo so oxpfko ok bn jdeurn >=->3 porldto quo ob cdrcudtf go bn jdeurn >=->0 ncopto hnstn sdoto oktrngns go dktorrupcdók ngdcdfknbos. Ob ùkdcf cnlmdf ok ob hnrgwnro os bn ngdcdók go ukn cflpuortn KNKG go fchf oktrngns, bn cunb prfpfrcdfkn bn soþnb DKW] nb ldcrfprfcosngfr cunkgf so nctdvn cunbqudorn go bns oktrngns D]. Fporncdók. Sd cunbqudorn go bns oktrngns D] D] so so vuobvo uk 0 bóedcf, oktfkcos bn snbdgn go bn cflpuortn
KNKG so vuobvo uk > bóedcf y sfbdcdtn ukn dktorrupcdók n trnväs go bn oktrngn DKW]. Ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók quo so fmtoken gurnkto ob pubsf DKWN gopokgorî go cuîb bìkon go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók so nctdvo. Bn tnmbn >=-> luostrn bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók utdbdzngfs pfr ukn sfbn oktrngn go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók. Sd so nctdvnk gfs f lîs oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók ok jfrln sdlubtîkon, so eokorn uk kuovf voctfr go dktorrupcdók. Pfr oiolpbf, sd so nctdvnk D]> o D]0 D]> o D]0,, ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók quo so eokorn os JCH (=?=). Bn prdfrdgng so rosuobvo ok ostn umdcncdók. Sd bn oktrngn D]0 vn n tokor bn prdfrdgng lîs nbtn, bn gdroccdók gob voctfr pnrn D]0 so nblncokn ok bn pfsdcdók go voctfr JCH. Gomo utdbdznrso tfgn bn ldtng supordfr go bn tnmbn go voctfros y sus >=8 voctfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn gnr cnmdgn n tfgns bns pfsdmbos cfkgdcdfkos go ostns sdoto oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók. Ostf pnroco uk gosporgdcdf, porf ok luchns npbdcncdfkos gogdcngns os uk lätfgf ojoctdvf ok cfstf pnrn oxpnkgdr bns dktorrupcdfkos.
Dktorrupcdók ok cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn Bn oxpnksdók logdnkto ukn dktorrupcdók ok cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn os loifr ok luchfs nspoctfs quo ob usf gob 57NBS=77, yn quo sóbf roqudoro uk voctfr go dktorrupcdók. Bn tnron go gotorldknr bn prdfrdgng so goin nb prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Pnrn ostnmbocor bn prdfrdgng ok ukn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn kf so roqudoro tdolpf go oiocucdók ngdcdfknb pnrn ob sfjtwnro, porf ok eokornb ästo lätfgf os luchf loifr pnrn oxpnkgdr bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos gob ldcrfprfcosngfr.
774
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
Mus go gntfs dkjordfr
>0 A
JDE_]N >=->3
WNMBN >=->
Potdcdfkos go dktorrupcdók dkgdvdgunbos pnrn bn jdeurn >=->3.
Oxpnksdók go bn oktrngn DKW], go ukn n sdoto bìkons go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók.
D]: D]:
D]?
D]7
D] 3 3
D]=
D]>
D]0
Zoctfr
> > > > > >
> > > > > 0
> > > > 0 >
> > > 0 > >
> > 0 > > >
> 0 > > > >
0 > > > > >
JOH JGH JMH J5H OJH GJH
0
>
>
>
>
>
>
MJH
Bn jdeurn >=->7 luostrn uk cfkiuktf go gfs dktorjncos pordjärdcns 8=C?? cfk sus cuntrf snbdgns DKW] okcngokngns ok lnrenrdtn y cfkoctngns n bn oktrngn DKW] dkgdvdgunb gob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Sd cunbqudor snbdgn go dktorrupcdók so vuobvo uk > bóedcf, tnlmdäk bn oktrngn DKW] gob ldcrfprfcosngfr so vuobvo > bóedcf, cfk bf quo so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók. Cunkgf so utdbdzn ukn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn pnrn sfbdcdtnr ukn dktorrupcdók, os loifr bbovnr bns cfkoxdfkos gob mus go gntfs (G0-G5) nb kdvob nbtf logdnkto ob usf go rosdstokcdns obovngfrns, go lnkorn quo so utdbdco ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók JJH pnrn bn cngokn. _tdbdco cunbqudor voctfr go dktorrupcdók pnrn rospfkgor n ukn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn. Ok ob cdrcudtf, cunbqudorn go bns cuntrf snbdgns DKW] go bfs gfs gdspfsdtdvfs 8=C?? hnrîk quo bn torldknb DKW] gob ldcrfprfcosngfr so vnyn nb kdvob nbtf y so sfbdcdtnrî ukn dktorrupcdók. Cunkgf bn oktrngn DKW] so vn nb kdvob nbtf cfk ukn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn, ob hnrgwnro kf gn ukn dkgdcncdók gdroctn ncorcn go cuîb gdspfsdtdvf 8=C?? f cuîb snbdgn DKW] fcnsdfkó bn dktorrupcdók. Bn tnron go bfcnbdznr cuîb go bns snbdgns DKW] so nctdvó gopokgo gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos, ob cunb gomo sfkgonr bfs gdspfsdtdvfs 8=C?? pnrn gotorldknr cuîb go bns snbdgns prfguif bn dktorrupcdók.
7?0
CNPÌW_BF >=
JDE_]N >=->7
Gfs PDNs 8=C?? cfkoctngfs n bns snbdgns DKW] so okcngoknk ok lnrenrdtn pnrn prfgucdr ukn soþnb DKW].
Cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn
Ob oiolpbf >=-5 luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo rospfkgo n bn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók go bn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn. Ob prfcogdldoktf sfkgon cngn gdspfsdtdvf 8=C?? y cngn snbdgn DKW] pnrn gocdgdr cuîb prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos utdbdznrî. OIOLPBF >=-5
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo gn sorvdcdf n bn dktorrupcdók go bn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn 1go bn jdeurn >=->7. C> C= LNSC> LNSC=
O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_
?07H :07H > 8
SFKGON
P]FC
JN]
LFZ GX,C> DK NB,GX WOSW NB,LNSC> .DJ !YO]F6
1prdlor 8=C?? 1soeukgf 8=C?? 1DKW]M 1DKW]N _SOS ONX OGX 1gdroccdfkn ob prdlor 8=C?? 1ovnbùn DKW]M
1nquì vn ob sfjtwnro go dktorrupcdók KDZOB >
7?>
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
.OKGDJ WOSW NB,LNSC= .DJ !YO]F6
1nquì vn ob sfjtwnro go dktorrupcdók KDZOB = .OKGDJ LFZ GX,C= WOSW NB,LNSC> .DJ !YO]F6
>=-7
1gdroccdfkn ob soeukgf 8=C?? 1ovnbùn DKW]M
1nquì vn ob sfjtwnro go dktorrupcdók KDZOB 3 .OKGDJ
SFKGON
1ovnbùn DKW]N
1nquì vn ob sfjtwnro go dktorrupcdók KDZOB 7 OKGP
CFKW]FBNGF] GO DKWO]]_PCDFKOS P]FE]NLNMBO 8=?4N Osto cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo (PDC) neroen fchf dktorrupcdfkos cfgdjdcngns go prdfrdgng voctfrdzngn nb ldcrfprfcosngfr. Osto cfktrfbngfr puogo oxpnkgdrso, sdk kocosdgng go hnrgwnro ngdcdfknb, pnrn ncoptnr hnstn :7 potdcdfkos go dktorrupcdók. Pnrn ostn oxpnksdók so roqudoro uk 8=?4N lnostrf y fchf Ok bfs cfkiuktfs go chdps lîs rocdoktos Dktob jfrln y ftrfsquo jnmrdcnktos nùk so utdbdzn uk8=?4N pnr go oscbnvfs. ostfs cfktrfbngfros, bfs cunbos so prfernlnk go bngo ldsln lfstrnrolfs nquì.
Goscrdpcdók eokornb gob 8=?4N Bn jdeurn >=->? luostrn ob gdnernln go torldknbos gob 8=?4N. Osto cfktrfbngfr so cfkoctn cfk jncdbdgng nb ldcrfprfcosngfr yn quo tfgns sus torldknbos sfk cfkoxdfkos gdroctns oxcoptf bn torldknb CS, quo gomo gocfgdjdcnrso, y bn torldknb U], bn cunb gomo tokor uk pubsf go oscrdturn ok mnkcf go O/S. N cfktdkuncdók so gospbdoen ukn goscrdpcdók go cngn torldknb gob 8=?4N9 G0-G5 D]0-D]5 U] ]G
Bns cfkoxdfkos go gntfs mdgdroccdfknbos pfr bf eokornb so cfkoctnk nb mus go gntfs ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bns oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók so utdbdznk pnrn sfbdcdtnr ukn dktorrupcdók y pnrn cfkoctnrso n uk oscbnvf ok uk sdstoln cfk vnrdfs cfktrfbngfros 8=?4N. Bn oktrngn go oscrdturn so cfkoctn n bn soþnb go ostrfmf go oscrdturn (DFUC) ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bn oktrngn go bocturn so cfkoctn n bn soþnb DF]C.
JDE_]N >=->?
Gdnernln go torldknbos gob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo (PDC) 8=?4N.
7?=
CNPÌW_BF >=
JDE_]N >=->: JDE_]N
Dktorjnz oktro uk 8=?4N y ob ldcrfprfcosngfr 808:.
ZCC
>0 A _= G0 G> G= G3 G7 G? G:
>> >0 4 8 5 : ?
G5 N>
7 =5 > 3 = >: >5 =:
]G U] DKW] DKWN UNDW=
G0 G> G= G3 G7 G? G: G5 N0 CS ]G U] SP/OK DKW DKWN
D]0 D]> D]= D]3 D]7 D]? D]: D]5
>8 >4 =0 => == =3 =7
CNS0 CNS> CNS=
>= >3 >?
Oktrngns go dktorrupcdók
=?
8=?4N
_> L/DF N0 N= N3 N7 N? N: N5 N8 N4 N>0 N>> N>=
> = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 >>
D> D= D3 D7 D? D: D5 D8 D4 D>0
F> F= F3 F7 F? F: F5 F8
>4 >8 >5 >: >? >7 >3 >=
>:B8
N>3 N>7 N>?
