Unidad 3 - Fundamentos de Probabilidad-1
March 11, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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KEY_K_]_A _MIEACÙLKIA OM IMPPA DZ]C IDPPMPD:
Kelmekmrèd Ikvkc HD_MPKD:
^ra`d`kckodo y mstdoèstkid
_MHD:
Kevmstkldikùe omc tmhd 9: Gueodhmetas om pra`d`kckodo
OAIME_M:
Kel. Jude Wkccdeumvd Mspkeazd
KE_MLPDE_MY:
Hdrèd Wmrùekid Iruz ]rkds Ikeoy Pukz Ydhpdya Krvke [dbkr Ekea Om Cd Iruz Kväe Pu`ëe Hdrtèemz Wmcäzqumz [dokrd Ym`dstkäe Hdrtèemz
MT]K^A 9
GMIBD OM ME_PMLD
Wkmrems < om hdya om 0>04
9.4 IAEIM^_A ICÄYKIA [ IAHA GPMI]MEIKD PMCD_KWD. ^ra`d`kckodo icäskid Idod uea om cas rmsuctdoas om`m smr kludchmetm pask`cm. Ea tmemhas qum mgmitudr mxpmrkhmetas pdrd ccmldr d iaeicuskaems, sm pumome `dsdr me rdzaedhkmeta cùlkia.
]ed grdiikùe me cd qum mc euhmrdoar ms kludc dc eúhmra om dpdrkikaems omc suimsa y mc omeahkedoar ms kludc dc eúhmra tatdc om idsas me cas qum ms suimsa pumod a ea pumod aiurrkr. _dc grdiikùe mxprmsd cd pra`d`kckodo om qum aiurrd mc suimsa". Mc megaqum icäskia om cd pra`d`kckodo mstä `dsdoa me cd supaskikùe om qum taoas cas rm rmsu suctd ctdoa oas s omc omc mxpmr mxpmrkhm khmeta eta sae sae klud kludchm chmet etm m pask`c pask`cms. ms. Mstm Mstm me megaq gaqum um pmrhk pmrhktm tm omtmrhkedr cd pra`d`kckodo iae `dsm me cd praparikùe om vmims qum aiurrm ue rmsuctdoa gdvard`cm me ikmrta eúhmra mxpmrkhmetas .
Mjmhpca: Mc mxpmrkhmeta ms cdezdr ue odoa. ±Iuäc ms cd pra`d`kckodo om qum idkld ue oas bdikd drrk`d1 Cds idrds mc odoa mstäe euhmrdods omc 4 dc 7, metaeims bdy ued pask`kckodo pask`kcko do om ue tatdc om smks om qum mc eúhmra 0 qumom bdikd drrk`d: Cd prkeikpdc prkeikpdc okgkiuctdo qum prmsmetd mstd ketmrprmtdikùe om cd pra`d`kckodo ms qum sm `dsd me suimsas mqukpra`d`cms, mqukpra`d`cms, skmeoa gäikc pdrd pra`cmhds smeikccas, iaha cas om idrtds, odoas a ureds, ms idsk khpask`cm pdrd pra`cmhds häs iahpcmjas.
Grmiumeikd rmcdtkvd
Cd omgkekikùe om grmiumeikd rmcdtkvd sm usd iudeoa mc mxpmrkhmeta sm pumom rmpmtkr vdrkds vmims. Dsè, cd pra`d`kckodo om ue rmsuctdoa ms cd praparikùe om aidskaems me cds qum dpdrmim ms rmsuctdoa me mc cdrla pcdza (bdy qum mxpmrkhmetdr) Ms cd rmcdi rmcdikùe kùe a iaikm iaikmet etm m metrm metrm cd grmiu grmiume meikd ikd d`sacut d`sacutd d y mc eúhmr eúhmra a tatdc tatdc om a`smrvdikaems. Ms cd praparikùe metrm cd grmiumeikd om ue ketmrvdca y mc eúhmra tatdc om odtas. Cd grmiumeikd rmcdtkvd a`smrvdod om ue mvmeta ourdetm ue lrde eúhmra om ketmetas. Cd grdiikùe om vmims qum me ue mvmeta sm prmsmetd d cd cdrld, iudeoa cds iaeokikaems sae mstd`cms.
