Unidad 3 - Estrategias y Técnicas Didácticas

 

 

 

 

1. HZU_AUHIKAZ EKEÁJUKJAZ

@a oko`kmiradâa rhvksaea phrbkth hstao`hjhr quh h` skifkdkjaem mrkikfa` eh` tërbkfm Hstrathika sh uokja hf h` jmfthxtm bk`ktar. Eh a``â quh h` ekjjkmfarkm @armussh ehdkfh hstrathika jmbm h` arth eh ekrkikr mphrajkmfhs bk`ktarhs. Hftrh `ms irkhims, `a hstrathika hra `a ajtkvkeae eh` hstrathia, hs ehjkr, eh` ihfhra` eh` hnërjktm para ``hvar a sus trmpas a jubp`kr sus monhtkvms. Asâ h` hbp`hm eh` tërbkfm vkhfh avafzafem ehseh h` jabpm bk`ktar a` árha cubafâstkja. Hf 1.;39 aparhjh h` jmfjhptm hf h` jabpm eh `a pheaimiâa jmf ekdhrhfths batkjhs (hstrathika heujatkva, hstrathika bhta jmifktkva, hstrathika eh aprhfekzanh, htj.) Hftmfjhs pmr afa`miâa, h` emjhfth ehoh asubkr `a dufjkúf eh mrkhftar ufa emjhfjka hstratëikja. @as hstrathikas taftm t aftm eh aprhfekzanh jmbm `as eh hfshñafza (Bmfhrhm ?771) tkhfhf jmbm prmpúsktm ‐ayuear a` hstuekafth a aprhfehr eh dmrba skifkdkjatkva y autúfmba `ms ekdhrhfths jmfthfkems jurrkju`arhs.‒ H` autmr jktaem, `as jmfskehra jmbm ufa iuâa eh `as ajjkmfhs quh cay quh shiukr, y quh, movkabhfth, hs afthrkmr a `a h`hjjkúf eh jua`qukhr mtrm prmjhekbkhftm para ajtuar. Wara EKA^ D. (?.777), smf prmjhekbkhftms quh h` aihfth eh hfshñafza utk`kza hf dmrba d`hxko`h y rhd`hxkva para prmbmvhr h` `mirm eh aprhfekzanhs skifkdkjatkvms hf `ms hstuekafths, kfvm`ujrafem asâ bksbm, `a phrtkfhfjka y jrhatkvkeae hf `as chrrabkhftas utk`kzaeas, dmbhftafem jcmquh jmifktkvm, ehsarrm``m eh caok`keaehs, jmbphthfjkas y bhnmras hf h` a`bajhfabkhftm y rhjuphrajkúf eh kfdmrbajkúf. Hs ehjkr, cajhf rhdhrhfjka a dmrbas ekeájtkjas jmfjrhtas, y a ufa ehthrbkfaea bafhr bafhraa eh ap`kjar y mriafkzar `as ajtkvkeaehs eurafth h` prmjhsm heujatkvm, para a`jafzar uf aprhfekz aprhfekzanh anh sskifkdkjatkvm. kifkdkjatkvm. Asâ hfthfekeas, `a ap`kjajkúf eh hstrathikas phrbkthf ekfabkzar ekfabkzar h` quë y h` júbm sh puheh hfshñar, `m jua` hs ufa ajjkúf ekrhjta eh `a `aomr emjhfth. A hsth prmpúsktm sh ufh eh bafhra ajhrtaea ufa shrkh eh jarajthrâstkjas, j`askdkjajkmfhs y hdhjtms

 

 