DKW DKWN DKWN
N0 CS CS SP/OK
CNS0-CNS=
Bn snbdgn go dktorrupcdók so cfkoctn n bn torldknb DKW] ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr quo prfvdoko gob cfktrfbngfr lnostrf, y so cfkoctn n ukn torldknb D] lnostrn ok uk oscbnvf. ]ocfkfcdldoktf go dktorrupcdók os ukn oktrngn quo so cfkoctn n bn soþnb DKWN ok ob sdstoln. Ok uk sdstoln cfk cfktrfbngfr lnostrf y cfktrfbngfros oscbnvfs sóbf so cfkoctn bn soþnb DKWN lnostrn. DKWN lnostrn. Bn oktrngn go gdroccdók N0 soboccdfkn gdstdktns pnbnmrns go cflnkgf goktrf gob 8=?4N. Soboccdók go chdp hnmdbdtn ob 8=?4N pnrn bn prfernlncdók y ob cfktrfb. Prfernln oscbnvf/hnmdbdtn mùjor os ukn torldknb go gfmbo jukcdók. Cunkgf ob 8=?4N so okcuoktrn ok lfgf cfk mùjor, ostn torldknb os ukn snbdgn quo cfktrfbn bfs trnkscoptfros go gntfs ok sdstoln ernkgo ok ldcrfprfcosngfr. Cunkgf ob 8=?4Ngob kf mus so okcuoktrn ok uk ob lfgf cfk mùjor,mnsngf ostn torldknb prfernln ob gdspfsdtdvf cflf lnostrf (>) f cflf oscbnvf (0). Bns bìkons ok cnscngn so utdbdznk cflf snbdgns gob cfktrfbngfr lnostrf pnrn bfs cfktrfbngfros oscbnvfs, pnrn cfkoctnr ok cnscngn vnrdfs 8=?4N ok uk sdstoln.
Cfkoxdók go uk sfbf 8=?4N Bn jdeurn >=->: luostrn uk sfbf 8=?4N cfkoctngf nb ldcrfprfcosngfr. Nquì, bn torldknb SP/OK so bbovn nb kdvob nbtf pnrn dkgdcnr quo os uk cfktrfbngfr lnostrf. Ob 8=?4N so gocfgdjdcn ok bfs puortfs go O/S 0700H y 070>H logdnkto ob PBG (kf so luostrn ob prfernln). Nb deunb quo ftrfs pordjärdcfs quo vdlfs ok ob cnpìtubf >>, ob 8=?4N roqudoro cuntrf ostngfs go osporn pnrn jukcdfknr go lnkorn cfrroctn cfk uk 8038:SX go >: LHz, y roqudoro lîs ostngfs go osporn pnrn ftrns vorsdfkos go bn jnldbdn go ldcrfprfcosngfros Dktob.
Cfkoxdók ok cnscngn go vnrdfs cfktrfbngfros 8=?4N
Fmsorvo ok bn jdeurn >=->5 gfs cfktrfbngfros 8=?4N cfkoctngfs nb ldcrfprfcosngfr go ukn jfrln quo so utdbdzn n lokugf ok bn cflputngfrn ostdbf NWX, bn cunb tdoko gfs cfktrfbngfros 8=?4N pnrn bns
0 > 3 7 ? : 5 ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D
0 > = 3 7 ? 8 4 > > > > > > ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D
) ) ) ) ) ) ) H H H H H H H 8 4 M C G O J 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 (
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) H H H H H H H H 0 > = 3 7 ? : 5 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 (
8 4 0 > = 3 7 ? > > = = = = = =
= 3 ? > > >
0 > = 3 7 ? : 5 ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D
0 > = S S S N N N C C C
f r t s o n L
> 0 4 8 5 : ? 7 5 > 3 = : 5 : > > = > > =
C C Z
8 4 0 > = 3 7 ? > > = = = = = =
= 3 ? > > >
0 > = 3 7 ? : 5 ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D ] D
0 > = S S S N N N C C C
> 0 4 8 5 : ? 7 5 > 3 = : 5 : > > = > > =
A 0 >
A 0 >
> N 5 _
7 0 S B N 7 5
= = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 4 > > > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 E ] ? 7 N N N N N N N N D G = S B N 7 ? > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 5 M M M M M M M _ M 8 5 : ? 7 3 = > > > > > > > > >
>
=
N 7 _
8 0 S B N 7 5
3 ] U 0 G > G G = G G 3 G G 7 G G ? G G : G G 5 G G
= W D N U
f , r t s o n l r f g n b f r t k f c b o n r n p H = 0 3 0 y H 0 0
f v n b c s K N O O N 4 / W W ? ] > = 3 7 ? : 5 0 S G = 0 P K G G G G G G G N C ] U S D K D = _ G 8
K N O N 4 / W W ? ] 3 7 ? : 5 0 S G > 0 > = P K K G G G G G G G N C ] U S D D = _ G 8
o g s f t r o u p s f b k o y
N ] W > N N W G ] K K D D
3 0 S / O o g 3 7 s 0 f S t B r M N 5 o 7 _ 5 u p s f 7 b k o = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 4 > > N 4 > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 E ] ? ? 7 N N N N N N N N D G = = S 8 B b N 7 n ? > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 5 M M M M M M M _ M s f 8 5 : ? 7 3 = > g > > > > > > > > n t c o . k v f f n c b c N s 4 o ? r = f 8 g n s b o f r r f t g k n f b c f r b t o k n f r 4 8 5 : ? 7 3 = c n > > > > > > > > s p : f > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 G H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 8 0 B 8 3 : 0 > S 5 0 B > 0 M 3 > = 7 N - y D 7 D ? D : D 5 D 8 D 4 D > D _ D D 3 7 = _ 5 > H > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 > > 7 7 ? N 0 ] 3 0 F D 0 = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 0 > > 7 ? > = > > 3 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N > N _ / E N N N N N N / D S L J O C C Z
7?3
7?7
CNPÌW_BF >=
dktorrupcdfkos. Bns cflputngfrns ostdbf XW f PC utdbdznk uk sfbf cfktrfbngfr 8=?4N ok bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók 08H-0JH. Bn cflputngfrn ostdbf NWX utdbdzn ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók 0NH cflf ukn oktrngn ok cnscngn go uk soeukgf cfktrfbngfr 8=?4N umdcngf ok bfs voctfros gob 50H nb 55H. Ob npäkgdco N cfktdoko ukn tnmbn quo luostrn bns jukcdfkos go tfgfs bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók utdbdzngfs. Osto cdrcudtf utdbdzn bfs voctfros 08H-0JH y bfs puortfs go O/S 0300H y 030=H pnrn _>, ob cfktrfbngfr lnostrf, y bfs voctfros 50H-55H y bfs puortfs go O/S 0307H y 030:H pnrn _=, ob cfktrfbngfr oscbnvf. Fmsorvo quo tnlmdäk dkcbudlfs mùjoros ok ob mus go gntfs pnrn dbustrnr ob usf go bn torldknb SP/OK SP/ OK ok ok ob 8=?4N. Ostfs mùjoros so utdbdznk sóbf ok sdstolns luy ernkgos quo tdokok luchfs gdspfsdtdvfs cfkoctngfs n sus cfkoxdfkos gob mus go gntfs. Ok bn prîctdcn os rnrf okcfktrnr ostfs mùjoros.
Prfernlncdók gob 8=?4N Ob cfktrfbngfr 8=?4N so prfernln logdnkto pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go dkdcdnbdzncdók y go fporncdók. Bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go dkdcnbdzncdók (DCU) so prfernlnk nktos go quo ob 8=?4N puogn jukcdfknr ok ob sdstoln y gdctnk bn fporncdók mîsdcn go osto cfktrfbngfr. Bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók (FCU) so prfernlnk gurnkto ob cursf kfrlnb go fporncdók. Bns FCU cfktrfbnk bn fporncdók gob 8=?4N. Pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go dkdcdnbdzncdók. Oxdstok cuntrf pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go dkcdnbdzncdók
(DCU) pnrn ob 8=?4N, bns cunbos so soboccdfknk cunkgf bn torldknb t orldknb N0 os uk ukf bóedcf. Cunkgf npbdquo okoreìn nb 8=?4N, okvìo DCU>, DCU= o DCU7. Prfernlo ob 8=?4N ok lfgf go cnscngn logdnkto DCU>, y tnlmdäk ob DCU3. Pfr bf tnktf, sd so utdbdzn uk sfbf 8=?4N ok uk sdstoln, prfernlo DCU >, DCU= o DCU7. Sd utdbdzn ob lfgf ok cnscngn ok uk sdstoln, oktfkcos prfernlo bns cuntrf DCU. Ok bn jdeurn >=->8 pfgrî cfksubtnr ob jfrlntf go bns cuntrf DCU. N cfktdkuncdók so luostrn ukn goscrdpcdók go cngn DCU9 DCU>
DCU=
DCU3
DCU7
Prfernln bn fporncdók mîsdcn gob 8=?4N. Pnrn prfernlnr ostn DCU pnrn bn fporncdók cfk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 808: nb Poktdul 7, cfbfquo uk > bóedcf ok ob mdt DC 7. Bfs vnbfros go bfs mdts NG>, N5, N: y N? kf dlpfrtnk pnrn bn fporncdók gob ldcrfprfcosngfr y sóbf so npbdcnk nb 8=?4N cunkgf so utdbdzn cfk uk ldcrfprfcosngfr 808? go 8 mdts (ob cunb kf so cumro ok osto bdmrf). Bn DCU soboccdfkn bn fporncdók dkgdvdgunb f ok cnscngn logdnkto bn prfernlncdók gob mdt SKEB. Sd soboccdfkn bn fporncdók ok cnscngn, tnlmdäk prfernlo DCU3. Ob mdt BWDL gotorldkn sd bns oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók so gdspnrnk cfk ob mfrgo pfsdtdvf f cfk ob kdvob. Soboccdfkn ob kùlorf go voctfr quo so utdbdzn cfk bns oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók. Pfr oiolpbf, sd gocdgo prfernlnr ob 8=?4N pnrn quo jukcdfko ok bns pfsdcdfkos go voctfr 08H-0JH, cfbfquo uk 08H ok ostn pnbnmrn go cflnkgf. Go deunb jfrln, sd gocdgo prfernlnr ob 8=?4N pnrn bfs voctfros 50H-55H, cfbfquo uk 50H ok ostn DCU. Sóbf so utdbdzn cunkgf DCU> dkgdcn quo ob sdstoln so fporn ok ob lfgf ok cnscngn. Ostn DCU dkgdcn ok gókgo so cfkoctn ob cfktrfbngfr oscbnvf nb lnostrf. Pfr oiolpbf, ok bn jdeurn >=->8 cfkoctnlfs uk oscbnvf n D] =. Pnrn prfernlnr DCU3 pnrn ostn cfkoxdók, tnktf ok ob cfktrfbngfr lnostrf cflf ok ob oscbnvf, cfbfquo uk 07H ok DCU3. Supfken quo tdoko gfs oscbnvfs cfkoctngfs n uk lnostrf logdnkto ob usf go D]0 o D]>. Ob lnostrf so prfernln cfk ukn DCU 3 go 03H1 uk oscbnvf so prfernln cfk ukn DCU3 go 0>H y bn ftrn cfk ukn DCU 3 go 0=H. So prfernln pnrn utdbdznrso cfk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 808: nb Poktdul 7, porf kf so prfernln ok uk sdstoln quo jukcdfko cfk ob ldcrfprfcosngfr 808?. Ob mdt go lîs n bn gorochn gomo sor uk > bóedcf pnrn soboccdfknr bn fporncdók cfk bfs ldcrfprfcosngfros gob 808: nb Poktdul 7, y ob rostf go bfs mdts so prfernln go bn sdeudokto lnkorn9 SJKL9 sd so cfbfcn uk > bóedcf ok osto mdt, so soboccdfkn ob lfgf go fporncdók ospocdnb go nkdgncdók cflpbotn pnrn ob 8=?4N. Ostf porldto quo bn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók go lnyfr prdfrdgng go uk oscbnvf son rocfkfcdgn pfr ob lnostrf, ldoktrns ästo prfcosn ftrn dktorrupcdók go uk oscbnvf. Pfr bf eokornb, sóbf so prfcosn ukn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók n bn voz, y bns golîs so dekfrnk hnstn quo torldko ob prfcosf.