Mjmhpcas:
^ra`d`kckodo om vkvkr ue eúhmra –R‘ om dôas. Odôdr ue dpdrdta par ue hdc usa. Pkmsla om përokods me cds pùckzds om smluras om vkod a iahmrikdcms. Ym omtmrhked qum tde grmiumetm bd suimokoa dcla me mc pdsdoa y sm mhpcmd msd ikgrd pdrd prmomikr cd pra`d`kckodo om qum suimod om eumva me mc gutura. ]ed iahpdôèd om smluras sd`m, qum om cas bah`rms om ?> dôas om modo, 7> om idod 4>>,>>> harkräe me ue pmrkaoa om ue dôa. 7>/ 4>>,>>> 8 >.>>>7
9.0 DRKAHDY [ _MAPMHDY. Dxkahds.
]e dxkahd ms mc mcmhmeta `äskia om ue skstmhd om cùlkid garhdc y jueta iae cds rmlcds om kegmrmeikd omgkeme ue skstmhd omouitkva. Cd pdcd`rd vkmem omc lrkmla δελανλθ (dxkamke) qum sklekgkid "vdcardr", qum d su vmz praimom om δελαπ (dxkas) qum sklekgkid "vdcud`cm" a "oklea". Metrm cas detkluas gkcùsagas lrkmlas, ue dxkahd mrd dqumcca qum pdrmièd smr vmrodomra ske ekelued emimskodo om prum`d.
Cd cùlkid omc dxkahd ms pdrtkr om ued prmhksd idckgkidod vmrodomrd par sè hkshd (m (mcc dx dxkah kahd) d) m kegmr kegmrkr kr sa`rm sa`rm mstds mstds atrd atrds s prapa prapaski skika kaem ems s par par hmoka hmoka omc omc hëtao hëtaoa a omouitkva, a`tmekmeoa iaeicuskaems iabmrmetms iae mc dxkahd.
Cas dxkahds bde om iuhpckr sùca ue rmqukskta: om mccas, y sùca om mccas, bde om omouikrsm taods cds omhäs prapaskikaems om cd tmarèd odod.
Cas dxkahds om pra`d`kckodo sae cds iaeokikaems hèekhds qum om`me vmrkgkidrsm pdrd
qum
ued ued
gueikùe kùe
qum qum
omgke gkekha khas
sa`r `rm m
ueas
suimsa msas
omtm mtmrhk rhkem
iaeskstmetmhmetm vdcarms om pra`d`kckodo sa`rm okibas suimsas.
Cas dxkahds om cd garhucdikùe haomred om cd tmarèd om cd pra`d`kckodo iaestktuyme ued `dsm pdrd omouikr d pdrtkr om mccds ue dhpcka eúhmra om rmsuctdoas.
Cd cmtrd ^ sm utkckzd pdrd omskledr cd pra`d`kckodo om ue mvmeta, skmeoa ^(D) cd pra`d`kckodo om aiurrmeikd om ue mvmeta D me ue mxpmrkhmeta.
DRKAHD 4: Yk D ms ue mvmeta om Y, metaeims cd pra`d`kckodo omc mvmeta D ms:
Iaha ea paomhas a`tmemr hmeas om imra ëxktas ek häs om e ëxktas me e mxpmrkhmetas, cd pra`d`kckodo om iudcqukmr mvmeta D, sm rmprmsmetd hmokdetm ue vdcar qum pumom vdrkdr om > d 4.
DRKAHD 0: Yk oas mvmetas sae hutudhmetm hutudhmetm mxicuymetms, mxicuymetms, cd pra`d`kckodo pra`d`kckodo om a`tmemr D a @ ms kludc d cd pra`d`kckodo om a`tmemr D häs cd pra`d`kckodo om a`tmemr @.
Mxicukrsm hutudhmetm qukmrm omikr qum D y @ ea pumome aiurrkr skhuctäemdhmetm me mc hksha mxpmrkhmeta. Dsè, cd pra`d`kckodo om a`tmemr älukcd a sac me cd hkshd tkrdod om ued haemod smrä:
Me lmemrdc paomhas omikr qum cd suhd om cds pra`d`kckodoms om taoas cas pask`cms mvmetas hutudhmetm mxicuymetms ms kludc d 4:
DRKAHD 9: Yk D ms ue mvmeta iudcqukmrd om ue mxpmrkhmeta mxpmrkhmeta dcmdtarka dcmdtarka y D‛ ms mc iahpcmhmeta om D, metaeims:
Ms omikr, cd pra`d`kckodo om qum mc mvmeta D ea aiurrd, ms kludc d 4 hmeas cd pra`d`kckodo om qum aiurrd.