hf h` ajtm eh aprhfehr quh sh ehohf thfhr hf juhfta hf h` bmbhftm eh jmfskehrar `a hstrathika eh hfshñafza jmbm kfsubm jmifktkvm, prmjhekbhfta`, ekeájtkjm y/m tëjfkjm fhjhsarkm para ear shftkem a` saohr y saohr cajhr kfthfjkmfaem a `a dmrbajkúf eh` shr. Hf hsth shftkem, (Dhrrhkrm ?.779) `a bhekajkúf pheaiúikja quh sh `mira jmf h` hbp`hm eh `as hstrathikas ekeájtkjas, thfkhfem hf juhfta `ms bmbhftms eh `a j`ash, auspkjka h` ehsarrm``m p`hfm eh `a japajkeae ekstkftkva eh` shr cubafm> `a eh phfsar y shftkr, jrhar h kffmvar, ehsjuorkr y trafsdmrbar, y `a hxprhskúf eh cubafksbm y rhsphtm pmr h` cmborh y `a bunhr. Hf jmfskehrajkúf a `m afthrkmr, fm sh puheh cao`ar eh usar hstrathikas juafem fm cay ufa bhta cajka emfeh sh mrkhfthf `as ajjkmfhs. Aehbás `a hstrathika ehoh hstar dufeabhftaea hf uf bëtmem phrm a ekdhrhfjka eh ësth, `a hstrathika hs d`hxko`h y puheh tmbar dmrba jmf oash hf `as bhtas a emfeh sh qukhrh ``hiar. Zhiþf emjubhftm eh` Kfstktutm Uhjfm`úikjm eh Bmfthrrhy (?.717)> @a hstrathika hs, uf sksthba eh p`afkdkjajkúf ap`kjao`h a uf jmfnuftm artkju`aem eh ajjkmfhs para ``hiar a ufa bhta, pmr `m taftm, hs uf sksthba eh p`afkdkjajkúf, `a prmyhjjkúf, `a prhvkskúf y `a shjuhfjkajkúf. Zh trata eh uf prmjhsm hxthfsm y jmbp`hnm quh sh ca eh jmfstrukr. A` h`hikr ufa hstrathika sh ehoh thfhr hf juhfta `ms skiukhfths asphjtms> para quë, qukëfhs, eúfeh, jmf quë, `a phrtkfhfjka, (hs ehjkr, `a rh`ajkúf hftrh `a ajjkúf y `as dkfa`keaehs), dajk`keae eh ap`kjajkúf, `ms bhekms, dkfhs, jmstms, rhsu`taems y `a aehjuajkúf a` irupm eh hstuekafths. Umeas hstas ehjkskmfhs jmfstktuyhf ufm eh `ms prmo`hbas ekeájtkjms bás trasjhfehf trasjhfehfths. ths.

Hxksthf ekdhrhfths j`askdkjajkmfhs eh Hstrathikas eh Hfshñafza, a`iufas eh `as jua`hs smf> 1. Hstrathikas Kfekvkeua`kzaemras eh `a Hfshñafza. ?. Hstrathikas Zmjka`kzaemras eh `a Hfshñafza. :. Hstrathika H strathikass para h` Ehsarrm``m eh` Whfsabkhftm Jrâtkjm. 5. Hstrathikas Bhta Jmifktkvas. 8. Hstrathikas Jmifktkvas. Xfa varkafth eh

 

 

`as Hstrathikas Jmifktkvas smf `as Hstrathikas Jmfstrujtkvas a partkr eh hsquhbas irádkjms, htj.

1.1 Hstrathikas Kfekvkeu Kfek vkeua`kzaemras a`kzaemras eh `a Hfs Hfshñafza hñafza

H` ekshñm eh hstrathikas kfekvkeua`kzaeas eh hfshñafza hs uf bhekm para mrkhftar h` ehsarrm``m eh `a autmfmbâa, `a skfiu`arkeae, `a aphrtura y `a trasjhfehfjka hf `ms eksjhfths, hf `a bhekea hf quh ihfhrhf nukjkm jrâtkjm, jrhatkvkeae, `kohrtae eh mpjkúf, smjkaok`keae, y phrbktaf ehsarrm``ar pmthfjka`keaehs y va`mrhs jkhftâdkjm, bmra`hs, ëtkjms, rh`kikmsms, ju`tura`hs, htj., quh mrkhfthf a `ms hstuekafths a aprhfehr pmr sâ bksbms jmf `a ayuea eh` bathrka` quh `hs prhshfthbms jmbm dajk`ktaemrhs eh` aprhfekzanh y a ekshñar su partkju`ar prmyhjtm eh vkea. A`iufas hstrathikas kfekvkeua`kzaemras eh `a hfshñafza smf> Hstrathikas Ekrhjtkvas, Hstrathikas eh Uraoanm, Hstrathikas eh Jmftrm`, Hstrathikas eh Jmfmjkbkhftms, Hstrathikas Jmrrhjtkvas, Hstrathikas eh _hjuphrajkúf,. Hstrathikas eh Jmfsu`ta, Hstrathikas Hxphrkbhfta`hs, Hxphrkbhfta`hs, Hstrathikas eh sâfthsks, htj.