7??
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS DCU>
JDE_]N >=->8 JDE_]N
Bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgf go dkcdnbdzncdók gob 8=?4N (DCUs). (Cfrtosìn go Dktob Cfrpfrntdfk.)
> < SO KOCOSDWN DCU7 0 < KF SO KOCOSDWN DCU7
> < DKGDZDG_NB 0 < LFGF OK CNSCNGN
DKWO]ZNBF GO GD]OCCDÓK GO > < BBNLNGN DKWO]ZNBF GO 7 0 < DKWO]ZNBF GO 8 > < LFGF GO GDSPN]F CFK KDZOB 0 < LFGF GO GDSPN]F CFK MF]GO N5-N? GO GD]OCCDÓK GOB ZOCWF] GO DKWO]]_PCDÓK (SÓBF LFGF LCS-80/8?) DCU=
DCU3 (GDSPFSDWDZF LNOSW]F)
N>?-N8 GO GD]OCCDÓK GOB ZOCWF] GO DKWO]]_PCDÓK (LFGF LCS80/8?) W5-W3 GO GD]OCCDÓK GOB ZOCWF] GO DKWO]]_PCDÓK (LFGF 808:/8088)
> < BN OKW]NGN D] WDOKO _K OSCBNZF 0 < BN OKW]NGN D] KF WDOKO OSCBNZF DCU3 (GDSPFSDWDZF OSCBNZF)
DG GO OSCBNZF(>)
DCU7
> < LFGF 808:/8088 0 < LFGF LCS-80/8?
> < OFDN_WFLÎWDCF 0 < OFD KF]LNB LFGF SDK MÙJO] LFGF CFK MÙJO]/OSCBNZF LFGF CFK MÙJO]/LNOSW]F
KFWN >9 OB DG GO OSCBNZF OSCBNZF OS DE_NB N BN OKW]NGN D] LNOSW]N CF]]OSPFKGDOKWO. CF]]OSPFKGDOKWO.
> < LFGF OSPOCDNB CFLPBOWNLOKWO CFLPBOWNLOKWO NKDGNGF 0 < LFGF KF OSPOCDNB CFLPBOWNLOKWO CFLPBOWNLOKWO NKDGNGF
M_J y L/S9 bfs mdts go mùjor y lnostrf oscbnvf so utdbdznk ok cfkiuktf pnrn soboccdfknr bn fporncdók cfk mùjor f sdk mùjor pnrn ob 8=?4N cflf lnostrf f cflf oscbnvf. NOFD9 soboccdfkn ob tärldkf nutflîtdcf f kfrlnb go bn dktorrupcdók (bf cunb vorolfs lîs ngobnkto cfk bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók). Bfs cflnkgfs OFD go FCU so utdbdznk sóbf sd DCU kf soboccdfkn ob lfgf NOFD. Sd so soboccdfkn osto lfgf,= bn dktorrupcdók rodkdcdn 7go lnkorn nutflîtdcn ob mdt go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók y kf lfgdjdcn bn prdfrdgng. Ästo os ob lfgf projordgf go fporncdók pnrn ob 8=?4N y roguco bn bfkedtug gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos.
7?:
CNPÌW_BF >=
Pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók. Bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók (FCU) so utdbdznk
pnrn gdrdedr bn fporncdók gob 8=?4N, ukn voz quo so prfernln cfk ob DCU. Bns FCU so soboccdfknk cunkgf bn torldknb N0 so okcuoktrn ok ob kdvob go 0 bóedcf, oxcoptf FCU>, quo so soboccdfkn cunkgf N0 os uk > bóedcf. Bn jdeurn >=->4 luostrn bfs pntrfkos go mdts mdknrdfs pnrn bns tros pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók gob 8=?4N. N cfktdkuncdók so gospbdoen ukn bdstn quo goscrdmo bn jukcdók go cngn FCU9 FCU>
FCU=
So utdbdzn pnrn nctdvnr y boor ob roedstrf go lîscnrn go dktorrupcdók. Cunkgf so nctdvn uk mdt go lîscnrn, ästo gosnctdvn (oklnscnrn) bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók cfrrospfkgdokto. Ob roedstrf go lîscnrn so boo nb ldslf tdolpf quo FCU >. Cflf ob ostngf go bfs mdts go lîscnrn so goscfkfco cunkgf ob 8=?4N so dkdcdnbdzn pfr prdlorn voz, FCU> gomo prfernlnrso gospuäs go prfernlnr bn DCU ok bn dkdcdnbdzncdók. So prfernln sóbf cunkgf kf so soboccdfkn ob lfgf NOFD pnrn ob 8=?4N. Ok osto cnsf, ostn FCU soboccdfkn bn lnkorn ok quo ob 8=?4N rospfkgo n ukn dktorrupcdók. Bfs lfgfs sfk bfs sdeudoktos9
JDE_]N >=->4
Bns pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók gob 8=?4N (FCUs). (Cfrtosìn go Dktob Cfrpfrntdfk.)
LÎSCN]N GO DKWO]]_PCDÓK > < NCWDZN LÎSCN]N 0 < ]ODKDCDN LÎSCN]N
KDZOB GO D] OK MNSO NB C_NB SO ZNN NCW_N]
JDK GO DKWO]]_PCDÓK
CFLNKGF OFD KF OSPOCÌJDCF CFLNKGF OFD OSPOCÌJDCF GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF CFK CFLNKGF OFD KF OSPOCÌJDCF GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF OK LFGF OFD N_WFLÎWDCF (NCWDZNCDÓK)
GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF N_WFLÎWDCF
GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF OK LFGF OFD N_WFLÎWDCF (MF]]NGF) *GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF CFK CFLNKGF OFD OSPOCÌJDCF
GOSPBNYNLDOKWF CÌCBDCF OSPOCÌJDCF
*CFLNKGF GONI_SWO GO P]DF]DGNG KF HNT FPO]NCDÓK *SO _WDBDYNK B0-B=
CFLNKGF GO BOCW_]N GO ]OEDSW]F
KF HNTNCCDÓK
BOO ]OE. D] OK OB SDE_DOKWO P_BSF ]G
BOO ]OE. DS OK OB SDE_DOKWO P_BSF ]G
> < CFLNKGF GO SFKGOF 0 < SDK CFLNKGF GO SFKGOF
LFGF OSPOCDNB GO LÎSCN]N
KF HNTNCCDÓK
]ODKDCDN LÎSCN]N OSPOCDNB
NCWDZN LÎSCN]N OSPOCDNB
7?5
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
Jdk go dktorrupcdók kf ospocìjdcf9 uk cflnkgf quo okvìn ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn dkgdcnr ob tärldkf go bn dktorrupcdók. Ob 8=?4N gotorldkn ok jfrln nutflîtdcn cuîb kdvob go dktorrupcdók ostnmn nctdvf y rodkdcdn ob mdt cfrroctf gob roedstrf gob ostngf go dktorrupcdfkos. Nb rodkdcdnr ob mdt go ostngf bn dktorrupcdók puogo nctunr go kuovf, f so puogo prfgucdr ukn dktorrupcdók go kdvob lîs mnif. Jdk go dktorrupcdók ospocìjdcn9 uk cflnkgf quo porldto rodkdcdnr ukn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók ospocìjdcn. Bn pfsdcdók oxnctn so gotorldkn cfk bfs mdts B =-B0 go FCU=.
Gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf cfk OFD kf ospocìjdcf9 uk cflnkgf quo jukcdfkn go bn ldsln jfrln quo ob cflnkgf Jdk go dktorrupcdók ospocìjdcn, sóbf quo ronbdzn uk gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf ok bns prdfrdgngos go dktorrupcdók gospuäs go rodkdcdnr ob mdt go roedstrf go ostngf go dktorrupcdfkos. Ob kdvob quo rodkdcdo osto cflnkgf so cfkvortdrî ok bn dktorrupcdók go lokfr prdfrdgng. Pfr oiolpbf, sd so ncnmn go gnr sorvdcdf n D] 7, ostn oktrngn so cfkvortdrî ok bn dktorrupcdók go lokfr prdfrdgng o D] ? so cfkvortdrî ok bn oktrngn cfk lnyfr prdfrdgng. Gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf cfk OFD nutflîtdcf9 uk cflnkgf quo soboccdfkn ob OFD nutflîtdcf cfk gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf go prdfrdgngos. Osto cflnkgf sóbf gomo okvdnrso ukn voz nb 8=?4N sd so goson osto lfgf. Sd gomo gosnctdvnrso osto lfgf, utdbdco ob cflnkgf pnrn mfrrnr. Gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf ok OFD ospocìjdcf9 jukcdfkn cflf ob OFD ospocìjdcf, sóbf quo soboccdfkn ob gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf go prdfrdgngos. Niusto go prdfrdgng9 porldto nb prfernlngfr ostnmbocor bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók go
lokfr prdfrdgng logdnkto ob usf go bfs mdts B =-B0. Soboccdfkn ob roedstrf n boor, bn fporncdók gob roedstrf go lîscnrn ospocdnb y ob cflnkgf go sfkgof. Sd so soboccdfkn ob sfkgof gomo nctdvnrso ob mdt P y buoef so gomo okvdnr nb 8=?4N. Bn sdeudokto fporncdók go bocturn boorî bn pnbnmrn go sfkgof. Bfs tros mdts go lîs n bn gorochn go bn pnbnmrn go sfkgof dkgdcnk bn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók nctdvn cfk bn lnyfr prdfrdgng. Ob mdt go lîs n bn dzqudorgn dkgdcn sd hny ukn dktorrupcdók y gomo vordjdcnrso pnrn gotorldknr sd bfs tros mdts go lîs n bn gorochn cfktdokok dkjfrlncdók vîbdgn.