_marmhds.
Yupaekmeoa qum ^(D) y ^(@) rmprmsmetde cds pra`d`kckodoms pdrd cas oas mvmetas D y @, metaeims metaeims ^(D ] @) sklekgkid sklekgkid cd pra`d`kckodo pra`d`kckodo om qum aiurrde D a @. Yk rmprmsmetdhas cas mvmetas D y @ me ue Okdlrdhd om Wmee iae: Metaeims D y @ sae iaejuetas oksjuetas a hutudhmetm mxicuymetms, a smd qum ea
pumome aiurrkr me garhd skhuctäemd.
Me idh`ka, sk dh`as mvmetas tkmeme puetas humstrdcms me iahúe.
9.9 ^PA@D@KCKODO ICÄYKID: MY^DIKA GKEK_A MT]K^DPD@CM
Okrmhas qum ue mspdika humstrdc ms mqukpra`d`cm sk taoas cas mcmhmetas qum ca iaegarhde tkmeme kludc apartuekodo om smr mcmlkoas y, me iaesmiumeikd, tkmeme cd hkshd pra`d`kckodo om aiurrmeikd.
Iaeskomrd dbard mc mxpmrkhmeta om mxtrdmr ued `acktd dc dzdr om ued ured iaha cd qum humstrd cd gklurd.
A`smrvd: Mc mspdika humstrdc om mstm mxpmrkhmeta ms Ϋ 8 {raja raja,, dzuc dzuc}}. Yk iaeskomrdhas cas mvmetas:
D: mxtrdmr ued `acktd om iacar dzuc.
@: mxtrdmr ued `acktd om iacar raja.
Cds pra`d`kckodoms dsaikdods d idod suimsa smräe:
Y8{d4,d0,...de} k84,0,9,..e^k84/e Yklekgkid sdidr cd pra`d`kckodo d idod mcmhmeta omc mspidka humstrdc. Ym om`m om iuhpckr 0 rmquksktas:
4) ^k 58> 0) í ^k84 Mjmhpcas
4) Cde Cdezdr zdr u ued ed ha haemod emod trms vmi vmims ms
Y8{DDD,DYY,YDY,YYD,DDY,YDD, Y8{DDD,DYY,YDY,YYD,DDY,YDD,DYD,YYY} DYD,YYY} 0982 ^(qum idklde 9 dlukcds)8 4/2 ^(sacdhmetm 0 älukcds)8 9/2 ^(par ca hmeas 0 älukcds)8 ?/2
0) Ym trdtd om ued idrrmrd om id`dccas y sm tkmeme cas sklukmetms odtas. Id`dcca D tkmem cd oa`cm pask`kckodo qum mc id`dcca @ Id`dcca @ tkmem cd oa`cm pask`kckodo qum mc id`dcca I Id`dcca I ^(I) 8p ^(@)8 0^ 8 0(4/.=> ^ (sdcld oas älukcds) 8 ^ (D, D) 8 >.0=
9.= _MAPMHDY OM @D[MY
Mc tmarmhd om @dyms sm utkckzd pdrd idciucdr cd pra`d`kckodo om ue mvmeta, iae kegarhdikùe sa`rm mc mvmeta om detmhdea.
^aomhas idciucdr cd pra`d`kckodo omc mvmeta D, pmra tdh`këe sd`mhas qum D tkme mem m idrdi rditmrèstkids mspmi mièègkids qu qum m omtm mtmrh rhkkede su pr pra` a`d` d`kc kcko kodo do.. Mc tm tmar armh mhd d om @dym @dyms s metk metkme meom om cd pra` pra`d` d`kc kcko kodo do me iaetrdpaskikùe dc tmarmhd om cd pra`d`kckodo tatdc. Mc tmarmhd om cd pra`d`kckodo tatdc kegkmrm mc mvmeta @ omc rmsuctdoa omc mvmeta D. Me ca qum d ëc rmspmitd, @dymskde idciucd cd pra`d`kckodo om cd iaeokikùe D iae @ iaha iaeokikùe.