1.? Hstr Hstrathikas athikas Zmjka`kzaemras eh `a Hfshñafza

Zk okhf hs jkhrtm quh `a hfshñafza ehoh kfekvkeua`kzarsh hf h` shftkem eh phrbktkr a jaea hstuekafth traoanar jmf kfehphfehfjka y a su prmpkm rktbm. Uabokëf hs fhjhsarkm prmbmvhr `a jm`aomrajkúf y h` traoanm irupa`, ya quh hsth hstao`hjh bhnmrhs rh`ajkmfhs jmf `ms ehbás hstuekafths, aprhfehf bás, `hs airaea `a hsjuh`a, sh skhfthf bás bmtkvaems, aubhfta su autmhstkba y aprhfehf caok`keaehs smjka`hs bás hdhjtkvas a` cajhr hf irupms jmmphratkvms. Eavke y _myhr Nmfsmf (?.773) p`afthaf quh `as hstrathikas smjka`kzaemras jmbm h` traoanm hf hqukpm tkhfh hdhjtms pmsktkvms hf h` rhfekbkhftm ajaeëbkjm y hf `as

 

 

rh`ajkmfhs smjkm adhjtkvas quh sh hstao`hjhf hftrh `ms partkjkpafths ya quh sh kfjrhbhfta h` rhsphtm, `a sm`kearkeae, `ms shftkbkhftms eh mo`kiajkúf y ayuea. Xfa eh `as Hstrathikas Zmjka`kzaemras eh `a Hfshñafza hs h` Aprhfekzanh Jmmphratkvm. Ësth shiþf (Dhrrhkrm ?.779) jmora jaea vhz baymr ajhptajkúf eaems sus rhsu`taems hf h` ehsarrm``m kfth`hjtua`, bmtkvajkmfa` y hf h` ehshfvm`vkbkhftm smjkm adhjtkvm eh `ms hstuekafths.

1.: Hstrathikas Jmifktkvas Jmifkt kvas

Zhiþf Jcaewkjl (?.774), `as hstrathikas jmifktkvas smf prmjhsms eh embkfkm ihfhra` para h` jmftrm` eh` dufjkmfabkhftm eh `as ajtkvkeaehs bhfta`hs, kfj`uyhfem `as tëjfkjas, ehstrhzas y caok`keaehs quh `a phrsmfa usa jmfsjkhfth m kfjmfsjkhfthbhfth para bafhnar, jmftrm`ar, bhnmrar y ekrkikr sus hsduhrzms hf `ms asphjtms jmifktkvms, jmbm prmjhsabkhftm, prmjhsabkhftm, athfjkúf y hnhjujkúf, hf h` aprhfekzanh. @as ehdkfh jmbm Ehstrhzas eh bafhnm eh sâ bksbm quh `a phrsmfa aequkhrh, prhsubko`hbhfth eurafth uf phrkmem eh varkms añms, para imohrfar su prmpkm prmjhsm eh athfehr, aprhfehr, phfsar y rhsm`vhr prmo`hbas. Ihfhra`bhfth sh hftkhfehf `as hstrathikas jmifktkvas jmbm tmeas aquh``as jmfeujtas y prmjhekbkhftms shjuhfjka`hs, p`afhaems y mrkhftaems pmr rhi`as, quh `h dajk`ktaf a ufa phrsmfa aprhfehr, phfsar y shr jrhatkvm, jmf h` dkf eh tmbar ehjkskmfhs y rhsm`vhr prmo`hbas. @as hstrathikas jmifktkvas sh jmfskehraf Hstrathikas eh Aprhfekzanh, juafem smf utk`kzaeas pmr h` hstuekafth, y Hstrathikas eh Hfshñafza juafem smf utk`kzaeas pmr h` emjhfth. @as hstrathikas jmifktkvas eh hfshñafza, shiþf h` bmbhftm hf quh smf kftrmeujkeas hf h` prmjhsm hfshñafza-aprhfekzanh, sh j`askdkjaf hf>   Wrh kfstrujjkmfa`hs> kfstrujj kmfa`hs> prmpúsktms, mriafkzaemrhs prhvkms, ajtkvkeae ihfhraemra eh

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kfdmrbajkúf prhvka.

 

 

  Jm kfstrujjkmfa`hs> kfstrujjkmfa`hs> shña`kzajk shña`kzajkmfhs, mfhs, kk`ustrajkmfhs, `ustrajkmfhs, afa`miâas, bapa jmfjhptua`.

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  Wmst kfstrujjkmfa`hs> kfstrujjkmfa`hs> rhsþbhfh rhsþbhfhs, s, bap bapaa jm jmfjhptua`, fjhptua`, mriafkza mriafkzaemrhs emrhs irádkjms.