FCU3
]oedstrf go ostngf. Hny tros roedstrfs go ostngf ostngf quo puogok boorso ok ob 8=?4N9 ob roedstrf go potdcdók potdcdók
go dktorrupcdók (D]]), ob roedstrf go sorvdcdf go oktrngn (DS]) y ob roedstrf go lîscnrn go dktorrupcdók (DL]). (Cfksubto ok bn jdeurn >=-=0 bfs tros roedstrfs go ostngf9 tfgfs tdokok bn ldsln cfkjdeurncdók go mdts.) Ob D]] os uk roedstrf go 8 mdts quo dkgdcn cuîbos oktrngns go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók ostîk nctdvns. Ob DS] os uk roedstrf go 8 mdts quo cfktdoko ob kdvob go bn dktorrupcdók n bn quo so ostî gnkgf sorvdcdf. Ob DL] os uk roedstrf go 8 mdts quo nblncokn bfs mdts go lîscnrn go dktorrupcdók o dkgdcn cuîbos dktorrupcdfkos ostîk oklnscnrngns. Bfs roedstrfs D]] o DS] so book logdnkto bn prfernlncdók go FCU3 y ob roedstrf DL] so boo n trnväs go FCU>. Pnrn boor ob DL], N0 < >1 pnrn boor ob D]] f ob DS], N0 < 0. Cunkgf N0 < 0, bns pfsdcdfkos go mdt G0 y G> go FCU3 soboccdfknk cuîb go bfs gfs roedstrfs so boo (D]] f DS]).
P]DF]DGNG GOB OSWNGF GO DS]
LOKF] P]DF]DGNG
JDE_]N >=-=0 JDE_]N
NKWOS GOB CFLNKGF
LNTF] LNT F] P]D F]DGNG
P]DF]DGNG GOB OSWNGF GO DS]
LNTF] LNT F] P]D F]DGNG
GOSP_ÄS GOB CFLNKGF
LOKF] P]DF]DGNG
Ob roedstrf go sorvdcdf go oktrngn (DS]) (DS]) gob 8=?4N. (n) Nktos go ncoptnr D]7 y (m) gospuäs go ncoptnr D] 7. (Cfrtosìn go Dktob Cfrpfrntdfk.)
7?8
CNPÌW_BF >=
Oiolpbf go prfernlncdók gob 8=?4N Fmsorvo ok bn jdeurn >=-=> ob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo 8=?4N cfkoctngf n uk cfktrfbngfr go cflukdcncdfkos prfernlnmbo >:??0. Ok osto cdrcudtf, bn torldknb DKW] quo prfvdoko gob >:??0 so cfkoctn n bn oktrngn D] 0 go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók gob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo. So prfguco ukn D]0 cngn voz quo (>) ob trnksldsfr ostî bdstf pnrn okvdnr ftrf cnrîctor, (=) ob rocoptfr hn rocdmdgf uk cnrîctor, (3) so gotoctn uk orrfr nb rocdmdr bfs gntfs y (7) so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók gob lógol. Fmsorvo quo ob >:??0 so gocfgdjdcn ok bfs puortfs go O/S 70H y 75H, y ob 8=?4N so gocfgdjdcn ok bfs puortfs go O/S go 8 mdts 78H y 74H. Nlmfs gdspfsdtdvfs so cfkoctnk nb mus go gntfs go uk ldcrfprfcosngfr 8088. Sfjtwnro go dkdcdnbdzncdók. Bn prdlorn pfrcdók gob sfjtwnro pnrn osto sdstoln gomo prfernlnr tnktf
ob >:??0 cflf ob 8=?4N, y gospuäs gomo hnmdbdtnr bn torldknb DKW] ok ob 8088 pnrn quo puognk prfgucdrso dktorrupcdfkos. Ob oiolpbf >=-8 luostrn ob sfjtwnro roquordgf pnrn prfernlnr nlmfs gdspfsdtdvfs y hnmdbdtnr DKW]. Osto sfjtwnro utdbdzn gfs JDJF go lolfrdn quo nblncoknk gntfs pnrn ob trnksldsfr y pnrn ob rocoptfr. Cngn JDJF go lolfrdn os go >: Amytos y so gdroccdfkn logdnkto uk pnr go npuktngfros (oktrngn y snbdgn). ]OSOW N0 N> N=
ZCC >0 A Mus go gntfs (G0-G5) _> > = 3 7 ? : 5 8 >0 >>
Gntfs ok sordo
>? 4
N> N= N3 N7 N? N: N5 N4 N> 0
> = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4 >>
_= D> 0> D= 0= D3 03 D7 07 D? 0? D: 0: D5 05 D8 08 D4 D> 0 >:B8
78H–74H DKW] DKWN
JDE_]N JDE_]N >=-=>
CS0 CS> CS=
>= >3 >7
L] ]G ]G U] U] NGS
3? == => >4 >8 =?
XDK XF_W
>: >5
WX]GT ]X]GT GGDS DKW]
=7 =4 =3 30
MN_GF_W ]CBA ]WS CWS GW] GS] GCG ]D
37 3>
F_W > F_W =
>8.73= LHz
>:??0
_3
D0/L N> > N> = N> 3 N> 7 N> ?
U] ]G
=8 =5 =:
SDK SF_W
3= 3: 33 35 38 34
70H–75H
>4 >8 >5 >: >? >7 >3 >=
N0 N> N=
G0 G> G= G3 G7 G? G: G5
ZC C
>> >0 4 8 5 : ? 7
G0 G> G3 G7 G? G: G5
=5 > 3 = >: >5 =:
N0 CS ]G U] SP/OK DK W DKWN 8=?4N
D] 0 D] > D] = D] 3 D] 7 D] ? D] : D] 5
CNS0 CNS> CNS=
>8 >4 =0 => == =3 =7 =?
>= >3 >?
>0 A
Dktorjnz oktro ob _N]W _N]W >:??0 >:??0 y ob ldcrfprfcosngfr 8088 n trnväs gob 8=?4N.
Ftrns potdcdfkos go dktorrupcdók
7?4
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS OIOLPBF >=-8
1Sfjtwnro go dkdcdnbdzncdók pnrn ob >:??0 y ob 8=?4N 1gob cdrcudtf go bn jdeurn >=-=> PDC> PDC= DCU> DCU= DCU7 FCU> BDKON BSM LSM JDJF DW] DKDC
O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ O^_ P]FC
78H 74H >MH 80H 3 0JOH 73H 70H 7>H 7=H 7>H
1cfktrfbn 8=?4N, N0 < 0 1cfktrfbn 8=?4N, N0 < > 18=?4N, DCU> 18=?4N, DCU= 18=?4N, DCU7 18=?4N, FCU> 1>:??0, roedstrf go bìkon 1>:??0, gdvdsfr go Mnugdfs BSM 1>:??0, gdvdsfr go Mnugdfs LSM 1>:??0, roedstrf JDJF 1>:??0, roedstrf go dktorrupcdfkos
KON]
1 1cfkjdeurncdók gob >:??0 1 LFZ NB,>000>0>0M F_W BDKON,NB
1hnmdbdtn ob gdvdsfr go vobfcdgng ok Mnugdfs
LFZ F_W LFZ F_W
NB,>=0 BSM,NB NB,0 LSM,NB
1prfernln 4:00 Mnugdfs
LFZ F_W
NB,0000>0>0M BDKON,NB
1prfernln 5 mdts go gntfs, pnrdgng 1dlpnr, > mdt go pnrf
NB,00000>>>M JDJF,NB
1hnmdbdtn ob trnksldsfr y 1ob rocoptfr
LFZ F_W 1 1prfernlncdók 1 LFZ F_W LFZ F_W LFZ F_W LFZ F_W SWD 1 1hnmdbdtncdók 1 LFZ F_W ]OW DKDC
gob 8=?4N NB,DCU> PDC>,NB NB,DCU= PDC=,NB NB,DCU7 PDC=,NB NB,FCU> PDC=,NB
1prfernln bn DCU> 1prfernln bn DCU= 1prfernln bn DCU7 1prfernln bn FCU> 1hnmdbdtn bn torldknb DKW]
go bns dktorrupcdfkos gob >:??0 NB,? DW],NB
1hnmdbdtn bns dktorrupcdfkos
OKGP
Bn prdlorn pfrcdók gob prfcogdldoktf (DKDW) prfernln ob _N]W >:??0 pnrn fpornr cfk sdoto mdts go gntfs, pnrdgng dlpnr, uk mdt go pnrf y ukn vobfcdgng go Mnugdfs go 4:00. Ob roedstrf go cfktrfb JDJF tnlmdäk hnmdbdtn ob trnksldsfr y ob rocoptfr. Bn soeukgn pnrto gob prfcogdldoktf prfernln ob 8=?4N cfk sus tros DCU y ukn FCU. Ob 8=?4N so cfkjdeurn go lnkorn quo jukcdfko ok bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók 80H-85H y quo fporo cfk OFD nutflîtdcf. Bn FCU hnmdbdtn bn dktorrupcdók pnrn ob _N]W >:??0. Bn torldknb DKW] gob ldcrfprfcosngfr tnlmdäk hnmdbdtn logdnktohnmdbdtn ob usf go dkstruccdók SWD. Bn pnrtosojdknb gob sfjtwnro bnsbndktorrupcdfkos go orrfr y nb rocoptfr gob _N]W >:??0, n trnväs gob roedstrf go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos. Bn dktorrupcdók gob trnksldsfr kf so hnmdbdtn sdkf hnstn quo hnyn gntfs gdspfkdmbos pnrn su trnksldsdók. Ok bn jdeurn >=-== pfgrî vor ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go
7:0
CNPÌW_BF >= JDE_]N >=-==
Ob roedstrf go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos gob >:??0.
]oedstrf go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos 5 : ? 7 3 = > 0 0
0
0
0
OL OB OB OW OW O] Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók gob rocoptfr 0 < goshnmdbdtngn > < hnmdbdtngn Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók gob trnksldsfr 0 < goshnmdbdtngn
> < hnmdbdtngn
Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók go bìkon 0 < goshnmdbdtngn > < hnmdbdtngn Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók go lógol 0 < goshnmdbdtngn > < hnmdbdtngn
JDE_]N >=-=3 JDE_]N Ob roedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos gob >:??0.
]oedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos 5 : ? 7 3 = > 0 0
0
0
0
DG DG
DG PK PK Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók gob rocoptfr 0 < goshnmdbdtngn > < hnmdbdtngn Hnmdbdtn dktorrupcdók gob trnksldsfr 0 < goshnmdbdtngn > < hnmdbdtngn
cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos gob _N]W >:??0. Fmsorvo quo ob roedstrf go cfktrfb puogo hnmdbdtnr f goshnmdbdtnr ob rocoptfr, ob trnksldsfr, ob ostngf go bìkon (orrfr) y bns dktorrupcdfkos gob lógol. Lnkoif go bn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók gob _N]W >:??0. Cflf ob >:??0 sóbf eokorn ukn potdcdók potdcdók go
dktorrupcdók pnrn vnrdns dktorrupcdfkos, ob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos gomo sfkgonr ob >:??0 pnrn gotorldknr quä tdpf go dktorrupcdók so hn prfgucdgf. Ostf so bfern logdnkto uk nkîbdsds gob roedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos (von bn jdeurn >=-=3). Fmsorvo quo ob roedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos (sóbf bocturn) cflpnrto ob ldslf puortf go O/S quo ob roedstrf go cfktrfb JDJF (sóbf oscrdturn). Ob roedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos dkgdcn sd hny ukn dktorrupcdók pokgdokto, ob tdpf go dktorrupcdók y sd ostîk hnmdbdtngns bns lolfrdns JDJF gob trnksldsfr y gob rocoptfr. Ok bn tnmbn >=-= pfgrî cfksubtnr ob cfktokdgf go bfs mdts go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos. Ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos gomo oxnldknr ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go dgoktdjdcncdók go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn gotorldknr quä ovoktf prfguif bn dktorrupcdók y pnsnr ob cfktrfb nb prfcogdldoktf nprfpdngf pnrn ob ovoktf. Ob oiolpbf >=-4 luostrn bn prdlorn pnrto go uk lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos quo pnsn ob cfktrfb n ]OCP pnrn ukn dktorrupcdók go gntfs gob rocoptfr, n W]NKS pnrn ukn dktorrupcdók go gntfs gob trnksldsfr y n O]] pnrn ukn dktorrupcdók go orrfr go ostngf go bìkon. Ok osto oiolpbf kf so ovnbùn ob ostngf gob lógol. OIOLPBF >=-4
1Lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn ob _N]W >:??0 go bn jdeurn >=-=> DKW80
P]FC
DK NB,7=H .DJ NB =-= WNMBN Mdt 3 Mdt
Bfs mdts go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos gob >:??0.
Mdt =
Mdt >
Mdt 0
Prdfrdg n ng
0 0
0 >
0 >
> 0
‗ >
0
>
0
0
=
>
>
0
0
=
0
0
>
0
3
Wdolpf neftngf go cnrîctor, kf so hn oxtrnìgf kngn gob rocoptfr JDJF gurnkto nb lokfs cuntrf tdolpfs go cnrîctor. Wrnksldsfr vncìf.
0
0
0
0
7
Ostngf gob lógol.
ILP
Wdpf
Cfktrfb go rodkdcdf
Kf hny dktorrupcdók. Orrfr gob rocoptfr (pnrdgng, trnln, snturncdók f dktorrupcdók). Gntfs gob rocoptfr gdspfkdmbos.
‗ So rodkdcdn logdnkto ukn bocturn gob roedstrf. So rodkdcdn logdnkto bn bocturn go bfs gntfs. So rodkdcdn logdnkto bn bocturn go bfs gntfs.
So rodkdcdn logdnkto bn oscrdturn ok ob trnksldsfr. So rodkdcdn logdnkto bn bocturn gob ostngf gob lógol.
W]NK 1oiolpbf >=->3
.OBSODJ NB =->>
Pnrn rocdmdr gntfs gob >:??0 so roqudorok gfs prfcogdldoktfs. _kf boo ob roedstrf go gntfs gob >:??0 cngn voz quo bn torldknb DKW] sfbdcdtn ukn dktorrupcdók y bf nblncokn ok bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn. Ob ftrf prfcogdldoktf boo gntfs go bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn gosgo ob prfernln prdkcdpnb. Ob oiolpbf >=->0 luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf quo so utdbdzn pnrn boor gntfs go bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn gosgo ob prfernln prdkcdpnb. Osto prfcogdldoktf supfko quo bfs npuktngfros (DDK y DF_W) so dkdcdnbdznk ok ob gdîbfef go cfldokzf pnrn ob sdstoln (ob cunb kf so luostrn). Cunkgf ob prfcogdldoktf BOO roerosn, NB cfktdoko uk cnrîctor boìgf go bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn. Sd bn JDJF ostî vncìn, ob prfcogdldoktf roerosn cfk ob mdt go mnkgorn go ncnrrof puostf ok > bóedcf. Sd NB cfktdoko uk cnrîctor vîbdgf, ob mdt go mnkgorn go ncnrrof so mfrrn nb roerosnr go BOO. Fmsorvo cólf so vuobvo n utdbdznr bn JDJF nb cnlmdnr bn gdroccdók gosgo bn pnrto supordfr go bn JDJF hncdn ob jfkgf, cngn voz quo su vnbfr son lnyfr nb dkdcdf go bn JDJF lîs >: A. Fmsorvo quo bns dktorrupcdfkos so hnmdbdtnk nb jdknb go osto prfcogdldoktf, ok cnsf go quo ob prfcogdldoktf go dktorrupcdók ]OCM bns goshnmdbdto logdnkto bn cfkgdcdók ‒JDJF go lolfrdn bbokn“. OIOLPBF >=->0
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo boo uk cnrîctor go bn JDJF 1y bf roerosn ok NB. Sd bn JDJF ostî vncìn, ob prfcogdldoktf 1roerosn cfk ob mdt go ncnrrof < >. BOOC
P]FC
KON] _SOS MX GX
LFZ LFZ .DJ
GD,DF_W MX,DDK MX =
.OBSO
BOOC
OKGP
1sd kf ostî vncìf NB,OS9QGD\ 1fmtdoko gntfs GD 1dkcroloktn ob npuktngfr GD :*>0=7 LFZ GD,FJJSOW JDJF .OKGDJ LFZ DF_W,GD CBC LFZ DKC .DJ
.OKGDJ P_SHJ DK NB,7>H F] NB,? F_W 7>H,NB PFPJ ]OW
1hnmdbdtn ob rocoptfr
Ob oiolpbf >=->> luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos ]OCM quo so bbnln cngn voz quo ob >:??0 rocdmo uk cnrîctor pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Ok osto oiolpbf, bn dktorrupcdók utdbdzn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr 80H, ob cunb gomo gdroccdfknr ob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos gob oiolpbf >=-4. Cngn voz quo so prfguco ostn dktorrupcdók, ob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos nccogo nb prfcogdldoktf ]OCM pnrn boor uk cnrîctor gob >:??0. Ob prfcogdldoktf ]OCM nblncokn ob cnrîctor ok bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn. Sd bn JDJF ostî bbokn, ob roedstrf go cfktrfb go dktorrupcdfkos goktrf gob >:??0 goshnmdbdtn bn dktorrupcdók gob rocoptfr. Ostf puogo fcnsdfknr bn pärgdgn go gntfs, porf pfr bf lokfs kf hnrî quo bn dktorrupcdók sfmroscrdmn gntfs vîbdgfs quo yn ostäk nblncokngfs ok bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn. Cunbqudor cfkgdcdók go orrfr gotoctngn pfr ob 8=?>N nblncokn uk 6 (3JH) ok bn JDJF go bn lolfrdn. Bfs orrfros so gotoctnk logdnkto bn pfrcdók cfrrospfkgdokto n O]] gob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos (ob cunb kf so luostrn). OIOLPBF >=->>
1Pfrcdók cfrrospfkgdokto n ]OCM gob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos gob oiolpbf >=-4 ]OCM9
LFZ LFZ LFZ DKC .DJ
MX,DF_W 1fmtdoko bfs npuktngfros GD,DDK SD,GD SD SD :*>0=7 LFZ SD,FJJSOW JDJF
.OKGDJ .DJ SD H NB,0JNH F_W 7>H,NB .OKGDJ DK NB,70H SWFSM LFZ DDK,SD LFZ NB,=0H F_W 74H,NB D]OW
1sd bn JDJF ostî bbokn 1goshnmdbdtn ob rocoptfr
1boo bfs gntfs
1cflnkgf OFD gob 8=?4N
Wrnksldsdók Wrnks ldsdók go gntfs nb >:??0. Bfs gntfs so trnksldtok nb >:??0 go ukn jfrln luy pnrocdgn n cflf
so rocdmok, sóbf quo ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos oxtrno bfs gntfs trnksldtdgfs go ukn soeukgn JDJF go lolfrdn go >: Amytos. Ob oiolpbf >=->= luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf quo bbokn bn JDJF go snbdgn. Os sdldbnr nb prfcogdldoktf quo so luostrn ok ob oiolpbf >=->0, sóbf quo gotorldkn sd bn JDJF ostî bbokn ok voz go vncìn. OIOLPBF >=->=
1_k prfcogdldoktf quo cfbfcn gntfs ok bn JDJF go lolfrdn pnrn 1trnksldtdrbfs logdnkto bn dktorrupcdók gob trnksldsfr. NB < nb
7:3
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS 1cnrîctor trnksldtdgf. E_N]GC P]FC KON] _SOS MX GD SD
LFZ LFZ LFZ DKC .DJ
SD,FDK 1cnren bfs npuktngfros MX,FF_W GD,SD SD SD :*>0=7 LFZ SD,FJJSOW FJDJF .OKGDJ DJ MX H 1hnmdbdtn ob trnksldsfr F] NB,> F_W 7>H,NB ]OW
E_N]GC
OKGP
Ob oiolpbf >=->3 luostrn bn sumrutdkn go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn ob trnksldsfr gob _N]W >:??0. Osto prfcogdldoktf os ukn cfktdkuncdók gob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos quo so prosoktó ok ob oiolpbf >=-4 y os sdldbnr nb prfcogdldoktf ]OCM gob oiolpbf >=->>, sóbf quo gotorldkn sd bn JDJF ostî vncìn ok voz go bbokn. Fmsorvo quo kf dkcbudlfs uk prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn bn dktorrupcdók pfr dktorrupcdók (mrona) kd pnrn bfs orrfros. OIOLPBF >=->3
1Sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob trnksldsfr gob >:??0 W]NK9
LFZ MX,FDK LFZ GD,FF_W .DJ MX H NKG NB,FJGH F_W 7>H,NB .OBSO LFZ NB,OS9QGD\
1cnren bfs npuktngfros 1sd ostî vncìf 1goshnmdbdtn ob trnksldsfr 1sd kf ostî vncìf
F_W 70H,NB 1okvìn gntfs DKC GD .DJ GD :*>0=7 LFZ GD,FJJSOW FJDJF .OKGDJ LFZ FJDJF,GD .OKGDJ LFZ NB,=0H F_W 74H,NB D]OW
1okvìn OFD nb 8=?4N
Ob >:??0 tnlmdäk cfktdoko uk roedstrf rosdgunb, ob cunb os uk roedstrf go prfpósdtf eokornb quo puogo utdbdznrso go cunbqudor jfrln quo ob prfernlngfr cfksdgoro kocosnrdn. Ob >:??0 tnlmdäk cfktdoko uk roedstrf go cfktrfb gob lógol y uk roedstrf go ostngf gob lógol. Ostfs roedstrfs porldtok quo ob lógol prfguzcn dktorrupcdfkos y quo cfktrfbo bn fporncdók gob >:??0. Ok bn jdeurn >=-=7 pfgrî cfksubtnr ob cfktokdgf gob roedstrf go ostngf gob lógol y gob roedstrf go cfktrfb gob lógol. Ob roedstrf go cfktrfb utdbdzn bns pfsdcdfkos mdt 0-3 pnrnjdkos cfktrfbn vnrdns Ob torldknbos ok ob >:??0. Bn pfsdcdók gogob mdt lógol 7 hnmdbdtn bn pruomn go mucbo go dktorkn pnrn go pruomn. roedstrf go ostngf gob lógol porldto ovnbunr ob ostngf go bns torldknbos gob lógol1 tnlmdäk porldto vordjdcnr cnlmdfs ok bns torldknbos gob lógol f, ok ob cnsf go ]D, uk mfrgo go cnìgn.