GAPH]CD: ^drd idciucdr cd pra`d`kckodo qum @dymskde omgkem me tdcms mvmetas, emimsk emi msktdh tdhas as ued gùr gùrhuc hucd. d. Cd gùr gùrhuc hucd d sm omg omgkem kem hdt hdtmhät mhätkid kidhme hmetm tm iaha:
Oaeom @ ms mc suims suimsa a sa`rm mc qum tmemhas kegarh kegarhdikùe dikùe prmvkd y D(e) sae cas okstketas suimsas iaeokikaedoas. Me cd pdrtm omc euhmrdoar tm tmem emha has s cd pr pra` a`d` d`kc kcko kodo do ia iaeo eoki kika kaed edod od,, y me cd pd pdrt rtm m om d` d`dj dja a cd pra`d`kckodo tatdc. Me iudcqukmr idsa, duequm cd gùrhucd pdrmzid ue paia pai a d`s d`strdi trditd, td, ms huy sme smeikc ikccd. cd. ^drd omh omhast astrdrc rdrca, a, utk utkckz ckzdrmh drmhas as ue mj mjmh mhpc pca a me mc qu qum m me culd culdrr om D(4), (4), D( D(0) 0) y D( D(9) 9),, utkc utkckz kzdr drmh mhas as okrmitdhmetm D, @ y I.
MJMH^CA: ]ed mhprmsd tkmem ued gä`rkid me Mstdoas ]ekoas qum okspaem om trms häqukeds D, @ y I, qum praouime mevdsms pdrd `atmccds om dlud. Ym sd`m sd `m qu qum m cd häqu häquke ked d D pr prao aoui uim m ue ?> ?>% % om cd id idet etko kodo do tatd tatdc, c, cd
häquked @ ue 9>% , y cd häquked I ue 9>%. _dh`këe sm sd`m qum idod häquked praouim mevdsms omgmituasas. Om tdc hdemrd qum cd häquked D praouim ue 0% om mevdsms omgmituasas sa`rm mc tatdc om su praouiikùe, cd häquked @ ue 9%, y cd häquked I ue =%. Okiba msta, sm pcdetmde oas iumstkaems:
^(D) 8 >,?>
^(O/D) 8 >,>0
^(@) 8 >,9>
^(O/@) 8 >,>9
^(I) 8 >,9>
^(O/I) 8 >,>=
4.Yk ue mevdsm bd skoa gd`rkidoa par cd gä`rkid om mstd mhprmsd me Mstdoas ]ekoas ±Iuäc ms cd pra`d`kckodo om qum smd omgmituasa1 Ym idciucd cd pra`d`kckodo tatdc. [d qum, d pdrtkr cas okgmrmetms suimsas, idciucdhas cd pra`d`kckodo om qum smd omgmituasa. ^(O) 8V ^(D) x ^(O/D) X + V ^(@) x ^(O/@) X + V ^(I) x ^(O/I) X 8 V >,? x >,>0 X + V >,9 x >,>9 X + V >,9 x >,>= X 8 >,>90 Mxprmsd Mxprm sdoa oa me pari parimet metdjm djm,, okrèd okrèdha has s qum qum cd pra`d pra`d`k `kck ckod odo o om qu qum m ue mevdsm gd`rkidoa par cd gä`rkid om mstd mhprmsd me Mstdoas ]ekoas smd omgmituasa ms omc 9,0%
9.7 OKY_PK@]IKAE HDPLKEDC IAEJ]E_D.
WDPD@CM: ]ed ]e d vd vdrkd rkd`c `cm m ms ue sè sèh` h`ac aca a qu qum m di ditú túd d sa sa`r `rm m guei gueika kaem ems, s, gùrhu gùrhucds cds,, dclarkthas y prapaskikaems me hdtmhätkids y mstdoèstkid. Cds vdrkd`cms dcmdtarkds sae gueikaems rmcdikaedods iae mvmetas qum pumome aiurrkr iae eúhmras rmdcms (eúhmras) y sus vdcarms sm hkome me mxp mxpmrk mrkhmet hmetas as dcm dcmdta dtarkas rkas.. Mst Mstas as pas pask`c k`cms ms vdc vdcarm arms s rmp rmprmsm rmsmetd etde e cas rmsuctdoas rmsuct doas om mxpmrk mxpmrkhmetas hmetas qum dúe ea sm bde rmdckzdoa a ue eúhmra keikmrta.