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Hf hsth shftkem, (Jcaewkjl ?.774) p`aftha quh `a hfshñafza eh `ms prmjhsms jmifmsjktkvms puheh shr bujcm bás kbpmrtaf kbpmrtafth th quh `a hfshñafza eh `a kfdmrbajkúf m jmfeujta hsphjâdkja, ya quh h``ms cajhf pmsko`h quh h` hstuekafth tmbh bás rhspmfsaok`keae para su aprhfekzanh, quh ``hiuh a uf vhreaehrm autm-aprhfekzanh. Asâ bksbm jmfskehra quh `as hstrathikas jmifmsjktkvas puhehf shr ekvkekeas hf ems irupms> 1. Hstrathikas eh Wrmjhsabkhftm> kfj`uyh `as jmsas quh `a phrsmfa cajh para athfehr h kfirhsar hxktmsabhfth kfdmrbajkúf (hf uf shftkem abp`km) hf su bhbmrka. ?. Hstrathikas eh Hnhjujkúf> kfj`uyhf tmem `m quh `a phrsmfa cajh para rhjuphrar kfdmrbajkúf, dmrbu`ar ufa rhspuhsta, ihfhra`kzar`a, kehftkdkjar y rhsm`vhr prmo`hbas y ihfhrar rhspuhstas jrhatkvas. @a ekdhrhfjka hftrh `ms ems irupms puheh shr vkstm jmbm hstrathikas eh hftraea vs hstrathikas eh sa`kea. s a`kea. Jmfskehra aehbás, quh `as hstrathikas eh aprhfekzanh kfj`uyhf fm sm`abhfth `m jmifmsjktkvm skfm tabokëf `m adhjtkvm, hs ehjkr, `ms kbpmrtafths hstaems afâbkjms, bmtkvajkúf, kfthrës, kbaihf eh sâ bksbm, atrkoujkúf eh jmftrm` y fkvh` eh afskheae eh `ms hstuekafths, `m jua` tkhfh bujca kfd`uhfjka hf sus pmskok`keaehs eh aprhfekzanh. Wmr `as razmfhs afthrkmrhs, ap`kjar hsth tkpm eh hstrathikas hf h` au`a hs buy kbpmrtafth pmrquh a travës eh h``as hs pmsko`h aubhftar `mirms ajaeëbkjms, ehokem a quh `as jmfekjkmfhs para h` usm eh hstrathikas hstrathikas jmifmsjktkvas eh aprhfekz aprhfekzanh anh smf hstkbu`aeas pmr `as varkao`hs adhjtkvas eh` hstuekafth. Hstms rhsu`taems puhehf rheujkr skifkdkjatkvabhfth `as tasas eh ehshrjkúf y rhphtkjkúf a `a vhz quh aubhftaráf `a ja`keae eh `a heujajkúf quh rhjkohf `ms hstuekafths< ehokem a quh

 

 

shiþf h` bksbm autmr, ësth, puheh aprhfehr varkas hstrathikas jmifktkvas para bhnmrar su aprhfekzanh, phrm sk fm pmshh h` hstaem adhjtkvm pmsktkvm para usar`as, fm `m cará.

1.5 Hstr Hstrathikas athikas Bhta J Jmif mifktkv ktkvas as

@a bhta jmifkjkúf eh ajuhrem jmf `a ehdkfkjkúf j`áskja sh rhdkhrh a ems embkfkms> 1. Jmfmjkbkhftm eh `ms prmjhsms jmifktkvms. ?. _hiu`ajkúf eh `ms bksbms. Bmfshrrat (?.77;) ehdkfh `a Bhta jmifkjkúf, jmbm `a japajkeae eh rhjmfmjhr fuhstrms rhjursms u moshrvar fuhstrm prmjhsm eh razmfabkhftm y aprhfekzanh. Hs tmbar jmfjkhfjka eh júbm sh usaf `as hstrathikas y va`mrar pmr quë smf aehjuaeas para jaea sktuajkúf m bmekdkjar`as sk hs fhjhsarkm y pmr quë fms phrbkthf thfhr bhnmrhs rhsu`taems quh mtras. @a Bhta jmifkjkúf (Jcaewkjl ?.773) sh rhdkhrh a` jmfmjkbkhftm eh` jmfmjkbkhftm, smorh h` phfsabkhftm. Ukhfhf ufa kbpmrtafjka japkta` hf h` aprhfekzanh, puhs su aushfjka hf `ms hstuekafths prmvmja irafehs përekeas eh tkhbpm hf h` hstuekm y pmorhs rhsu`taems. Zu prhshfjka sh rh`ajkmfa jmf ufa a`ta japajkeae kfth`hjtua`, hdkjajka y hdkjkhfjka hf h` traoanm. @a j`avh hstá hf hftrhiar bás chrrabkhftas prájtkjas y hdkjajhs a `ms hstuekafths para quh sh hfjariuhf eh ekrkikr sus prmpkms hsduhrzms. Wara hsth autmr, h` jmfjhptm kfj`uyh `a autm-jmfjkhfjka autm-jmfjkhfjka (bhta jmifkjkúf), y japajkeaehs para `a autm-rhiu`ajkúf eh` prmjhsm eh aprhfekzanh y su autmhva`uajkúf, `as jua`hs hstao`hjhf `as oashs para h` autm-jmftrm`. @as phrjhpjkmfhs eh autm-jmftrm` suoyajhf a `a bmtkvajkúf y smf kfd`uhfjkaeas rhjâprmjabhfth pmr phrjhpjkmfhs eh jmbphthfjk jmbphthfjkaa phrsmfa`.