7:7
CNPÌW_BF >= ]oedstrf go cfktrfb gob lógol 5
:
0
0
? 0
7
3
=
>
]oedstrf go ostngf gob lógol
0
5
:
?
7
3
=
>
0
G WO G GCG ]D GS] CWS G GCG ]D GS] CWS
BM F_W F_W ]W ]WS S GW] = >
Worldknb GW] 0 < > ok bn torldknb GW] > < 0 ok bn torldknb GW] Worldknb ]WS 0 < > ok bn torldknb ]WS > < 0 ok bn torldknb ]WS Worldknb F_W> 0 < > ok bn torldknb F_W> > < 0 ok bn torldknb F_W> Worldknb F_W= 0 < > ok bn torldknb F_W= > < 0 ok bn torldknb F_W= Cfktrfb go mucbo 0 < kf hny fporncdók > < soboccdfkn pruomn go mucbo
JDE_]N >=-=7
CWS hn cnlmdngf 0 < kf hny hny cnlmdf cnlmdf > < CWS hn cnlmdngf GS] hn cnlmdngf 0 < kf hny hny cnlmdf cnlmdf > < GS] hn cnlmdngf Mfrgo go cnìgn ]D 0 < kf hny hny cnlmdf cnlmdf > < GCG hn cnlmdngf Worldknb CWS 0 < > ok torldknb CWS > < 0 ok torldknb CWS Worldknb GS] 0 < > ok torldknb GS] > < 0 ok torldknb GS] Worldknb ]D 0 < > ok torldknb ]D > < 0 ok torldknb ]D Worldknb GCG 0 < > ok torldknb GCG > < 0 ok torldknb GCG
Bfs roedstrfs go cfktrfb gob lógol y ostngf gob lógol gob >:??0.
Bn jdeurn >=-=? luostrn ob _N]W >:??0 cfkoctngf n ukn dktorjnz ]S-=3=C quo so utdbdzn n lokugf pnrn cfktrfbnr uk lógol. Ok ostn dktorjnz so dkcbuyok bfs cdrcudtfs gob cfktrfbngfr go bìkon y gob rocoptfr quo so utdbdznk pnrn cfkvortdr bfs kdvobos WWB ok ob >:??0 n bfs kdvobos go bn dktorjnz ]S-=3=C. Fmsorvo quo bfs kdvobos go bn ]S-=3=C, pfr bf eokornb, sfk go +>= Z pnrn uk 0 bóedcf y –>= Z pnrn uk > bóedcf.
= >784
_> =8 =5 =:
N0 N> N=
>= >3
CS0 CS> CS=
>7 3? == => >4 >8 =?
L] ]G ]G U] U] NGS
>: >5
XDK XF_W
=7 =4 =3 30
WX]GT ]X]GT GGDS DKW]
>
G0 G> G= G3 G7 G? G: G5
> = 3 7 ? :
>3 =? >= =7 >> =3 >0 == 4 => 8 =0 5 >4 : >8 ? >5 7 >: 3 >? = >7 >
>784 :
?
5 8 >784
SDK SF_W
>0 >>
MN_GF_W ]CBA
>? 4
]WS CWS GW] GS] GCG ]D
3= 3: 33 35 38 34
F_W> F_W=
P> 3
7
>
= >788
3
7 >788
37 3>
?
:
>:??0 >788 >0 A
ZCC
JDE_]N >=-=? JDE_]N
]S–=3=C 8
4 >784
Bn dktorjnz dktorjnz ]S-=3=C ]S-=3=C cfkoctngn cfk ob >:??0 logdnkto ob usf go cfktrfbngfros go bìkon >788 y rocoptfros go bìkon >784.
7:?
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
Pnrn pfgor trnksldtdr f rocdmdr gntfs n trnväs gob lógol so nctdvn bn torldknb GW] GW] (0 (0 bóedcf) y gospuäs ob _N]W osporn n quo bn torldknb GS] GS] so so vuobvn 0 bóedcf gosgo ob lógol, bf cunb dkgdcn quo ostî bdstf. _kn voz quo so cflpbotn osto prftfcfbf go dktorcnlmdf (hnkgshnao), ob _N]W okvìn uk 0 bóedcf nb lógol ok bn torldknb ]WS. Cunkgf ob lógol ostî bdstf, roerosn bn soþnb CWS (0 bóedcf) nb _N]W. Nhfrn puogok cflokznr bns cflukdcncdfkos. Bn soþnb GCG gob lógol dkgdcn quo ästo hn gotoctngf ukn pfrtngfrn. Wnlmdäk hny quo ovnbunr bn soþnb nktos go quo puognk cflokznr bns cflukdcncdfkos.
>=-?
OIOLPBFS GO DKWO]]_PCDFKOS Ok ostn soccdók prosoktnrolfs uk robfi ok tdolpf ronb y uk tocbngf prfcosngf pfr dktorrupcdfkos cflf oiolpbfs go npbdcncdfkos quo utdbdznk dktorrupcdfkos. _k robfi ok tdolpf ronb (]WC) bbovn bn hfrn ok tdolpf ronb1 os gocdr, ok hfrns y ldkutfs. Wnlmdäk so utdbdzn pnrn rotrnsfs go tdolpf go procdsdók. Ob oiolpbf quo so luostrn nquì bbovn ob tdolpf ok hfrns, ldkutfs, soeukgfs y >/:0 go soeukgf1 pnrn obbf utdbdzn cuntrf pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn pnrn nblncoknr bn hfrn gob gìn ok MCG. Ob tocbngf prfcosngf pfr dktorrupcdfkos utdbdzn ukn dktorrupcdók pordógdcn pnrn oxpbfrnr sus tocbns.
]obfi ok tdolpf ronb Bn jdeurn >=-=: luostrn uk cdrcudtf sdlpbo quo utdbdzn bn bìkon go okoreìn CN go :0 Hz pnrn eokornr ukn soþnb pordógdcn go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók pnrn bn torldknb go oktrngn go dktorrupcdók KLD. Nukquo utdbdznlfs ukn soþnb go bn bìkon go okoreìn CN ok bn quo su jrocuokcdn vnrìn uk pfcf go voz ok cunkgf, os procdsn gurnkto uk pordfgf go tdolpf cflf bf oxdeo bn Cfldsdók Jogornb go Cflorcdf (JWC). Ob cdrcudtf utdbdzn ukn soþnb go bn bìkon go okoreìn CN go >=0 Z, bn cunb ostî cfkgdcdfkngn pfr uk dkvorsfr go gdspnrf Schldtt nktos go npbdcnrso n bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók KLD. Gomo nsoeurnrso quo bn bìkon go okoreìn ostä cfkoctngn n bn tdorrn gob sdstoln ok osto gdnernln osquolîtdcf. Bn cfkoxdók koutrnb (cnmbo mbnkcf) go bn bìkon go okoreìn os bn torldknb pbnkn nkchn. Bn torldknb pbnkn ostrochn os ob bngf vdvf (cnmbo koerf), f bngf go >=0 Z CN go bn bìkon. Ob sfjtwnro pnrn ob robfi go tdolpf ronb cfktdoko uk prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos quo so bbnln :0 vocos pfr soeukgf y uk prfcogdldoktf quo nctunbdzn bn cuoktn nblncokngn ok cuntrf pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn. Ob oiolpbf >=->7 bdstn nlmfs prfcogdldoktfs, iuktf cfk bfs cuntrf mytos go lolfrdn quo so utdbdznk pnrn nblncoknr bn hfrn gob gìn ok MCG. Bns pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn pnrn ob WDOLPF so nblncoknk ok nbeukn pnrto go bn lolfrdn gob sdstoln, ok bn gdroccdók go soeloktf (SOELOKWF) y ok bn gdroccdók go gospbnznldoktf WDOLPF, bns cunbos so cnrenk prdlorf ok ob prfcogdldoktf WDOLPFP. WDOLPFP. Bn tnmbn go mùsquogn (M_SCN) pnrn bfs lógubfs f cngn cfktngfr so nblncokn ok ob soeloktf go cógdef, iuktf cfk ob prfcogdldoktf. OIOLPBF >=->7
WDOLPF
GM GM GM GM
6 6 6 6
M_SCN
GM
:0H, :0H, :0H, =7H
WDOLPFP
P]FC
JN] _SOS NX MX GS
LFZ LFZ
NX,SOELOKW GS,NX
Cfkvorsdók go bn bìkon go okoreìn CN pnrn ukn soþnb WWB go :0 Hz pnrn bn oktrngn KLD.
1cfktngfr 1cfktngfr 1cfktngfr 1cfktngfr
go go go go
>/:0 go soe (õ:0) soeukgfs (õ:0) ldkutfs (õ:0) hfrns (õ=7)
1cnren bn gdroccdók go soeloktf go WDOLPF
JDE_]N >=-=:
Koerf
33 A > A
>=0 ZNC Mbnkcf
57BS>7 KLD 0.> J
7::
CNPÌW_BF >=
LFZ MX,0 .]OPONW LFZ NGG GNN .DJ
1dkdcdnbdzn ob npuktngfr 1nrrnkcn ob robfi NB,GS9WDOLPFQMX\ NB,> 1dkcroloktn bn cuoktn 1niustn pnrn MCG NB /:0 go soe ok uk gìn). Ok uk cfktngfr tnb cflf ästo, ukn cuoktn go 0 oqudvnbo n >=900900900 NL y ukn cuoktn go ?,>83,444 oqudvnbo n >>9?49?49?4 PL. Ob oiolpbf >=->? luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf go dktorrupcdók pnrn osto tdpf go ]WC, ob cunb roqudoro bn lokfr cnktdgng go tdolpf pnrn oiocutnrso. OIOLPBF >=->?