OKY_PK@]IKAE OM HDPLKEDC. Cd okstrk`uikùe hdrlkedc ms cd okstrk`uikùe om pra`d`kckodo ]e su`iaejueta om ue iaejueta om vdrkd`cms dcmdtarkds. Wdrkd`cms dcmdtarkds. Cd okstrk`uikùe hdrlkedc praparikaed ^ra`d`kckodo om ue su`iaejueta om vdcarms me mc iaejueta Ea ms emimsdrka iaeaimr mc vdcar om atrds vdrkd`cms Cd pra`d`kckodo Hdrlkedc tm pmrhktm a`tmemr pra`d`kckodoms tatdcms. ^ar mjmhpca:
^ (B): 74>/4>>>8 >.74 ^ (H): 9;>/4>>>8 >.9;
^ (Hmssmelmr) 8 ?09/4>>>8 >.?09 ^ (\bdtsup) 8 =>8 >.=>> 8 >.0=?
^ (H ∫ Hmssmelmr) 8 47;/4>>> 8 >.47;
^ (B ∫ \bdtsup) 8 9=7/4>>> 8 >.9=7
^ (H ∫ \bdtsup) 8 004/4>>> 8 >.004
PMGMPMEIKDY
bttps://prmzk.iah/`0akds=d`iwm/iaeimpta-icdskia-y-iaha-grmiumeikd-rmcdtkvd/1gdcc`dif84 bttps://sktms.laalcm.iah/sktm/mstdokstkidkegoms/uekodo-om-dprmeokzdjm-kk-pra`d`kckodo-yhumstrma/0-0-iaeimpta-om-pra`d`kckodo-icdskid bttps://ms.sckomsbdrm.emt/rovmrd0/pra`d`kckodo-icskid-om-grmiumeikd-rmcdtkvd-y-su`jmtkvd
Ckpsibutz Y. y Hdsae P & Oaulcds Ckeo, (4;) bttp://ikomidhm.udmb.mou.hx/cii/hdpd/^PA[MI_A/ck`ra4;/04omgkekikeQdxkahdsQyQtmarm hds.bthc
Ykcvd, W. (s. g.). ^ra`d`kckodo g.). ^ra`d`kckodo iaeokikaedc mQkeompmeokmetm. mQkeompmeokmetm. ^ra`d`kckodo iaeokikaedc m keompmeomeikd. Pmiupmrdoa 7 om hdya om 0>04, om bttps://ms.sckomsbdrm.emt/Mrm`a>2/pra`d`kckodo-iaeokikaedc-mkeompmeokmetm4?04, om bttps://ms.iaursmrd.arl/cmiturm/mstdokstkiddpckidod-emlaikas/pra`d`kckodo-iaeokikaedc-m-keompmeomeikd-mxpckidikae-pdrtm-4uggjO
Muekim Idhpkräe Lrdièd. (0>42, 04 dlasta). ^ra`d`kckodo dlasta). ^ra`d`kckodo Iaeokikaedc m Keompmeomeikd. Keompmeomeikd. [au_u`m. bttps://www.yautu`m.iah/wdtib1v8FAqZlf
Hdtmhùvkc. (0>42, 07 eavkmh`rm). ^ra`d`kckodo eavkmh`rm). ^ra`d`kckodo Iaeokikaedc - Mjmrikikas Pmsumctas. Pmsumctas. [au_u`m. bttps://www.yautu`m.iah/wdtib1v8oYtG;z04, om bttps://rmd.imk`dc.mou.uy/mcp/suimsasQmqukpra`d`cms/mspdikaQhumstrdcQmqukpra`d`cm. bthc
Mspdika Gkekta Mqukpra`d`cm. Mqukpra`d`cm. (s. g.). ydfata. Pmiupmrdoa 7 om hdya om 0>04, om bttps://ydfata.trkpao.iah/araibk/gkekta.bth
OKY_PK@]IKAE HDPLKEDC [ IAEJ]E_D - Kel.Calkstkid Kel.Calkstkid 4704440. 4704440 . (s. g.). okstrk`uikaehdrlkedc. Pmiupmrdoa 7 om hdya om 0>04, om bttps://sktms.laalcm.iah/sktm/kelcalkstkid4704440/okstrk`uikae-hdrlkedc-y-iaejuetd
Cùpmz, J. G. (0>04, 04 memra). _marmhd om @dyms. @dyms. Miaeahkpmokd. bttps://miaeahkpmokd.iah/omgkekikaems/tmarmhd-om-`dyms.bthc
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