 

 

Zhiþf (Ormwf 1;3:-?.77:) h` paph` quh parhjh shr h` bás kbpmrtafth hf `a bhta jmifkjkúf hs `a p`afkdkjajkúf y rhiu`ajkúf eh `ms prmjhsms y rhsu`taems eh` aprhfekzanh. Eh a``â `a fhjhskeae eh mrkhftar`a ehseh h` au`a. A bafhra eh sâfthsks h` prmjhsm bhta jmifktkvm jmbprhfeh jmbprhfeh>>

@as Hstrathikas Bhta Jmifktkvas, jmfstktuyhf uf irupm eh hstrathikas eh aprhfekzanh quh `h skrvh a` aprhfekhfth para p`afkdkjar, jmftrm`ar y hva`uar h` ehsarrm``m eh su aprhfekzanh. A ekdhrhfjka eh `as Hstrathikas Jmifktkvas, hstas hstrathikas phrbkthf a` aprhfekhfth moshrvar su prmpkm prmjhsm, smf jmbufhs a tmem tkpm eh aprhfekzanh. Jmfdmrbaf uf tkpm hsphjka` eh jmfmjkbkhftm pmr parth eh` aprhfekhfth quh shiþf Nmcf D`avh`` (?.77:), fms rhbkthf a` jmfmjkbkhftm, rhdhrkem a>   @a tarha eh aprhfekzanh.

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  @as hstrathikas eh aprhfekzanh.

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  A` sunhtm eh` aprhfekza aprhfekzanh. nh.

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Hf mtras pa`aoras, saohr hf quë jmfsksth aprhfehr, saohr júbm sh aprhfehrá bhnmr y saohr júbm hs ufm bksbm, sus hbmjkmfhs, sus shftkbkhftms, sus ajtktuehs, sus aptktuehs. Hnhbp`ms eh hstrathikas bhta jmifktkvas puhehf shr>   H` ehthfhrsh a rhjmfmjhr h` prmpúsktm y dkfa`keae eh uf hnhrjkjkm m tarha quh sh

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vaya a rha`kzar (Hn., ekstkfiukhfem hftrh ufm quh skrvh para h` hfrkquhjkbkhftm eh` vmjaou`arkm bhekafth `a `hjtura eh uf thxtm y mtrm quh skrvh para h` phrdhjjkmfabkhftm eh `a jmbprhfskúf `hjtmra).   @a autmhva` autmhva`uajkúf uajkúf eh ufa ajtkvkeae ya rha`kzaea.

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  @a oþsquhea eh hnhrjkjkms prájtkjms para jmfsm`kear `m aprhfekem hf `a j`ash.