WDOLPF
GG
6
WDOLPFP
P]FC
JN] _SOS ONX
LFZ LFZ
DKC .DJ
WDOLPFP
OKGP
1cfktngfr lógubf ?,>87,000
NX,SOELOKW GS,NX
GS9WDOLPF GS9WDOLPF 87000 LFZ GUF]G PW] GS9WDOLPF,0 .OKGDJ D]OW
Ob sfjtwnro pnrn cfkvortdr bn cuoktn gob cfktngfr lógubf ?,>87,000 ok hfrns, ldkutfs y soeukgfs npnroco ok ob oiolpbf >=->:. Ob prfcogdldoktf roerosn cfk ob kùlorf go hfrns (0-=3) ok MB, ob kùlorf go ldkutfs ok MH y ob kùlorf go soeukgfs ok NB. Kf so hdzf ob dktoktf pfr oxtrnor bn cuoktn go >/:0 go soeukgf. OIOLPBF >=->:
1Ob tdolpf so roerosn cflf MB < hfrns, MH < ldkutfs y NB < soeukgfs FMWDOKOW P]FC
KON] _SOS OCX OGX
LFZ LFZ S_M GDZ LFZ LFZ LFZ GDZ LFZ S_M
OCX,=>:000 ONX,WDOLPF OGX,OGX OCX MB,NB ONX,OGX OCX,3:00 OCX MH,NB ONX,OGX
1gdvdgo oktro =>:,000
LFZ GDZ ]OW
OCX,:0 OCX
1gdvdgo oktro :0
FMWDOKOW OKGP
1mfrrn OGX 1fmtdoko bns hfrns
1gdvdgo oktro 3:00 1fmtdoko bfs ldkutfs
7:5
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
Supfken quo so kocosdtn uk rotrnsf go tdolpf. Bfs rotrnsfs go tdolpf puogok bfernrso logdnkto ob usf gob ]WC gob oiolpbf >=->? pnrn cunbqudor cnktdgng, gosgo >/:0 go soeukgf hnstn =7 hfrns. Ob oiolpbf >=->5 luostrn uk prfcogdldoktf quo utdbdzn ob ]WC pnrn prfgucdr rotrnsfs go tdolpf gob kùlorf go soeukgfs quo so pnsnk nb prfcogdldoktf ok ob roedstrf ONX. Ostf puogo sor gosgo > soeukgf hnstn tfgf uk gìn cflpbotf. Wdoko ukn procdsdók go hnstn >/:0 go soeukgf, quo os bn rosfbucdók gob ]WC. OIOLPBF >=->5
SOE
P]FC
LFZ L_B NGG .DJ
SOE
OKGP
KON] _SOS ONX OGX OGX,:0 OGX 1fmtdoko bfs soeukgfs cflf cuoktn go >/:0s ONX,WDOLPF 1nvnkzn ob WDOLPF ok ONX ONX ;< ?>870000 S_M ONX,?>870000
.OKGDJ .]OPONW ._KWDB ]OW
1osporn n quo ob WDOLPF so pfken nb cfrrdokto ONX 0 ls f, sd so utdbdzn ob ]WC cfk uk robfi go :0 Hz, cngn >:.5 ls. Bn jdeurn >=-=5 luostrn bn dktorjnz oktro ob tocbngf y uk 8=C??. Kf luostrn ob tolpfrdzngfr kd cunbqudor ftrf cdrcudtf roquordgf pnrn bbnlnr n bn dktorrupcdók ukn voz cngn >0 ls f >:.5 ls. (Ok ob sfjtwnro kf so luostrn bn prfernlncdók gob 8=C??.) Ob 8=C?? gomo prfernlnrso go lnkorn quo ob puortf N son uk puortf go oktrngn, quo ob puortf M son uk puortf go snbdgn y ob sfjtwnro go dkdcdnbdzncdók gomo nblncoknr uk 00H ok ob puortf M. Ostn dktorjnz utdbdzn ukn cnktdgng go lolfrdn quo so nblncokn ok ob soeloktf go cógdef pnrn ukn cfbn y ukfs cunktfs mytos quo bbovnk ob roedstrf go bn oxpbfrncdók gob tocbngf. Ob oiolpbf >=->8 luostrn ob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos pnrn ob tocbngf. OIOLPBF >=->8
1Prfcogdldoktf go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob tocbngf go bn jdeurn >=-=5 P_O]WN P_O]WM
O^_ O^_
>000H >00>H
CKWO] MO] PKW] FPKW] CFBN
GM GM GU GU GM
0 0 CFBN CFBN >: G_P(6)
DKWWOC
P]FC
JN] _SOS NX MX GX
LFZ
GX,P_O]WN
1cflpruomn sd hny ukn tocbn
DK F] .DJ
NB,GX NB,0J0H NB !< 0JJH DKC CKWO] .DJ CKWO] : mytos
7:8
CNPÌW_BF >= JDE_]N >=-=5 JDE_]N
Dktorjnz oktro uk tocbngf ostdbf tobojókdcf y ob 8=C??.
ZCC
>0 A 37 33 3= 3> 30 =4 =8 =5 ? 3: 4 8 3? :
7 3 = >
G0 G> G= G3 G7 G? G: G5
PN0 PN> PN= PN3 P PN7 N? PN: PN5
70 34 38 35
]G U] N0 N> ]OSOW CS
PM0 PM> PM= PM3 PM7 PM? PM: PM5
>8 >4 =0 => == =3 =7 =?
PC0 PC> PC= PC3 PC7 PC? PC: PC5
>7 >? >: >5 >3 >= >> >0
> = 3 7 ? : 5 8 4
*
0 #
8=C??
.OBSO
GOC CKWO] .DJ MO] LFZ MX,00JOH .UHDBO > 1muscn bn tocbn LFZ NB,MB LFZ GX,P_O]WM F_W GX,NB ]FB MB,> LFZ GX,P_O]WN DK NB,GX F] NB,0J0H .M]ONA .DJ NB !< 0 NGG MH,7 .OKGU LFZ MB,NB LFZ NB,0 LFZ GX,P_O]WM F_W GX,NB GOC MH .]OPONW SH] MB,> DKC MH ._KWDB !CN]]T6 LFZ NB,MH LFZ MX,PKW] LFZ QMX\,NB 1cógdef go tocbn n bn cfbn DKC MX .DJ MX : LFZ GX,FJJSOW CFBN .OKGDJ LFZ PKW],MX .OKGDJ .OKGDJ 1sd kf hny tocbn fprdldgn GOC CKWO] 1gocroloktn cfktngfr obdldkngfr go romftos .DJ SDEK6 1sd os lokfr quo corf LFZ CKWO],0 LFZ MO],0
.OKGDJ .OKGDJ D]OW
DKWWOC
OKGP
7:4
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
Bn dktorrupcdók gob tocbngf muscn bn tocbn y nblncokn ob cógdef go tocbn ok bn cfbn. Ob cógdef quo so nblncokn ok bn cfbn os uk cógdef purf quo kf dkgdcn ob kùlorf go bn tocbn. Pfr oiolpbf, ob cógdef pnrn bn tocbn > os 00H, ob cógdef pnrn bn tocbn 7 os 0>H, y nsì sucosdvnlokto. Kf hny prfvdsdók pnrn uk gosmfrgnldoktf go bn cfbn ok osto sfjtwnro. Pfgrìn neroenrso porf, ok bn lnyfrìn go bfs cnsfs os gdjìcdb gosmfrgnr ukn cfbn go >: mytos. Ob oiolpbf >=->4 luostrn uk prfcogdldoktf quo oxtrno gntfs go bn cfbn gob tocbngf. Osto prfcogdldoktf kf so cfktrfbn logdnkto dktorrupcdfkos y so bbnln sóbf cunkgf so kocosdtn bn dkjfrlncdók gob tocbngf ok uk prfernln. Ob oiolpbf >=-=0 luostrn ob sfjtwnro quo bbnln nb prfcogdldoktf WOCBN. OIOLPBF >=->4
M_SCN
GM GM GM
>,7,5,>0 =,?,8,0 3,:,4,>>
1tnmbn go mùsquogn
WOCBN
P]FC
KON] _SOS MX
LFZ MX,FPKW] .DJ MX =-=0
.]OPONW CNBB WOCBN ._KWDB !CN]]T6
>=-:
]OS_LOK >. _kn dktorrupcdók os ukn bbnlngn dkdcdngn pfr hnrgwnro f sfjtwnro quo dktorrulpo ob prfernln quo so ostä oiocutnkgf ok cunbqudor puktf gngf ok oso lfloktf y bbnln n uk prfcogdldoktf. Osto prfcogdldoktf so bbnln logdnkto ob lnkoingfr go dktorrupcdfkos f uk prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. =. Bns dktorrupcdfkos sfk ùtdbos cunkgf os kocosnrdf gnr sorvdcdf n uk gdspfsdtdvf go O/S sóbf ok fcnsdfkos, cfk vobfcdgngos mnins go trnksjorokcdn go gntfs. 3. Ob ldcrfprfcosngfr tdoko cdkcf dkstruccdfkos quo so npbdcnk n bns dktorrupcdfkos9 MF_KG, DKW, DKW, DKW 3, DKWF o D]OW. Bns dkstruccdfkos DKW o DKW 3 hncok bbnlngns n prfcogdldoktfs cuyns gdroccdfkos ostîk nblncokngns ok ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók cuyf tdpf so dkgdcn logdnkto bn dkstruccdók. Bn dkstruccdók MF_KG os ukn dktorrupcdók cfkgdcdfknb quo utdbdzn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók ?. Bn dkstruccdók DKWF os ukn dktorrupcdók cfkgdcdfknb quo dktorrulpo uk prfernln sóbf sd so nctdvn bn mnkgorn go gosmfrgnldoktf. Pfr ùbtdlf, bn dkstruccdók D]OW so utdbdzn pnrn roerosnr go bfs prfcogdldoktfs go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. 7. Ob ldcrfprfcosngfr tros torldknbos so npbdcnk n sfk su ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos hnrgwnro9 DKW], KLD o tdoko DKWN. Bns oktrngns quo go dktorrupcdók DKW] y KLD, bns cunbos so go utdbdznk pnrn sfbdcdtnr dktorrupcdfkos1 DKWN os ukn snbdgn quo so utdbdzn pnrn ncoptnr bn potdcdók go dktorrupcdók DKW].