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Hf juaftm a` sunhtm quh aprhfeh, h` bksbm autmr jmfskehra quh sh ehoh hfdatkzar quh `as varkao`hs eh `a phrsmfa, `a tarha y hstrathika skhbprh kfthrajjkmfaf hftrh sâ, y quh tabokëf sh aequkhrh `a kftukjkúf smorh hsa kfthrajjkúf. Wmr hnhbp`m, [m puhem shftkr quh ym, y fm bk chrbafm, `m carâa bhnmr usafem `a hstrathika A hf vhz eh `a hstrathika O, pmrquh h` traoanm hs eh hsth tkpm y fm eh hsh mtrm. Eaem h` jarájthr jmifmsjktkvm eh ufm y h` traoanm partkju`ar, `a phrsmfa ehsarrm``a kftukjkmfhs smorh quë hstrathikas smf bhnmrhs a shiukr. Wara Dhfsthrbajchr (?.773) hf ufa ouhfa hfshñafza tmem `m quh uf ouhf emjhfth hfshña ehoh shr ‐rajkmfa`bhfth ‐rajkmfa`bhf th nustkdkjao`h y ekifm eh quh h` hstuekafth `m jmfmzja, `m jrha m `m hftkhfea‒. Hstm kbp`kja, hftmfjhs, ehsarrm``ar hf `ms hstuekafths hstrathikas para ehsp`hiar caok`keaehs bhta jmifktkvas quh `ms iuâhf a `a jmbprhfskúf y a` jmfmjkbkhft jmfmjkbkhftm. m. Eh bafhra hsphjka` hf `ms prmjhsms eh Heujajkúf a Ekstafjka y Heujajkúf Tkrtua`hs, sh pmfh a pruhoa h` dufjkmfabkhftm eh `ms prmjhsms jmifktkvms eh` hstuekafth, qukhf rha`kza `a tmba eh jmfjkhfjka eh sus tkhbpms eh aprhfekzanh hf dmrba þfkja y mrkikfa` h kfthftará asâ ‐pmehr rhjmfmjhr skbp`hbhfth sk sh hstá hf jmfekjkmfhs eh pmehr earsh juhfta sk sh puheh pasar a mtra htapa‒ (@ktwkf ?779).

 

 

1.8 Hstrathikas eh Whfsabkhft Whfsabkhftm mJ Jrâtkjm râtkjm

H` phfsabkhftm jrâtkjm (Wau` _ ?.773) hs autm-ekrkikem, autm-eksjkp`kfaem, h` phfsabkhftm autm-suphrvksaem, y autm-jmrrhjtkva. Wrhsupmfh ashftkbkhftm a rkiurmsms hstáfearhs eh hxjh`hfjka y embkfkm jmfsjkhfth eh su usm. Kbp`kja jmbufkjajkúf hdhjtkva y caok`keaehs eh rhsm`ujkúf eh prmo`hbas y uf jmbprmbksm para suphrar fuhstrm himjhftrksbm fatkvm y smjkm jhftrksbm. Asâ bksbm, h` phfsabkhftm jrâtkjm (Zjrkvhf y Wau`, 1;;?-?.775) hs "h` prmjhsm kfth`hjtua`bhfth eksjkp`kfaem eh ajtkvar y cáok`bhfth jmfjhptua`kzar, ap`kjar, afa`kzar, skfthtkzar m hva`uar kfdmrbajkúf rhjmpk`aea m ihfhraea pmr moshrvajkúf, hxphrkhfjka, rhd`hxkúf, razmfabkhftm m jmbufkjajkúf, jmbm ufa iuâa cajka `a jrhhfjka y `a ajjkúf". H` ehsarrm``m eh` phfsabkhftm jrâtkjm eh` hstuekafth ehphfeh, hf iraf bhekea, eh `as hstrathikas bhtmem`úikjas utk`kzaeas. Xfm eh `ms bëtmems keúfhms para `mirar kfvm`ujrar ajtkvabhfth a` heujafem hf su prmjhsm eh aprhfekzanh hs h` eh `a eksjuskúf. @as prhiuftas (Bkjch`, ?771) kfkjkaf h` aprhfekza aprhfekzanh, nh, skhbprh hstkbu`af `a kfeaiajkúf, smf h` puftm eh hftraea a` ehsjuorkbkhftm eh` jmfmjkbkhftm y `a j`avh para h` jrhjkbkhftm kfth`hjtua`. Mtras hstrathika para ehsarrm``ar ehsarrm``ar W.J., smf> Afá`ksks A fá`ksks eh thxtms y fmtkjkas, eh bhekms eh jmbufkjajkúf, Afá`ksks y sm`ujkúf eh prmo`hbas, Wrmjhsm eh aprhfek aprhfekzanh zanh oasaem hf h` Eká`mim Wartkjkpatkvm, Kfthrprhtajkúf y Hxprhskúf a partkr eh kbáihfhs, sâbom`ms m `hfiuanh fm vhroa`, Hnhrjkjkms eh Afa`miâas h Kfdhrhfjkas. FMUA>   @a thbátkja eh Hstrathikas Ekeájtkjas shrá trataea a prmdufekeae hf h`

búeu`m quh ``hva hsth fmborh hf KT shbhstrh.

 

 

?. UËJFKJAZ EH HFZHÑAF^A

Zhiþf @aflhfau (?.717), `a tëjfkja hs jmfskehraea jmbm uf prmjhekbkhftm ekeájtkjm quh phrbkth ayuear a rha`kzar ufa parth eh` aprhfekzanh quh sh phrskiuh jmf `a hstrathika. Wmr jmfskiukhfth, ufa hstrathika eh hfshñafza puheh cajhr usm eh ufa shrkh eh tëjfkjas para jmfshjujkúf eh `ms `mirms quh phrskiuh. Asâ bksbm p`aftha quh `a tëjfkja ekeájtkja hs tabokëf uf prmjhekbkhftm `úikjm y skjm`úikjabhfth hstrujturaem, ehstkfaem a ekrkikr h` aprhfekzanh eh` heujafem hf uf shjtmr hsphjâdkjm m hf ufa dash eh` hstuekm eh uf thba, a travës eh ufa shjuhfjka ehthrbkfaea eh pasms m jmbpmrtabkhftms jmf `m quh sh ousja ufm m varkms prmeujtms prhjksms jmbm `a prhshftajkúf, prhshftajkúf, `a h`aomrajkúf, `a sâfthsks m `a jrâtkja eh` bksbm. Hf hsth shftkem, `as hstrathikas bhtmem`úikjas sh apmyaf hf tëjfkjas ekeájtkjas jmfjrhtas y hf ufa ehthrbkfaea bafhra eh ap`kjar y mriafkzar `as ajtkvkeaehs eurafth h` prmjhsm heujatkvm eh bafhras d`hxko`hs, hs ehjkr, quh sh puheaf aeaptar a `a jkrjufstafjka hsphjâdkja. A jmftkfuajkúf sh prhshftaf a`iufas tëjfkjas buy þtk`hs pmr su shftkem prájtkjm y su baymr drhjuhfjka eh usm. Wara jmbmekeae hf `a hsjmihfjka eh `as j`askdkjabms asâ> Uëjfkjas kfekvkeua`hs. ?. Uëjfkjas jmf partkjkpajkúf eh` irupm. Uëjfkjas jmf partkjkpajkúf eh hxphrtms.

?.1 Uëjfk Uëjfkjas jas Kfekvke ua`hs

Jaea hstuekafth tkhfh su prmpkm rktbm eh aprhfekzanh, y pmr hsm jmfvkhfh quh `ms bëtmems eh hfshñafza usaems shaf `m sudkjkhfthbhfth d`hxko`h jmbm para aeaptarsh a `as fhjhskeaehs kfekvkeua`hs y hstk`ms eh aprhfekzanh. aprhfekzanh. Wmr kfekvkeua`kzajkúf eh `a hfshñafza sh hftkhfeh quh jaea hstuekafth hsjmih `a dmrba eh traoanm quh `h kfthrhsa hf uf bmbhftm ehthrbkfaem, para prmirhsar hf h`

 

 

jmfmjkbkhftm a su prmpkm rktbm, kfehphfekhfthbhfth eh quh ehsarrm``h uf traoanm sm`m m hf irupm. @as tëjfkjas ekeájtkjas bás b ás caoktua`hs para bmtkvar h` traoanm kfekvkeua`k kfekvkeua`kzaem zaem smf> thxtms `korhs, `as dkjcas emjubhfta`hs, `as iuâas eh traoanm, `as tëjfkjas eh autm jmrrhjjkúf, h` traoanm ekrkikem y h` hstuekm kfehphfekhfth.

?.? Uëjfkjas jmf Wartkjkpajkúf eh` Irupm

Zu jarajthrâstkja hs quh `a ajtkvkeae eh h``as hstá a jarim eh` irupm. H` emjhfth hs uf bkhborm quh sh kfthira a` irupm m suoirupms y traoana jmf h``ms hf bujcas mjaskmfhs. A`iufas tëjfkjas ekeájtkjas smf `as skiukhfths> Eksjuskúf, hstuekm eh jasms, shskmfhs eh jujckjchm, ``uvka eh kehas, jmrrk``ms, dmrm, pck``kps 44, tëjfkja eh `a rhna, nuhim eh rm`hs. Htj.

?.: Uëjfkjas jmf Wartkjkpajkúf eh Hxphrtms

Zu jarajthrâstkja hs quh hf h``a `a ajtkvkeae hstá a jarim eh uf hxphrtm quh ihfhra`bhfth hs h` japajktaemr, bkhftras quh h` irupm partkjkpa jmbm hsphjtaemr. A`iufas eh hstas tëjfkjas smf> h` pafh`, `a bhsa rhemfea, h` skbpmskm, `a tarha ekrkikea, `a hxpmsktkva, `a hxphrkbhftajkúf. Hf `ms juaerms quh skiuhf a jmftkfuajkúf sh cajh ufa prhshftajkúf eh juatrm tëjfkjas quh smf dufeabhfta`bhfth irupa`hs y `uhim juatrm hf `a quh h` paph` eh` hxphrtm hs dufeabhfta`.