750
CNPÌW_BF >=
?. So hnco rojorokcdn n bns dktorrupcdfkos ok lfgf ronb logdnkto ukn tnmbn go voctfros quo fcupn bns pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn 0000H-03JJH. Cngn voctfr go dktorrupcdók os go cuntrf mytos y cfktdoko bns gdroccdfkos go soeloktf y gospbnznldoktf gob prfcogdldoktf go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos. Ok ob lfgf prftoedgf, bns dktorrupcdfkos hncok rojorokcdn n bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók (DGW), bn cunb cfktdoko =?: goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók. Cngn goscrdptfr go dktorrupcdók cfktdoko uk soboctfr go soeloktf y ukn gdroccdók go gospbnznldoktf go 3= mdts. :. Ok bn ostructurn go dktorrupcdfkos gob ldcrfprfcosngfr so utdbdznk gfs mdts go mnkgorn9 ntrnpn-
5. 8.
4. >0.
ldoktf y hnmdbdtncdók go dktorrupcdók (DJ).bnsObdktorrupcdfkos mdt go mnkgornfcurrnk DJ hnmdbdtn bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók(WJ) DKW] y ob mdt go mnkgorn WJ hnco quo gospuäs go bn oiocucdók go cngn dkstruccdók, sdolpro y cunkgf WJ ostä nctdvf. Bns prdlorns 3= pfsdcdfkos go voctfros go dktorrupcdók ostîk rosorvngns pnrn usf go Dktob1 luchns go obbns ostîk progojdkdgns ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bfs ùbtdlfs ==7 voctfros go dktorrupcdók sfk pnrn usf gob usunrdf y puogok ronbdznr cunbqudor jukcdók quo so gosoo. Cngn voz quo so gotoctn ukn dktorrupcdók fcurrok bfs sdeudoktos ovoktfs9 (>) bns mnkgorns so lotok n bn pdbn, (=) so mfrrnk bfs mdts go mnkgorn DJ y WJ, WJ, (3) bfs roedstrfs DP y CS so lotok n bn pdbn y (7) ob voctfr go dktorrupcdók so fmtdoko go bn tnmbn go voctfros go dktorrupcdók y so nccogo n bn sumrutdkn go sorvdcdf go dktorrupcdfkos n trnväs go bn gdroccdók gob voctfr. Ob rnstrof f pnsf dkgdvdgunb so bfern logdnkto bn nctdvncdók gob mdt go mnkgorn WJ. Ostf hnco quo so prfguzcn ukn dktorrupcdók gospuäs go bn oiocucdók go cngn dkstruccdók, pnrn jdkos go gopurncdók. Bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók kf oklnscnrnmbo (KLD) bbnln nb prfcogdldoktf cuyn gdroccdók so nblncokn ok ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók =. Ostn oktrngn so gdspnrn ok bfs mfrgos pfsdtdvfs.
>>. Bn torldknb DKW] kf so gocfgdjdcn ok jfrln dktorkn, cflf bn torldknb KLD. Ok voz go obbf so utdbdzn DKWN pnrn npbdcnr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók n bns cfkoxdfkos G 0-G5 gob mus go gntfs gurnkto ob pubsf DKW DKWN. N. >=. Bfs lätfgfs pnrn npbdcnr ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók nb mus go gntfs gurnkto DKWN vnrìnk luchf. _kf go osfs lätfgfs utdbdzn rosdstokcdns pnrn npbdcnr ob kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók JJH nb mus go gntfs, ldoktrns quo ftrf utdbdzn uk mùjor go tros ostngfs pnrn npbdcnr cunbqudor kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr. >3. Ob cfktrfbngfr go dktorrupcdfkos prfernlnmbo (PDC) 8=?4N neroen pfr bf lokfs fchf oktrngns go dktorrupcdók nb ldcrfprfcosngfr. Sd so kocosdtnk lîs dktorrupcdfkos, osto gdspfsdtdvf puogo cfkoctnrso ok cnscngn pnrn prfpfrcdfknr hnstn :7 oktrngns go dktorrupcdók. >7. Bn prfernlncdók gob 8=?4N os os uk prfcosf go gfs otnpns. Prdlorf so okvìn ukn sordo go pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go dkdcdnbdzncdók (DCU) nb 8=?4N1 gospuäs so okvìn ukn sordo go pnbnmrns go cflnkgfs go fporncdók (FCU). >?. Ob 8=?4N cfktdoko tros roedstrfs go ostngf9 DL] (roedstrf go lîscnrn go dktorrupcdók), DS] (roedstrf go sorvdcdf go oktrngn) o D]] (roedstrf go potdcdók go dktorrupcdók). >:. _k robfi ok tdolpf ronb ronb so utdbdzn pnrn bbovnr bn hfrn ok tdolpf ronb. Ok bn lnyfrìn go bfs cnsfs, ob tdolpf so nblncokn ok jfrln mdknrdn f MCG, ok vnrdns pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn.
>=-5
P]OE_KWNS T P]FMBOLNS
>. =. 3. 7. ?. :. 5.
8. 4. >0. >>.
¶^uä os bf quo so dktorrulpo gomdgf n ukn dktorrupcdók6 Gojdkn ob tärldkf dktorrupcdók. ¶^uä os bf quo so bbnln gomdgf n ukn dktorrupcdók6 ¶Pfr quä bns dktorrupcdfkos bdmornk tdolpf pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr6 Bdsto bns torldknbos go dktorrupcdók ok ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. Bdsto bns cdkcf dkstruccdfkos go dktorrupcdók pnrn ob ldcrfprfcosngfr. ¶^uä os uk voctfr go dktorrupcdók6 ¶Ok quä pnrto go bngo lolfrdn gob ldcrfprfcosngfr so okcuoktrnk bfs voctfros go dktorrupcdók6 ¶Cuîktfs voctfros voctfros dktorrupcdók gdstdktfs so okcuoktrnk ok bn tnmbn ok go voctfros go dktorrupcdók6 ¶^uä voctfros go dktorrupcdók ostîk rosorvngfs pfr Dktob6 Oxpbdquo cólf so prfguco ukn dktorrupcdók tdpf 0.
DKWO]]_PCDFKOS
75>
>=. ¶Ok gókgo so okcuoktrn bn tnmbn go goscrdptfros go dktorrupcdók pnrn bn fporncdók ok lfgf prftoedgf6 >3. ¶^uä dkjfrlncdók cfktdoko cngn goscrdptfr go dktorrupcdók ok lfgf prftoedgf6 >7. Goscrdmn bns gdjorokcdns oktro ukn dktorrupcdók ok lfgf prftoedgf y ukn ok lfgf ronb. >?. Goscrdmn bn fporncdók go bn dkstruccdók MF_KG. >:. Goscrdmn bn fporncdók go bn dkstruccdók DKWF. >5. ¶^uä pfsdcdfkos go lolfrdn cfktdoko ob voctfr pnrn ukn dkstruccdók DKW 77H6 >8. >4. =0. =>. ==. =3. =7. =?. =:. =5. =8. =4. 30.
Oxpbdquo fporncdókgob go kùlorf bn dkstruccdók ¶Cuîb os obbnprfpósdtf go tdpfD]OW. go voctfr go dktorrupcdók 56 Bdsto bfs ovoktfs quo fcurrok cunkgf so nctdvn ukn dktorrupcdók. Oxpbdquo ob prfpósdtf go bn mnkgorn go dktorrupcdók (DJ). Oxpbdquo ob prfpósdtf go bn mnkgorn go ntrnpnldoktf (WJ). ¶Cólf so mfrrn y so nctdvn DJ6 ¶Cólf so mfrrn y so nctdvn WJ6 ¶N trnväs go quä kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr so voctfrdzn bn oktrngn go dktorrupcdók KLD ok jfrln nutflîtdcn6 ¶So nctdvn bn soþnb DKW DKWN N pnrn bn torldknb KLD6 Bn oktrngn oktrngn DKW] os soksdmbo n VVVVVVVVVV. Bn oktrngn oktrngn KLD os soksdmbo n VVVVVVVVVV. Cunkgf bn soþnb DKWN so vuobvo uk 0 bóedcf, dkgdcn quo ob ldcrfprfcosngfr ostî ospornkgf quo so DKWN so cfbfquo uk kùlorf go VVVVVVVV go dktorrupcdók ok ob mus go gntfs (G 0-G5). ¶^uä os ukn JDJF6
3>. Gosnrrfbbo uk cdrcudtf quo cfbfquo ob kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók 8:H ok ob mus go gntfs, ok rospuostn n bn oktrngn DKW]. 3=. Gosnrrfbbo uk cdrcudtf quo cfbfquo ob kùlorf go tdpf go dktorrupcdók CCH ok ob mus go gntfs, ok rospuostn n bn oktrngn DKW]. 33. Oxpbdquo pfr quä bns rosdstokcdns obovngfrns ok G0-G5 hncok quo ob ldcrfprfcosngfr rospfkgn cfk ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr go dktorrupcdók JJH pnrn ob pubsf DKWN DKWN.. 37. ¶^uä os ukn cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn6 3?. ¶Pfr quä gomok sfkgonrso bfs gdspfsdtdvfs quo prfvfcnk dktorrupcdfkos ok uk sdstoln go dktorrupcdfkos ok cngokn tdpf lnrenrdtn6 3:. ¶^uä os ob 8=?4N6 35. ¶Cuîktfs cfktrfbngfros 8=?4N so roqudorok pnrn tokor :7 oktrngns go dktorrupcdók6 38. ¶Cuîb os ob prfpósdtf go bns torldknbos D]0-D]5 gob 8=?4N6 34. ¶Cuîkgf so utdbdznk bns torldknbos CNS=-CNS0 ok ob 8=?4N6 70. ¶Ok gókgo so cfkoctn ukn torldknb DKW go oscbnvf ok ob 8=?4N lnostrf, ok uk sdstoln ok cnscngn6 7>. ¶^uä os ukn DCU6 7=. ¶^uä os ukn FCU6 73. ¶Cuîktns DCU so kocosdtnk pnrn prfernlnr ob 8=?4N cunkgf fporn cflf uk sfbf cfktrfbngfr lnostrf ok uk sdstoln6 77. ¶Ok gókgo so nblncokn ob kùlorf go tdpf go voctfr ok ob 8=?4N6 7?. ¶Ok gókgo so prfernln bn soksdmdbdgng go bns torldknbos D] ok ob 8=?4N6 7:. ¶Cuîb os os ob prfpósdtf go DCU>6 75. ¶^uä os os uk OFD kf ospocìjdcf6 78. Oxpbdquo ob gospbnznldoktf cìcbdcf go prdfrdgngos ok ob 8=?4N. 74. ¶Cuîb os ob prfpósdtf go D]] ok ob 8=?4N6 ?0. ¶Ok cuîbos voctfros go dktorrupcdók so okcuoktrn ob 8=?4N lnostrf ok bn cflputngfrn porsfknb6 ?>. ¶Ok cuîbos voctfros go dktorrupcdók so okcuoktrn ob 8=?4N oscbnvf ok bn cflputngfrn porsfknb6
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