 

 

?.5 Juaerm eh Uëjfk Uëjfkjas jas jmf Wartkjkpajkú Wartkj kpajkú f eh Hxphrtms

 

 

?.8 Juaerm eh Uë Uëjfkj jfkj as jmf Wartkjkp ajkúf eh` Irupm

?.4 @as Ajtkvkeaehs Ajtk vkeaehs

@as ajtkvkeaehs smf ajjkmfhs hsphjâdkjas quh dajk`ktaf `a hnhjujkúf eh ufa tëjfkja. Zmf d`hxko`hs y phrbkthf anustar `a tëjfkja a `as jarajthrâstkjas eh` irupm. Zmf eh a`iufa bafhra, h` iraf pmthfjka`kzaemr eh `a hfshñafza, pmrquh `as ajtkvkeaehs jmrrhjtabhfth ekshñaeas y rha`kzaeas pmskok`ktaf kfjhftkvar `a kfkjkatkva eh `ms

 

 

heujafems, su kbaikfajkúf, hf sâfthsks, tmeas sus japajkeaehs, asâ jmbm `as eh` emjhfth. A bafhra eh sâfthsks sh jmfskehra phrtkfhfth hstao`hjhr `a ekdhrhfjkajkúf hftrh bëtmem, hstrathika, tëjfkja y ajjkmfhs, tërbkfms quh suh`hf shr utk`kzaea pmr `a bhtmem`miâa ekeájtkja.

 

 

?.9 Bhekms Bhekms y _hjurs _hjurs ms Heuj Heujatkvms atkvms

@ms bhekms y rhjursms heujatkvms smf h`hbhftms quh bhekatkzaf m cajhf pmsko`h `a hnhjujkúf eh `as ajjkmfhs eh` emjhfth hf su `aomr eh hfshñafza y a `ms hstuekafths hf sus prmjhsms eh aprhfekzanh. Wmr h``m sh ehohf hbp`har hf h` bmbhftm mpmrtufm, jmf h` bafhnm aprmpkaem y jmf su prmpúsktm prhvkabhfth ehdkfkem. Hstas ayueas ekeájtkjas, a bhfuem, pmskok`ktaf quh `a hfshñafza rhsu`th bás bmtkvafth. A` utk`kzar`as jmbm apmym vksua` ehohbms thfhr hf juhfta `as skiukhfths jmfskehrajkmfhs>   @ms bhfsanhs ehohf shr jmfjrhtms, bmstrar `m dufeabhfta` dufeabhfta`..

•

  Ehohf ayuear a apmyar y a auxk`kar a` emjhfth fm a sustktukr`m sustktukr`m..

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  Ehohf thfhr tabañms y ekbhfskmfhs aehjuaems para dajk`ktar su

•

moshrvajkúf.   Ehohf utk`kzarsh para `mirar aprhfekzanh aprhfekzanhs, s, fm para ekstrahr.

•

  Ehohf shr atrajtkvms, atrajtkvms, jmf usm eh `â`âfhas, fhas, ekounms, irádkjms, jm`mrhs, htj.

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  Ehohf shr shfjk``ms, dájk dájk`hs `hs eh jmbp jmbprhfehr rhfehr y anustaems a` prmpúsktm eh` eh`

•

aprhfekzanh.

@ms bhekms y rhjursms smf eh ekdhrhfths tkpms, a`iufms eh `ms jua`hs puhehf shr> Bathrka` kbprhsm `korms, rhvkstas, dmtmjmpkas, `a dmtmiradâa m prhfsa. Bathrka` auekmvksua` eh kbaihf dkna> ekapmsktkv ekapmsktkvas, as, ekapmrabas, prmyhjtmr eh mpajms m prmyhjtmr eh trafsparhfjkas. Bathrka` auekmvksua` eh kbaihf búvk`, jkfh, vâehm heujatkvm, th`hvkskúf jmbm rhjursm ekeájtkjm.

 

 

_hjursms vksua`hs> `ábkfas, pústhrhs, bm`ehs, pkzarra m jarth`hras jarth`hras.. _hjursms tkj para `a heujajkúf. Bathrka` eh `aomratmrkm. Bathrka`hs eh` bhekm. FMUA>  Hsta thbátkja shrá trataea ehta``aea ehta``aeabhfth bhfth hf h` Búeu`m Ayueas Heujatkvas.